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Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines
a. wakefulness.
b. the unconscious.
c. consciousness.
d. alertness.
ANS: C REF: p. 151 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
2. The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning
those stimuli, comprise your
a. attention.
b. unconsciousness.
c. consciousness.
d. alertness.
ANS: C REF: p. 151 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
3. Consciousness includes awareness of
a. external events only.
b. internal sensations only.
c. self only.
d. external events, internal sensations, and self.
ANS: D REF: p. 151 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
4. Consciousness includes awareness of all of the following EXCEPT
a. external events.
b. internal sensations.
c. dreams.
d. self.
ANS: C REF: p. 151-152 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
5. Mind wandering is likely to occur during all of the following states EXCEPT
a. anxious.
b. excited.
c. tired.
d. bored.
ANS: B REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.1 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
6. William James proposed the concept ____ to describe the continually changing aspect of
consciousness.
a. circadian consciousness
b. flow of consciousness
c. stream of unconsciousness
d. stream of consciousness
ANS: D REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
1807. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
What did William James mean by his term “the stream of consciousness”?
a. consciousness always remains at the same level
b. consciousness never stops
c. consciousness is always changing
d. consciousness is beyond personal control
ANS: C REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find
a. b. c. d. a system of hierarchically organized cognitions.
one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts.
an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes.
an organized system of parallel thoughts.
ANS: C REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different
a. levels of reality.
b. levels of awareness.
c. streams of awareness.
d. streams of consciousness.
ANS: B REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
Which of the following is NOT a plausible explanation for the evolution of consciousness?
a. b. c. d. allowed for forethought and planning
allowed for planning of actions based on expected consequences
facilitated trial and error learning
facilitated finding food and avoiding predators
ANS: C REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.1 TOP: NEW
KEY: Conceptual/Applied
Which brain wave is probably operating while you are taking this exam?
a. alpha
b. beta
c. theta
d. delta
ANS: B REF: p. 152-153 OBJ: 5.2 KEY: Concept/Applied
The four basic EEG patterns are
a. alpha, beta, gamma, delta.
b. beta, theta, omega, gamma.
c. theta, delta, beta, omega.
d. alpha, beta, theta, delta.
ANS: D REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.2 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
213. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is
a. gamma.
b. beta.
c. alpha.
d. delta.
ANS: B REF: p. 152-153 OBJ: 5.2 KEY: Factual
Which of the following techniques is used MOST often to measure the relationship between
consciousness and activity in the brain?
a. PET
b. EEG
c. MRI
d. fMRI
ANS: B REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.2 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
EEG summarizes what aspect of brain activity?
a. duration
b. rhythm
c. intensity
d. none of these
ANS: B REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.2 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
Brainwaves vary in terms of all of the following features EXCEPT
a. amplitude.
b. frequency.
c. CPS.
d. length.
ANS: D REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.2 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
Brainwaves that have a frequency of less than 4 cps are referred to as
a. delta.
b. theta.
c. alpha.
d. beta.
ANS: A REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.2 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
The Cicada’s ability to burrow up from the ground when exactly 17 years have past illustrates the
amazing feat performed by the
a. circadian rhythm.
b. subconscious.
c. alpha waves.
d. internal biological clock.
ANS: D REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
319. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Circadian rhythms have been shown to influence all of the following EXCEPT
a. cognitive performance on tasks requiring alertness and short-term memory.
b. emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness.
c. sleep.
d. physical functions such as body temperature and urine production.
ANS: B REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
The circadian rhythm operates around a:
a. 1-year cycle.
b. 28-day cycle.
c. 24-hour cycle.
d. 90-minute cycle.
ANS: C REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
According to recent research, we are most likely to fall asleep
a. as our body temperature begins to drop.
b. when it gets dark.
c. when our body temperature stabilizes at normal.
d. as our body temperature begins to climb.
ANS: A REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
People generally fall asleep as their body temperature ____ and awaken as it ____.
a. b. c. d. becomes stable; starts to fluctuate
starts to fluctuate; becomes stable
begins to drop; begins to increase
begins to increase; begins to drop
ANS: C REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that are
a. 90 minutes in length.
b. 24 hours in length.
c. on a monthly cycle.
d. on a seasonal cycle.
ANS: B REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
The twenty-four hour biological cycles found in humans and other species are known as
a. unconscious processes.
b. circadian rhythms.
c. biological rhythms.
d. beta rhythms.
ANS: B REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
425. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
In general, research into circadian rhythms has found that overall level of alertness and body
temperature are
a. negatively correlated.
b. positively correlated in females and negatively correlated in males.
c. positively correlated in males and negatively correlated in females.
d. positively correlated.
ANS: D REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Critical Thinking
Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in
a. inducing sleep.
b. causing one to dream.
c. alpha rhythm generation.
d. resetting circadian rhythms.
ANS: D REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and
be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.
a. more apt; just as
b. less apt; less
c. less apt; more
d. more apt; less
ANS: D REF: p. 154 OBJ: 5.4 KEY: Factual
Compared to employees who have set work schedules, employees who work rotating shifts get ____
sleep and ____ quality sleep.
a. more; poorer
b. more; higher
c. less; poorer
d. less; higher
ANS: C REF: p. 154 OBJ: 5.4 KEY: Factual
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
a. amount of time spent sleeping
b. amount of time spent awake
c. cultural practices
d. exposure to light
ANS: D REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?
a. one day for each time zone crossed when flying east, and 2/3 of a day for each time zone
crossed when flying west
b. 2/3 of a day for each time zone crossed when flying east, and one day per time zone
crossed when flying west
c. d. one day per time zone crossed
2/3 of a day for each time zone crossed
ANS: A REF: p. 154 OBJ: 5.4 KEY: Factual
531. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Gunther is a news anchor who just flew east from San Diego to Paris, crossing eight time zones. Based
on what is known about jet lag, Gunther will most likely
a. b. c. d. take about four days to adjust to the new time zone.
take 48 hours to adjust to the new time zone.
not experience any jet lag because he has flown west to east.
take just over a week to adjust to the new time zone.
ANS: D REF: p. 154 OBJ: 5.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
Which stage of sleep is characterized as a brief transitional stage during which theta waves are
prominent?
a. stage 1
b. stage 2
c. stage 4
d. REM
ANS: A REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as
a. alpha waves.
b. REM waves.
c. theta waves.
d. zeta waves.
ANS: C REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
A light, transitional sleep stage lasting 10-12 minutes is
a. stage 1.
b. stage 2.
c. stage 3.
d. stage 4.
ANS: A REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
As a person falls into deeper sleep, his pattern of brain wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency
and ____ in amplitude.
a. slower; higher
b. faster; higher
c. slower; lower
d. faster; lower
ANS: A REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the
printout from the EEG, delta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that
Rebecca
a. b. c. d. has just entered stage 1 sleep.
is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
is currently in REM sleep.
has just entered stage 3 sleep.
ANS: D REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
637. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves. Peter is
experiencing which stage of sleep?
a. REM
b. stage 3 or 4
c. stage 1
d. stage 2
ANS: B REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: WWW
KEY: Concept/Applied
Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as
a. low amplitude sleep.
b. high amplitude sleep.
c. slow-wave sleep.
d. fast-wave sleep.
ANS: C REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are
characteristic of
a. stage 1 sleep.
b. stage 2 sleep.
c. stage 4 sleep.
d. REM sleep..
ANS: B REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
NREM sleep consists of which stages of sleep?
a. stages 1 and 2
b. d. stages 1, 2 and 3
c. stages 3 and 4
stages 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: D REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. She has been asleep for just
over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low amplitude, irregular brain wave patterns. Her breathing
and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids. The
researcher who is monitoring Bailey’s sleep can conclude that Bailey
a. has just entered REM sleep.
b. has just entered stage 4 sleep.
c. is experiencing sleep anoxia and needs immediate medical attention.
d. suffers from a sleep disorder.
ANS: A REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
REM sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
a. minimal bodily movement.
b. regular breathing and pulse rate.
c. beta waves.
d. dreaming.
ANS: B REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
743. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep?
a. rapid eye movements
b. regular breathing and pulse rate
c. unstable EEG activity
d. relatively little dreaming
ANS: A REF: p. 157 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
Dreaming is typically associated with
a. REM sleep.
b. stage 1 sleep.
c. stage 2 sleep.
d. stage 4 sleep.
ANS: A REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
The brain wave pattern of a person in ____ sleep resembles the brain wave pattern observed when the
individual is awake and alert.
a. stage 1
b. stage 4
c. REM
d. NREM
ANS: C REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
REM periods of sleep tend to ____ as the night goes on.
a. deepen
b. lighten
c. shorten
d. lengthen
ANS: D REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
The paradox concerning REM sleep is while
a. b. it is a deep sleep, the person is easy to awaken.
it is a deep sleep, the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake
individual.
c. the person is dreaming, the brain wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed
individual.
d. the person is dreaming, his muscles are practically paralyzed.
ANS: B REF: p. 157 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Critical Thinking
A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night’s sleep.
a. one
b. two
c. four
d. six
ANS: C REF: p. 157 OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
8Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
49. 50. 51. 52. 53. The most vivid dreams generally occur
a. during REM sleep.
b. during NREM sleep.
c. during the early hours of sleep.
d. when alpha brain waves are present.
ANS: A REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: Study Guide
KEY: Factual
Compared to young adults, infants sleep for a ____ period of time each day and spend a ____
proportion of their total sleep time in REM sleep.
a. longer; smaller
b. longer; larger
c. shorter; larger
d. shorter; smaller
ANS: B REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
During adulthood, there is a gradual decline in the proportion of
a. stage 1 sleep.
b. stage 2 sleep.
c. slow-wave sleep.
d. all stages of NREM sleep.
ANS: C REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
As adults age, the proportion of sleep time they spend in slow-wave sleep ____ while the proportion of
time spent in REM sleep ____.
a. remains stable; decreases
b. decreases; remains stable
c. increases; decreases
d. decreases; increases
ANS: B REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
Charlene is 12, and her elderly aunt has come for a visit. The aunt is using the spare bed in Charlene’s
room. Several times during the night, the aunt awakens briefly, and then falls back to sleep. Charlene
doesn’t awaken at all during the night. This difference in sleep patterns can best be explained by
research that shows
a. b. c. d. during adulthood the proportion of REM sleep gradually declines.
during adulthood the proportion of slow-wave sleep increases significantly.
the elderly are more affected by jet lag and shifts in their circadian rhythm.
during adulthood the proportion of slow-wave sleep gradually declines.
ANS: D REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Concept/Applied
954. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Riley is happy this morning because Jennifer, his four-month-old infant, finally slept through the night
for the first time. If EEG recordings were available for both Riley and Jennifer, a comparison would
show
a. b. c. d. that Jennifer only spent half as much time in REM sleep.
that both Riley and Jennifer spent the same proportion of time in REM sleep.
most of Jennifer’s REM sleep occurred just after she had fallen asleep, and most of Riley’s
REM sleep occurred just before he awakened.
that Jennifer spent more than twice as much time in REM sleep.
ANS: D REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Concept/Applied
Which of the following statements about co-sleeping (i.e., parents and children sleeping together) is
NOT accurate?
a. b. c. d. co-sleeping is widely accepted in Japanese culture
co-sleeping is actively encouraged in most Western societies
American parents generally teach their children to sleep alone
around the world as a whole, co-sleeping is the norm rather than the exception
ANS: B REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Critical Thinking
Which of the following statements about cultural differences in sleep is NOT accurate?
a. cultural differences in sleep are generally limited to things like sleeping arrangements and
napping customs
b. c. d. co-sleeping is actively encouraged in most Western societies
one to two hour midday naps are found mostly in tropical regions of the world
around the world as a whole, co-sleeping is the norm rather than the exception
ANS: B REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Critical Thinking
Siesta cultures tend to be MOST common in societies
a. that also practice co-sleeping.
b. that are industrialized.
c. located in tropical regions.
d. that are nomadic.
ANS: C REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
The midday napping practices of “siesta cultures” are adaptive because the siesta allows individuals
a. b. c. d. a necessary break from their extremely physical labor.
to sleep at the same time as their young infants.
time to digest their large midday meal.
to avoid working during the hottest part of the day.
ANS: D REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
Which of the following statements does NOT represent a current hypothesis on the evolutionary bases
of sleep?
a. b. c. d. sleep helps restore energy and other body resources depleted by waking activities
the immobilization associated with sleep reduces exposure to predators and other dangers
sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires
sleep evolved to help maintain a constant, high body temperature by metabolic means
ANS: C REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
1060. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep that has the strongest support suggests that
sleep evolved to help individuals
a. reduce exposure to predators.
b. conserve energy.
c. reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle.
d. restore energy and other bodily resources.
ANS: B REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of
sleep?
a. to reduce exposure to predators
b. to conserve energy
c. to reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle
d. to restore energy and other bodily resources
ANS: C REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Concept/Applied
Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience
a. impaired attention.
b. impaired motor coordination.
c. impaired decision-making.
d. impaired attention, motor coordination, and decision-making.
ANS: D REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Factual
Recent evidence on the effects of sleep deprivation suggests all of the following EXCEPT that loss of
sleep
a. is not as detrimental as was once thought.
b. undermines efficiency at work.
c. may also have a negative impact on immune system functioning.
d. can impair an individual’s attention and reaction time.
ANS: A REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
All of the following are impacted by sleep deprivation EXCEPT
a. motor coordination.
b. endocrine system.
c. personality.
d. immune system.
ANS: C REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
Amy feels ill and is experiencing poor motor coordination, in addition to poor decision-making and
attention. She is likely suffering from
a. ADD.
b. hypnosis.
c. sleep walking.
d. sleep deprivation.
ANS: D REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 TOP: NEW
KEY: Conceptual/Applied
1166. 67. 68. 69. 70. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
For the past month Mitchell has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though he goes to bed at his
usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep. As a result, Mitchell
has only been getting five to six hours of sleep, instead of the eight hours he is used to. Mitchell is
likely to find that his lack of sleep leads to
a. increased ability to solve complex problems.
b. impaired attention, especially on monotonous tasks.
c. hallucinations and general disorientation.
d. night terrors when he actually does fall asleep.
ANS: B REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Concept/Applied
Roughly what percentage of motor vehicle accidents has sleepiness as a contributing factor?
a. 10%
b. >5%
c. 20%
d. 31%
ANS: C REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Steve was awakened
whenever he entered REM sleep. It is MOST accurate to state that Steve was in a study designed to
examine the effects of
a. selective deprivation.
b. sleep deprivation.
c. sleep restriction.
d. selective interruption.
ANS: A REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Concept/Applied
After being deprived of REM sleep for several days, when first allowed uninterrupted sleep people
tend to spend additional time in REM sleep. This increase in REM sleep is called the
a. catch-up effect.
b. rebound effect.
c. dream-rebound effect.
d. dream effect.
ANS: B REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Factual
Over the course of several nights Jack is selectively deprived of REM sleep and Jill deprived of slow-
wave sleep. Which of the following BEST describes their pattern of sleeping when first allowed
uninterrupted sleep?
a. b. c. Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show increased slow-wave sleep
Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show increased REM sleep
Jack will show increased REM sleep and Jill will show no change in REM or slow-wave
sleep
d. Jack will show decreased REM sleep and Jill will show decreased slow-wave sleep
ANS: A REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Critical Thinking
1271. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific
need for
a. at least four hours of sleep each night.
b. slow-wave sleep.
c. REM sleep.
d. REM and slow-wave sleep.
ANS: D REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Factual
The possible theory as to why humans need REM and slow wave sleep focuses on the possibility that
they contribute to
a. b. c. d. keeping the individual safe from predators.
the firming up of the learning that took place during that day.
impairing the individuals creative response.
helping the individual keep their body temperature low.
ANS: B REF: p. 161-162 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Concept/Applied
Reduced REM and slow-wave sleep negatively impact performance on _______ and _______ tasks.
a. memory, learning
b. reflex, memory
c. reflex, learning
d. motor, memory
ANS: A REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
Shortened sleep duration has been linked to a heightened vulnerability for a variety of diseases. This
means that sleep duration and these health risks are
a. positively correlated.
b. negatively correlated.
c. uncorrelated.
d. confounded variables.
ANS: B REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.8 KEY: Critical Thinking
Which of the following is NOT a health risk exacerbated by lack of sleep?
a. diabetes
b. coronary disease
c. vitamin deficiency
d. hypertension
ANS: C REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.8 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
Insomnia is BEST defined as referring to
a. b. c. d. chronic difficulties in remaining asleep.
chronic difficulties in falling asleep.
chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.
occasional problems in getting adequate sleep.
ANS: C REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.9 KEY: Factual
1377. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Matthew has persistent early-morning awakening from sleep. He is MOST likely
a. a hypersomniac.
b. an insomniac.
c. a somnambulist.
d. a phototrapist.
ANS: B REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.9 TOP: WWW
KEY: Concept/Applied
The MOST common known sleep disorder is
a. sleep apnea.
b. night terrors.
c. insomnia.
d. somnambulism.
ANS: C REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.9 KEY: Factual
Matthew often wakes up and wanders around the house in his sleep, usually during the first three hours
of the night or so. He is MOST likely
a. a hypersomniac.
b. an insomniac.
c. a somnambulist.
d. a phototrapist.
ANS: C REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.9 TOP: WWW
KEY: oncept/Applied
All of the following are drugs used to treat insomnia EXEPT
a. restoril.
b. sonata.
c. lunesta.
d. thorazine.
ANS: D REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.9 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
A disease marked by sudden and irresistible onset of sleep during normal waking hours is
a. reverse insomnia.
b. somnambulism.
c. sleep apnea.
d. narcolepsy.
ANS: D REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Factual
Valerie has episodes in which she experiences a sudden and irresistible urge to sleep during normal
waking periods. Valerie MOST likely suffers from
a. narcolepsy.
b. hypersomnia.
c. cretinism.
d. a lack of REM rebound.
ANS: A REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Concept/Applied
1483. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. He suffers from
a. sleep apnea.
b. respiratory deficiency.
c. insomnia.
d. narcolepsy.
ANS: A REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Factual
Which of the following has been used with modest success in the treatment of narcolepsy?
a. group therapy
b. behavioral therapy
c. sedative drugs
d. stimulant drugs
ANS: D REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Factual
Sleep apnea is characterized by
a. b. c. a sudden, irresistible urge to sleep during normal waking hours.
a reflexive gasping for air during sleep.
an extremely low rate of REM.
d. night terrors.
ANS: B REF: p. 163-164 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Factual
Nathaniel’s wife cannot sleep through the night. She claims that her husband seems to stop breathing in
his sleep and then suddenly jerks awake, gasping for breath. This not only disturbs his sleep, it also
awakens her. It is likely that Nathaniel
a. has narcolepsy.
b. is experiencing night terrors.
c. has sleep apnea.
d. has developed pseudoinsomnia.
ANS: C REF: p. 163-164 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Concept/Applied
Stephen wanders about while remaining asleep. Stephen’s condition is called
a. narcology.
b. sleep tremors.
c. somnambulism.
d. agnosia.
ANS: C REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Concept/Applied
Sleepwalking is MOST likely to occur
a. when a person has emotional or psychological problems.
b. after a person has been asleep for several hours.
c. during slow-wave sleep.
d. during REM sleep.
ANS: C REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Factual
1589. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate?
a. b. c. d. sleepwalking is generally a manifestation of underlying psychological problems
it is unsafe to awaken a sleepwalker
sleepwalking typically occurs while the person is dreaming
there appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking
ANS: D REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Factual
Research concerning the content of dreams has shown that MOST dreams are
a. about relatively normal activities.
b. best described as nightmares.
c. about strangers.
d. about participating in or observing unusual activities.
ANS: A REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Factual
Which of the following statements about dreams is NOT accurate?
a. b. c. d. dreams only occur during REM sleep
dreams have sometimes changed the world
dreams are not as bizarre as widely assumed
dreamers sometimes realize that they are dreaming
ANS: A REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Factual
Which of the following is NOT a common theme of dreams?
a. aggression
b. current events
c. sex
d. conflict
ANS: B REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Factual
According to research evidence on dream content, which of the following would a student be LEAST
likely to dream about?
a. b. c. falling from the top of a tall building on campus
being chased by his or her most feared instructor
a political candidate who held strong views about tuition increases
d. missing an important exam
ANS: C REF: p. 165-166 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Concept/Applied
The notion of day residue was first proposed by
a. Rosalind Cartwright.
b. J. Allan Hobson.
c. Sigmund Freud.
d. Roy Baumeister.
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Concept/Applied
16Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
95. The content of MOST dreams is usually
a. mundane.
b. exotic.
c. exciting.
d. erotic.
ANS: A REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Factual
96. Freud called the contents of our waking life that spill into our dreams
a. the day residue.
b. manifest content.
c. reticular synthesis.
d. wish fulfillment.
ANS: A REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.11 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
97. As Kayla gets ready for bed her husband tells her not to worry about the job interview she has
scheduled for the morning. Based on the results of recent studies on dream content what is MOST
likely to be the content of Kayla’s dreams?
a. b. c. d. she is likely to dream about sex with her husband
she is likely to dream about her children
she is likely to dream about her health concerns
she is likely to dream about the job interview
ANS: D REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Concept/Applied
98. The MOST prevalent dream content is
a. falling.
b. that a person now dead is alive again.
c. being chased.
d. being half-awake and paralyzed in bed.
ANS: C REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Concept/Applied
99. Cultures ____ dreaming.
a. vary in the significance they place on
b. are very similar in the significance they place on
c. vary in the proportion of sleep time they spend
d. vary in the total amount of sleep time they spend
ANS: A REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.12 KEY: Factual
100. In which culture would people be held responsible for their dream actions; for example an erotic
dream about someone could be seen as an adulterous act?
a. Marakesh of Morocco
b. Aborigines of Australia
c. Arapesh of New Guinea
d. Parintinin of Brazil
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.12 KEY: Factual
17Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
101. Which of the following statements is NOT correct in describing cultural differences concerning
dreams?
a. b. some non-Western cultures view dreams as permitting communication with ancestors
individuals in many non-Western cultures tend to have poorer recall of dreams than
individuals in Western cultures
c. d. many Western cultures view dreams as of little significance
many non-Western cultures view dreams as an important source of information
ANS: B REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.12 KEY: Factual
102. Which of the following statements about culture and dreams is LEAST accurate?
a. b. c. d. some basic dream themes appear to be nearly universal across cultures
people in Western societies tend to recall their dreams vividly
in many cultures, dreams are seen as a window into the spiritual world
in Western cultures, dreams are largely considered insignificant
ANS: B REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.12 KEY: Critical Thinking
103. Freud theorized that dreams
a. provide a window to the conscious mind.
b. provide a practical approach to problem-solving.
c. reflect wish fulfillment.
d. reflect reality.
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Factual
104. The theorist who advanced the wish-fulfillment idea about dreaming was
a. Cartwright.
b. Hobson.
c. McCarley.
d. Freud.
ANS: D REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Factual
105. The use of dreams to satisfy ungratified needs is referred to as
a. id idealization.
b. self-centeredness.
c. wish fulfillment.
d. sublimation.
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
106. If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the
“student of the year award,” this dream would be MOST consistent with which theory of dreaming?
a. fantasy
b. activation-synthesis
c. wish fulfillment
d. problem-solving
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Concept/Applied
18Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
107. The theorist who advanced the cogngtive, problem-solving view of dreaming was
a. Cartwright
b. Hobson
c. McCarley
d. Freud
ANS: A REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Factual
108. According to Freud, a sexually frustrated person would probably have highly erotic dreams because,
according to him, the principal purpose of a dream is
a. sexual gratification.
b. conflict resolution.
c. wish-fulfillment.
d. the repression of unconscious desires.
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Concept/Applied
109. Cartwright theorized that dreams
a. provide a window to the conscious mind
b. provide a practical approach to problem-solving
c. reflect wish fulfillment
d. reflect reality
ANS: B REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Factual
110. Denise is unemployed. Over the past three years she has been fired from 10 different positions. If you
interpreted Denise’s dream of being the CEO of a Fortune 500 company as an attempt for Denise to
fulfill ungratified needs from her waking life, you would be subscribing to the
a. problem-solving theory of dreams.
b. activation-synthesis theory of dreams.
c. wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.
d. neural overflow hypothesis of dreams.
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Concept/Applied
111. The use of dreams to allow people to engage in creative thinking about pressing personal issues is the
claim of which theory of dreaming?
a. problem-solving theory of dreams
b. activation-synthesis theory of dreams
c. wish-fulfillment theory of dreams
d. neural overflow hypothesis of dreams
ANS: A REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
112. If you interpreted Peter’s dream of arguing with a larger-than-life faceless authority figure as an
attempt on his part to decide which approach to take in convincing his father of the merits of his future
plans, you would be subscribing to the
a. problem-solving theory of dreams.
b. activation-synthesis theory of dreams.
c. wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.
d. neural overflow hypothesis of dreams.
ANS: A REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Concept/Applied
19113. 114. 115. 116. 117. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The idea that dreams are times when people can think creatively about what is going on in their lives
and then use that information later when awake is consistent with the
a. wish fulfillment view of dreams.
b. problem-solving view of dreams.
c. synergistic view of dreams.
d. James-Verduin view of dreams.
ANS: B REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Critical Thinking
Logan has a dream in which he is taken captive by a band of talking cats who force him to solve
complex algebra problems for them. According to Rosalind Cartwright’s cognitive theory of dreaming,
the images in Logan’s dream represent
a. b. c. d. an interpretation of random neuron activity in lower brain centers.
the manifest content of the dream.
an attempt to work through problems he is currently experiencing in his life.
the latent content of the dream.
ANS: C REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Concept/Applied
The idea that dreams are the cortex’s attempt to make sense out of bursts of general firing from lower
brain centers is the core of
a. b. c. d. the wish-fulfillment theory of dreaming.
the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.
the problem-solving theory of dreaming
no current theory of dreaming.
ANS: B REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Critical Thinking
Danielle had a dream in which she was playing rummy with an elephant wearing suspenders. The next
instant, the elephant had changed into one of her grade school teachers and they were watching a
purple sunset over a red ocean. According to the activation synthesis model of dreaming, the sudden
bizarre changes in settings that took place in Danielle’s dream represent
a. an interpretation of random neuron activity in lower brain centers.
b. the manifest content of the dream.
c. the latent content of the dream.
d. an attempt to work through problems she is currently experiencing in her life.
ANS: A REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Concept/Applied
The idea that dreams are times when people can think creatively about what is going on in their lives
and then use that information later when awake is consistent with _________ view of dreams.
a. Freud’s
b. Cartwright’s
c. Hobson and McCarley’s
d. Dement’s
ANS: B REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Concept/Applied
20118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of
neural impulses from subcortical areas of the brain?
a. construction
b. activation-synthesis
c. conservation of energy
d. cognitive problem solving
ANS: B REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 KEY: Factual
Hypnosis owes its beginnings to the work of which of the following?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Franz Anton Mesmer
c. Ernest Hilgard
d. Harry Houdini
ANS: B REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility is known as what?
a. mesmerization
b. hypnosis
c. hallucinations
d. hypersomnia
ANS: B REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
Research suggests that about ____ of the population does not respond to hypnosis.
a. 1-2%
b. 25-30%
c. 40%
d. 10-20%
ANS: D REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
Research suggests that about ____ of people are exceptionally good hypnotic subjects.
a. 1-2%
b. 20-25%
c. 10-15%
d. 40%
ANS: C REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
What percentage of the population would be considered “hypnotic virtuosos”?
a. 1-2%
b. 20-25%
c. 10-15%
d. 40%
ANS: C REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.14 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
21124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Which of the following is likely to produce highly subjective events?
a. hypnosis
b. meditation
c. psychoactive drugs
d. all these choices can produce highly subjective events
ANS: D REF: p. 168-169 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
The procedure used by a hypnotist that relaxes an individual and increases his/her attention and
suggestibility is called a
a. hypnotic induction.
b. hypnotic trance.
c. hypnotic dissociation.
d. hypnotic deduction.
ANS: A REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of hypnosis?
a. auditory and visual hallucinations
b. the reduction of inhibitions
c. some resistance to pain
d. total loss of personal control
ANS: D REF: p. 169 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Critical Thinking
Which of the following is the most common posthypnotic suggestion given to people?
a. to act infantile
b. c. d. to show amnesia and forget something
to perform a behavior unusual for the person
to act like an animal
ANS: B REF: p. 169 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
The theory of hypnosis that suggests that hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness is the
a. wish fulfillment theory.
b. dissociation theory.
c. role-playing theory.
d. activation-synthesis theory.
ANS: C REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 5.15 KEY: Factual
The role-playing theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject
a. b. c. d. actually fakes the hypnotic state to trick the hypnotist.
enters into a trance and acts out suggestions.
knows that he or she is only pretending for entertainment purposes.
is in a normal state but acts out the role of a hypnotized person.
ANS: D REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 5.15 KEY: Concept/Applied
22130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The idea that hypnotized persons are acting in the manner they believe a hypnotized person would is
the basic tenet behind the
a. Freudian theory of hypnosis.
b. dissociative theory of hypnosis.
c. divided consciousness theory of hypnosis.
d. role-playing theory of hypnosis.
ANS: D REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 5.15 KEY: Concept/Applied
The observation that age-regressed hypnotized individuals recall long-ago events in a vivid but
incorrect manner supports the ____ theory of hypnosis.
a. dissociation
b. wish fulfillment
c. role-playing
d. activation-synthesis
ANS: C REF: p. 170 OBJ: 5.15 KEY: Factual
The idea that hypnosis splits consciousness into two streams is known as
a. Freudian theory of hypnosis.
b. dissociative theory of hypnosis.
c. divided consciousness theory of hypnosis.
d. role-playing theory of hypnosis.
ANS: B REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 5.15 KEY: Concept/Applied
While Kimberly was hypnotized she vividly recalled the events of her first birthday party. However,
when the events she described were compared with an actual video from her birthday party, most of
the things she described did not actually happen. Kimberly’s inaccuracy in recall lends support to the
view that hypnosis
a. b. c. d. causes people to act out a role.
is the same as REM-sleep.
creates a dissociation in conscious awareness.
is the same as slow-wave sleep.
ANS: A REF: p. 170 OBJ: 5.15 KEY: Concept/Applied
While Nicholas was hypnotized he was able to endure painful jaw surgery without any anesthesia. This
could be taken as support for the view that hypnosis
a. b. c. d. causes people to act out a role.
is the same as REM-sleep.
is the same as slow-wave sleep.
creates a dissociation in conscious awareness.
ANS: D REF: p. 170 OBJ: 5.15 KEY: Critical Thinking
The debate over the mental state of a hypnotized person is
a. resolved in favor of role-playing theory.
b. still an open question.
c. resolved in favor of altered state phenomena.
d. resolved because hypnosis is fake.
ANS: B REF: p. 170 OBJ: 5.15 TOP: NEW
KEY: Critical Thinking
23Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. Meditation has its roots in
a. early Christianity.
b. Eastern religions.
c. transcendental psychology.
d. the scientific study of the relaxation response.
ANS: B REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Factual
A family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental process under greater
voluntary control is known as
a. hypnosis.
b. transcendental psychology.
c. meditation.
d. Buddhism.
ANS: C REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Factual
Research has shown that meditation can produce a physiological state similar to
a. the REM stage of sleep.
b. that produced by hypnosis.
c. systematic relaxation training.
d. a drug-induced trance.
ANS: C REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Factual
Which of the following does NOT happen when a person is in a meditative state?
a. alpha waves become more prominent in EEG recordings
b. heart rate decreases
c. oxygen consumption increases
d. respiration rate decreases
ANS: C REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Critical Thinking
Scott’s brain is producing alpha and theta waves, and he shows a decrease in his heart rate, oxygen
consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination. Scott is probably
a. hypnotized.
b. in a drug-induced trance.
c. meditating.
d. in REM sleep.
ANS: C REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Concept/Applied
Hailey recently began meditating on a regular basis. Over the short-term Hailey should expect to
experience
a. b. c. d. an alteration in her consciousness similar to taking psychedelic drugs.
an increase in relaxation and a decrease in autonomic arousal.
a sense of euphoria similar to that experienced when taking opiate drugs.
an improvement in her immune system and enhanced memory.
ANS: B REF: p.171-172 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Critical Thinking
24142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
In the physiological domain, research has suggested meditation may help with all of the following
EXCEPT
a. regulating hormone levels.
b. controlling blood pressure.
c. reducing chronic pain.
d. improving cardiovascular health.
ANS: A REF: p. 172 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Factual
Which of the following statements regarding physiological functioning is not consistent with a person
who is in a meditative state?
a. reduced heart rate
b. reduced respiration rate
c. increased alpha and theta brain waves
d. increased muscular tension
ANS: D REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Factual
Which of the following physiological changes is unique to meditation?
a. increased alpha rhythms
b. decreased heart rate
c. decreased oxygen consumption
d. all of these things are common to many forms of relaxation
ANS: D REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 KEY: Factual
Research has shown the long-term benefits of meditation to
a. b. c. d. include benefits for physical health such as control of blood pressure.
include benefits for mental health such as reducing anxiety.
include benefits for both physical and mental health.
be greatly exaggerated by advocates of meditation.
ANS: C REF: p. 172 OBJ: 5.17 KEY: Factual
Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning are referred to as
a. hallucinogens.
b. psychoactive drugs.
c. narcotics or opiates.
d. stimulants.
ANS: B REF: p. 173 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Factual
Renee is experiencing distortions in her sensory and perceptual processes. Additionally, she is
exhibiting paranoia, nausea, and “jumbled” thought processes. Renee is MOST likely under the
influence of a
a. hallucinogen.
b. sedative.
c. narcotic.
d. stimulant.
ANS: A REF: p.173-174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Concept/Applied
25Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
148. Narcotics are drugs that
a. are derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain.
b. are derived from the hemp plant.
c. cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.
d. tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.
149. 150. 151. 152. 153. ANS: A REF: p. 173 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Factual
Which of the following drugs is NOT a narcotic?
a. codeine
b. cocaine
c. morphine
d. heroin
ANS: B REF: p. 173 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Factual
The most widely used recreational drug in the United States is
a. cocaine.
b. alcohol.
c. marijuana.
d. MDMA.
ANS: B REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Factual
Wyatt uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects he
experiences are depression and poor mental functioning. It is most likely Wyatt is using
a. LSD.
b. marijuana.
c. alcohol.
d. cocaine.
ANS: C REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Concept/Applied
Madeline uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects she
experiences are bloodshot eyes and poor short-term memory. It is most likely Madeline is using
a. marijuana.
b. LSD.
c. heroin.
d. cocaine.
ANS: A REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Concept/Applied
Haley has severe glaucoma and she finds that the symptoms of her glaucoma can be relieved by using
a non-prescription drug. In addition to relieving the symptoms of glaucoma, the drug relaxes her and
induces a mild feeling of euphoria. It is most likely that Haley is treating her glaucoma using
a. cocaine.
b. marijuana.
c. heroin.
d. mescaline.
ANS: B REF: p. 173-174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Concept/Applied
26154. 155. 156. 157. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Christopher has just taken a drug. He finds that his perceptions are altered and he feels like his sensory
awareness has increased. It is MOST likely that Christopher has taken
a. LSD or mescaline.
b. morphine or heroin.
c. barbiturates or quaaludes.
d. cocaine or amphetamines.
ANS: A REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Concept/Applied
Christine has just taken a drug. She experiences a short-lived high that lasted a few hours and reports
that she feels warm, friendly, sensual, and insightful. Additionally her blood pressure has increased and
shows sweating, insomnia and transient anxiety. It is MOST likely that Christine has taken
a. MDMA.
b. morphine or heroin.
c. barbiturates or quaaludes.
d. cocaine or amphetamines.
ANS: A REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Concept/Applied
Psychoactive drugs exert their effects on the brain by
a. decreasing blood supply to the brain.
b. altering neurotransmitter activity.
c. breaking down essential brain amino acids.
d. penetrating the nucleus of the neurons.
ANS: B REF: p. 175 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Factual
Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
are
a. opiates.
b. stimulants.
c. sedatives.
d. cannabis.
ANS: C REF: p. 173-174 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Factual
158. Stimulants are drugs that
a. are derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain.
b. contain ethyl alcohol.
c. cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.
d. tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.
ANS: D REF: p. 173 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Factual
159. If your roommate recently took a recreational drug and is very energetic, alert and has an “I can
conquer the world” euphoria, he MOST likely took
a. b. c. d. a stimulant such as cocaine or amphetamine.
a stimulant such as caffeine or nicotine.
a sedative such as one of the barbiturates.
a cannabis such as marijuana or hashish.
ANS: A REF: p. 173-174 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Critical Thinking
27Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
160. Hallucinogens are drugs that
a. are derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain.
b. are derived from the hemp plant.
c. cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.
d. tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.
161. 162. 163. 164. 165. ANS: C REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Factual
All of the following drugs are from the same category of recreational drugs EXCEPT
a. mescaline.
b. marijuana.
c. psilocybin.
d. LSD.
ANS: B REF: p. 173-174 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Factual
Cannabis is a drug that
a. b. c. d. is derived from opium and are capable of relieving pain
is derived from the hemp plant
causes extreme distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
tends to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
ANS: B REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Factual
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, quarrelsomeness, and impaired mental and motor
functioning.
a. narcotics
b. sedatives
c. cannabis
d. alcohol
ANS: D REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.18 KEY: Factual
The idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that
a. b. c. d. taking several different drugs at the same time reduces their effects.
taking several different drugs at once increases their effectiveness.
the effects of a drug depend on the dosage and the user’s personal makeup and experience.
each person will have the same physiological response to a drug, but there can be different
psychological responses.
ANS: C REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Critical Thinking
The effects of amphetamines appear to be associated with which of the following neurotransmitter
systems?
a. serotonin and dopamine
b. serotonin and norepinephrine
c. norepinephrine and dopamine
d. GABA and norepinephrine
ANS: C REF: p. 175 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Factual
28166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Dr. Dow has developed a new drug that works as a stimulant. It is likely that this drug will
a. b. c. d. increase release of dopamine and norepinephrine.
decrease release of dopamine and norepinephrine.
block the reuptake of acetylcholine and seratonin.
enhance the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.
ANS: A REF: p. 175 OBJ: 5.19 KEY: Concept/Applied
A progressive decrease in one’s response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called
a. withdrawal.
b. habituation.
c. dependency.
d. tolerance.
ANS: D REF: p. 174-175 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Factual
Bryan finds that, where he used to need only one, he now needs two or more sleeping pills to fall
asleep. This development indicates that Bryan
a. b. c. d. is using sleeping pills as a recreational drug.
has developed a tolerance to sleeping pills.
has become physically addicted to sleeping pills.
has become psychologically addicted to sleeping pills.
ANS: B REF: p. 174-175 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Concept/Applied
Seymour used to get quite a “buzz” from his first cup of coffee in the morning. Now he finds that he
doesn’t start to feel alert until his third cup. This suggests that Seymour
a. b. c. has developed a caffeine dependency.
has developed a drug tolerance for caffeine.
is experiencing the effects of caffeine withdrawal.
d. has become caffeine intolerant.
ANS: B REF: p. 174-175 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Concept/Applied
Among the following, which drug tends to produce tolerance most SLOWLY?
a. narcotics
b. stimulants
c. sedatives
d. alcohol
ANS: D REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Factual
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. alcoholism is a disease
b. c. d. alcoholism is the result of personal failure
alcoholism results from abuse as a child
the cause of alcoholism will depend on who gets to define the term
ANS: D REF: p. 182 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Conceptual/applied
29172. 173. 174. 175. 176. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
John needs to continue to take doses of morphine to avoid withdrawal illness symptoms. John is
demonstrating
a. physical dependence.
b. psychological tolerance.
c. physical tolerance.
d. psychological dependence.
ANS: A REF: p. 174-175 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Concept/Applied
A progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use is called
a. physical dependence
b. psychological dependence
c. resistance
d. tolerance
ANS: D REF: p. 174-175 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Factual
Symptoms such as fever, chills, tremors, convulsions, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea are associated
with
a. consuming psychoactive drugs.
b. tolerance.
c. psychological dependence.
d. physical dependence.
ANS: D REF: p. 176 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Factual
When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving it is
termed
a. tolerance.
b. physical dependence.
c. psychological dependence.
d. codependence.
ANS: C REF: p. 176 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Factual
Aaron has been taking a mild amphetamine for the past four months to help him cope with being a
full-time student while holding down a full-time job. Now that his classes have ended he wants to stop
taking the amphetamine, but each time he tries to skip the medication he starts sweating and he
develops tremors. It appears that Aaron has
a. developed a drug tolerance for amphetamines.
b. become amphetamine intolerant.
c. developed a physical dependence for amphetamines.
d. habituated to the effects of amphetamines.
ANS: C REF: p.176 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Concept/Applied
30177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Hannah used to experience insomnia once or twice a week. A month ago she starting taking Seconal to
help her sleep, but now she finds she cannot get to sleep unless she takes a Seconal tablet. This would
suggest that Hannah has
a. b. c. developed a drug tolerance for Seconal.
developed a physical dependency on Seconal.
habituated to the effects of Seconal.
d. developed pseudoinsomnia.
ANS: A REF: p. 176 OBJ: 5.20 KEY: Concept/Applied
Which of the following drugs would MOST likely result in a fatal overdose?
a. LSD
b. mescaline
c. marijuana
d. morphine
ANS: D REF: p. 176 OBJ: 5.21 KEY: Critical Thinking
Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to result in a fatal overdose?
a. LSD
b. heroin
c. cocaine
d. morphine
ANS: A REF: p. 176 OBJ: 5.21 KEY: Critical Thinking
Which of the following is NOT an example of a direct effect health-related risk associated with
recreational drugs?
a. b. c. d. marijuana can increase the risk of respiratory disease
sedatives and alcohol can increase the risk of automobile accidents
cocaine can increase the risk of heart attacks
alcohol can increase the risk of liver damage
ANS: B REF: p. 177 OBJ: 5.21 KEY: Critical Thinking
Which drug has the MOST diverse negative effects on physical health?
a. marijuana
b. alcohol
c. cocaine
d. heroin
ANS: B REF: p. 176-177 OBJ: 5.21 KEY: Factual
Chronic, heavy use of marijuana is NOT associated with
a. decreases in testosterone levels.
b. c. d. sterility and impotence in men.
increased risk of automobile accidents.
increase risk for respiratory and pulmonary disease.
ANS: B REF: p. 176-177 OBJ: 5.21 KEY: Factual
31183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The findings discussed in this chapter show that people often misjudge the quality of their sleep and
that the alterations of consciousness produced by drugs often depend on personal experiences BEST
illustrates which of the textbook’s unifying themes?
a. psychology is empirical
b. psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
c. our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage
d. our experience of the world is highly subjective
ANS: D REF: p. 178 OBJ: 5.22 KEY: Critical Thinking
The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies best illustrates which of the
textbook’s unifying themes?
a. psychology is empirical
b. psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
c. our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage
d. our experience of the world is highly subjective
ANS: C REF: p. 178 OBJ: 5.22 KEY: Critical Thinking
The fact that the alterations of consciousness produced by drugs depend significantly on personal
expectations illustrates which of the following unifying themes?
a. psychology is empirical
b. c. d. psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
behavior is determined by multiple causes
our experience of the world is highly subjective
ANS: D REF: p. 178 OBJ: 5.22 KEY: Critical Thinking
The effects of many psychoactive drugs depend to a large extent on users’ expectations. This finding
illustrates which of your text’s unifying themes?
a. psychology is empirical
b. c. d. psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
our experience of the world is highly subjective
our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage
ANS: C REF: p. 178 OBJ: 5.22 KEY: Concept/Applied
What is the impact of theoretical debate?
a. to create rivalry
b. to stimulate research
c. to guide research
d. to create rivalry, stimulate and guide research
ANS: D REF: p. 178-179 OBJ: 5.22 KEY: Factual
Behavior is governed by ______ illustrates one of your texts unifying themes:
a. multifactorial causes
b. individual factors
c. only environmental factors
d. only internal factors
ANS: A REF: p. 178 OBJ: 5.22 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
32189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The effect of short naps are
a. b. c. d. generally considered to be a waste of time.
generally considered to be damaging to the quality of sleep.
variable depending on the person.
a great enhancement to the overall quality of sleep.
ANS: C REF: p. 179 OBJ: 5.23 TOP: NEW
KEY: factual
Clayton is 40 years old, and slightly overweight. What sleep problem is he MOST likely to
experience?
a. snoring
b. insomnia
c. early morning waking
d. sleep walking
ANS: A REF: p. 179 OBJ: 5.23 TOP: NEW
KEY: Critical thinking
All of the following can negatively impact sleep quality EXCEPT
a. going to bed stuffed with food.
b. consuming caffeine in the late afternoon.
c. exercising during the day.
d. smoking before bed.
ANS: C REF: p. 180 OBJ: 5.23 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
Meghan has had trouble falling asleep for three nights in a row. She is becoming anxious about her
developing insomnia. This anxiety is likely to ______ her sleeping troubles.
a. alleviate
b. exacerbate
c. have no impact
d. none of the above
ANS: B REF: p. 180 OBJ: 5.23 TOP: NEW
KEY: Critical thinking
Many dreams are forgotten. Specifically, what percentage of dreams is forgotten?
a. 60-65%
b. 85-90%
c. 95-99%
d. 40-44%
ANS: C REF: p. 181 OBJ: 5.24 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
According to Freud the plot and other surface characteristics of dreams are
a. latent content.
b. symbolic content.
c. factual content.
d. manifest content.
ANS: D REF: p. 181 OBJ: 5.24 TOP: NEW
KEY: Factual
33195. 196. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The tendency to equate naming something with explaining it is known as the
a. development of tolerance.
b. mental set.
c. nominal fallacy.
d. REM effect.
ANS: C REF: p. 183 OBJ: 5.25 KEY: Factual
Kelly knows that something is wrong with her son. He won’t talk or make eye contact, and he often
seems incapable of being reached socially. A therapist tells her her son has autism. Kelly feels like
this label explains everything about her son’s behavior. Kelly is guilty of
a. the nominal fallacy.
b. critical thinking.
c. manifest content.
d. the latent fallacy.
ANS: A REF: 183 OBJ: 5.25 TOP: NEW
KEY: Applied
34
Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
COMPLETION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ____________________ is the awareness of external events, internal sensations, self and your
thoughts about these experiences.
ANS: Consciousness
REF: p. 151 OBJ: 5.1 TOP: WWW
An EEG would indicate primarily ____________________ activity in a person who is in a light sleep
with his or her eyes closed.
ANS: theta
REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.2 TOP: WWW
The 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as
____________________.
ANS: circadian rhythms
REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3
The negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if workers progressively begin their shifts at
____________________ starting times and if they have ____________________ periods between
shift changes.
ANS: later; longer
REF: p. 155 OBJ: 5.4
In sleep research subjects are usually hooked up to a variety of physiological recording devices
including a(n) ____________________, which records muscular activity and a(n)
____________________, which records eye movements.
ANS: electromyograph; electrooculograph
REF: p. 155 OBJ: 5.5
Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are associated with ____________________ waves in EEG recordings.
ANS: delta
REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: WWW
____________________ sleep consists of sleep stages 3 and 4 during which high-amplitude, low-
frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.
ANS: Slow-wave
REF: p. 156 OBJ: 5.5
18. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Research studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contribute to ____________________, or a
firming up of the learning that takes place during the day.
ANS: memory consolidation
REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 TOP: WWW
When a person has chronic problems with not getting adequate sleep, he or she is said to suffer from
____________________.
ANS: insomnia
REF: p. 162 OBJ: 5.9
The sleep disorder ___________ involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and
disrupts sleep.
ANS: sleep apnea
REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.10 TOP: WWW
Joshua experiences reflexive gasping for air during sleep several times a night and frequently wakes up
because of it. Joshua MOST likely has ____________________.
ANS: sleep apnea
REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.10 TOP: WWW
Sleep apnea is MOST likely to occur in __________adults and __________women.
ANS: older, postmenopausal
REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.10 TOP: NEW
While dreaming we are ________ tolerant of logical discrepancies and implausible scenarios.
ANS: more
REF: p. 165 OBJ: 5.11 TOP: NEW
The ____________________ theory on dreaming suggests that people fulfill ungratified needs from
waking hours in their dreams.
ANS: wish fulfillment
REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.13 TOP: WWW
215. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
The _________ model of dreaming proposes that dreams are side-effects of neural activity in
subcortical areas of the brain.
ANS: activation-synthesis
REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 TOP: WWW
Periodic neural firing in the ________ sends random signals to the cortex which organizes these
signals into dreams.
ANS: pons
REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13 TOP: NEW
The ______ trance like state produce a hypnotic effect.
______ theory of hypnosis suggests that the subjects role expectations and not a special
ANS: role playing
REF: p. 169 OBJ: 5.15 TOP: NEW
A conscious attempt to focus one’s attention and bring mental processes under voluntary control is
called ____________________.
ANS: meditation
REF: p. 171 OBJ: 5.16 TOP: WWW
The active chemical ingredient in cannabis is _______.
ANS: THC
REF: p. 174 OBJ: 5.18 TOP: WWW
Establishing a regular ______time will lead to better quality sleep.
ANS: bed
REF: p. 180 OBJ: 5.23 TOP: WWW, NEW
TRUE/FALSE
1. 2. The EEG pattern observed when individuals are in deep relaxation is generally 8-12 cycles per second
and are known by the Greek letter Alpha.
ANS: T REF: p. 152 OBJ: 5.2 TOP: WWW
A circadian rhythm involves a biological cycle that fluctuates approximately every 24 hours.
ANS: T REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3
33. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
A brain structure involved in the control of sleep is the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus.
ANS: T REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 TOP: WWW
Researchers have recently found that carefully timed exposure to melatonin will help shift workers
adapt to rotating shift schedules.
ANS: F REF: p. 154-155 OBJ: 5.4
During sleep people generally cycle through a series of four stages that include stages of slow-wave
and REM sleep.
ANS: F REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: WWW
The functions of REM and nREM sleep are the same.
ANS: F REF: p. 160-161 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: NEW
There are significant individual differences in the architecture of sleep.
ANS: T REF: p. 157 OBJ: 5.6 TOP: NEW
Among the physiological changes that occur when you are dreaming is increased voluntary muscle
activity.
ANS: F REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.5 TOP: WWW
Everyone has their own unique “signature” sleep pattern.
ANS: T REF: p. 157 OBJ: 5.6 TOP: NEW
The general course of development of sleep patterns from infancy to adulthood includes a greater
REM percentage in infancy than adulthood.
ANS: T REF: p. 158 OBJ: 5.6
Many people who suffer from insomnia seek professional help.
ANS: F REF: p. 163 OBJ: 5.9 TOP: NEW
Self-report is the most accurate way to assess the amount of sleep someone is getting.
ANS: F REF: p.162 OBJ: 5.8 TOP: NEW
The content of a person’s dreams can be affected by external stimuli that are present while the person
is sleeping.
ANS: T REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.11
In many non-Western, unindustrialized cultures, dreams are often confused with waking reality.
ANS: F REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5.12
415. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Freud believed that dreams provide an opportunity to work through everyday problems.
ANS: F REF: p. 166-167 OBJ: 5.13 TOP: WWW
According to the cognitive view on dreams proposed by Rosalind Cartwright, dreams are simply the
by-product of bursts of activity emanating from subcortical areas in the brain.
ANS: F REF: p. 167 OBJ: 5.13
The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness.
ANS: F REF: p. 170 OBJ: 5.15
Sedatives, narcotics, and alcohol have a lower risk of fatal overdose than hallucinogens and cannabis.
ANS: F REF: p. 176 OBJ: 5.21
The health-impairing behaviors that can develop from recreational drug use are considered to be
indirect effects.
ANS: T REF: p. 177 OBJ: 5.21
People who never remember their dreams probably have a sleep pattern that puts too much time
between their last REM/dream and awakening.
ANS: T REF: p. 181 OBJ: 5.24
SHORT ANSWER
1. Briefly summarize what is known about our biological clocks and their relationship to sleep.
ANS:
Humans and other animals operate on a 24-hour biological cycle. These daily cycles are particularly
important in the regulation of sleep, but also in the regulation of temperature, blood production,
hormone production, and other bodily processes.
Circadian rhythms vary from person to person, and different people may have different optimal times
to fall asleep, have a good night’s sleep, etc.
The pathway for regulation of the human biological clock appears to be based on light levels, which go
from the eye to an area of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (in the hypothalamus). This
nucleus tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin, a hormone that adjusts biological clocks.
REF: p. 153 OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
52. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Briefly discuss the methods available to assist people in realigning their circadian rhythms.
3. 4. ANS:
One method for circadian rhythm realignment has been the use of a small dose of melatonin.
Melatonin supplements are sold in the U.S. as nutritional supplements, but many researchers worry
that people are taking too high doses of this substance, when long-term effects have not been tested.
Research shows that melatonin can be helpful in the treatment of jet lag, but timing is very important
and hard to get right.
Another method that has been tried is careful, timed exposure to bright light. Positive effects have been
seen in some research in that the treatment has been shown to accelerate workers adaptation to new
sleep-wake schedules; however the effects have been modest and somewhat inconsistent.
A third method that has also been tried is to help rotate shift workers carefully to reduce the severity of
their rotation schedules. This research shows that the negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if
workers move through progressively later starting times and have longer periods between shift
changes.
REF: p. 153-154 OBJ: 5.4 KEY: Factual
Describe the typical sleep pattern. What type of EEG pattern is seen at each stage?
ANS:
Sleep researchers have discovered 5 distinctly different stages of sleep, based on physiological
recordings. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes in length and a typical sleeper will complete
multiple cycles each night.
Stage 1 is a brief, transitional stage of light sleep that lasts between 1 and 7 minutes. The EEG moves
from predominately alpha waves, when the person is just about to fall asleep, to more theta activity.
Stage 2 is characterized by more mixed brain wave activity with brief bursts of higher-frequency brain
waves, called sleep spindles.
Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by low frequency delta waves.
It takes about 30 minutes to reach stage 4, and usually people stay there for about 30 minutes. Then the
cycle reverses. When stage 1 should be next in line in the cycle, something interesting happensrapid
eye movement (REM) sleep begins. In REM sleep, the EEG is similar to awake, and most people
report vivid dreaming.
REF: p. 156-157 OBJ: 5.2 | 5.5 KEY: Factual
What is REM rebound and when does it occur?
ANS:
When researchers wake subjects up whenever they go into REM sleep, thus depriving them of this one
particular stage, they find that soon, the person will try to go back into REM faster. Pretty soon, the
researchers have to wake them up almost constantly. The increasing frequency of movement into REM
within the sleep cycle is termed REM rebound, and it suggests that the body, for some reason, needs
REM. The same rebound effect has been found for slow-wave sleep.
REF: p. 161 OBJ: 5.7 KEY: Factual
65. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Describe the changes in sleep patterns that occur as one ages.
6. 7. ANS:
Age has been shown to alter the sleep cycle. Infants spend much more time in REM than do adults.
The REM portion of sleep declines during childhood, leveling off at approximately 20% of sleep.
During adulthood, sleep changes continue with the percentage of slow-wave sleep declining and the
percentage of time spent in stage 1 increasing. In the elderly total sleep time declines slightly.
REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
Summarize what is known about how culture influences sleep patterns.
ANS:
Culture appears to have very little impact on the physiological experience of sleep, but it does appear
to influence the expression of it in the form of differences in napping patterns and sleeping
arrangements.
Co-sleeping, or the practice of children and parents sleeping together, is discouraged in modern
western societies as an effort to foster self-reliance in children. In contrast co-sleeping is more widely
accepted in cultures that promotes interdependence and group harmony.
In many “siesta” societies shops close and activities are curtailed in the afternoon to permit a 1-2 hour
midday nap. These cultures are found mostly in tropical regions of the world and the practice adaptive
in that it allows people to avoid working during the hottest part of the day. However, when
industrialization comes to a “siesta” culture a decline in the practice is seen.
REF: p. 158 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Factual
Many suggestions have been made for the evolutionary function of sleep. Briefly describe two of
them.
ANS:
There are three main hypotheses regarding the evolutionary significance of sleep.
To conserve energy, to be immobilized (and therefore out of danger), or to restore energy and other
resources used during waking hours.
The energy conservation notion argues that sleep evolved in service of a constant, high body
temperature by metabolic means.
The immobilization hypothesis proposed that sleep is adaptive because it reduces exposure to
predators and other sources of danger.
The energy restoration hypothesis argues that sleep helps us restore energy and other bodily resources
depleted in waking activities and most research evidence supports this hypothesis.
REF: p. 160 OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Concept/Applied
78. 9. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Pick two sleep disorders and briefly discuss the symptoms for each disorder.
ANS:
Answers to this question could be varied. Sleep disorders are quite varied and include insomnia,
narcolepsy, sleep apnea, nightmares and night terrors. The most common, however, is insomnia.
Insomnia occurs in 3 different patternstrouble falling asleep, trouble remaining asleep, and persistent
early morning awakening. Difficulty falling asleep is most common among young people, while early
morning awakening and trouble staying asleep are more common among middle-aged and elderly
people. Estimates of the prevalence of insomnia vary, but it appears that about 34-35% of adults report
problems with insomnia and about 15-17% have severe, or frequent, insomnia. The prevalence
increases with age and is 50% more common in men than in women.
Narcolepsy is marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours.
Interestingly, the person with narcolepsy goes directly into REM sleep.
Sleep apnea involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that periodically occurs, waking the person
who has it. With sleep apnea, the person literally stops breathing for 15 to 60 secondscan cause heart
and lung damage.
Somnabulism, or sleep-walking, occurs when a person arises and wanders aroundwhile remaining
asleep.
REF: p. 162-164 OBJ: 5.9 | 5-10 KEY: Factual
What are dreams and what is known about the significance of their content?
ANS:
Dreams are conventionally defined as mental experiences during REM sleep that are often based in
vivid imagery, have a story-like quality, are often bizarre, and seem real to the dreamer. Many recent
theorists have, however, questioned almost every aspect of this definition. We know now that people
dream in non-REM too, although the dreams are less story-like and vivid in imagery. Also, recent
research shows that content is usually not bizarre, and that dreamers are often aware that they are
dreaming. Thus, the scientific conceptualization of dreaming is changing.
Research shows that the content of dreams is usually familiar. Common themes in dreams include
things like falling, being pursued, trying repeatedly to do something, school, sex, being late, eating,
and being frightened, etc.
Freud said that the contents of waking life tend to spill into dreams; he called this day residue.
People in Western cultures pay little attention to dreams as meaningful messages in their lives, while
people from many non-Western cultures are likely to view dreams as important information about
themselves, the future, or the spiritual world.
REF: p. 164 OBJ: 5.11 KEY: Factual
810. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Explain how the population varies in terms of hypnotic susceptibility.
ANS:
Hypnosis is a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility as well
as relaxation, narrowed attention, and enhanced fantasy.
Research shows that people differ in how easily they can be hypnotizedthis is termed hypnotic
susceptibility10-15% of people are especially easy to hypnotize, 10-20% especially difficult.
REF: p. 168 OBJ: 5.14 KEY: Factual
ESSAY
1. Compare REM and NREM sleep with respect to EEG activity, muscular activity, and cognitive
2. activity.
ANS:
NREM sleep refers to stages 1 through 4, collectively, and thus is characterized by varied EEG
activity. As sleep progresses through these stages, sleep becomes progressively deeper; brain waves
correspondingly decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude. Muscle tension also decreases as
sleep deepens, but even in stage 4, there is sufficient muscle tone to allow the possibility of
sleepwalking. Dreams occasionally occur during NREM sleep, but these tend to be brief and fragile.
REM sleep is also a deep sleep, in the sense that it is relatively difficult to awaken a person from this
stage. Muscle tone is so relaxed as to leave the body virtually paralyzed, precluding the possibility of
sleepwalking. The eyes, however, move beneath closed lids. The EEG shows beta activity, as if the
person was wide-awake. This paradoxical finding can be accounted for by the fact that REM is the
stage during which most dreaming occurs.
REF: p. 152,156-158 OBJ: 5.2 | 5.5 KEY: Factual
Describe the effects of complete, partial, and selective sleep deprivation. What, if anything, do these
effects tell us about why we sleep?
ANS:
Complete sleep deprivation for one or more nights is associated with feelings of sleepiness, irritability,
and difficulty concentrating. Nevertheless, sleep-deprived people function surprisingly well, thus
telling us little about why we sleep. Partial sleep deprivation likewise has inconsistent effects. People
who get substantially less sleep than they are accustomed to do feel sleepy, and may suffer impaired
performance on tasks that are long, difficult, or tedious. These results also tell us little about the
functions of sleep.
The existence of distinct sleep stages implies that each stage may have its own function. To investigate
this possibility, researchers have selectively deprived subjects of either REM sleep or slow-wave sleep.
In both kinds of selective deprivation, subjects experience an increased need for that stage of sleep
specifically. In addition, both REM deprivation and slow-wave deprivation produce a “rebound effect”
in which subjects make up for lost time when allowed to sleep normally again. None of these studies
tell us the precise functions of sleep, but they do demonstrate definite and independent needs for both
REM and slow-wave sleep.
REF: p. 160-162 OBJ: 5.5 | 5.7 KEY: Critical thinking
93. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
Briefly discuss which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and
psychological dependence.
ANS:
Psychoactive drugs: modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
Narcotics show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence and tolerance develops
rapidly. Narcotics include heroin, morphine, codeine, Demerol, and methadonehigh doses produce an
overwhelming sense of euphoria a “who cares” quality.
Sedatives show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence and tolerance develops
rapidly. Sedatives include barbituratesdownersused in higher doses than are prescribed for medical
purposes.
Stimulants show the moderate risks for physical dependence and high risks for psychological
dependence. Tolerance develops rapidly with stimulants and this class includes mild drugs such as
caffeine and nicotine, as well as much stronger drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines. Cocaine and
amphetamines have similar effects, except amphetamines last longer. The euphoria created by these
drugs is very different from a “who cares,” very relaxed state – more like an “I can conquer the world,”
very alert state of being.
Hallucinogens show low risks of psychological dependence and no risk of physical dependence, with
tolerance to them developing gradually. Hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin have
similar effects including producing euphoria, increasing sensory awareness and a distorting sense of
time. These experiences may be pleasant, but they can also produce nightmarish feelings of anxiety
and paranoiaa bad trip.
Cannabis is the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived. Cannabis shows low
to moderate risks of psychological dependence with no risk of physical dependence. Tolerance
develops gradually to THC, and the active chemical ingredient, causes a mild, relaxed euphoria and
enhanced sensory awareness. Unintended effects can be anxiety, sluggish mental functioning, and
memory impairment. New research shows that long-term marijuana use may impair some aspects of
cognitive functioning, even when users are no longer high.
Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug. There is a moderate risk for both physical and
psychological dependence and tolerance develops gradually. When people drink heavily, the effect is a
relaxed euphoria that temporarily boosts self-esteem and decreases inhibitions.
REF: p. 174-176 OBJ: 5.19 | 5.20 KEY: Factual
104. 5. Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
What do people tend to dream about, and what theories have been proposed to explain why people
dream at all?
ANS:
Above all, dreams tend to be personal. They generally involve people we know, in settings that are
familiar to us. We are particularly likely to dream about current worries, conflicts, and stressors. There
is no universally agreed upon explanation for why we dream. Freud proposed that dreams are a form
of “wishful thinking” in which we have the opportunity to gratify impulses that have gone unfulfilled
in our waking lives. Other theorists take a more cognitive view, proposing that dreams provide an
opportunity to engage in creative problem solving. Both of these views mesh nicely with available data
regarding the typical content of dreams. A very different view is the activation-synthesis model of
dreaming, which proposes that dreams are simply by-products of neural activation during REM sleep.
In this view, the content of dreams is almost incidental. Whereas the wish-fulfillment and problem-
solving theories both regard the “wide awake” brain as the effect of dreaming, the activation-synthesis
model views the “wide awake” brain as the cause of dreaming.
REF: p 165-167 OBJ: 5.11 | 5.13 TOP: NEW KEY: Integrative
Contrast physical and psychological tolerance. Describe and discuss direct and indirect effects of drug
abuse.
ANS:
Physical dependence is the process in which a person must continue to take a drug to avoid the effects
of withdrawal illness. Withdrawal symptoms can range from fever and chills, aches and pains, or mild
fatigue. Psychological dependence occurs when a person must continue taking a drug in order to
prevent intense mental and emotional cravings. The direct effects of drug about are the effects that
abuse has on the body. For example, abusing alcohol leads to liver disease and a deterioration in
cardiovascular health. Snorting cocaine damages the tissue in the nose and throat. Indirect effects of
drug abuse occur as a result of the drug’s effect on behavior. For example, if a person uses marijuana,
it impairs driving ability, and thus increases the chance of a driving accident.
REF: p. 174-177 OBJ: 5.20 | 5.21 TOP: NEW KEY: Factual
11
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