Name: Psychology The Science of Mind And Behaviour 3rd Australian Edition By Michael W. Passer - Test Bank
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Complete Test Bank With Answers

Sample Questions Posted Below

1. Chapter 05 Testbank

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

What is the sensory transduction?

2. A. specialised neurons break down and analyse the features of nerve

impulses

B. a neural representation is compared with previously stored

information.

C. sensory stimuli activate specialised

receptors

D. several stimulus ‘pieces’ are organised into a neural

representation

The final stage in the process of sensing and perceiving information occurs when:

3. A. several stimuli ‘pieces’ are organised into a neural

representation.

B. sensory receptors translate incoming stimuli into nerve

impulses.

C. sensory stimuli activate specialised

receptors.

D. matching process results in interpretation of stimulus providing

meaning.

According to psychologists, the term ______________ refers to the stimulus-detection process in which sensory

receptors translate external stimuli into nerve impulses.

A. perceptio

B. sensatio

C. top-down

processing

D. kinaesthes

5-1

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.4. The psychological term perception specifically refers to the process in which:

5. A. the sense organs respond to external

stimuli.

B. organisation and meaning are given to incoming

stimuli.

C. transduction takes

place.

D. the sense organs translate stimuli into nerve

impulses.

Occasionally, people who have been blind since birth have their vision restored. Afterwards, they can notice light and

colours, but they often have great difficulty making sense of this new sensory information. Examples like these best

demonstrate the difference between:

6. A. sensation and

perception.

B. bottom-up processing and top-down

processing.

C. trichromatic theory and opponent-process

theory.

D. rods and

cones.

You are looking at a very blurry photograph. At first, all you can see is a vague oval shape but after studying the

picture for a few minutes, you see that it is a football. You have just moved from:

A. perception to

sensation.

B. sensation to

perception.

C. perception to

adaptation.

D. sensation to

synaesthesia.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.7. The area of scientific study that is concerned with people’s abilities to detect differences or changes in stimuli is

called:

A. psychophysic

B. psychobiolog

C. neuropsycholog

D. physical

psychology.

8. A researcher studies owls to determine how sensitive they are to various sounds and what is the smallest sound that

they can detect. Her work is most consistent with the goals of which scientific area?

A. neuropsycholo

B. evolutionary

psychology

C. psychophysi

D. Gestalt

psychology

9. The difference threshold is defined as the smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that can be detected

______ of the time.

A. 100

B. 75

C. 66

D. 50

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.10. When a sensory system or sense modality has a low absolute threshold, it implies that it has:

A. high

sensitivity.

B. a high difference

threshold.

C. low

sensitivity.

D. a low difference

threshold.

11. How certain a person needs to feel before saying that a particular stimulus is present is referred to as the:

A. choice

threshold.

B. certainty

standard.

C. decision

criterion.

D. uncertainty

norm.

12. Very weak stimuli, that do not reach awareness, are said to be:

A. undetected

stimuli.

B. subliminal stimuli but they can influence

behaviour.

C. difference threshold stimuli but they cannot influence

behaviour.

D. subliminal stimuli but they cannot influence

behaviour.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.13. Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. On the last trial, Bob said that he saw a stimulus but there was NO

stimulus present. Bob’s answer would be classified as a:

14. A. hit

B. miss

C. false

alarm.

D. correct

rejection.

You are in a car with a friend who is driving a few kilometres an hour over the speed limit and he is watching for

police cars. He got a ticket last week, so every time he sees a car that looks like a police car, he slows down.

Because of his over-vigilance, he has slowed down several times for what turned out not to be police cars. Your

friend’s attempts to notice police cars would have the most relevance to which of the following?

A. Gestalt

psychology

B. bottom-up

processing

C. signal-detection

theory

D. sensatio

15. In a signal-detection experiment, a researcher decides to punish incorrect decisions or mistakes but does not reward

correct detections. The researcher’s manipulations would probably illustrate how:

A. decision criteria can influence participant

factors.

B. participant factors can influence situational

factors.

C. situational factors can influence decision

criteria.

D. participant factors can influence decision

criteria.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.16. A participant in a signal-detection study is bold in her decisions about the presence of a target stimulus. As a result,

she has more hits, but she also has more false alarms. This example demonstrates how:

A. situational factors can affect participant

characteristics.

B. situational factors can affect decision

criterion.

C. participant characteristics can affect situational

factors.

D. participant characteristics can affect decision

criterion.

17. When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can detect it, yet there is no conscious awareness of the

stimulus, it is called a:

A. threshold

stimulus.

B. minimum

stimulus.

C. subliminal

stimulus.

D. difference

stimulus.

18. The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the:

A. difference

threshold.

B. absolute

threshold.

C. change

threshold.

D. relative

threshold.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.19. Absolute threshold is to difference threshold as:

20. A. perception is to

transduction.

B. smallest amount is to smallest

change.

C. bottom-up processing is to top-down

processing.

D. adaptation is to

habituation.

Weber’s law states that the ____________ threshold is directly proportional to the ____________ of the stimulus

with which a comparison is being made.

21. A. difference;

magnitude

B. difference; absolute

threshold

C. absolute;

magnitude

D. absolute; absolute

threshold

One of the primary advantages of Weber fractions is that they:

A. provide a good estimate of the absolute

threshold.

B. minimise the problems associated with false

alarms.

C. permit the easy manipulation of decision

criteria.

D. allow for sensitivity comparisons between the different

senses.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.22. A limitation of Weber’s law is that:

23. A. it doesn’t hold true for moderate intensities of

stimulation.

B. it doesn’t hold true for extremely low or high intensities of

stimulation.

C. it only applies to absolute thresholds but not difference

thresholds.

D. it doesn’t allow for sensitivity comparisons between different sense

modalities.

The diminishing sensitivity of a neuron to an unchanging stimulus is called:

24. A. bottom-up

processing.

B. perceptual

constancy.

C. sensory

adaptation.

D. neuronal

adjustment.

You have just run a bath for yourself and when you get in, the water feels very hot. However, you ease yourself into

the bath and, soon, even though it has remained the same temperature, the water no longer feels so hot. The

characteristic of sensory neurons that is responsible for this phenomenon is known as:

A. sensory

adaptation.

B. the refractory

period.

C. the all-or-none

law.

D. signal

detection.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.25. In the human eye, light from objects at different distances is precisely focused on the back of the retina by the:

A. iris

B. pupil

C. lens

D. corne

26. Joey can see when he’s reading books and working on his computer, but he has trouble seeing things in the

distance. Joey probably suffers from:

A. longsightedne

ss.

B. colour

blindness.

C. myopia

D. hyperopi

27. Whether you are shortsighted or longsighted is largely dependent on the functioning of your:

A. pupil

B. corne

C. retina

D. lens

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.28. The visual receptors in the eyes called ___________ function best in dim lighting and are primarily brightness

receptors.

A. rod

B. cone

C. fove

D. ganglion

cells

29. In the eye, ________ are the colour receptors and function best in bright illumination.

A. pin

B. rod

C. cone

D. bar

30. In humans, rods are about ___ times more sensitive to light than cones.

A. 20

B. 30

C. 40

D. 50

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.31. Once a light stimulus has been detected by the rods or cones, it is passed first to ____________, and then onto

____________, whose axons form the optic nerve.

A. ganglion cells; bipolar

cells

B. bipolar cells; ganglion

cells

C. ganglion cells; hair

cells

D. hair cells; bipolar

cells

32. Which of the following shows the correct route taken by a light stimulus travelling to the brain?

33. A. stimulus > bipolar cell > ganglion cell > rod/cone >

brain

B. stimulus > rod/cone > ganglion cell > bipolar cell >

brain

C. stimulus > rod/cone > bipolar cell > ganglion cell >

brain

D. stimulus > bipolar cell > rod/cone > ganglion cell >

brain

One interesting feature of the retina is that:

A. there are many more cones than

rods.

B. the transduction of light actually occurs after the nerve impulses have left

the retina.

C. there are roughly equal numbers of rods and

ganglion cells.

D. the photoreceptors actually point away from the light entering

the eye.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.34. The process in which the qualities of a sensory stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is specifically called:

35. A. perceptio

B. transductio

C. conversio

D. sensory

adaptation.

Which of the following is most similar to the transduction of visual stimuli in the retina?

36. A. Your favourite TV show is broadcast from a tower in the form of electromagnetic

waves.

B. Your TV reads electromagnetic waves and converts them into images on

your set.

C. You adjust the picture on your TV so that the colours you see are more

realistic.

D. You adjust the volume on your TV so that you can hear what is

being said.

Cones have less brightness sensitivity than rods in all areas of the colour spectrum EXCEPT the __________ end,

where rods are relatively insensitive.

A. blu

B. gree

C. re

D. yello

5-12

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.37. Some towns are changing the colour of their fire engines from red to yellow-green. This is because this colour

increases the dim-lighting visibility of the trucks to:

A. only the

rods.

B. both the rods and

cones.

C. the ganglion

cells.

D. the bipolar

cells.

38. ________________ adaptation specifically refers to the process whereby brightness sensitivity progressively

improves under conditions of low illumination.

A. Dar

B. Binocula

C. Stroboscop

D. Colou

39. When the human eye is exposed to very high illumination:

A. only the cones use up photopigment

molecules.

B. light adaptation

occurs.

C. both rods and cones are depleted of photopigment

molecules.

D. only the rods use up photopigment

molecules.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.40. The initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g. the first five minutes) are controlled by the _____________, but the second

part of the darkness adaptation curve is determined by the functioning of the _____________.

41. A. pupil;

rods

B. rods;

cones

C. cones;

rods

D. ganglion cells;

cones

The theory that assumes there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that individual cones are most

sensitive to one of three wavelengths of light is called:

A. the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic

theory.

B. the opponent-process

theory.

C. Hering’s opponent-process

theory.

D. the transduction

theory.

42. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision is LEAST able to explain which of the following?

A. seeing a coloured

afterimage

B. seeing the colour

red

C. detecting a subliminal

image

D. seeing the colour

blue

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.43. An observation that was INCONSISTENT with the Young-Helmholtz theory of colour perception was that:

44. A. there is a distinction between the properties of light and the colour that we

perceive.

B. any colour can be produced by some combination of the colours red, green

or blue.

C. people unable to perceive either red or green can sometimes still

see yellow.

D. exposure to bright illumination depletes the amount of photopigment molecules in

the cones.

Although colour afterimages are NOT adequately explained by the ________________ theory of colour, they can be

readily explained by ____________ theory.

45. A. dual-process;

trichromatic

B. opponent-process;

trichromatic

C. trichromatic; opponent-

process

D. opponent-process; dual-

process

According to the opponent-process theory of colour, if you stare steadily at a green stimulus, then look at a white

surface, the afterimage will be:

A. blue

B. white

C. red

D. gree

5-15

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.46. The dual-process theory of colour combines elements of the _____________ theory and the ______________

theory to account for the colour transduction process.

A. trichromatic; Young-

Helmholtz

B. trichromatic; opponent-

process

C. additive colour mixture;

trichromatic

D. afterimage; colour

blindness

47. The current theory of colour sensation uses the ____________ theory to explain the behaviour of the cones in colour

vision, while a modified version of the ___________ theory that emphasises the role of ganglion cells is used to

explain the presence of afterimages and certain types of colour blindness.

48. A. trichromatic; additive colour

mixture

B. dual-process;

trichromatic

C. opponent-process; dual-

process

D. trichromatic; opponent-

process

A person with normal colour vision is referred to as a:

A. trichroma

B. dichroma

C. bichroma

D. monochrom

at.

5-16

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.49. A person who only has a deficiency in the yellow–blue colour system would be called:

A. achromati

B. a

monochromat.

C. a

dichromat.

D. a

trichromat.

50. Colour blindness is typically assessed by:

A. a biopsy in which the missing photopigments are

determined.

B. a visual examination of the retina by an

ophthalmologist.

C. directly asking people what colours they can’t

see.

D. presenting people with pictures with coloured dots on

them.

51. Cells in the occipital lobe that fire selectively in response to specific visual characteristics are called:

A. feature

detectors.

B. selective

cells.

C. ganglion

cells.

D. discrimination

cells.

5-17

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.52. A friend holds up an object in front of you and you immediately identify it as a mobile phone. Which of the following is

most responsible for your ability to do this?

53. A. the

photoreceptors

B. the primary visual

cortex

C. the visual association

cortex

D. the ganglion

cells

All forms of colour blindness are caused by:

54. A. X-linked recessive inheritance of colour vision

deficiency

B. lack of light sensitive photopigment molecules in the

rods

C. lack of hue sensitive photopigment in some of the

cones

D. dominant inheritance of colour vision

deficiency.

Two important physical characteristics of sound waves are:

A. amplitude and

decibels.

B. frequency and

pitch.

C. amplitude and

frequency.

D. frequency and

hertz.

5-18

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.55. The amplitude of a sound wave determines which sensory quality?

A. loudnes

B. pitc

C. complexit

D. colou

56. ____________ is measured in cycles per second and translates into the auditory quality of pitch.

A. Amplitud

B. Loudnes

C. Decibel

D. Frequenc

57. Sounds above 130 decibels:

A. pose no particular risk for the development of hearing

damage.

B. are near the minimum threshold for

hearing.

C. cause immediate pain and potential hearing

damage.

D. are typically found when a personal stereo is turned to maximum

volume.

5-19

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.58. The coiled, snail-like tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid is called the:

A. cochle

B. corne

C. organ of

Corti.

D. stirrup

59. When a nerve impulse is sent to the brain from the ear, that impulse originates from:

A. the

eardrum.

B. the hair cells on the organ of

Corti.

C. the oval

window.

D. the basilar

membrane.

60. In the processing of sound, the neurons known as hair cells are important because:

A. they perform the complex interpretation and analysis of sound

waves.

B. their motion serves to amplify the strength of the sound

waves.

C. they act as feature detectors and respond to the different aspects

of sound.

D. their motion results in the transduction of sound

waves.

5-20

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.61. The _____________ theory of pitch perception argues that nerve impulses triggered by a given auditory stimulus

should match the pitch of that stimulus.

A. opponent-

process

B. trichromati

C. plac

D. frequenc

62. The place theory of pitch perception states that pitch is determined by:

63. A. neurons that fire at the same frequency as the incoming

stimulus.

B. neurons that fire at the same amplitude as the incoming

stimulus.

C. the specific place in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks

more.

D. the way that the eardrum resonates in response to different

frequencies.

Which of the following statements regarding pitch perception is TRUE?

A. Frequency theory holds true for high frequencies, whereas place theory holds true for low

frequencies.

B. Frequency theory holds true for low frequencies, whereas place theory holds true for high

frequencies.

C. Frequency theory holds true for frequencies around 30 Hz, whereas place theory holds true for the remaining

frequencies.

D. Place theory holds true for extreme high and low frequencies, whereas frequency theory holds true for mid-range

frequencies.

5-21

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.64. Information regarding the time differences and intensity differences of arriving sounds is important in:

A. transducing the pitch of a

sound.

B. transducing the amplitude of a

sound.

C. sound

localisation.

D. the place theory of pitch

perception.

65. The ability of the nervous system to localise the source of various sounds is primarily determined by:

A. the shape of the inner

ear.

B. the fact that we have an ear on each side of our

head.

C. the way that eardrum is connected to the small bones in the

inner ear.

D. the way that the organ of Corti is connected to the auditory

nerve.

66. Steve punctures his right eardrum and cannot hear out of this ear. Steve’s injury would be classified as an example

of:

A. conduction

deafness.

B. temporal lobe

deafness.

C. nerve

deafness.

D. cochlear

deafness.

5-22

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.67. Which of the following would be classified as an example of nerve deafness?

A. a punctured

eardrum

B. a damaged malleus, or hammer

bone

C. the loss of certain hair cells on the organ of

Corti

D. a stirrup bone that is partially disconnected from the oval

window

68. Hearing aids correct many forms of __________ deafness but do little to rectify problems caused by _________

deafness.

A. mechanical;

conduction

B. nerve;

mechanical

C. conduction;

mechanical

D. conduction;

nerve

69. The two senses that are so associated with one another that they have sometimes been referred to as the ‘common

chemical sense’ are:

A. kinaesthesis and

vision.

B. gustation and

olfaction.

C. vision and

hearing.

D. hearing and

olfaction.

5-23

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.70. The four main qualities that our sense of taste responds to are:

A. sweet, sour, salty,

bitter.

B. sweet, sour, salty,

tart.

C. sour, salty, biting,

tart.

D. sweet, sour, salty,

sugary.

71. ‘Umami’ refers to:

A. a taste sensation that reduces the intensity of other taste

qualities.

B. the ability to detect the presence of fatty substances by

taste alone.

C. a taste sensation that increases the intensity of other taste

qualities.

D. the ability to detect common vegetable poisons by taste

alone.

72. Pheromones are most relevant to which sense?

A. visio

B. touc

C. tast

D. smel

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.73. The tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are:

74. A. pressure, pain, warmth and

cold.

B. sweet, sour, salty and

bitter.

C. red, green, blue, yellow, black and

white.

D. frequency, pitch and

loudness.

The primary receptors for pain and temperature are specifically called:

75. A. tactile

receptors.

B. free nerve

endings.

C. association

neurons.

D. gustatory

receptors

In the skin, specialised cells known as basket cell fibres are important for sensing:

A. temperature and

touch.

B. pain and

temperature.

C. touch and

pain.

D. touch and light

pressure.

5-25

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.76. The phantom limb phenomenon is apparently caused by:

77. A. irritated neurons that trick the brain into interpreting nerve impulses as real

sensations.

B. depressive symptoms experienced by the

amputee.

C. expectancy and placebo effects about what is supposed to happen when a

limb is lost.

D. damage to the motor

cortex.

The immune system contributes to pain perception when:

78. A. natural killer cells open the ‘gates’ in the spinal

cord.

B. white blood cells close the ‘gates in the spinal

cord.

C. glial cells in the spinal cord are activated by immune challenges and release cytokines which amplify pain

perception.

D. white blood cells are activated by immune challenges and release cytokines which amplify pain

perception.

Which of the following senses would be most essential to a circus performer walking across a tightrope?

A. the auditory

sense

B. the vestibular

sense

C. the visual

sense

D. the tactile

sense

5-26

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.79. Audition and the vestibular sense are similar in that they both:

80. A. are directly involved in sensing bodily orientation in

space.

B. are part of the more broad kinaesthetic

sense.

C. involve direct neural feedback from muscles, tendons and

joints.

D. use hair cells in

transduction.

Researchers have used all of the following when developing sensory prosthetic devices for blind individuals,

EXCEPT:

81. A. stimulating the tongue with an electrode

array.

B. inserting tiny electrodes into the

cochlea.

C. stimulating the visual cortex with an electrode

array.

D. bouncing high-frequency sound waves off of objects and playing the feedback through

headphones.

The cochlear implant device overcomes nerve deafness by:

A. enabling previously inactive hair cells to send limited electrical

signals.

B. bypassing damaged hair cells and stimulating the auditory nerve

directly.

C. bypassing the auditory nerve and stimulating the auditory centre in the temporal lobe

directly.

D. amplifying sound as it first enters the

ear.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.82. ____________ processing occurs when sensory information is interpreted relative to pre-existing ideas, knowledge

and concepts.

A. Figure-

ground

B. Top-

down

C. Parall

D. Bottom-

83. Although very different, top-down processing and bottom-up processing are similar in that they both:

84. A. assert that smaller perceptual elements are added together to produce

larger wholes.

B. assume that stimuli are grouped together based on certain characteristics

they share.

C. describe different processes thought to occur during

perception.

D. focus on the initial stages of information processing in which physical stimuli are converted to nerve

impulses.

Two complementary processes in attention are:

A. top-down and bottom-up

processing.

B. perceiving and

focusing.

C. focusing and

filtering.

D. filtering and

perceiving.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.85. Focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out others are complementary processes that are most central to:

A. trichromatic

theory.

B. sensatio

C. signal-detection

theory.

D. attentio

86. The experimental procedure where a participant is presented with two auditory messages (i.e. one in each ear) and

then is asked to repeat one of the messages word-for-word is called:

87. A. top-down

processing.

B. shadowin

C. mirroring

D. a split-attention

study.

Which of the following is an advantage of selective attention?

A. Selective attention prevents us being overwhelmed by the millions of sensory messages processed by the

nervous system.

B. Selective attention determines the sensitivity of various sensory receptor

neurons.

C. Selective attention allows us to completely attend to multiple stimuli

simultaneously.

D. Selective attention prevents us from attending to potentially important stimuli once we have filtered them out of

attention.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.88. Research on attention using the shadowing technique has revealed that:

89. A. when participants are given two messages and asked to verbally repeat one, they usually

cannot do this.

B. while attending to a message to one ear, people can remember information presented to the other ear

equally well.

C. people can completely attend to two or even three messages at the same time

with practice.

D. when participants are given two messages and asked to verbally repeat one, most participants can repeat one

message but at the expense of remembering the other message.

A man dressed in a gorilla suit walks through a crowd of people playing basketball. Witnesses of this event were so

focused on the basketball playing, that they did not notice the man in the gorilla suit. This is referred to as:

90. A. the blind

spot.

B. subliminal

influence.

C. inattentional

blindness.

D. suboptimal

priming.

The finding that observers react faster when they believe an object is coming towards than when they believe it will

miss their heads demonstrates:

A. that perceptual constancy is impervious to

perceived risk.

B. how playing a sport can improve selective

attention.

C. the influence of personal factors in

perception.

D. the role of vestibular cells in

perception.

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.91. Gestalt psychologists refer to the tendency to organise incoming stimuli into a central object with some kind of

backdrop behind as:

92. A. bottom-up

processing.

B. top-down

processing.

C. figure-ground

relations.

D. a perceptual

constancy.

The Gestalt law of ____________ asserts that objects near one another are more likely to be perceived as belonging

together.

A. continuit

B. concurren

C. inclusio

D. proximit

93. Our tendency to fill in an incomplete figure and perceive it as more complete than it really is, is called the law of:

A. closur

B. whole

C. completio

D. continuity

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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.94. Taken collectively, the Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation best illustrate which of the following?

95. A. figure-ground

relations

B. sensory

adaptation

C. top-down

processing

D. perceptual

constancies

Sheri is at a party and wants to ask Jarrod to dance. However, because Jarrod is standing rather close to Tu-Ha,

Sheri assumes that they are a couple and looks elsewhere for a dance partner. This example is most relevant which

of the following concepts?

96. A. the Gestalt law of

proximity

B. the Gestalt law of

similarity

C. convergen

D. interpositio

The recognition of an incoming stimulus is presumably facilitated by __________, which is a mental representation or

image that we compare the stimulus to.

A. a perceptual

schema

B. a perceptual

constancy

C. sensory

adaptation

D. bottom-up

processing

5-32

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.97. Think of the psychology lecturer who is teaching this class. Does this person seem like a typical university lecturer to

you? In answering this question, you are probably making use of:

98. A. the Gestalt law of

similarity

B. a perceptual schema of the typical university

lecturer.

C. bottom-up

processing.

D. a perceptual constancy of the typical university

lecturer.

It has been argued that each of our perceptions is like a(n) _____________ that is tested by comparing incoming

stimuli to a pre-existing ________________.

99. A. hypothesis; perceptual

schema

B. hypothesis; perceptual

constancy

C. perceptual constancy; perceptual

schema

D. perceptual schema; perceptual

constancy

A perceptual set is best defined as a:

A. mental representation or

image.

B. readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular

way.

C. perceptual law that governs how stimuli are

organised.

D. tendency to organise incoming stimuli into a central foreground figure and a

background.

5-33

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.100.Which of the following would be the most susceptible to the effects of fear and expectation?

A. sensory

adaptation

B. perceptual

sets

C. perceptual

illusions

D. convergen

101.______________ specifically allow us to recognise familiar stimuli under varying conditions and in different contexts.

A. Perceptual

constancies

B. The Gestalt laws of perceptual

organisation

C. Sensory

adaptations

D. Perceptual

continuities

102.________________ refers to the tendency of the visual system to perceive an object as having the same dimensions

and measurements, even though the image of the object on the retina may change with distance.

A. Brightness

constancy

B. Size

constancy

C. Perceptual

continuity

D. Perceptual

similarity

5-34

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.103.The fact that the face of a friend looks the same whether you are viewing it from directly in front or from the side is

best accounted for by:

A. shape

constancy.

B. brightness

constancy.

C. the law of

proximity.

D. perceptual

habituation.

104.You are driving down the road in a national park and heading toward a large, beautiful mountain. As you get closer to

it, the size of the mountain’s image on your retina gets larger but you don’t perceive the mountain as ‘growing’.

Instead, you sense that the size of the mountain doesn’t change as you get nearer. Which of the following can best

explain this phenomenon?

A. the Gestalt law of figure-ground

relations

B. binocular

disparity

C. size

constancy

D. interpositio

105.The depth perception cues that require the use of only one eye are called:

A. convergence

cues.

B. singular

cues.

C. monocular

cues.

D. binocular

cues.

5-35

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.106.All of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception, EXCEPT:

A. light and

shadow.

B. interpositio

C. linear

perspective.

D. convergenc

107.If you know that two objects have the exact same physical dimensions and you notice that one of them appears to be

smaller, you perceive the smaller one as being ___________ and you are using the monocular depth cue of

_________ to make this decision.

A. farther away; height in the horizontal

plane

B. farther away; relative

size

C. closer;

texture

D. closer;

clarity

108.The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of the binocular depth

cue called:

A. convergenc

B. differentiatio

C. binocular

disparity.

D. visual

inconstancies.

5-36

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.109.Motion parallax is:

A. a binocular cue to distance

perception.

B. a binocular cue to the perception of

motion.

C. a monocular cue to distance

perception.

D. a monocular cue to the perception of

motion.

110.According to the text, visual illusions can be viewed as examples of:

A. sensory

habituation.

B. incorrect

hypotheses.

C. the Gestalt laws of perceptual

organisation.

D. bottom-up

processing.

111.Most visual illusions can be attributed to _________________ that ordinarily help us to perceive the world

accurately.

A. neurotransmitte

B. sensory

adaptations

C. photopigmen

D. perceptual

constancies

5-37

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.112.The flight simulator study conducted by Conrad Kraft is most relevant to which of the following?

A. figure-ground

relations

B. perceptual

illusions

C. the Gestalt laws of perceptual

organisation

D. sensory

adaptation

113.Research on the impact of cultural factors on perception has found that:

A. cultural factors can influence visual illusions but not auditory

illusions.

B. cultural factors can influence picture interpretations but not perceptual constancies or susceptibility to

visual illusions.

C. cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies and picture interpretations but not susceptibility to

visual illusions.

D. cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies, picture interpretations and susceptibility to

visual illusions.

114.When shown a picture of a hunting scene, African people perceived a hunter as attempting to kill a baby elephant,

whereas Westerners tended to perceive that the hunter was after another animal and thought that the ‘baby elephant’

was actually an adult elephant off in the distance. These results were presented as an example of how the use of

__________ depth cues _________ consistent across cultures.

A. binocular; are

not

B. binocular;

are

C. monocular; are

not

D. monocular;

are

5-38

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.115.The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs when a line appears longer when the V-shaped lines at its ends radiate outward

rather than inward. Cross-cultural research on this illusion has found that:

A. the effect of the illusion is essentially the same in all cultures studied

so far.

B. people who live in environments with square shapes and many corners are less affected by

the illusion.

C. people who live in more rounded environments are less affected by the

illusion.

D. people who live in more rounded environments are more affected by the

illusion.

116.Times when certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities are to develop are called:

A. essential

periods.

B. critical

periods.

C. necessary

periods.

D. required

periods.

117.Kittens only exposed to vertical stimuli (e.g. vertical stripes) had visual receptor cells that would only fire in response

to vertical stimuli. Stimuli with other orientations evoked no response. This research best illustrates the importance

of:

A. sensory

adaptation.

B. photopigment

C. critical

periods.

D. visual

illusions.

5-39

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.118.Which one of the following structures or organs is NOT involved in the transduction of sound waves into neural

activity?

A. auditory

cortex.

B. hair cells in

cochlea.

C. eardru

D. hammer, anvil and

stirrup.

119.Flavours are composed of a combination of activity in the four types of taste receptors. Which of the following is NOT

a type of taste receptor?

A. swee

B. spicy

C. bitter

D. sour

120.Svetlana is sitting in the TGV very fast train in France and is cruising along at a constant 300 kmh. When she closes

her eyes, she feels no sense of motion. This is probably due to the fact that the vestibular apparatus:

A. does not respond to movement that is not self-

generated.

B. only responds to accelerations and

decelerations.

C. cannot respond to something moving that

fast.

D. only responds to rotations of the

body.

5-40

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.121.An East African Indigenous person has issues with one of the following perceptions, which leads researchers to the

conclusion that this ability is partially culturally determined. Which perception would it be?

A. Reconstructing the third dimension of depth in a two-dimensional

artwork.

B. Misjudging the size of a familiar object seen at a

distance.

C. Being unable to see an edge where two straight walls

meet.

D. Being unable to use any monocular cues to determine

depth.

122.How does the definition of ‘threshold’ vary when considering absolute versus signal-detection theory points of view?

123.What is sensory adaptation and why is it important in everyday life?

5-41

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.124.Letitia is an avid observer of stars and galaxies in a clear night sky with her naked eye. Given your knowledge of

photoreceptors and adaptation, what is the best advice you can give her to enable her to see the dimmest stars and

galaxies?

125.Compare and contrast the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory in colour vision, and why are both

important in seeing colour?

126.What are the monocular depth cues an artist can use in a painting to create three-dimensional effects?

5-42

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.127.Define and give an example of why critical periods are important in the development of vision.

5-43

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Chapter 05 Testbank Key

1. What is the sensory transduction?

A. B. specialised neurons break down and analyse the features of nerve

impulses

a neural representation is compared with previously stored

information.

C. sensory stimuli activate specialised

receptors

D. several stimulus ‘pieces’ are organised into a neural

representation

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

2. The final stage in the process of sensing and perceiving information occurs when:

A. several stimuli ‘pieces’ are organised into a neural

representation.

B. sensory receptors translate incoming stimuli into nerve

impulses.

C. sensory stimuli activate specialised

receptors.

D. matching process results in interpretation of stimulus providing

meaning.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

5-44

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.3. According to psychologists, the term ______________ refers to the stimulus-detection process in which sensory

receptors translate external stimuli into nerve impulses.

A. perceptio

B. sensatio

C. top-down

processing

D. kinaesthes

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

4. The psychological term perception specifically refers to the process in which:

A. the sense organs respond to external

stimuli.

B. organisation and meaning are given to incoming

stimuli.

C. transduction takes

place.

D. the sense organs translate stimuli into nerve

impulses.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

5-45

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.5. Occasionally, people who have been blind since birth have their vision restored. Afterwards, they can notice light

and colours, but they often have great difficulty making sense of this new sensory information. Examples like

these best demonstrate the difference between:

A. sensation and

perception.

B. bottom-up processing and top-down

processing.

C. trichromatic theory and opponent-process

theory.

D. rods and

cones.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

6. You are looking at a very blurry photograph. At first, all you can see is a vague oval shape but after studying the

picture for a few minutes, you see that it is a football. You have just moved from:

A. perception to

sensation.

B. sensation to

perception.

C. perception to

adaptation.

D. sensation to

synaesthesia.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

5-46

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.7. The area of scientific study that is concerned with people’s abilities to detect differences or changes in stimuli is

called:

A. psychophysic

B. psychobiolog

C. neuropsycholog

D. physical

psychology.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

8. A researcher studies owls to determine how sensitive they are to various sounds and what is the smallest sound

that they can detect. Her work is most consistent with the goals of which scientific area?

A. neuropsycholo

B. evolutionary

psychology

C. psychophysi

D. Gestalt

psychology

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

5-47

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.9. The difference threshold is defined as the smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that can be

detected ______ of the time.

A. 100

B. 75

C. 66

D. 50

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

10. When a sensory system or sense modality has a low absolute threshold, it implies that it has:

A. high

sensitivity.

B. a high difference

threshold.

C. low

sensitivity.

D. a low difference

threshold.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

5-48

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.11. How certain a person needs to feel before saying that a particular stimulus is present is referred to as the:

A. choice

threshold.

B. certainty

standard.

C. decision

criterion.

D. uncertainty

norm.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

12. Very weak stimuli, that do not reach awareness, are said to be:

A. undetected

stimuli.

B. subliminal stimuli but they can influence

behaviour.

C. difference threshold stimuli but they cannot influence

behaviour.

D. subliminal stimuli but they cannot influence

behaviour.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory processes

5-49

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.13. Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. On the last trial, Bob said that he saw a stimulus but there was

NO stimulus present. Bob’s answer would be classified as a:

A. hit

B. miss

C. false

alarm.

D. correct

rejection.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

14. You are in a car with a friend who is driving a few kilometres an hour over the speed limit and he is watching for

police cars. He got a ticket last week, so every time he sees a car that looks like a police car, he slows down.

Because of his over-vigilance, he has slowed down several times for what turned out not to be police cars. Your

friend’s attempts to notice police cars would have the most relevance to which of the following?

A. Gestalt

psychology

B. bottom-up

processing

C. signal-detection

theory

D. sensatio

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

5-50

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.15. In a signal-detection experiment, a researcher decides to punish incorrect decisions or mistakes but does not

reward correct detections. The researcher’s manipulations would probably illustrate how:

A. B. decision criteria can influence participant

factors.

participant factors can influence situational

factors.

C. situational factors can influence decision

criteria.

D. participant factors can influence decision

criteria.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

16. A participant in a signal-detection study is bold in her decisions about the presence of a target stimulus. As a

result, she has more hits, but she also has more false alarms. This example demonstrates how:

A. situational factors can affect participant

characteristics.

B. situational factors can affect decision

criterion.

C. participant characteristics can affect situational

factors.

D. participant characteristics can affect decision

criterion.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

5-51

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.17. When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can detect it, yet there is no conscious awareness of the

stimulus, it is called a:

A. threshold

stimulus.

B. minimum

stimulus.

C. subliminal

stimulus.

D. difference

stimulus.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

18. The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the:

A. difference

threshold.

B. absolute

threshold.

C. change

threshold.

D. relative

threshold.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

5-52

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.19. Absolute threshold is to difference threshold as:

A. perception is to

transduction.

B. smallest amount is to smallest

change.

C. bottom-up processing is to top-down

processing.

D. adaptation is to

habituation.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

behaviour

Topic: The difference threshold

20. Weber’s law states that the ____________ threshold is directly proportional to the ____________ of the stimulus

with which a comparison is being made.

A. difference;

magnitude

B. difference; absolute

threshold

C. absolute;

magnitude

D. absolute; absolute

threshold

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

behaviour

Topic: The difference threshold

5-53

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.21. One of the primary advantages of Weber fractions is that they:

A. provide a good estimate of the absolute

threshold.

B. minimise the problems associated with false

alarms.

C. permit the easy manipulation of decision

criteria.

D. allow for sensitivity comparisons between the different

senses.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: The difference threshold

22. A limitation of Weber’s law is that:

A. it doesn’t hold true for moderate intensities of

stimulation.

B. it doesn’t hold true for extremely low or high intensities of

stimulation.

C. it only applies to absolute thresholds but not difference

thresholds.

D. it doesn’t allow for sensitivity comparisons between different sense

modalities.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: The difference threshold

5-54

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.23. The diminishing sensitivity of a neuron to an unchanging stimulus is called:

A. bottom-up

processing.

B. perceptual

constancy.

C. sensory

adaptation.

D. neuronal

adjustment.

24. Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Sensory adaptation

You have just run a bath for yourself and when you get in, the water feels very hot. However, you ease yourself

into the bath and, soon, even though it has remained the same temperature, the water no longer feels so hot. The

characteristic of sensory neurons that is responsible for this phenomenon is known as:

A. sensory

adaptation.

B. the refractory

period.

C. the all-or-none

law.

D. signal

detection.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

behaviour

Topic: Sensory adaptation

5-55

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.25. In the human eye, light from objects at different distances is precisely focused on the back of the retina by the:

B. pupil

A. iris

C. lens

D. corne

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: The human eye

26. Joey can see when he’s reading books and working on his computer, but he has trouble seeing things in the

distance. Joey probably suffers from:

A. longsightedne

ss.

B. colour

blindness.

C. myopia

D. hyperopi

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: The human eye

27. Whether you are shortsighted or longsighted is largely dependent on the functioning of your:

A. pupil

B. corne

C. retina

D. lens

Blooms: Remember

5-56

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: The human eye

28. The visual receptors in the eyes called ___________ function best in dim lighting and are primarily brightness

receptors.

A. rod

B. cone

C. fove

D. ganglion

cells

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones

29. In the eye, ________ are the colour receptors and function best in bright illumination.

A. pin

B. rod

C. cone

D. bar

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones

5-57

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.30. In humans, rods are about ___ times more sensitive to light than cones.

A. 20

B. 30

C. 40

D. 50

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones

31. Once a light stimulus has been detected by the rods or cones, it is passed first to ____________, and then onto

____________, whose axons form the optic nerve.

A. ganglion cells; bipolar

cells

B. bipolar cells; ganglion

cells

C. ganglion cells; hair

cells

D. hair cells; bipolar

cells

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones

32. Which of the following shows the correct route taken by a light stimulus travelling to the brain?

B. A. stimulus > bipolar cell > ganglion cell > rod/cone >

brain

stimulus > rod/cone > ganglion cell > bipolar cell >

brain

C. stimulus > rod/cone > bipolar cell > ganglion cell >

brain

D. stimulus > bipolar cell > rod/cone > ganglion cell >

brain

Blooms: Remember

5-58

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones

33. One interesting feature of the retina is that:

A. there are many more cones than

rods.

B. the transduction of light actually occurs after the nerve impulses have left

the retina.

C. there are roughly equal numbers of rods and

ganglion cells.

D. the photoreceptors actually point away from the light entering

the eye.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones

34. The process in which the qualities of a sensory stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is specifically called:

A. perceptio

B. transductio

C. conversio

D. sensory

adaptation.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Visual transduction: from light waves to nerve impulses

5-59

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.35. Which of the following is most similar to the transduction of visual stimuli in the retina?

A. Your favourite TV show is broadcast from a tower in the form of electromagnetic

waves.

B. Your TV reads electromagnetic waves and converts them into images on

your set.

C. You adjust the picture on your TV so that the colours you see are more

realistic.

D. You adjust the volume on your TV so that you can hear what is

being said.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Visual transduction: from light waves to nerve impulses

36. Cones have less brightness sensitivity than rods in all areas of the colour spectrum EXCEPT the __________

end, where rods are relatively insensitive.

A. blu

B. gree

C. re

D. yello

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation

5-60

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.37. Some towns are changing the colour of their fire engines from red to yellow-green. This is because this colour

increases the dim-lighting visibility of the trucks to:

A. only the

rods.

B. both the rods and

cones.

C. the ganglion

cells.

D. the bipolar

cells.

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation

38. ________________ adaptation specifically refers to the process whereby brightness sensitivity progressively

improves under conditions of low illumination.

A. Dar

B. Binocula

C. Stroboscop

D. Colou

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation

5-61

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.39. When the human eye is exposed to very high illumination:

A. only the cones use up photopigment

molecules.

B. light adaptation

occurs.

C. both rods and cones are depleted of photopigment

molecules.

D. only the rods use up photopigment

molecules.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation

40. The initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g. the first five minutes) are controlled by the _____________, but the

second part of the darkness adaptation curve is determined by the functioning of the _____________.

A. pupil;

rods

B. rods;

cones

C. cones;

rods

D. ganglion cells;

cones

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation

5-62

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.41. The theory that assumes there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that individual cones are most

sensitive to one of three wavelengths of light is called:

A. the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic

theory.

B. the opponent-process

theory.

C. Hering’s opponent-process

theory.

D. the transduction

theory.

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Colour vision

42. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision is LEAST able to explain which of the following?

A. seeing a coloured

afterimage

B. seeing the colour

red

C. detecting a subliminal

image

D. seeing the colour

blue

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Colour vision

43. An observation that was INCONSISTENT with the Young-Helmholtz theory of colour perception was that:

A. B. there is a distinction between the properties of light and the colour that we

perceive.

any colour can be produced by some combination of the colours red, green

or blue.

C. people unable to perceive either red or green can sometimes still

see yellow.

D. exposure to bright illumination depletes the amount of photopigment molecules in

the cones.

Blooms: Remember

5-63

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Colour vision

44. Although colour afterimages are NOT adequately explained by the ________________ theory of colour, they can

be readily explained by ____________ theory.

A. dual-process;

trichromatic

B. opponent-process;

trichromatic

C. trichromatic; opponent-

process

D. opponent-process; dual-

process

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Colour vision

45. According to the opponent-process theory of colour, if you stare steadily at a green stimulus, then look at a white

surface, the afterimage will be:

A. blue

D. gree

B. white

C. red

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Colour vision

5-64

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.46. The dual-process theory of colour combines elements of the _____________ theory and the ______________

theory to account for the colour transduction process.

A. trichromatic; Young-

Helmholtz

B. trichromatic; opponent-

process

C. additive colour mixture;

trichromatic

D. afterimage; colour

blindness

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Colour vision

47. The current theory of colour sensation uses the ____________ theory to explain the behaviour of the cones in

colour vision, while a modified version of the ___________ theory that emphasises the role of ganglion cells is

used to explain the presence of afterimages and certain types of colour blindness.

A. trichromatic; additive colour

mixture

B. dual-process;

trichromatic

C. opponent-process; dual-

process

D. trichromatic; opponent-

process

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Colour vision

5-65

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.48. A person with normal colour vision is referred to as a:

A. trichroma

B. dichroma

C. bichroma

D. monochrom

at.

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Colour vision

49. A person who only has a deficiency in the yellow–blue colour system would be called:

A. achromati

B. a

monochromat.

C. a

dichromat.

D. a

trichromat.

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Colour vision

50. Colour blindness is typically assessed by:

A. a biopsy in which the missing photopigments are

determined.

B. a visual examination of the retina by an

ophthalmologist.

C. directly asking people what colours they can’t

see.

D. presenting people with pictures with coloured dots on

them.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

5-66

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Colour vision

51. Cells in the occipital lobe that fire selectively in response to specific visual characteristics are called:

A. feature

detectors.

B. selective

cells.

C. ganglion

cells.

D. discrimination

cells.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Analysis and reconstruction of visual scenes

52. A friend holds up an object in front of you and you immediately identify it as a mobile phone. Which of the

following is most responsible for your ability to do this?

A. the

photoreceptors

B. the primary visual

cortex

C. the visual association

cortex

D. the ganglion

cells

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Analysis and reconstruction of visual scenes

5-67

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.53. All forms of colour blindness are caused by:

A. B. X-linked recessive inheritance of colour vision

deficiency

lack of light sensitive photopigment molecules in the

rods

C. lack of hue sensitive photopigment in some of the

cones

D. dominant inheritance of colour vision

deficiency.

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Colour vision

54. Two important physical characteristics of sound waves are:

A. amplitude and

decibels.

B. frequency and

pitch.

C. amplitude and

frequency.

D. frequency and

hertz.

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Audition

55. The amplitude of a sound wave determines which sensory quality?

A. loudnes

B. pitc

C. complexit

D. colou

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

5-68

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Audition

56. ____________ is measured in cycles per second and translates into the auditory quality of pitch.

A. Amplitud

B. Loudnes

C. Decibel

D. Frequenc

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Audition

57. Sounds above 130 decibels:

A. pose no particular risk for the development of hearing

damage.

B. are near the minimum threshold for

hearing.

C. cause immediate pain and potential hearing

damage.

D. are typically found when a personal stereo is turned to maximum

volume.

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Audition

5-69

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.58. The coiled, snail-like tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid is called the:

A. cochle

B. corne

C. organ of

Corti.

D. stirrup

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses

59. When a nerve impulse is sent to the brain from the ear, that impulse originates from:

A. the

eardrum.

B. the hair cells on the organ of

Corti.

C. the oval

window.

D. the basilar

membrane.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses

60. In the processing of sound, the neurons known as hair cells are important because:

A. they perform the complex interpretation and analysis of sound

waves.

B. their motion serves to amplify the strength of the sound

waves.

C. they act as feature detectors and respond to the different aspects

of sound.

D. their motion results in the transduction of sound

waves.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

5-70

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses

61. The _____________ theory of pitch perception argues that nerve impulses triggered by a given auditory stimulus

should match the pitch of that stimulus.

A. opponent-

process

B. trichromati

C. plac

D. frequenc

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness

62. The place theory of pitch perception states that pitch is determined by:

A. B. neurons that fire at the same frequency as the incoming

stimulus.

neurons that fire at the same amplitude as the incoming

stimulus.

C. the specific place in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks

more.

D. the way that the eardrum resonates in response to different

frequencies.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness

5-71

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.63. Which of the following statements regarding pitch perception is TRUE?

A. Frequency theory holds true for high frequencies, whereas place theory holds true for low

frequencies.

B. Frequency theory holds true for low frequencies, whereas place theory holds true for high

frequencies.

C. Frequency theory holds true for frequencies around 30 Hz, whereas place theory holds true for the remaining

frequencies.

D. Place theory holds true for extreme high and low frequencies, whereas frequency theory holds true for mid-

range frequencies.

64. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness

Information regarding the time differences and intensity differences of arriving sounds is important in:

A. B. transducing the pitch of a

sound.

transducing the amplitude of a

sound.

C. sound

localisation.

D. the place theory of pitch

perception.

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Sound localisation

65. The ability of the nervous system to localise the source of various sounds is primarily determined by:

A. the shape of the inner

ear.

B. the fact that we have an ear on each side of our

head.

C. the way that eardrum is connected to the small bones in the

inner ear.

D. the way that the organ of Corti is connected to the auditory

nerve.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

5-72

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Sound localisation

66. Steve punctures his right eardrum and cannot hear out of this ear. Steve’s injury would be classified as an

example of:

A. conduction

deafness.

B. temporal lobe

deafness.

C. nerve

deafness.

D. cochlear

deafness.

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Sound localisation

67. Which of the following would be classified as an example of nerve deafness?

B. A. a punctured

eardrum

a damaged malleus, or hammer

bone

C. the loss of certain hair cells on the organ of

Corti

D. a stirrup bone that is partially disconnected from the oval

window

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Hearing loss

5-73

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.68. Hearing aids correct many forms of __________ deafness but do little to rectify problems caused by _________

deafness.

A. mechanical;

conduction

B. nerve;

mechanical

C. conduction;

mechanical

D. conduction;

nerve

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Topic: Hearing loss

69. The two senses that are so associated with one another that they have sometimes been referred to as the

‘common chemical sense’ are:

A. kinaesthesis and

vision.

B. gustation and

olfaction.

C. vision and

hearing.

D. hearing and

olfaction.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell

Topic: Taste and smell: the chemical senses

5-74

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.70. The four main qualities that our sense of taste responds to are:

A. sweet, sour, salty,

bitter.

B. sweet, sour, salty,

tart.

C. sour, salty, biting,

tart.

D. sweet, sour, salty,

sugary.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell

Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste

71. ‘Umami’ refers to:

A. B. a taste sensation that reduces the intensity of other taste

qualities.

the ability to detect the presence of fatty substances by

taste alone.

C. a taste sensation that increases the intensity of other taste

qualities.

D. the ability to detect common vegetable poisons by taste

alone.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell

Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste

72. Pheromones are most relevant to which sense?

A. visio

B. touc

C. tast

D. smel

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

5-75

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell

Topic: Olfaction: the sense of smell

73. The tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are:

A. pressure, pain, warmth and

cold.

B. sweet, sour, salty and

bitter.

C. red, green, blue, yellow, black and

white.

D. frequency, pitch and

loudness.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The tactile senses

74. The primary receptors for pain and temperature are specifically called:

A. tactile

receptors.

B. free nerve

endings.

C. association

neurons.

D. gustatory

receptors

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The tactile senses

5-76

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.75. In the skin, specialised cells known as basket cell fibres are important for sensing:

A. temperature and

touch.

B. pain and

temperature.

C. touch and

pain.

D. touch and light

pressure.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The tactile senses

76. The phantom limb phenomenon is apparently caused by:

A. irritated neurons that trick the brain into interpreting nerve impulses as real

sensations.

B. depressive symptoms experienced by the

amputee.

C. expectancy and placebo effects about what is supposed to happen when a

limb is lost.

D. damage to the motor

cortex.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The tactile senses

77. The immune system contributes to pain perception when:

A. B. natural killer cells open the ‘gates’ in the spinal

cord.

white blood cells close the ‘gates in the spinal

cord.

C. glial cells in the spinal cord are activated by immune challenges and release cytokines which amplify pain

perception.

D. white blood cells are activated by immune challenges and release cytokines which amplify pain

perception.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

5-77

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The tactile senses

78. Which of the following senses would be most essential to a circus performer walking across a tightrope?

A. the auditory

sense

B. the vestibular

sense

C. the visual

sense

D. the tactile

sense

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The body senses

79. Audition and the vestibular sense are similar in that they both:

A. are directly involved in sensing bodily orientation in

space.

B. are part of the more broad kinaesthetic

sense.

C. involve direct neural feedback from muscles, tendons and

joints.

D. use hair cells in

transduction.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The body senses

5-78

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.80. Researchers have used all of the following when developing sensory prosthetic devices for blind individuals,

EXCEPT:

A. stimulating the tongue with an electrode

array.

B. inserting tiny electrodes into the

cochlea.

C. stimulating the visual cortex with an electrode

array.

D. bouncing high-frequency sound waves off of objects and playing the feedback through

headphones.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The body senses

81. The cochlear implant device overcomes nerve deafness by:

A. enabling previously inactive hair cells to send limited electrical

signals.

B. bypassing damaged hair cells and stimulating the auditory nerve

directly.

C. bypassing the auditory nerve and stimulating the auditory centre in the temporal lobe

directly.

D. amplifying sound as it first enters the

ear.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention

5-79

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.82. ____________ processing occurs when sensory information is interpreted relative to pre-existing ideas,

knowledge and concepts.

A. Figure-

ground

B. Top-

down

C. Parall

D. Bottom-

83. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception: the creation of experience

Although very different, top-down processing and bottom-up processing are similar in that they both:

A. B. assert that smaller perceptual elements are added together to produce

larger wholes.

assume that stimuli are grouped together based on certain characteristics

they share.

C. describe different processes thought to occur during

perception.

D. focus on the initial stages of information processing in which physical stimuli are converted to nerve

impulses.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception: the creation of experience

84. Two complementary processes in attention are:

A. top-down and bottom-up

processing.

B. perceiving and

focusing.

C. focusing and

filtering.

D. filtering and

perceiving.

Blooms: Remember

5-80

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception: the creation of experience

85. Focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out others are complementary processes that are most central to:

A. trichromatic

theory.

B. sensatio

C. signal-detection

theory.

D. attentio

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention

86. The experimental procedure where a participant is presented with two auditory messages (i.e. one in each ear)

and then is asked to repeat one of the messages word-for-word is called:

A. top-down

processing.

B. shadowin

C. mirroring

D. a split-attention

study.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention

5-81

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.87. Which of the following is an advantage of selective attention?

A. Selective attention prevents us being overwhelmed by the millions of sensory messages processed by the

nervous system.

B. Selective attention determines the sensitivity of various sensory receptor

neurons.

C. Selective attention allows us to completely attend to multiple stimuli

simultaneously.

D. Selective attention prevents us from attending to potentially important stimuli once we have filtered them out

of attention.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention

88. Research on attention using the shadowing technique has revealed that:

A. when participants are given two messages and asked to verbally repeat one, they usually

cannot do this.

B. while attending to a message to one ear, people can remember information presented to the other ear

equally well.

C. people can completely attend to two or even three messages at the same time

with practice.

D. when participants are given two messages and asked to verbally repeat one, most participants can repeat

one message but at the expense of remembering the other message.

89. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention

A man dressed in a gorilla suit walks through a crowd of people playing basketball. Witnesses of this event were

so focused on the basketball playing, that they did not notice the man in the gorilla suit. This is referred to as:

A. the blind

spot.

B. subliminal

influence.

C. inattentional

blindness.

D. suboptimal

priming.

Blooms: Remember

5-82

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.90. Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention

The finding that observers react faster when they believe an object is coming towards than when they believe it

will miss their heads demonstrates:

A. B. that perceptual constancy is impervious to

perceived risk.

how playing a sport can improve selective

attention.

C. the influence of personal factors in

perception.

D. the role of vestibular cells in

perception.

91. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance

Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention

Gestalt psychologists refer to the tendency to organise incoming stimuli into a central object with some kind of

backdrop behind as:

A. bottom-up

processing.

B. top-down

processing.

C. figure-ground

relations.

D. a perceptual

constancy.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure

5-83

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.92. The Gestalt law of ____________ asserts that objects near one another are more likely to be perceived as

belonging together.

A. continuit

B. concurren

C. inclusio

D. proximit

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure

93. Our tendency to fill in an incomplete figure and perceive it as more complete than it really is, is called the law of:

A. closur

B. whole

C. completio

D. continuity

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure

94. Taken collectively, the Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation best illustrate which of the following?

A. figure-ground

relations

B. sensory

adaptation

C. top-down

processing

D. perceptual

constancies

Blooms: Understand

5-84

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.95. Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure

Sheri is at a party and wants to ask Jarrod to dance. However, because Jarrod is standing rather close to Tu-Ha,

Sheri assumes that they are a couple and looks elsewhere for a dance partner. This example is most relevant

which of the following concepts?

A. the Gestalt law of

proximity

B. the Gestalt law of

similarity

C. convergen

D. interpositio

96. Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure

The recognition of an incoming stimulus is presumably facilitated by __________, which is a mental

representation or image that we compare the stimulus to.

A. a perceptual

schema

B. a perceptual

constancy

C. sensory

adaptation

D. bottom-up

processing

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing

5-85

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.97. Think of the psychology lecturer who is teaching this class. Does this person seem like a typical university

lecturer to you? In answering this question, you are probably making use of:

A. the Gestalt law of

similarity

B. a perceptual schema of the typical university

lecturer.

C. bottom-up

processing.

D. a perceptual constancy of the typical university

lecturer.

98. Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing

It has been argued that each of our perceptions is like a(n) _____________ that is tested by comparing incoming

stimuli to a pre-existing ________________.

A. hypothesis; perceptual

schema

B. hypothesis; perceptual

constancy

C. perceptual constancy; perceptual

schema

D. perceptual schema; perceptual

constancy

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing

5-86

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.99. A perceptual set is best defined as a:

A. mental representation or

image.

B. readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular

way.

C. perceptual law that governs how stimuli are

organised.

D. tendency to organise incoming stimuli into a central foreground figure and a

background.

100. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception is influenced by expectations: perceptual sets

Which of the following would be the most susceptible to the effects of fear and expectation?

A. sensory

adaptation

B. perceptual

sets

C. perceptual

illusions

D. convergen

101. Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Perception is influenced by expectations: perceptual sets

______________ specifically allow us to recognise familiar stimuli under varying conditions and in different

contexts.

A. Perceptual

constancies

B. The Gestalt laws of perceptual

organisation

C. Sensory

adaptations

D. Perceptual

continuities

Blooms: Remember

5-87

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.102. Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies

________________ refers to the tendency of the visual system to perceive an object as having the same

dimensions and measurements, even though the image of the object on the retina may change with distance.

A. Brightness

constancy

B. Size

constancy

C. Perceptual

continuity

D. Perceptual

similarity

103. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies

The fact that the face of a friend looks the same whether you are viewing it from directly in front or from the side

is best accounted for by:

A. shape

constancy.

B. brightness

constancy.

C. the law of

proximity.

D. perceptual

habituation.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies

5-88

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.104. You are driving down the road in a national park and heading toward a large, beautiful mountain. As you get

closer to it, the size of the mountain’s image on your retina gets larger but you don’t perceive the mountain as

‘growing’. Instead, you sense that the size of the mountain doesn’t change as you get nearer. Which of the

following can best explain this phenomenon?

A. the Gestalt law of figure-ground

relations

B. binocular

disparity

C. size

constancy

D. interpositio

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception

Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies

105. The depth perception cues that require the use of only one eye are called:

A. convergence

cues.

B. singular

cues.

C. monocular

cues.

D. binocular

cues.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance

Topic: Depth and distance perception

5-89

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.106. All of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception, EXCEPT:

A. light and

shadow.

B. interpositio

C. linear

perspective.

D. convergenc

107. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance

Topic: Depth and distance perception

If you know that two objects have the exact same physical dimensions and you notice that one of them appears

to be smaller, you perceive the smaller one as being ___________ and you are using the monocular depth cue of

_________ to make this decision.

A. farther away; height in the horizontal

plane

B. farther away; relative

size

C. closer;

texture

D. closer;

clarity

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance

Topic: Depth and distance perception

5-90

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.108. The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of the binocular

depth cue called:

A. convergenc

B. differentiatio

C. binocular

disparity.

D. visual

inconstancies.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance

Topic: Depth and distance perception

109. Motion parallax is:

A. B. a binocular cue to distance

perception.

a binocular cue to the perception of

motion.

C. a monocular cue to distance

perception.

D. a monocular cue to the perception of

motion.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance

Topic: Depth and distance perception

110. According to the text, visual illusions can be viewed as examples of:

A. sensory

habituation.

B. incorrect

hypotheses.

C. the Gestalt laws of perceptual

organisation.

D. bottom-up

processing.

Blooms: Remember

5-91

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works

Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses

111. Most visual illusions can be attributed to _________________ that ordinarily help us to perceive the world

accurately.

A. neurotransmitte

B. sensory

adaptations

C. photopigmen

D. perceptual

constancies

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works

Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses

112. The flight simulator study conducted by Conrad Kraft is most relevant to which of the following?

A. figure-ground

relations

B. perceptual

illusions

C. the Gestalt laws of perceptual

organisation

D. sensory

adaptation

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works

Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses

5-92

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.113. Research on the impact of cultural factors on perception has found that:

A. cultural factors can influence visual illusions but not auditory

illusions.

B. cultural factors can influence picture interpretations but not perceptual constancies or susceptibility to

visual illusions.

C. cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies and picture interpretations but not susceptibility to

visual illusions.

D. cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies, picture interpretations and susceptibility to

visual illusions.

114. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period

Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception

When shown a picture of a hunting scene, African people perceived a hunter as attempting to kill a baby

elephant, whereas Westerners tended to perceive that the hunter was after another animal and thought that the

‘baby elephant’ was actually an adult elephant off in the distance. These results were presented as an example of

how the use of __________ depth cues _________ consistent across cultures.

A. binocular; are

not

B. binocular;

are

C. monocular; are

not

D. monocular;

are

Blooms: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period

Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception

5-93

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.115. The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs when a line appears longer when the V-shaped lines at its ends radiate outward

rather than inward. Cross-cultural research on this illusion has found that:

A. the effect of the illusion is essentially the same in all cultures studied

B. so far.

people who live in environments with square shapes and many corners are less affected by

the illusion.

C. people who live in more rounded environments are less affected by the

illusion.

D. people who live in more rounded environments are more affected by the

illusion.

116. Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period

Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception

Times when certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities are to develop are called:

A. essential

periods.

B. critical

periods.

C. necessary

periods.

D. required

periods.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period

Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience

5-94

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.117. Kittens only exposed to vertical stimuli (e.g. vertical stripes) had visual receptor cells that would only fire in

response to vertical stimuli. Stimuli with other orientations evoked no response. This research best illustrates the

importance of:

A. sensory

adaptation.

B. photopigment

C. critical

periods.

D. visual

illusions.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period

Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience

118. Which one of the following structures or organs is NOT involved in the transduction of sound waves into neural

activity?

A. auditory

cortex.

B. hair cells in

cochlea.

C. eardru

D. hammer, anvil and

stirrup.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing

Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses

5-95

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.119. Flavours are composed of a combination of activity in the four types of taste receptors. Which of the following is

NOT a type of taste receptor?

A. swee

B. spicy

C. bitter

D. sour

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell

Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste

120. Svetlana is sitting in the TGV very fast train in France and is cruising along at a constant 300 kmh. When she

closes her eyes, she feels no sense of motion. This is probably due to the fact that the vestibular apparatus:

A. B. does not respond to movement that is not self-

generated.

only responds to accelerations and

decelerations.

C. cannot respond to something moving that

fast.

D. only responds to rotations of the

body.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations

Topic: The body senses

5-96

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.121. An East African Indigenous person has issues with one of the following perceptions, which leads researchers to

the conclusion that this ability is partially culturally determined. Which perception would it be?

A. B. Reconstructing the third dimension of depth in a two-dimensional

artwork.

Misjudging the size of a familiar object seen at a

distance.

C. Being unable to see an edge where two straight walls

meet.

D. Being unable to use any monocular cues to determine

depth.

122. Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period

Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception

How does the definition of ‘threshold’ vary when considering absolute versus signal-detection theory points of

view?

Absolute thresholdis the lowest level of intensity at which some sensory stimulation can be detected under ideal

circumstances, certainly at a better-than-chance level (i.e. considerably more than 50 per cent of the time). On

the other hand, the signal-detection view says that the likelihood of detecting a stimulus signal depends upon the

level of background noise (i.e. there is a certain detectable difference between the signal and the noise) and the

observer’s requirement for certainty in detecting that stimulus-the decision criterion.

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

behaviour

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold

123. What is sensory adaptation and why is it important in everyday life?

Sensory adaptation (which is also called adaptation) is the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. It is

common to all sensory systems. In everyday life, it allows us to focus our attention on differences or contrasts in

the sensory input; for example, the soft whine of an air-conditioning unit fades into the background, the feel of

your wristwatch against your skin recedes from awareness. Likewise, when you dive into a swimming pool, the

water may feel cold at first because your body’s sensors respond to the change in temperature, but over time you

become used to the water temperature.

Blooms: Apply

5-97

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.124. Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

behaviour

Topic: Difference threshold

Topic: Sensory adaptation

Letitia is an avid observer of stars and galaxies in a clear night sky with her naked eye. Given your knowledge of

photoreceptors and adaptation, what is the best advice you can give her to enable her to see the dimmest stars

and galaxies?

First, Letitia must activate her night vision, or rod photoreceptor visual system. The rods function in very dim light

levels, being about 500 times more sensitive to light than the cones. To do this, the eye must be dark adapted,

which is the progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low

illumination. This is best done in total darkness. The cones adapt completely in about 10 minutes, whereas the

rods continue to increase their sensitivity for another 20 minutes. Finally, Letitia should view the dim star or

galaxy peripherally, that is, ‘out of the corner of her eye’ and not directly. This is because rods do not exist in the

fovea along the direct line of sight, but in the peripheral visual field.

Blooms: Apply

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones

125. Compare and contrast the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory in colour vision, and why are both

important in seeing colour?

Both theories have been used at various times as the sole theory to explain how we see colour. According to the

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, with each type

responding to broadly red, green or blue light. These receptors correspond to the cone types in the retina. In this

theory, the visual system then combines the signals from each receptor type to recreate the original hue. On the

other hand, Hering’s opponent-process theory proposed that cells respond to two different colours, blue-yellow

and red-green, and another one for brightness, black-white. This explains coloured afterimages. It was later found

that these cells were actually colour-opponent ganglion cells in the retina. The current dual-process theory

combines both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories to account for the colour transduction process.

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Topic: Colour vision

5-98

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.126. What are the monocular depth cues an artist can use in a painting to create three-dimensional effects?

The artist can use shading, patterns of light and dark, to render a two-dimensional object as three-dimensional;

for example, a circle becomes a ball with appropriate shading. Another cue is linear perspective, which refers to

the perception that parallel lines converge or angle toward one another as they recede into the distance.

Interposition, in which objects closer to us may cut off part of our view of more distant objects, provides another

cue to depth. Height in the horizontal plane provides another source of information. Texture can be used because

the texture or grain of an object appears finer as distance increases. In addition, relative size is another cue: if we

see two objects that we know to be of similar size, then the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther

away. Finally, clarity of the atmosphere can be used: we can see nearby hills more clearly than those that are far

away, especially on hazy days.

Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance

Topic: Depth and distance perception

127. Define and give an example of why critical periods are important in the development of vision.

A ‘critical period’ is a period of time in the development of a sensory system of an animal during which certain

kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities and the brain mechanisms that underlie them are to

develop normally. In Blakemore and Cooper’s study, kittens were raised exclusively in a visual environment that

had either only vertical stripes or only horizontal stripes. Those who were raised in the vertical environment had

no cells that fired in response to horizontal stimuli, resulting in visual impairments. On the other hand, the animals

raised in the horizontally striped environment showed the opposite effect. They had no feature detectors for

vertical stimuli and did not seem to see them. Such specific deficits in perception persist for the life of the animal.

Such critical period deficits are also seen in more complex tasks, like the perception of objects and geometric

shapes.

Blooms: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period

Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience

5-99

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Chapter 05 Testbank Summary

Category # of Questi

ons

Blooms: Apply 12

Blooms: Remember 83

Blooms: Understand 33

Difficulty: Easy 80

Difficulty: Hard 1

Difficulty: Medium 44

Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are una

ware of can influence our behaviour

Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they pr

oduce our visual experience

Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate

hearing

Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell 5

Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance 7

Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works 3

Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the noti

on of a critical period

Topic: Analysis and reconstruction of visual scenes 2

Topic: Audition 4

Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses 4

Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation 6

Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness 3

Topic: Colour vision 12

Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience 3

Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception 4

Topic: Depth and distance perception 6

Topic: Difference threshold 1

Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste 3

Topic: Hearing loss 2

Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses 3

Topic: Olfaction: the sense of smell 1

Topic: Perception is influenced by expectations: perceptual sets 2

5-100

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention 7

Topic: Perception: the creation of experience 3

Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure 5

Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing 3

Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies 4

Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones 7

Topic: Sensory adaptation 3

Topic: Sensory processes 9

Topic: Sound localisation 3

Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold 10

Topic: Taste and smell: the chemical senses 1

Topic: The body senses 4

Topic: The difference threshold 4

Topic: The human eye 3

Topic: The tactile senses 5

Topic: Visual transduction: from light waves to nerve impulses 2

5-101

consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Psychology The Science of Mind And Behaviour 3rd Australian Edition By Michael W. Passer – Test Bank

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