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Chapter 5 Toddlerhood
TOC \o “1-3” Section 1 Physical Development PAGEREF _Toc296331474 \h 431
Test Item File PAGEREF _Toc296331475 \h 431
Multiple Choice Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331476 \h 431
Short Answer Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331477 \h 456
Essay Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331478 \h 457
Section 2 Cognitive Development PAGEREF _Toc296331479 \h 460
Test Item File PAGEREF _Toc296331480 \h 460
Multiple Choice Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331481 \h 460
Short Answer Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331482 \h 485
Essay Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331483 \h 486
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development PAGEREF _Toc296331484 \h 488
Test Item File PAGEREF _Toc296331485 \h 488
Multiple Choice Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331486 \h 488
Short Answer Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331487 \h 519
Essay Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331488 \h 521
Section 4 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions PAGEREF _Toc296331489 \h 523
Section 1 Physical Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. During toddlerhood, children do not need as much of this to maintain a constant body temperature.
a.warm clothes
b.mother’s body
c.body hair
d.body fat
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 182
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
2. Your sister is very concerned about your toddler nephew. When they were at the pediatrician’s office, the doctor measured your nephew’s head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body. What should you tell your sister?
a.She should find a good surgeon. The fontanels must have closed too soon.
b.You suggest that your nephew must have microcephaly.
Incorrect. During toddlerhood, the body grows faster than the head.
c. This is to be expected, as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood.
Correct. A neonate’s head is one-fourth of its length; by age 2 the head is one-fifth of its length.
d.You should remind her that she also has a very small head.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 182
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
3. Infants in developing and developed countries grow at about the same rate from birth to six months. Why are they similar?
a.Infants from developed and developing countries consume breast milk.
Correct. Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food.
b. Infants from developed and developing countries start eating solid foods at birth.
c. Infants from developed and developing countries do very little to expend calories.
d.All infants have access to nutritious and well-balanced foods.
Incorrect. Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 183
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
4. Why do infants from developing countries lag behind in their growth compared to infants from developed countries?
a.They have reduced access to medical care.
Incorrect. Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein and begin to lag in their growth.
b.Their mothers carry them more, which thwarts their growth.
c.Their fathers help the infants to walk as soon as they begin crawling.
d.They begin eating more solid food, but it is protein deficient.
Correct. Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein than babies who continue to receive breast milk.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 183
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
5. You and your roommate are watching a documentary on developing countries and your roommate notices that children in developing countries seem to be small for their ages. What would you tell him about this situation?
a.The differences are just in his imagination.
Incorrect. About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries.
b. Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein.
Correct. About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries.
c. Most children in developing countries work so hard that they do not grow as fast as children from developed countries.
d. Being on television makes everyone look thinner; the children’s weights are actually fine
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 183
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 90 a= 10 b= 90 c= 0 d= 0 r = .21
6. According to the World Health Organization, what percentage of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein?
a.10%
b.25%
c.50%
d.75%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 183
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
7. By the time infants in developing countries reach their first birthday, their height and weight is as low as the bottom ____ of infants of the same age in developed countries.
a.2%
b.5%
c.10%
d.15%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 177–178
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
8. Children who do not eat a balanced diet with enough protein are _________.
likely to develop the same as other children
more likely to have poorly functioning immune systems
always getting enough food
likely to have only temporary damage to their physical development
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 183–184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Comprehension
9. Protein deficiency not only limits the growth of children in developing countries, but also makes them vulnerable to ____.
a.anorexia and food addictions
b.disease and early death
c.low intelligence and behavior disorders
d.autism spectrum disorder and Asperger’s syndrome
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 183
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
10. Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, and thinning of hair?
a. kwashiorkor
b. micronutrients
c. eczema
d. tuberculosis
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 183
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 80 a= 80 b= 20 c= 0 d= 0 r = .44
11. What disease caused by a protein deficiency lowers the effectiveness of the immune system, making toddlers more vulnerable to disease and, over time, can lead to coma and death?
a.marasmus
b.cachexia
c.kwashiorkor
d.anemia
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 183
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
12. Iron, zinc, and vitamins A, B–12, C, and D are referred to as ____.
a.vitamins
b.micronutrients
c.macrovitamins
d.essential chemicals
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
13. Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is ____.
a. vitamin C
b. fluoride
c. iodine
d. folic acid
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
14. Approximately one-third of the world’s population has a dietary deficiency of ____.
a.salt
b.iodine
c.iron
d.B-complex vitamins
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
15. For young children who lack iodine, what difficulties can be seen in their cognitive development?
a.They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethic.
b.There are no differences in IQ.
Incorrect. There can be IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.
c.They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.
Correct. This is a substantial margin.
d.They show IQ gains of 5 to 10 points.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
16. In young children, a lack of iodine inhibits cognitive development, resulting in an estimated IQ deficiency of ____ points.
a. 0–5
b. 5–10
c. 10–15
d. 15–20
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
17. Your roommate’s brother has a child who is 9 months old. He was watching a documentary concerning iodine deficiency. He was very concerned and was talking about what he could do to help his son. What did you tell your roommate to tell his brother?
a.There are injections that can retroactively help with iodine deficiency.
b.Provide the child with iodized salt.
Correct. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.
c. Iodine deficiency is not that big of a deal and there is nothing that can be done.
Incorrect. Adding iodine to a diet, such as providing iodized salt, is simple and cheap.
d.Many infants who have iodine deficiencies have very high IQ scores later in life.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 184
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
18. What is the solution to the dilemma of iodine deficiency in children?
a.adding iodine to meat, which is a very costly process
b.adding iodine to salt, which costs a few cents per person per year
Correct. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.
c.adding iodine to the local drinking supply
Incorrect. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.
d.injecting iodine into children subcutaneously every two months
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
19. In the United States, ________ toddlers have the highest rates of iron deficiency prevalence rates.
African American
White
Latino
Asian
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
20. How many neurons does the brain contain when the toddler is 2 years old?
a.twice as many as at birth
b.four times as many as at birth
c.half as many as at birth
d.the same total number of neurons
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
21. Comparing the human brain at age two to the human brain at birth, it is clear that ____.
a. there are 50% more neurons
Incorrect. The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth.
b. there are 50% fewer neurons
Correct. The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth.
c. the number of neurons has not changed
d. there is no way to determine that change in the brain has occurred
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
22. Early brain development is distinguished by the steep increase in ____.
a.synaptic density
b.neuronal density
c.neuropathways
d.neuronal lipids
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
23. According to the text, ___________ is the number of synaptic connections among neurons.
synaptic pruning
synaptic density
synaptic space
synaptic network
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
24. During toddlerhood, where is the peak production of new synapses?
a.temporal lobes
b.occipital lobes
c.frontal lobes
d.parietal lobes
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
25. The ____ is the part of the brain that is the location of our most distinctively human qualities, such as reasoning, planning, and creativity.
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
26. During toddlerhood, new synapses in the frontal cortex are produced at a rate of ____ per second.
a. 2 thousand
b. 2 million
c. 2 billion
d. 2 trillion
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
27. Synaptic density reaches its peak during which stage of development?
a. toddlerhood
Correct. The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday.
b. childhood
Incorrect. The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday.
c. infancy
d. early adulthood
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
28. Sophia’s grandmother is always saying that her 2-year-old granddaughter soaks up new information like a sponge. This statement is ______________.
just an old wives’ tale
true due to synaptic pruning
true due to an increase in synaptic density
not true because Sophia doesn’t even like water
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 184
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Application
29. About how many synapses will be removed in the frontal cortex from early childhood to adolescence?
a.1/3
b.1/4
c.1/8
d.1/20
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
30. The process of synaptic pruning occurs most often __________.
during early childhood into adolescence
during mid-late adolescence and into adulthood
after steep increases in synaptic density during toddlerhood and early adolescence
during toddlerhood and in late adulthood
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
31. An electroencephalograph (EEG) measures the electrical activity of the ____.
a. brain
b. heart
c. pancreas
d. liver
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
32. Every time a synapse fires, it emits a tiny burst of electricity. What technology measures this phenomenon?
a.electrocardiogram
b.electroencephalogram
c.echocardiogram
d.electromyogram
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
33. What have researchers found in measuring brain activity in toddlers?
a.sharp decrease in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months
b.steady decline in cortical activity after 12 months
c.steady increase in cortical activity after 12 months
Incorrect. EEG research on toddlers has found a sharp increase in overall cortical activity from 18 to 24 months, reflecting important advances in cognitive and language development.
d.sharp increase in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months
Correct. This reflects important advances in cognitive and language development.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
34. What technique of measuring brain responses requires that the individual lay still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use?
a.EEG
b.fMRI
c.EKG
d.CBF
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 185
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
35. A(n) ____ is to electrical activity as a(n) ____ is to magnetic field.
a. PET; ECG
b. ECG; PET
c. EEG; fMRI
Correct. The EEG (electroencephalogram) measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation.
d. fMRI; EEG
Incorrect. The EEG (electroencephalogram) measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184–185
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
36. Dr. Syndai wants to assess real-time activity of lower brain structures and not just the cerebral cortex. Her patient is a girl in middle childhood who is old enough to understand that she must remain still for the test. Which of the following devices would Dr. Syndai use?
a. ECG
b. EEG
Incorrect. Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex.
c. fMRI
Correct. Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex.
d. CT
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 184–185
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
37. On average, a toddler sleeps ____ hours per day.
a. 13–14
b. 12–13
c. 10–11
d. 8–9
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 185
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
38. Compared to neonates, toddlers sleep ____ fewer hours per day.
a. 6–7
b. 5–6
Incorrect. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.
c. 4–5
Correct. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.
d. 3–4
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 185
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
39. After watching a news report that stated American children do not get enough sleep, you become worried because your son, who is 2 years old, is only sleeping 13 hours a day—12 at night and a one-hour nap. Which of the following statements is supported by research?
a. Your son sleeps less than the average amount and he needs more sleep.
Incorrect. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.
b. Your son sleeps more than the average amount and you should speak to your pediatrician.
c. Your son sleeps the average amount and you should not be worried.
Correct. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.
d. Sleep research is inconsistent; therefore, this news story is invalid.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 185
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
40. According to the text, toddlers not only sleep less than infants, but they tend to ____.
a.sleep more during the day
Incorrect. The toddler not only sleeps less than the infant but also has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule.
b.sleep more at night
Correct. The toddler not only sleeps less than the infant but also has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule.
c.have more nightmares
d.have more REM sleep
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 185
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
41. The average infant takes ____ nap(s) per day, whereas the average toddler takes ____ nap(s) per day.
a. 2; 3
b. 3; 2
c. 2; 1
d. 1; 2
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 185
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
42. What is one of the reasons that toddlers who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?
a.They have more difficulties with digestion.
b.They begin having difficulties with insomnia.
Incorrect. There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age.
c.They have a resurgence of teething.
Correct. There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age.
d.They have a huge growth spurt that tends to be painful.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 185
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 30 a= 0 b= 10 c= 30 d= 50 r = .62
43. Your 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. You and your spouse were very happy with this new development and were looking forward to many more months of it. But he has started waking up at night again and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason that he is waking up now?
a.He has been drinking too much before bedtime.
b.His molars are coming in and he is teething.
Correct. There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age.
c. He has been eating too much.
Incorrect. The molars are erupting and the teething pain is waking him up.
d.He is going through a growth spurt.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 185
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
44. What is one reason that infants who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?
a.They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves.
Correct. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.
b.They have more nightmares.
Incorrect. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.
c.They watch too much television.
d.They drink too many liquids before bedtime.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 185–186
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
45. Two possible reasons why toddlers have an increased frequency of waking at night are ____.
a. teething and an increased sense of self
b. increased physiological response and increased hormone production
c. nocturnal enuresis and increased fidgeting
d. decreased autonomic nervous system and increased parasympathetic response
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 185–186
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .42
46. During toddlerhood, as a sense of self and the separation with others increase, one may see a higher rate of ____.
a. narcolepsy
b. waking at night
Correct. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.
c. napping
Incorrect. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.
d. enuresis
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 186
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
47. In many traditional cultures, when a mother becomes pregnant with another child, the toddler who is accustomed to sleeping with her may ____.
a. continue to sleep with their mother but be placed at the foot of the bed
b. continue to sleep with their mother until the birth of their sibling
c. be ousted from her bed to sleep with siblings or father
d. be ousted from her bed to sleep with grandmother and grandfather
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 186
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
48. In traditional cultures, sleeping alone is ____.
a.rare
b.common
c.common until age 2
d.common until adulthood
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 186
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 60 a= 60 b= 10 c= 10 d= 20 r = .21
49. An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is displaying an example of ____.
a. gross motor movement
Correct. Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development.
b. fine motor movement
Incorrect. Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development.
c. ambidextrous motor movement
d. outward motor movement
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 186
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
50. Zachary loves to play with his little sister, Dayla. Zachary kicks a ball hoping Dayla will kick it back, but she is too young. She just started walking without support. How old are Zachary and Dayla?
at least 9 months and 15 months
about 10 months and at least 24 months
about 9 months and at least 18 months
at least 24 months and 36 months
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 186–187
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
51. When children first begin to walk, they spread their feet apart and take small, stiff-legged steps, shifting their weight from one leg to the other. These movements are where the ____ stage of development gets its name.
a.infancy
Incorrect. Toddlers “toddle” when they walk.
b.toddlerhood
Correct. Toddlers “toddle” when they walk.
c.adolescence
d.old age
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 186
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
52. On average, children begin to walk without the support of others around what age?
a. 9 months
b. 11 months
c. 13 months
d. 15 months
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 186–187
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
53. Your brother was hoping that his daughter would grow up to be a gifted soccer player. She is still not making much progress in learning to walk and she is 14 months old. What would you tell your brother?
a.He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer.
Incorrect. Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes some day, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk.
b. That there is considerable variation when children begin walking and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability.
Correct. Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes some day, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk.
c.Not to worry, children do not start walking until they are 18 months old.
d. The age when a toddler begins walking is negatively correlated with intelligence, so she is most likely gifted.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 186
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
54. When can the average toddler first kick a ball or throw a small object?
a.6 months
b.12 months
c.18 months
d.24 months
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 186
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
55. You come from a family that is very athletic. You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball. You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball. Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it. After taking a developmental course, you find that ____.
a.your son is very far behind in motor development
Incorrect. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.
b.he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball
Correct. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.
c.if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball
d.your son is likely disabled
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 186
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
56. Mikael is a toddler who can stand on one leg, run with stiff legs, and kick a ball. Mikael is at least ____.
a. 6 months old
b. 12 months old
c. 18 months old
Incorrect. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.
d. 24 months old
Correct. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 186–187
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
57. Which of the following is a proper sequencing of gross motor development during toddlerhood?
a. running with stiff legs, standing on one leg, kicking a ball, walking without support
b. walking without support, standing on one leg, running with stiff legs, kicking a ball
Correct. Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months, most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months, most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months, they can kick a ball.
c. standing on one leg, walking without support, kicking a ball, running with stiff legs
Incorrect. Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months, most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months, most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months, they can kick a ball.
d. kicking a ball, standing on one leg, walking without support, running with stiff legs
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 187
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
58. Toddlers become better at using what perceptual system to adjust their walking and running in response to changes in surfaces?
a.auditory system
b.visual system
c.tactile system
d.vestibular system
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 187
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
59. In regards to gross motor development, toddlers in traditional cultures are allowed ____.
a. slightly more mobility
b. slightly less mobility
c. much more mobility
d. much less mobility
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 187
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
60. Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours. What effect does this have on the development of their motor skills? Toddlers in traditional cultures ____.
a.are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries
Incorrect. Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills.
b.are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries
c.are equal to toddlers in developed countries
Correct. Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills.
d. are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 187
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
61. Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile. What is this called?
a.baby safety
b.baby proofing
c.object protection
d.compulsive behavior
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 187
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
62. At 12 months, an infant will be able to ____.
a. hold a container while placing rocks into it
Correct. At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other.
b. kick a ball while running
Incorrect. At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other.
c. write their name with a crayon
d. brush their teeth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 187
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
63. At what age do children show a definite handedness preference during self-feeding?
a.24 months
b.18 months
c.12 months
d.6 months
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 188
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
64. During the first year of toddlerhood, one would expect a toddler to be able to ____.
a. hold a cup and scribble with a crayon
Correct. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book.
b. use a fork and knife with coordination
Incorrect. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book.
c. stand on one foot, run, and kick a ball
d. be potty-trained and able to brush their teeth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 187–188
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
65. In regards to fine motor development, an infant who is 1 year old can ____, and a toddler who is 3 years old can ____.
a. tie their shoes; draw a circle with a crayon
b. draw a circle with a crayon; tie their shoes
Incorrect. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood.
c. draw a semi-straight line; hold a cup
d. hold a cup; draw a semi-straight line
Correct. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 188
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
66. What is one fine motor skill that toddlers can do during their third year of life?
a.climb a rope
Incorrect. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
b.brush their teeth
Correct. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
c.button their shirts
d.tie their shoes
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 188
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
67. One would not expect a toddler to brush their own teeth, with a little assistance, until what age?
a. second year of life
Incorrect. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
b. third year of life
Correct. Toddlers between 24 and 36 months can brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
c. fourth year of life
d. fifth year of life
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 188
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
68. What percentage of American toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months, according to a study completed in 1957?
a.2%
b.42%
c.62%
d.92%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
69. A study from 1957 of American children reported that 92% were toilet trained by the time they were ____.
a. 3 months old
b. 6 months old
c. 12 months old
d. 18 months old
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
70. What percentage of toddlers are currently toilet trained in the United States by their third birthday?
a.20%
b.40%
c.60%
d.80%
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
71. Today, most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training. When do they recommend toilet training now?
a.when the toddler is 20 months old
Incorrect. Today, most American pediatricians believe it is best to be patient with toddlers’ progress toward toilet training, and to time it according to when the toddler seems ready.
b.when the toddler seems ready
Correct. One sign of readiness is that the child directly asks to use the toilet or to wear underwear instead of a diaper.
c.anytime before kindergarten
d.when the cost of diapers gets too expensive
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
72. Most toddlers show signs of readiness to begin the process of toilet training between what ages?
a.6–18 months
b.12–24 months
c.18–30 months
d.24–48 months
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
73. Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training?
a. increased regular sleep-wake cycles, staying dry during naps, and increased motions to remove a diaper
b. staying awake during nap time, increased motions to remove a diaper, and increased temper tantrums at bedtime
c. increased motions to remove a diaper, increased crying when a diaper put on, and increased regular feeding patterns
d. staying dry for a few hours during the day, having regular bowel movements, and increased anticipation of urine or bowel movement
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
74. What is a sign that your toddler is ready to be toilet trained?
a.She shows her dolly how to go “potty.”
b.She can hold her urine but has no control over bowel movements.
c.She asks for a dry diaper.
d.She is able to anticipate when she needs to use the toilet.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
75. Your friend is frustrated because she has tried to toilet train her 24-month-old son for the past week, but progress is slow and taking longer than she would like. Which of the following statements is a proper response to your friend?
a. “I’m surprised he’s not potty trained yet. You might want to see a pediatrician.”
b. “Be patient, it is not going to happen overnight. Some children take months or even years to become potty trained.”
Correct. Also, the earlier toilet training begins, the longer it takes to complete it.
c. “Most toddlers learn how to use the potty in two weeks, so you’re almost there.”
d. “You really shouldn’t toilet train until the child stays dry throughout the night. So I don’t think he’s ready just yet.”
Incorrect. Typically, toilet training is a process that continues over several weeks, months, or even years.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
76. Children are likely to wear what garment at night for a period after learning toilet training?
a.regular underwear and pajamas
b.diapers
c.plastic underwear
d.training pants
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
77. What percentage of five year olds has an occasional accident in toilet training, usually at night?
a.10%
b.25%
c.50%
d.80%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
78. At age 5, about one-fourth of toddlers may occasionally ____.
a. refuse to wear a diaper
b. have delays in fine motor movement
c. wet their bed at night
d. have delays in gross motor movement
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 189
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
79. Who is likely to toilet train toddlers in traditional countries?
a.parents
b.grandparents
c.older siblings
d.no one
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 190
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
80. In Kenya, Makena, who is 2 years old, is learning to control her elimination. Who is probably guiding her in this process?
her mother
her father
her aunt
her older sister
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 190
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
81. Based on what we know of human history and practices today in traditional culture, most infants are breast-fed until ____ year(s) of age.
a. 1
b. 1–2
c. 2–3
d. 3–4
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 190
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
82. Based on what we currently know of human history and what we know of traditional cultures, what has been the typical human custom regarding breast-feeding? Infants were weaned ____.
a.before 12 months
b.by 18 months
c.by 24 months
d.between 24 and 36 months
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 190
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
83. ____ is the term that describes when the mother decides the time has come for the child to stop breast-feeding.
a. Colicking
b. Weaning
c. Lactating
d. Latching
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 190
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
84. It is a greater challenge to wean a toddler from breast milk than to wean an infant because ____.
a. breast-feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures
b. the toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior
Correct. The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions.
c. the toddler has developed teeth and might resist unconsciously with negative behaviors
d. the toddler has greater emotional instability an infant
Incorrect. The toddler is much more socially aware than the infant, and much more capable of exercising intentional behavior. The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 190
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
85. For most cultures, initially weaning from breast milk is ____.
a. sudden and abrupt
b. gentle and gradual
c. harsh and punitive
d. nonexistent and or absent
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 190
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
86. Your sister breast-fed for 14 months and is now interested in weaning her daughter. It is obvious that your niece does not want to stop breast-feeding. She toddles around your sister holding her arms up and crying. Nothing seems to soothe her. Remembering your developmental course and what traditional cultures do, you suggest that your sister ____.
a.rub tomato paste on her nipples before breastfeeding
Correct. In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples, which the children do not like, and this technique aids in weaning.
b.simply ignore your niece
Incorrect. In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples, which the children do not like, and this technique aids in weaning.
c.shut your niece in her room between meals
d.give her a pacifier
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 190
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
Short Answer Questions
87. What is synaptic pruning and is it normal?
Answer: Synaptic pruning is a process where the synapses that are used become more efficient, and those that are not used die off. The result is fewer, but more efficient, synaptic connections. This is a normal process.
Page: 184
Learning Objective: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
88. Describe two milestones of gross motor development in toddlerhood.
Answer: Varies. Most toddlers start to walk by about one year, but there is quite a bit of variation that is still considered “normal.” By about 18 months they can run, but it is an awkward run with stiff legs.
Page: 186–187
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
89. Describe a fine motor skill that a three-year-old can do that a one-year old would not yet be able to do.
Answer: Varies. Three-year-olds gain more control over their hand movements and can start to draw a straight line and copy circles. They can even brush their teeth, although they will need help. One-year-olds are already showing hand preference and can hold a pencil and scribble, but it is not as controlled as it will be by the time they are three.
Page: 187–188
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
90. What does Arnett mean by “controlled elimination”?
Answer: Arnett uses this as an alternative to “toilet training” because in traditional cultures, toilets as we know them in the U.S. are nonexistent. Children learn controlled elimination by watching others, such as older siblings or other children, and they may go in a hole or a lagoon.
Page: 190
Learning Objective: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
91. Give an example of how toddlers are weaned in traditional cultures if the gradual approach does not work.
Answer: The mother may coat her nipple with something the toddler will find unappealing, such as bitter herbs or tomato paste.
Page: 190
Learning Objective: 5.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Essay Questions
92. Describe common nutritional problems of toddlers in developing countries and consequences that are likely to result.
Answer:
– Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency that makes children vulnerable to illness and death. Although the belly is large, it is a result of swelling and their hair is thin and brittle.
– These children are lethargic and irritable.
– Iodine deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. This leads to deficits in cognitive development. This is most common in Africa and S. Asia, and even though adding iodine to foods is simple and cheap (in the form of iodized salt, for example), many children still lack this micronutrient.
Page: 183–184
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
93. Compare and contrast the methods used to assess brain activity.
Answer: Doctors use the electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain activity. The EEG only measures activity in the cerebral cortex, but the fMRI measures in both the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain. The EEG measures brain activity by detecting electrical activity, but fMRIs detect changes in blood flow and oxygen using a magnetic field. fMRIs are more difficult to use than the EEGs with toddlers and young children because with fMRIs they have to lie still in a machine for a long period of time.
Page: 184–185
Learning Objective: 5.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
94. Explain how sleeping patterns differ between infancy and toddlerhood.
Answer: Infants begin by sleeping 16–18 hours per day, but only about 15 hours a day by the end of infancy, whereas toddlers’ sleep needs decrease to only 12–13 hours per day by their second birthday. Sleep patterns change also. Infants sleep less at night and take more naps than toddlers. However, when toddlers are teething and develop a sense of self, then their sleep tends to be more disrupted for a period of time.
Page: 185–186
Learning Objective: 5.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
95. Is motor development more or less restricted in traditional cultures/developing countries as compared to developed countries? Why? How does this difference impact the growth of motor skills?
Answer: Infants and toddlers in traditional cultures spend less of their waking hours on the ground crawling and walking. They are often swaddled on their mothers’ backs and carried around for much of the day as she works. The main reason is that there are more dangers in traditional cultures, such as open fires used for cooking, cliffs, or livestock that could injure them. They still achieve their motor milestones at about the same time as their counterparts from OECD countries; a finding that suggests that nature may be more influential than nurture in shaping motor development.
Page: 187
Learning Objective: 5.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
Section 2 Cognitive Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that individuals move through ____ sensorimotor stages.
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 192
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
2. Piaget’s fifth sensorimotor stage is ____.
a. simple reflexes
b. secondary circular reactions
c. tertiary circular reactions
d. mental representations
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 192
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
3. In this Piagetian stage, toddlers intentionally try out different behaviors to see what the effects will be.
a. simple reflexes
b. first habits and primary circular reactions
c. secondary circular reactions
d. tertiary circular reactions
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 192
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 63 a= 38 b= 0 c= 0 d= 62 r = .30
4. Actions in tertiary circular reactions are ____.
a. intentional from the beginning
Correct. Unlike secondary circular reactions, the action in tertiary circular reactions is intentional from the beginning.
b. reflexive from the beginning
Incorrect. Unlike secondary circular reactions, the action in tertiary circular reactions is intentional from the beginning.
c. unconscious from the beginning
d. autonomic from the beginning
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 192
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
5. After work, you drive home to find that your toddler is pushing the garage door opener so that the garage door opens and then shuts. At first you were a little unhappy that she was doing this, but you remembered your training in development and realized that your daughter was engaged in what Piaget referred to as ____.
a. tertiary circular reactions
Correct. Pushing the garage door opener to watch the garage door open and shut is a tertiary circular reaction because it is intentional.
b. secondary circular reactions
Incorrect. Pushing the garage door opener to watch the garage door open and shut is a tertiary circular reaction because it is intentional.
c. primary circular reactions
d. reflexes
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 192–193
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 56 a= 56 b= 25 c= 13 d= 6 r = .38
6. When toddlers think about the range of possibilities of an action before they perform the behavior, they are engaging in what substage of sensorimotor development?
a. primary circular reactions
b. secondary circular reactions
c. tertiary circular reactions
Incorrect. They are engaging in mental representations.
d. mental representations
Correct. In this stage, toddlers think about the possibilities and select the action most likely to achieve the desired outcome.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 193
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 44 a= 19 b= 13 c= 19 d= 44 r = .27
7. ____ is the basis of human language.
a. Deferred imitation
b. Mental representation
c. Unconscious symbolism
d. Object permanence
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 193
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
8. When can we say that toddlers have attained object permanence?
a. when they generally avoid the A-not-B error
Correct. However, this error can still happen occasionally even into early childhood.
b. when they remember where the object is
c. when they look for the object under sheet A
Incorrect. Toddlers have attained object permanence once they generally avoid the A-not-B error.
d. when they get irritated when they do not find the object
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 193
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
9. One-year-old Cindy was playing a hiding game with her father. He hid her toy under a blanket and then Cindy would try to find it. Later, he added a second blanket and she watched him hide the toy under it. Interestingly, Cindy still looked under the first blanket. She was _____________.
engaging in mental representation
making the A-not-B error
engaging in deferred imitation
making an categorization error
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 193
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
10. Avoiding the A-not-B error is an indicator of whether a toddler has overcome ____.
a. categorization
b. deferred imitation
Incorrect. Toddlers have attained object permanence once they generally avoid the A-not-B error.
c. object permanence
Correct. This is, the child generally understands that an object hidden under another object is still there.
d. egocentrism
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 193
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
11. Interestingly, object permanence is not a uniquely human achievement. Who else can acquire object permanence?
a. chimpanzees at two years of age
b. dogs at one year of age
c. cats at two years of age
d. nearly all reptiles at any age
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 193
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
12. Object permanence is a mechanism that fosters attachment because ____.
a. it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion
Correct. This allows you to begin to form attachments to others.
b. it allows for a greater psychosocial bond
Incorrect. Object permanence is critical to functioning in the social world, because it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion, which allows you to begin to form attachments to others.
c. it mellows the temperament of both child and caregiver
d. attachment makes up Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor development
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: various pages in Chapter 5
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.7, 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
13. The ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time is ____.
a. secondary circular reactions
b. object permanence
c. action memory
d. deferred imitation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 193–194
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
14. Deferred imitation is the ability to ____.
a. sort objects into categories
b. repeat actions observed at an earlier time
c. accomplish a task with little assistance
d. encode and decode social situations
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 193–194
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
15. You have been a lifelong smoker, but you quit at the end of last week because you know how damaging it is to your health and you do not want to be a bad influence on your son, who is a toddler. You walk into your son’s room and find him acting like he is smoking with a crayon. According to Piaget, what is your son doing?
a. secondary circular reactions
b. deferred imitation
Correct. Piaget would say that the son is engaging in deferred imitation, which is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time.
c. object permanence
d. action memory
Incorrect. Piaget would say that the son is engaging in deferred imitation, which is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 193–194
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
16. What part of the brain is especially important in long-term memory encoding and recall?
a. the corpus callosum
b. the amygdala
c. the hippocampus
d. the thalamus
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 194
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
17. Piaget believed that ____ in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization.
a. object permanence
b. deferred imitation
c. mental representation
d. hindsight bias
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 194
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
18. At a recent birthday party that your daughter attended, she received a bag of colorful plastic toys. There were several animals, a few cars, and people. After you opened the bag, your daughter started playing with them. After a few minutes, you noticed that she was putting them into groups (e.g., animals, cars, people, etc.). What was she doing?
a. sorting
Incorrect. Placing the toys into groups is an example of categorization.
b. categorizing
Correct. Piaget believed that mental representation in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization.
c. memorizing
d. practicing fine motor skills
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 194
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
19. What can be said regarding Piaget’s understanding of children’s early abilities?
a. He underestimated their abilities.
Correct. Recent experiments seem to indicate that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities, as children are able to do more than he had thought.
b. He overestimated their abilities.
Incorrect. Recent experiments seem to indicate that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities, as children are able to do more than he had thought.
c. He was completely wrong about their abilities.
d. He was exactly accurate about their abilities.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 194
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
20. Quinn et al. (1993) examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants. After they looked at a series of photographs of cats, the infants were shown two new photos, one of a cat and one of a dog. They looked longer at the photograph of the dog. This indicated that infants this age ____.
a. like dogs better than cats
Incorrect. This indicated that the infants had been using a category for “cat,” and looked longer at the dog photo because it did not fit.
b. were bored with the cat photos
c. could categorize
Correct. This indicated that the infants had been using a category for “cat,” and looked longer at the dog photo because it did not fit.
d. were not sure what dogs were
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 194
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 75 a= 0 b= 19 c= 75 d= 6 r = .25
21. You have a friend who has a 12-month-old son and you have an 18-month-old son. You have been getting together each week for a couple of months for them to socialize and so that you can talk. Your friend is concerned that his son is not very advanced because your son systematically and deliberately separates his various toys into categories while he plays and his son is oblivious to any categories. What would you tell your friend?
a. that his son should probably start going to a high-quality day care
b. that his son will most likely also categorize when he is 18 months old
Correct. A study found that only some 12-month-old children placed objects into categories, while nearly all 18-month-old children placed objects into categories.
c. that your son is very advanced since children generally do not categorize until they are at least 24 months old
d. that infants are very different in their development
Incorrect. A study found that only some 12-month-old children placed objects into categories, while nearly all 18-month-old children placed objects into categories.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 194–195
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
22. Who was the psychologist who first began examining cognitive development within a cultural emphasis?
a. Jean Piaget
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. B. F. Skinner
d. R. J. Sternberg
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 195
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
23. Whose theory of cognitive development is often referred to as a sociocultural theory?
a. R. J. Sternberg
b. Jean Piaget
c. Lev Vygotsky
d. B. F. Skinner
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 195
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
24. Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development is very different from Piaget’s view of cognitive development in that Vygotsky’s emphasizes ____.
a. the child’s interactions with the physical environment
Incorrect. Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a sociocultural theory, because in his view, cognitive development is always both a social and a cultural process.
b. genetic inheritance from one’s parents
c. cognitive development as both a social and cultural process
Correct. Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a sociocultural theory, because in his view, cognitive development is always both a social and a cultural process.
d. neural plasticity
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page:195
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
25. ____ is the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.
a. Self efficacy
b. Animism
c. Zone of proximal development
d. Deferred imitation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 195–196
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
26. According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ____.
a. developed by an educational specialist
b. just beyond their ability to immediately grasp it
c. within the zone of proximal development
d. concrete in nature
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 195
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
27. ____ refers to the degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development.
a. Deferred imitation
b. Animism
c. Scaffolding
d. Object permanence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 196
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
28. What refers to the degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop?
a. guided instruction
b. framing
c. scaffolding
d. guided participation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 196
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
29. What concept would accurately describe teaching your daughter how to dress herself? You first dressed her, indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed.
a. scaffolding
Correct. Scaffolding can occur at any age, whenever there is someone who is learning a skill or gaining knowledge from someone else.
b. framing
c. guided instruction
Incorrect. Scaffolding is the degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop.
d. zone of proximal development
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 196
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
30. ____ underscore the social nature of learning in Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.
a. Chromosome and genetic lineage
b. Maturation and neurological development
Incorrect. Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development underscore the social nature of learning in Vygotsky’s theory. In his view, learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining knowledge.
c. Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development
Correct. In Vygotsky’s view, learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining knowledge.
d. Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and schemas
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page:195–196
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
31. Vygotsky referred to the comments that children make to themselves while learning as _________.
private speech
private instruction
scaffolding
guided participation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 197
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
32. After telling your 3-year-old to clean his playroom, then you overhear him talking to himself. He said, “First, I have to put the toys in the box and then I have to put the box back on the shelf.” This is an example of __________.
scaffolding
the zone of proximal development
guided participation
private speech
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 196
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
33. Barbara Rogoff extended Vygotsky’s theory. She discussed the teaching interaction between two people as they participate in a culturally valued activity. What did she call this concept?
a. scaffolding
b. cultural sensitivity
c. zone of proximal development
d. guided participation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 197
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
34. Guided participation refers to ____.
a. the degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development
b. the teaching interaction between two people as they participate in a culturally valued activity
c. the difference between skills or tasks that a child can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer
d. the ability to take word symbols of language and combine them in a variety of infinite ways
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page:197
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
35. Gavin’s aunt enjoys playing school with him. He likes to pretend he is an older, school aged child and she likes it because he is learning about school routines and how to be respectful to authority figures. This method of instruction is called _________.
the zone of proximal development
scaffolding
guided participation
private speech
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 197
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
36. What allows humans to communicate about not just what is observable in the present, but about an infinite range of things beyond the present moment?
a. gestures
b. thinking
c. cognition
d. language
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 197
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
37. When does language development have its most rapid and important advances?
a. infancy
b. toddlerhood
c. early childhood
d. adolescence
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 198
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
38. What famous chimpanzee learned to use approximately 100 signs, mostly involving requests for food?
a. Nim Chimpsky
b. Washoe
c. Ayumu
d. Viki
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 198
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
39. Chimpanzees lack the most important and distinctive feature of human language. What is that?
a. a pharynx
b. Broca’s area
Incorrect. Primates lack infinite generativity, the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.
c. abstract word knowledge
d. infinite generativity
Correct. Primates lack infinite generativity, the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 198
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
40. ____ involve(s) the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.
a. Endless combinations
b. Unobstructed creativity
c. Unlimited possibility
d. Infinite generativity
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 198
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
41. Humans can produce a much wider range of sounds than other primates because the larynx is located lower in the throat. As a result, humans have a large sound-chamber known as the ____.
a. vocal folds
b. sublarynx
c. pharynx
d. voice box
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 198
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
42. Which area of the brain in the left frontal lobe is specialized for language production?
a. Broca’s area
b. Wernicke’s area
c. Lashley’s area
d. Gazzaniga’s area
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 198–199
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
43. Which area of the brain is specialized for language comprehension?
a. Broca’s area
b. Wernicke’s area
c. Lashley’s area
d. Gazzaniga’s area
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 199
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
44. ____ is specialized for language production, whereas ____ is specialized for language comprehension.
a. Piaget’s area; Vygotsky’s area
b. Vygotsky’s area; Piaget’s area
c. Broca’s area; Wernicke’s area
d. Wernicke’s area; Broca’s area
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 198–199
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a= 0 b= 0 c= 88 d= 13 r = .53
45. Some linguists argue that the extraordinary size of the human brain in comparison to other species is largely due to the evolution of ____.
a. the human species
b. language
Correct. This is because many regions of the brain, in addition to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, contribute to language use.
c. cognition
d. memory
Incorrect. Some linguists argue that the extraordinary size of the human brain in comparison to other species is due mainly to the evolution of language.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 199
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
46. ___________ is located in the left temporal lobe of the brain.
a. Broca’s area
Incorrect. Wernicke’s area is in the left temporal lobe.
b. Wernicke’s area
Correct. Wernicke’s area is in the left temporal lobe.
c. Parietal’s area
d. Vygotsky’s area
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 198–199
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
47. What are biological characteristics that humans possess that allow for language?
a. strong facial muscles, predatory eyes, and bilateral ears
b. vocal apparatus, a specialized brain, and genes
Correct. A variety of human biological characteristics shows that we are a species uniquely built for language. First, humans have a unique vocal apparatus. Second, two areas in the left hemisphere of the human brain are specifically devoted to language functions. Third, genes specifically devoted to language development have recently been identified.
c. lungs with elasticity, a strong visual cortex, and a high need for social affiliation
Incorrect. A variety of human biological characteristics shows that we are a species uniquely built for language. First, humans have a unique vocal apparatus. Second, two areas in the left hemisphere of the human brain are specifically devoted to language functions. Third, genes specifically devoted to language development have recently been identified.
d. a strong sense of smell, bipedal motion, and a strong temporal lobe
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 198–199
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
48. Homo sapiens 200,000 years ago had a vocal apparatus that was not notably different from ____.
a. chimpanzees
b. ours
c. baboons
d. gorillas
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 199
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
49. Which of the following gave Homo sapiens a clear evolutionary advantage?
a. sense of smell
b. language
Correct. Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival.
c. keen vision
Incorrect. Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival.
d. strong hearing
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 199
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
50. Chomsky believed that children were born with a ___________ because they all seem to learn the basic rules of grammar in their language between 2 and 3 years of age.
learning acquisition device
language acquisition device
language ability device
learning ability device
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 199
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
51. During the time period of 12–18 months of age, a toddler learns to speak ____ new words per week.
a. 1–3
b. 6–9
c. 12–15
d. 18–24
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 200
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
52. On average, how many words does an 18-month-old toddler know?
a. 10
b. 50
c. 100
d. 200
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 200
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
53. Language development in the first 6 months of toddlerhood, between 12 and 18 months old, is best described as ____.
a. non-existent
b. a rapid explosion
Incorrect. From 12 to 18 months, toddlers learn to speak one to three new words a week.
c. slow to expand
Correct. Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival.
d. infinitely generative
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 200
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
54. Your sister is worried that her 18-month-old toddler, who knows about 20 words, is way behind in learning new words. What should you tell her?
a. She should get a tutor for her toddler.
Incorrect. There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words. Just as the timing of taking first steps has no relation to later athletic ability, the timing of speaking new words has no relation to later verbal ability.
b. Her toddler will probably be language delayed.
c. There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words and her child falls in the normal range.
Correct. Just as the timing of taking first steps has no relation to later athletic ability, the timing of speaking new words has no relation to later verbal ability.
d. Her toddler will most likely have reading problems, too.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 200
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
55. When toddlers say “meh” for milk, “na-na” for banana and “dah” for dog, they are using ____.
a. poor speech
b. partial words
c. holophrases
d. telegraphic speech
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 200
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
56. ____ are single words that a toddler uses that can represent different forms of whole sentences.
a. Underextension
b. Overextension
c. Holophrases
d. Fast mapping
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 200
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
57. Your neighbor’s 14-month-old toddler says things like “cup!” when he means that he would like a cup of milk. Your neighbor thinks that his toddler is very lazy. What is happening? The toddler is ____.
a. language delayed and needs professional assistance
Incorrect. The toddler is using holophrases, which is consistent with being a toddler.
b. using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate
Correct. Holophrases are single words that a toddler uses that can be used to represent different forms of whole sentences.
c. trying to manipulate his father and needs to be disciplined
d. cognitively impaired and might have a genetic disorder
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 200
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
58. Your nephew loves cats. You have a large black cat that you named “Midnight.” Your nephew readily learned your cat’s name, but now calls all cats “Midnight.” Surely your nephew does not think that every cat’s name is “Midnight.” Why is this happening? Your nephew’s behavior is an example of ____.
a. overextension
Correct. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.
b. underextension
Incorrect. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.
c. telegraphic speech
d. holophrases
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 200
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 69 a= 69 b= 13 c= 13 d= 6 r = .59
59. When Ming, who is 18 months old, uses the word “kitty” to describe any small furry animal regardless of whether or not it is a cat is an example of ____.
a. underapplication
b. overextension
Correct. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.
c. underextension
Incorrect. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.
d. overregulation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 200
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
60. Underextension is ____.
a. learning language at a slower than normal pace
b. having a single word represent a variety of objects
c. applying a general word to a specific object
d. using a single word to represent different forms of whole sentences
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 200–201
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
61. During toddlerhood, as at all ages, ____ in language development.
a. comprehension lags behind production
Incorrect. Production (speaking) lags behind comprehension (understanding) in language development. For example, although toddlers do not reach the 50-word milestone in production until about 18 months old, they usually achieve 50-word comprehension by about 13 months old.
b. production lags behind comprehension
Correct. Production (speaking) lags behind comprehension (understanding) in language development. For example, although toddlers do not reach the 50-word milestone in production until about 18 months old, they usually achieve 50-word comprehension by about 13 months old.
c. comprehension and production are similar
d. comprehension and production improve similarly
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 201
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 31 a= 19 b= 31 c= 6 d= 44 r = .25
62. During toddlerhood, what is a good predictor of later verbal intelligence?
a. quantitative intelligence
b. number of words spoken
c. production
d. comprehension
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 201
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
63. ____ is the process where toddlers learn and remember a word for an object after being told what the object is called just one time.
a. Overregulation
b. Fast mapping
c. Super quick learning
d. Exponential encoding
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 201
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
64. By what age do toddlers usually have a vocabulary of about 200 words?
a. 12 months
b. 15 months
c. 24 months
d. 30 months
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 201
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
65. By the age of 2, most toddlers will have a vocabulary of about ____.
a. 100 words
b. 200 words
c. 300 words
d. 400 words
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 201
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
66. What are two of the most notable words that toddlers between 18 and 24 months learn and use?
a. no and gone
Correct. This indicates a growing awareness of object permanence and also their budding sense of self.
b. bye-bye and hi
Incorrect. Two of the most notable words toddlers learn between 18 and 24 months are “gone” and “no.”
c. mommy and daddy
d. here and go
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 201
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
67. You notice that your daughter, who is 22 months old, uses the word “no!” fairly emphatically quite a lot. You were first concerned that your daughter might have oppositional-defiant disorder until you remembered that in your developmental class you learned that toddlers this age ____.
a. are actually trying to say “go”
Incorrect. Using “no” reflects their budding sense of self.
b. like to see how irritated they can get their parents
c. say “no” a lot because it reflects their budding sense of self
Correct. “Me,” “mine,” and “my” also begin to be used at this age.
d. have no idea what the word “no” means
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 201
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 47 a= 47 b= 26 c= 21 d= 0 r = .22
68. At around 24 months of age, toddlers begin to combine spoken words into two word phrases for the first time. These combinations are called ____.
a. short sentences
b. instrumental speech
c. holophrases
d. telegraphic speech
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 201
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
69. Your neighbor’s daughter Kelley, who just turned 2, used to yell “doggie” whenever you walked by with your golden retriever. Now when she sees you, she yells “doggie walk!” According to linguists, what type of speech production has Kelley begun to use?
a. holophrases
b. telegraphic speech
Correct. Telegraphic speech is two-word phrases that strip away connecting words.
c. declarative speech
Incorrect. Telegraphic speech is two-word phrases that strip away connecting words.
d. short sentences
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 201
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
70. Syntax is also known as ____.
a. word order
b. language development
c. unlimited usage
d. sounds of speech
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 201
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
71. At what age do children generally learn to use prepositions?
a. 12–18 months
b. 18–24 months
c. 24–36 months
d. 36–48 months
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 202
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
72. Although their pronunciation of words is not as precise as it will become later, at what age can most toddlers speak clearly enough to make themselves understood about nearly anything they wish?
a. 1 year
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 202
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
73. What is the term that indicates that toddlers apply grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule, such as “mouses” for mice and “foots” for feet?
a. overregularization
b. underregularization
c. hypergeneralization
d. hypogeneralization
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 202
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
74. “Throwed,” “runned,” and “sleeped” are examples of ____.
a. overusage
b. overregularization
Correct. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule.
c. overextension
Incorrect. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule.
d. overapplication
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 202
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
75. Cameron is a toddler and describes his time on the playground to his mother: “I runned fast and throwed the ball.” Cameron’s uses of runned and throwed are examples of ____.
a. overusage
b. overregularization
Correct. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are the exception to the rule.
c. overextension
Incorrect. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are the exception to the rule.
d. overapplied
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 202
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
76. How many different languages are there in the world?
a. 60
b. 600
c. 6,000
d. 60,000+
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 203
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
77. The concept that humans are built for learning language is a(n) ____ base, whereas the specific language they learn is a(n) ____ base.
a. conscious; unconscious
b. unconscious; conscious
c. sociocultural; biological
Incorrect. Humans are biologically built for learning language, but whatever language we learn must come from our social and cultural environment.
d. biological; sociocultural
Correct. Humans are biologically built for learning language, but whatever language we learn must come from our social and cultural environment.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 203
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
78. It is clear that humans are built for learning language, but not for learning a specific language. The language that is learned is dependent upon ____.
a. the social and cultural environment
b. biological preparedness
c. genetic programming
d. chromosomal and anatomical differences
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 203
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
79. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II was interested in determining what language babies would learn to speak spontaneously if no one influenced them. He instructed caregivers not to speak to neonates in orphanages so that it could be determined which language was the “natural” language. What was found?
a. German was the spontaneous language.
b. All of the infants died.
Correct. The infants needed language for social development.
c. The infants grew up to speak a combination of all languages, which was reported to be gibberish.
d. No language emerged, just hand gestures.
Incorrect. Tragically, all of the infants died.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 203
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 19 a= 0 b= 19 c= 38 d= 44 r = .28
80. As compared to other families, high-income parents talk to their children ____.
a. more words per minute
Correct. Parents in high-income families talk the most to their children, averaging about 35 words a minute; parents in middle-income families talk to their children an average of about 20 words a minute; and parents of low-income families provide the least language stimulation, just 10 words per minute.
b. fewer words per minute
c. an equal amount of words per minute
Incorrect. Parents in high-income families talk the most to their children, averaging about 35 words a minute; parents in middle-income families talk to their children an average of about 20 words a minute; and parents of low-income families provide the least language stimulation, just 10 words per minute.
d. more words per minute, but only in the afternoon hours
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 204
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
81. When variables are closely related and difficult to separate, they are known as ____.
a. confused variables
b. conflicted variables
c. confounded variables
d. compounded variables
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 204
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
82. The Gusii people of Kenya do not speak with their children directly, but it is clear that their children reach the same language milestones as American children. It has been demonstrated that Gusii children learn language from ____.
a. their DNA and biological preparedness
b. being in social groups where others are using language
Correct. Gusii children learn their language from frequently being in social groups where adults and older children are using language, not from having their language development stimulated directly in frequent daily interactions with their parents.
c. the unfolding of their chromosomal and genetic lineage
d. having their language directly stimulated by their parents
Incorrect. Gusii children learn their language from frequently being in social groups where adults and older children are using language, not from having their language development stimulated directly in frequent daily interactions with their parents.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 204
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
83. A family from Japan moved into your neighborhood a couple of months ago. The parents are working on a project and are only here for a short time before they move back to Japan. You were talking to another neighbor who was very upset with the Japanese family and was considering filing abuse charges. The mother would very rarely let the male toddler speak and rarely encouraged him to speak. What did you tell your neighbor?
a. She should call the authorities immediately.
Incorrect. In Japanese culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable, especially for males, because the Japanese believe it is better to blend in harmoniously with the group than to call attention to yourself. Consequently, Japanese mothers often discourage their children from talking, especially their boys.
b. The boy is probably mute, so there is no reason to encourage him to speak.
c. The boy’s mother is probably hoping that he will learn English while they are living here and is trying not to confuse him by also speaking Japanese.
d. This is a culturally based difference in parenting and is not abuse.
Correct. In Japanese culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable, especially for males, because the Japanese believe it is better to blend in harmoniously with the group than to call attention to yourself. Consequently, Japanese mothers often discourage their children from talking, especially their boys.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 204
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 90 a= 10 b= 0 c= 0 d= 90 r = .21
84. Japanese mothers often ____ their children to talk, whereas Canadian mothers often ____ their children to talk.
a. prepare; do not prepare
b. do not prepare; prepare
c. discourage; encourage
d. encourage; discourage
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 204
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Short Answer Questions
85. Define object permanence and give an example of how a child’s behavior might be affected if s/he has acquired this ability.
Answer: Object permanence is the understanding that an object exists even though it is no longer present. A child who could crawl or walk would go looking for a ball that rolled under the couch if s/he had object permanence.
Page: 193
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
86. How have researchers tested categorization among infants, proving that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities?
Answer: Researchers presented babies with a series of pictures of different kinds of cats. Next, they were shown two new pictures: one of a cat and one of a dog. The babies looked longer at the dog, suggesting that it was novel and did not fit with the category of cats that they had just constructed.
Page: 194–195
Learning Objective: 5.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
87. Define and give an example of scaffolding.
Answer: Scaffolding refers to the process of helping a child to accomplish a task. The person who scaffolds is more skilled in that particular area than the child, and as the child’s skills develop, s/he is given less help so that the task can be done on his/her own. When doing a puzzle, for example, a parent might help to sort the pieces that are the same color and that have flat edges to begin to form the frame. Over time, the parent would do this less and simply suggest a piece if the child got frustrated.
Page: 196
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
88. Which hemisphere (side) and lobes of the brain contain Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area? What is the function of each?
Answer: Both are contained in the left hemisphere of the brain. Broca’s area is located in the left frontal lobe and is involved in language production and Wernicke’s area is located in the left temporal lobe and is involved in language comprehension.
Page: 198–199
Learning Objective: 5.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
89. Describe the language environment of a country other than the U.S.
Answer: In Japan, a collectivist culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable because it is considered best to blend in and preserve group harmony than to stand out in the crowd. Therefore, Japanese mothers discourage their children, especially their sons, from talking.
Page: 204
Learning Objective: 5.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
Essay Questions
90. How is Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development different from Piaget’s theory?
Answer: Vygotsky proposed a sociocultural theory of cognitive development which posited that children learn from interactions with others in their environment, and what they learn is different from one culture to another. Piaget emphasized children’s interactions with the physical environment and assumed that cognitive development is the same across cultures.
Page: 192–197
Learning Objective: 5.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
91. Outline how language develops from approximately one year of age to two years of age.
Answer: By one year, even though babies have a limited vocabulary, they can use one-word holophrases to mean a variety of things. For example, the word mommy can mean “Mommy pick me up” or it can mean “Where is my mommy?” if uttered with a rising intonation. By about two years, they use telegraphic speech, which are two-word utterances that leave out articles such as a, an, the. They might say, “Mommy gone” to protest that their mother has left and they are not very happy about it. If uttered with a rising intonation, they may be asking the question, “Is my mommy gone? Because she was here before I took my nap and now I can’t find her.”
Page: 200–202
Learning Objective: 5.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A toddler being comforted by a blanket or stuffed animal is an example of which of the following emotional regulation techniques?
a. behavioral regulation of emotions
Correct. This is one of the first ways in which a toddler learns to regulate his or her emotions.
b. language to regulate emotions
c. internal stimuli to regulate emotions
Incorrect. Being comforted by a blanket or stuffed animal is an example of toddlers developing behaviors to help them regulate their emotions.
d. sociomoral regulation of emotions
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 207
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
2. In toddlerhood, parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation. This is an example of using ____ to extend toddlers’ capacities for emotional regulation.
a. external requirements
Correct. When parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation, such as no hitting others no matter how angry you are or no jumping on the table no matter how happy you are, this is an example of using external requirements to extend a toddler’s capacities for emotional regulation.
b. communication
Incorrect. When parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation, such as no hitting others no matter how angry you are or no jumping on the table no matter how happy you are, this is an example of using external requirements to extend a toddler’s capacities for emotional regulation.
c. language
d. speech
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 207
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
3. Learning to regulate their ____ helps toddlers to regulate their ____.
a. explicit emotions; subjective emotions
b. subjective emotions; explicit emotions
c. primary emotions; sociomoral emotions
d. sociomoral emotions; primary emotions
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 207
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
4. In Western countries it is widely accepted that toddlerhood tantrums are normal and even inevitable. What is the case for tantrums outside of Western countries?
a.Tantrums are much worse.
Incorrect. Outside of the West, toddler tantrums are rare.
b.Tantrums are rare.
Correct. This suggests that tantrums are not inevitable, but a consequence of a culture that values self-expression, which children have already learned by toddlerhood.
c.Children are severely punished if they have a tantrum.
d.Children are praised when then have tantrums, but they are still rare.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 207–208
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
5. Tantrums during toddlerhood, also known as the “terrible twos,” are ____.
a. universal across the world
Incorrect. Outside the West, toddler tantrums are rare.
b. rarely seen in countries outside the West
Correct. This suggests that tantrums are not inevitable, but a consequence of a culture that values self-expression, which children have already learned by toddlerhood.
c. only seen in developing nations
d. rarely seen in the United States
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 207–208
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
6. Anger, fear, and happiness are examples of ____.
a.animal emotions
b.primary emotions
c.secondary emotions
d.tertiary emotions
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
7. Which of the following are primary emotions?
a. sympathy, surprise, and exhilaration
b. anger, fear, and happiness
c. shame, guilt, and embarrassment
d. pride, envy, and jealousy
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
8. In toddlerhood new emotions appear, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. These are examples of ____.
a.animal emotions
b.primary emotions
c.secondary emotions
d.tertiary emotions
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
9. Which of the following are secondary emotions?
a. sadness, disgust, and joy
b. anger, fear, and happiness
c. shame, guilt, and embarrassment
d. surprise, sadness, and anger
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
10. Ginny fell down while running at the park. She quickly looked around and noticed that some other kids saw her. She felt embarrassed. The youngest that Ginny could be is __________.
1 year old
2 years old
3 years old
4 years old
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 208
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
11. Because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions are called ____.
a.content emotions
b.sociomoral emotions
c.guided emotions
d.cultural emotions
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 69 a= 0 b= 69 c= 31 d= 0 r = .39
12. Secondary emotions are also known as sociomoral emotions because they ____.
a. are present for the lifespan, from birth to death, for many cultural groups
b. have been found to have universal meaning across cultures
c. are based upon cultural standards of right or wrong
Correct. These emotions develop because toddlers have learned to feel good when they conform to the expected standards and bad when they do not.
d. are present at birth for all infants regardless of culture
Incorrect. The secondary emotions are called sociomoral emotions because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
13. When do most toddlers develop the internalized set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behavior?
a.18 months
b.2 years
c.3 years
d.4 years
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
14. What is an internalized set of moral standards that guide toddlers’ emotions and behaviors?
a.a moral compass
b.an emotional dictum
c.a conscience
d.a cultural standard
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
15. ____ is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress.
a. Sadness
b. Thoughtfulness
c. Empathy
d. Apathy
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 208
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
16. Twenty-eight month old Nicole saw her friend crying and she responded by giving her friend a toy. Which emotion was Nicole expressing?
thoughtfulness
empathy
apathy
sadness
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 208
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
17. Hoffman (2000) found that toddlers responded to a researcher’s feigned distress by offering a hug, a comforting remark, or a favorite stuffed animal or blanket. What concept describes this behavior?
a.socio-emotive balance
b.conscience
Incorrect. Empathy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress.
c.empathy
Correct. Empathy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress.
d.emotional intelligence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 208
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
18. What do Chinese mothers use to teach their toddlers to be considerate of others, which also prepares them for growing up in a collectivistic culture that emphasizes the value of consideration for others?
a.praise
b.admiration
c.reinforcement
d.shame
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 63 a= 6 b= 6 c= 25 d= 63 r = .46
19. Within the first few days of life, infants begin to ____.
a. have a well-developed sense of self
Incorrect. Infants recognize the smell of their mother’s breast and the sound of her voice after just a few days of life.
b. lose the rooting reflex and begin to feed on their own
c. recognize the smell of their mother’s breast and the sound of her voice
Correct. This indicates an awareness of a difference between their own smells and sounds and those of others.
d. have regular sleep and wake cycles
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 209
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
20. Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) put a red spot on the noses of children who were 9, 12, and 18 months old. The children then viewed themselves in mirrors. At what age did the children rub their noses, recognizing the image was their own?
a.9 months
b.12 months
c.18 months
d.none of them did
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a= 0 b= 13 c= 88 d= 0 r = .63
21. Most toddlers can self-recognize by ____.
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 18 months
d. 24 months
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
22. When do children begin to use personal pronouns for the first time (e.g., “I,” “me,” etc.) and refer to themselves by their own names?
a.9 months
b.12 months
c.18 months
d.24 months
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
23. What is the capacity to think about oneself as one would think of other persons and objects?
a.self-reflection
b.self-awareness
c.self-esteem
d.self-report
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
24. Self-reflection is ____.
a. the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress
b. the capacity to think about oneself as one would think about other persons or objects
c. an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children
d. an individual’s readiness or disposal to respond to their environment in a particular way
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
25. What cognitive ability helps toddlers to develop sociomoral emotions?
a.self-awareness
b.self-esteem
c.self-report
d.self-reflection
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
26. Self-reflection enables toddlers to develop ____.
a. the social metric scale
b. biological awareness
c. sociomoral emotions
d. self-recognition
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 209
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
27. Between what ages are toddlers able to identify themselves and others as male or female?
a.6 and 12 months
b.13 and 17 months
c.18 and 30 months
d.32 and 36 months
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
28. At what age are toddlers able to apply gender terms like “boy,” “girl,” “woman,” and “man” to others?
a.1 year
b.2 years
c.3 years
d.4 years
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
29. What term refers to the biological status of being male or female?
a.femininity
b.masculinity
c.sex
d.gender
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
30. Sex refers to ____.
a. an individual’s emotional and sexual desire to be with another person
b. the cultural categories of “male” or “female”
c. the biological status of being male or female
d. an individual’s perception of oneself as being male or female
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
31. ____ refers to the cultural categories of “male” and “female.”
a. Self-recognition
b. Sex
c. Gender
d. Sexual orientation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
32. The term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to ____.
a.cultural and social beliefs
Correct. Use of the term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions.
b.biological and genetic factors
Incorrect. Use of the term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions.
c.physical and mental factors
d.density and weight factors
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
33. The term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have ____; whereas, the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to ____.
a. a chromosomal basis; an individual’s genetics
b. an individual’s genetics; a chromosomal basis
c. a biological basis; cultural and social beliefs
Correct. For example, the fact that males are somewhat larger than females throughout life is a sex difference. However, the fact that girls in many cultures have longer hair than boys is a gender difference.
d. social and cultural beliefs; a biological basis
Incorrect. Use of term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have a biological basis. Use of the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 88 a= 0 b= 6 c= 88 d= 6 r = .27
34. Sidorowicz and Lunney (1980) asked adults to play with a 10-month-old infant they did not know. Some were told that the infant was female while others were told the infant was male. All were given a rubber football, a doll, and a teething ring to play with. What did the researchers find with regard to how the adults played with the infant?
a.Adults played with the child using all of the toys regardless of the sex of
the infant.
b.Adult males did not like to play with the infant.
Incorrect. When the adults thought the child was male, 50% of the men and 80% of the women played with the child using a rubber football. When they thought the child was female, 89% of the men and 73% of the women used a doll in play.
c.Adults played with the child using the toys they thought were appropriate for their sex.
Correct. When the adults thought the child was male, 50% of the men and 80% of
the women played with the child using a rubber football. When they thought the
child was female, 89% of the men and 73% of the women used a doll in play.
d.Adult females only played with the doll regardless of the sex of the infant.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
35. Which individuals primarily convey cultural gender messages to infants?
a.the media
b.the parents
Correct. In the early years, it is mainly parents who are the deliverers of cultural gender messages.
c.the preschool teachers
d.the infant’s siblings
Incorrect. In the early years, it is mainly parents who are the deliverers of cultural gender messages.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 210
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
36. ____ is the study of animal behavior.
a. Ethnology
b. Ecology
c. Epidemiology
d. Ethology
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 211
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
37. Sally is very physically active and she likes to play with trucks and airplanes and prefers males as playmates. Much of her play behavior is masculine. One explanation for this is that ___________.
she was exposed to high levels of estrogen in the womb during prenatal development
she was exposed to high levels of androgens in the womb during prenatal development
she was exposed to high levels of teratogens in the womb during prenatal development
she was exposed to high levels of cortisol in the womb during prenatal development
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 211
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
38. Students of development should _________ all human gender differences are primarily due to biology.
believe that
accept that
know that
be skeptical of thinking that
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 212
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
39. In terms of university enrollment across the world, Arnett (2015) found that __________.
the number of men exceed the number of women
the number of men and women enrolled is about equal
the number of non-traditional students exceeds the number of traditional students
the number of women usually exceeds the number of men
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 212
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
40. Which of the following best describes the findings by French psychiatrist René Spitz on the subject of attachment?
a. Well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development.
Correct. Despite adequate physical care, infants who entered an orphanage between the ages of 3 and 12 months lost weight and were listless and passive.
b.All well-fed infants were closely attached to their caregivers.
c.Attachment depended on the infants seeing their caregivers.
d.Attachment seemed to be present at birth.
Incorrect. Spitz found that well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 213
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 56 a= 56 b= 6 c= 13 d= 25 r = .36
41. In his studies on infants, Spitz used the term anaclitic depression to describe babies who seemed listless and passive because the infants were depressed as a function of ____.
a.being in very over-crowded nurseries
b.sharing a crib with opposite-sexed infants
c.too much attention
Incorrect. Spitz attributed the infants’ condition to the fact that one nurse had to care for seven infants and spent little time with each except for feeding them and changing their diapers. Anaclitic means “leaning upon,” and Spitz chose the term because the infants had no one to “lean on.”
d.having no one to help them or to “lean on”
Correct. Spitz attributed the infants’ condition to the fact that one nurse had to care for seven infants and spent little time with each except for feeding them and changing their diapers. Anaclitic means “leaning upon,” and Spitz chose the term because the infants had no one to “lean on.”
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 213
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
42. In Harry Harlow’s (1958) classic study on attachment, which of the following “mothers” did the baby monkeys prefer?
a. terry cloth
b. wire mesh
c. cotton balls
d. wood
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 213–214
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
43. According to the text, Harry Harlow placed baby monkeys in a cage with two types of artificial monkey “mothers.” Which type of “mother” did the baby monkeys prefer?
a.the wire mother who dispensed milk
b.the soft terry cloth mother
c.the mother who held the sliced bananas
d.the mother who hummed
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 213–214
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
44. A gosling bonding to the first moving object it sees is an example of ____.
a. imprinting
Correct. Konrad Lorenz, a German ethologist, showed that newborn goslings would bond to the first moving object they saw after hatching and follow it closely, a phenomenon he called “imprinting.”
b. engraining
c. attaching
Incorrect. Konrad Lorenz, a German ethologist, showed that newborn goslings would bond to the first moving object they saw after hatching and follow it closely, a phenomenon he called “imprinting.”
d. locking
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 214
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
45. Lorenz and other ethologists believed that the foundation of the bond between the young of the species and their mothers was ____.
a.protection
b.nourishment
c.entertainment
d.warmth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 214
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
46. ____ is an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children during the years in which they are most vulnerable.
a. A secure base
b. Imprinting
c. Attachment
d. Home base
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 207
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
47. Who is the person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment?
a.the figure of strength
b.the primary attachment figure
c.the ethological mother
d.the older sibling
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 214
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
48. According to Bowlby, what loss would be catastrophic for children’s development?
a.the father
b.the mother
c.the primary attachment figure
d.the siblings
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 214
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
49. Stranger anxiety first appears at what age?
a. 3 months
b. 6 months
c. 1 year
d. 2 years
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 214–215
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
50. There is an evolutionary basis for the development of stranger anxiety. Learning to stay close to familiar persons helps infants to ____.
a.not be abducted by strangers
b.not follow unfamiliar people so that they become lost
Incorrect. Learning to stay close to familiar persons and avoid unfamiliar persons helps infants stay near those who will protect them and keep them safe.
c.be protected and safe
Correct. Stranger anxiety begins at about 6 months and grows stronger in the months that follow, peaking around 10 to 15 months depending on the culture.
d.learn object discrimination
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 215
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
51. Under normal conditions, young children use their primary attachment figure as a ____.
a.source of nutrition
b.secure base
c.source of entertainment
d.source of education
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 216
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
52. Mary Ainsworth is best known for her research on attachment and her use of ____.
a. rhesus monkeys
b. goslings and geese
c. the Strange Situation
d. the Visual Cliff
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 215–216
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
53. What laboratory procedure did Mary Ainsworth develop to examine children’s attachment behaviors?
a.the attachment room
b.the Strange Situation
c.one-way mirrors
d.robotic puppets
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 215–216
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
54. _____ is a series of introductions, separations and reunions involving the child, the mother, and an unfamiliar person.
a. The Strange Situation
b. The Primary Attachment Figure
c. The Visual Cliff
d. The Stranger Anxiety Assessment Scale
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 215–216
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
55. In this type of attachment, toddlers use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when the mother and toddler are together. When separated from his or her mother, the toddler cries and then is very happy when she returns.
a.secure attachment
Correct. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.
b.insecure–avoidant attachment
Incorrect. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.
c.insecure–resistant attachment
d.disorganized–disoriented attachment
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
56. Which of the following best describes a toddler who securely attached during the Strange Situation test?
a. The toddler usually cries upon separation but when the mother returns they greet her happily and begin to smile.
Correct. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.
b. The toddler shows little or no interaction when she is present and no response when she departs.
Incorrect. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore, when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.
c. The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and shows greater than normal distress when she leaves.
d. The toddler seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c=13 d= 6 r = .45
57. In this type of attachment, toddlers show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response to the mother’s departure or return.
a.secure attachment
b.insecure–avoidant attachment
Correct. When these toddlers are picked up in the last episode of the Strange Situation, they may immediately seek to get down.
c.insecure–resistant attachment
Incorrect. Toddlers in the insecure–avoidant attachment category show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present, and no response to the mother’s departure or return.
d.disorganized–disoriented attachment
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
58. In this type of attachment, these toddlers are less likely to explore any toys when the mother is present and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns they run to greet her, but then push away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up.
a.secure attachment
b.insecure–avoidant attachment
Incorrect. Toddlers classified as insecure–resistant are less likely than others to explore toys when the mother is present, and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns, they show ambivalence, running to greet the mother in seeming relief but then pushing her away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up.
c.insecure–resistant attachment
Correct. These toddlers show little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves, and ambivalence when the parent returns.
d.disorganized–disoriented attachment
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
59. In this type of attachment, toddlers show extremely unusual behavior. They seemed dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger. When the mother returns, they may seem fearful.
a.secure attachment
b.insecure–avoidant attachment
c.insecure–resistant attachment
Incorrect. Toddlers in the disorganized–disoriented attachment category may seem dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger, and when the mother returns, they may seem fearful.
d.disorganized–disoriented attachment
Correct. This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
60. Toddlers with a disorganized–disoriented attachment most closely resemble which of the following?
a. When their mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and going to her.
b. There is no response to their mother when she departs or when she returns.
c. When their mother returns, they show ambivalence by pushing her away when she attempts to comfort them.
Incorrect. Toddlers in the disorganized–disoriented attachment category may seem dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger, and when the mother returns they may seem fearful.
d. They seem dazed and detached when their mother leaves the room and remain fearful when she returns.
Correct. This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
61. At what point during the experimental situations did Ainsworth believe the best indicator of the quality of attachment occurred?
a.when the mother was not present in the room
b. when the mother was still in the room, so that the toddler’s exploration behaviors could be assessed
Incorrect. Ainsworth viewed the toddler’s reunion behavior as the best indicator of the quality of attachment. Toddlers with secure attachments seemed delighted to see their mothers again after a separation and often sought physical contact with her; toddlers with insecure attachments either responded little to her return or seemed both relieved and angry with her.
c.when the mother returned and the reunion behavior could be assessed
Correct. Ainsworth viewed the toddler’s reunion behavior as the best indicator of the quality of attachment. Toddlers with secure attachments seemed delighted to see their mothers again after a separation and often sought physical contact with her; toddlers with insecure attachments either responded little to her return or seemed both relieved and angry with her.
d. before the assessment began; the experimenters could measure toddler-mother behaviors before the mothers knew they were being assessed
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 89 a= 5 b= 0 c= 89 d= 0 r = .51
62. Based on Ainsworth’s early research, what percentage of toddlers were securely attached?
a.one-quarter
b.one-third
c.one-half
d.two-thirds
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 216
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
63. ____ is the most common attachment style, whereas ____ is the most rare.
a. Insecure–avoidant; secure attachment
b. Secure; insecure–avoidant attachment
Incorrect. Ainsworth’s early research indicated that about two-thirds of toddlers had secure attachments to their mothers, with the remaining one-third either insecure–avoidant or insecure–resistant. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is rare.
c. Disorganized-disoriented; secure attachment
d. Secure; disorganized-disoriented attachment
Correct. Ainsworth’s early research indicated that about two-thirds of toddlers had secure attachments to their mothers, with the remaining one-third either insecure–avoidant or insecure–resistant. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is rare.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 216
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
64. Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how ____ the mother was.
a. demanding and responsive
b. caring and tempered
Incorrect. When considering the mother–child interactions in the home in relation to their behavior as observed in the Strange Situation, Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how sensitive and responsive the mother was.
c. emotionally mature and intelligent
d. sensitive and responsive
Correct. When considering the mother–child interactions in the home in relation to their behavior as observed in the Strange Situation, Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how sensitive and responsive the mother was.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 217
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
65. To be ____ means to be good at judging what the child needs at any given time.
a. demanding
b. responsive
c. sensitive
d. fruitful
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 217
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
66. To be ____ means to be quick to assist or soothe the child when they need it.
a. demanding
b. responsive
c. sensitive
d. fruitful
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 217
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
67. According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mother’s sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop ____.
a.a strong attachment
Incorrect. According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mother’s sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop an internal working model of what to expect about her availability and supportiveness during times of need.
b.an internal working model
Correct. According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mother’s sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop an internal working model of what to expect about her availability and supportiveness during times of need.
c.a sense of belongingness
d.a notion of what family is
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 217
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 38 a= 63 b= 38 c= 0 d= 0 r = .46
68. According to attachment theory, what type of attachment leads to children who are able to love and trust others?
a.secure attachment
Correct. Securely attached children are able to love and trust others because they could love and trust their primary caregiver in their early years.
b.insecure–avoidant attachment
Incorrect. Securely attached children are able to love and trust others because they could love and trust their primary caregiver in their early years.
c.insecure–resistant attachment
d.disorganized–disoriented attachment
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 217
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 50 a= 50 b= 44 c= 0 d= 6 r = .49
69. What attachment type was highly predictive of later problems and included toddlers who in early and middle childhood exhibited hostility and aggression?
a.secure attachment
b.insecure–avoidant attachment
c.insecure–resistant attachment
Incorrect. Only disorganized–disoriented attachment is highly predictive of later problems. Toddlers with this attachment classification exhibit high hostility and aggression in early and middle childhood, and are likely to have cognitive problems as well.
d.disorganized–disoriented attachment
Correct. Only disorganized–disoriented attachment is highly predictive of later problems. Toddlers with this attachment classification exhibit high hostility and aggression in early and middle childhood, and are likely to have cognitive problems as well.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 217
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
70. What type of attachment was believed to be due to underlying problems in neurological development, not to the behavior of the primary caregiver?
a.secure attachment
b.insecure–avoidant attachment
c.insecure–resistant attachment
Incorrect. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is believed to be due to underlying problems in neurological development, not to the behavior of the primary caregiver.
d.disorganized–disoriented attachment
Correct. This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 217
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
71. Which of the following is a major criticism of attachment theory?
a. It overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on the quality of attachment.
Correct. The “child effect” is one of the most common critiques of attachment theory. It claims the theory overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on quality of attachment.
b. It places too much emphasis on unconscious awareness and too little emphasis on the conscious state.
c. It overstates cultural influence and does not recognize how different attachments are across cultures.
d. It places too much emphasis on temperament and too much emphasis on the parent–child relationship.
Incorrect. The “child effect” is one of the most common critiques of attachment theory. It claims the theory overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on quality of attachment.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 219
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
72. There are two major criticisms of attachment theory. One of them has to do with ____.
a.expecting that toddlers want to play in a room with just a few toys
b.thinking that toddlers will become distressed if their mothers leave
Incorrect. The attachment theory fails to recognize that children are born with different temperaments. If, in the Strange Situation, a toddler is highly anxious when the mother leaves the room, then behaves aggressively by pushing her away when she returns, it could be due to a difficult temperament, not to the mother’s failure to be sufficiently sensitive and responsive.
c.failing to recognize that children are born with different temperaments
Correct. The attachment theory fails to recognize that children are born with different temperaments. If, in the Strange Situation, a toddler is highly anxious when the mother leaves the room, then behaves aggressively by pushing her away when she returns, it could be due to a difficult temperament, not to the mother’s failure to be sufficiently sensitive and responsive.
d.that the mother was not gone long enough from the room
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 219
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
73. There are two major criticisms of attachment theory. One of them has to do with ____.
a.the assumption that the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to
children
Correct. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.
b.the fact that fathers were not considered
Incorrect. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.
c.the fact that the theory was simply too complex
d. the requirement that toddlers were required to spend time in a small room with their mothers, which they generally do not like
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 219
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
74. In recent decades, researchers on attachment have emphasized that the parent-child relationship is ____.
a. reciprocal or bidirectional
Correct. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.
b. only significant during toddlerhood
c. filled with storm and stress
d. unilateral or one way
Incorrect. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 219
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
75. Posada et al. (1995) examined mothers and toddlers from China, Columbia, Germany, Israel, Japan, and the United States on what constitutes a securely attached child. How did these mothers describe an “ideally secure” child?
a. in similar ways, particularly in how they viewed themselves as a secure base
Correct. Across cultures, mothers described an “ideally secure” child in similar ways, as relying on the mother in times of need but also being willing to explore the surrounding world—in short, using her as a secure base from which to explore, much as described in attachment theory.
b. from their mothers’ description, Japanese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure–avoidant rather than “ideally secure”
c. in different ways, as they differed in how they viewed themselves as secure bases
Incorrect. Across cultures, mothers described an “ideally secure” child in similar ways, as relying on the mother in times of need but also being willing to explore the surrounding world—in short, using her as a secure base from which to explore, much as described in attachment theory.
d. from their mothers’ description, Chinese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure–resistant rather than “ideally secure”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 219
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
76. What is the name of the Japanese concept that describes the very close, physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and her young child?
a.densah
b.namae
c.amae
d.konnichiwa
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 220
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
77. The ability to provide ____ is a biological reason why mothers have historically been the primary caretaker.
a. breast milk
b. a secure attachment
c. co-sleeping
d. amae
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 221–222
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
78. Which of the following are two reasons why mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers?
a. racism and discrimination
b. biological and cultural bias
Correct. There are two reasons that mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers. The first reason is biological, due to mothers being able to provide breast milk for their infants. The second reason has a cultural basis, due to the traditional gender roles of males and females.
c. gender oppression and social laws
d. genetics and family expectations
Incorrect. There are two reasons that mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers. The first reason is biological, due to mothers being able to provide breast milk for their infants. The second reason has a cultural basis, due to the traditional gender roles of males and females.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 221–222
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
79. In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers. What roles do fathers in traditional cultures play?
a.Fathers are heavily involved in the birth process and in early child care.
b.Fathers are heavily involved in the birth process, but do little in child care.
c. Fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process, but are heavily involved in early child care.
Incorrect. In traditional cultures, fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care.
d. Fathers are often excluded entirely form the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care.
Correct. Fathers are often providers and disciplinarians or authority figures, although in some cultures this role coexists with warm, affectionate relations.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 222
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
80. How do fathers in China play a role in raising their children?
a.as the primary attachment figure
b.they do not interfere with the mother’s authority
c.as the provider and disciplinarian
d.as the main teacher and educator
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 222
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
81. Many cultures in Africa have a tradition of polygyny. What is polygyny?
a.men who have more than one wife
b.women who have more than one husband
c.parents who have children from more than one family
d.children who live alternatively live in more than one family
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 222
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
82. ____ is when men have more than one wife.
a. Polygyny
b. Polyandry
c. Monogamy
d. Polyamory
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 222
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
83. When fathers in industrialized societies interact with their infants and toddlers, it tends to be ____.
a.very negative and harsh
b.educational in nature
c.disciplined based
d.in highly stimulating rough-and-tumble play
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 223
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
84. Recent studies have shown that American fathers spend what percentage of their time caring for their young children?
a.about 25% of what mothers do
b.about 50% of what mothers do
c.about 85% of what mothers do
d.the same as mothers
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 222
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
85. In traditional cultures, a(n) ____ sibling, usually a ____, often takes over the main responsibility for child care from the mother.
a.younger; brother
b.older; brother
c.younger; sister
d.older; sister
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 223
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
86. Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings who care for them appear to be ____.
a. primary attachments
Incorrect. Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings appear to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments. That is, under most conditions toddlers are content to be under the care of older siblings, but in times of crisis they want the care and comfort of their mothers.
b. secondary attachments
Correct. Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings appear to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments. That is, under most conditions toddlers are content to be under the care of older siblings, but in times of crisis they want the care and comfort of their mothers.
c. tertiary attachments
d. primitive attachments
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 223
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
87. Much of the research on toddlers’ relations with siblings has focused on how they respond ____.
a.to a twin
b.to an older sister
Incorrect. A substantial amount of research on toddlers’ reactions with siblings has focused on how they respond to the birth of a younger sibling. Overall, their reaction tends to be negative.
c.to the birth of a younger sibling
Correct. A substantial amount of research on toddlers’ reactions with siblings has focused on how they respond to the birth of a younger sibling. Overall, their reaction tends to be negative.
d. to an older brother
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 223
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
88. How do toddlers react to the birth of a younger sibling?
a.generally negatively
b.very excitedly
c.equivocally
d.with great anticipation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 223
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
89. When a younger sibling is born, what happens to the attachment between the toddler and his or her mother?
a.It remains the same.
b.It generally improves slightly.
c.It typically improves considerably.
Incorrect. The attachment changes from secure to insecure, as they feel threatened by all the attention given to the new baby.
d.It often changes from secure to insecure.
Correct. The attachment changes from secure to insecure, as they feel threatened by all the attention given to the new baby.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 223
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
90. Gino is 3 years old and his mother just gave birth to another child. Just recently Gino has become increasingly aggressive toward the baby, and increasingly whiny, demanding, and disobedient. To help the situation, Gino’s mother should ____.
a. use positive and negative punishment to condition Gino’s negative behaviors
Incorrect. Studies indicate that if mothers pay special attention to the toddler before the new baby arrives and explain the feelings and needs of the baby after the birth, toddlers respond more positively to their new sibling.
b. explain the feelings and needs of the baby to him
Correct. Studies indicate that if mothers pay special attention to the toddler before the new baby arrives and explain the feelings and needs of the baby after the birth, toddlers respond more positively to their new sibling.
c. separate Gino from the baby for a time of 2 weeks as a means to buffer the negative feelings
d. take Gino to see a child psychologist because his behaviors are extremely rare and disturbing
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 223
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
91. When the infant becomes a toddler, the relationship between the younger and older sibling changes. On the positive side, the relationship improves because ____.
a.the older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling
Correct. Older siblings generally show much less resentment to a sibling who is old enough to walk, talk, and share in pretend play.
b.the toddler passively watches the older sibling play
Incorrect. The older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling.
c.the older sibling becomes the babysitter
d.the toddler does whatever the older sibling wants
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 223–224
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
92. When the infant becomes a toddler, the relationship between the younger and older sibling changes. On the negative side, the relationship gets worse because ____.
a.the mother always takes the side of the toddler
Incorrect. Toddlers become good at learning how to annoy their older siblings.
b.the father is more interested in playing with the toddler
c.the toddler becomes good at annoying their older siblings
Correct. In Dunn’s (1988) study, toddlers showed remarkably advanced abilities to annoy their older siblings.
d.the toddler prefers to play with their younger siblings
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 224
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
93. Recent research has found that toddlers engage not only in solitary and parallel play, but in ____.
a.complicated interpersonal play
b.scaffolded play
c.communal pretend play
d.simple social play
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 225
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
94. Nadia and Sasha are friends who are playing a skit and pretend to be superheroes. Nadia pretends to transform into a lion and Sasha pretends to transform into an icicle. These toddlers are engaging in what type of play?
a. solitary play
b. parallel play
Incorrect. Cooperative pretend play involves a shared fantasy such as pretending to be animals.
c. simple social play
d. cooperative pretend play
Correct. Cooperative pretend play involves a shared fantasy such as pretending to be animals.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 224
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
95. Toddlers choose friends based ____.
a.solely on height
b.partly on similarities such as activity level and social skills
Correct. Like older children and even adults, toddlers choose each other as friends based partly on similarities, such as activity level and social skills.
c.on same gender
Incorrect. Like older children and even adults, toddlers choose each other as friends based partly on similarities, such as activity level and social skills.
d.on family income
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 225
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
96. ____ is a developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior.
a. Autism
b. Turner syndrome
c. Down syndrome
d. Fragile X syndrome
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 225
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.19
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
97. What is the approximate incidence of autism spectrum disorder?
a.1 in 6,000
b.1 in 600
c.1 in 100
d.1 in 68
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 226
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.19
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
98. When Aidan was 2 ½ years old, his parents became concerned about his frequent repetitive behaviors, his unusual use of language, and his lack of social interest, including having no interest in interacting with them. Based on your knowledge of development, you explain that _________.
they have nothing to worry about with Aidan
Aidan may need to be around other children more
Aidan may need to be evaluated for autism
Aidan is just quirky and going through a phase
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 225
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 5.19
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
99. When is autism or ASD usually diagnosed?
during infancy
during toddlerhood
during early childhood
during middle childhood
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 226
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.19
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
100. When children with autism become adults, what percentage of them continue to live with their parents?
a.30%
b.45%
c.60%
d.85%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 227
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 5.19
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
101. With regard to television, in 2001 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old ____.
a.should not watch television at all
Correct. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all.
b.watch television for only 1 to 2 hours per day
Incorrect. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all.
c.watch television for only 5 to 10 hours per day
d. watch television for as long as they want as long as their parents are watching it with them
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 228
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.20
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .29
102. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended children under the age of 2 ____, and children 2 years or older ____.
a. should not watch TV at all; watch no more than 2 hours per day
Correct. The basis for this recommendation was not that television content is damaging, but that young children would benefit more from active learning through experiences such as play and conversations with others.
b. watch no more than 2 hours per day; should not watch TV at all
c. should watch as much TV as they like; watch no more than 4 hours per day
d. watch no more than 4 hours per day; should watch as much TV as they like
Incorrect. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all, and children 2 years and older should be limited to no more than 2 hours of TV a day.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 228
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 5.20
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A
Short Answer Questions
103. What are two reasons for the increase in emotional regulation that occurs in toddlerhood?
Answer:
– Toddlers have learned coping behaviors that help them to regulate their emotions, such as sucking their thumb when they are anxious or finding a trusted adult who will cuddle with them.
– Toddlers also develop secondary (sociomoral) emotions such as guilt, shame or embarrassment that motivate them to do what is right and also to avoid engaging in behaviors that will get them in trouble.
Page: 207
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
104. Give a specific example of a sociomoral emotion that you might see a toddler display.
Answer: Empathy is an example of a sociomoral emotion. A toddler who notices that her mother does not feel good by the sad look on her face might bring her his favorite blankie. Even though he may not realize that the blankie doesn’t have the same effect on his mother that it does for him, he realizes that his mother is distressed.
Page: 208
Learning Objective: 5.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
105. Current research suggests that the claim that “early attachments are the foundation of later love relationships” was overstated. Which of the four attachment types is most predictive of later outcomes? Name one outcome.
Answer: The disorganized-disoriented attachment type is highly predictive of later problems. For example, these individuals tend to be hostile, aggressive and are at higher risk for psychological disorders.
Page: 216–217
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
106. Why is attachment not assessed using the Strange Situation during infancy?
Answer: Attachment is not assessed in infancy using the Strange Situation because infants lack the cognitive maturity of toddlers. Attachment requires the ability to mentally represent their primary attachment figure.
Page: 217
Learning Objective: 5.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
107. Briefly describe one factor that is correlated with fathers providing near-equal care of their children as mothers do in developed countries?
Answer:
– If fathers and mothers work about the same number of hours outside the home, fathers are almost equal in the amount of time they spend on childcare. They are expected to do the same tasks because gender roles are likely more flexible and both parents need to pitch in to manage the multiple demands of home and work life.
– If the couple is happily married, fathers spend almost the same amount of time as mothers in childcare tasks. He may want to spend more time together as a family if he is happy, and therefore takes a more active role in childcare.
Page: 222–223
Learning Objective: 5.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
108. Although the diagnosis of autism is often not made until toddlerhood (between 18–30 months of age), there are often signs in infancy that the disorder is already present. What are two signs of autism that a caregiver might see in an infant as young as 8–10 months of age?
Answer: They do not engage in joint attention with parents, or point to objects to show to others, or look at others or respond to their own name.
Page: 226
Learning Objective: 5.19
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
Essay Questions
109. Briefly explain the red-nose test and what researchers were measuring when they gave this test to toddlers. What were the findings?
Answer: Researchers secretly put a red dot on the noses of toddlers of various ages and then placed them in front of a mirror to see if they would touch the dot, noticing that this was not usually there. It was a measure of self-recognition. Younger toddlers (under 18 months) seemed interested in the reflection, because they reached out as though it was someone else, but they did not rub their nose. By 18 months, most toddlers rubbed their noses, showing that they realized that their appearance had changed. This is also the time when toddlers use personal pronouns in their speech.
Page: 209
Learning Objective: 5.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
110. Describe at least one research finding that refuted the claim that the reason babies were attached to their mothers was because she provided food.
Answer:
– Spitz’s research with institutionalized babies found that even though nurses provided them with food, the babies were not attached to them (and developed anaclitic depression) because there were too many babies to care for and not enough time to develop an emotional bond.
– Harlow’s research with monkeys showed that contact comfort was more important than food.
Page: 213
Learning Objective: 5.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions
EOM_Q5.1.1
_______________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy.
a. Marasmus
b. SIDS
c. Kwashiorkor
d. Hydrocephalus
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Kwashiorkor
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.1 Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in toddlerhood and explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth.
EOM_Q5.1.2
What most distinguishes early brain development in toddlerhood is __________.
a. the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons
b. Increased activity in the amygdala
c. the formation of the cerebral cortex
d. the production of new brain cells, most notably in the temporal lobe
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Brain development in toddlerhood
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during toddlerhood, and identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity.
EOM_Q5.1.3
Which statement best represents sleep during toddlerhood?
a. The increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone.
b. Children sleep consistently through the night.
c. Increased activity results in children sleeping more than they did in infancy.
d. Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Changes in sleeping patterns in toddlerhood
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.3 Describe the changes in sleeping patterns and sleeping arrangements that take place during toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.1.4
Last week, your neighbors told you their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night’s sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing?
a. He has been drinking too much before bedtime.
b. His increased activity makes it harder for him to slow down and soothe himself.
c. His molars are coming in, and he is teething.
d. He is going through a growth spurt.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Changes in sleeping patterns in toddlerhood
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.3 Describe the changes in sleeping patterns and sleeping arrangements that take place during toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.1.5
Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to ______.
a. hold a cup and scribble with crayons
b. use a fork and knife with coordination
c. walk up and down stairs without holding on to anything
d. be able to brush his teeth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Motor development in toddlerhood
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.4 Describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.2.1
Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in the United States?
a. Number of children in the family
b. Location of the toilet within the house
c. Education level of the parents
d. Marital status of the primary caregiver
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Toilet training
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.
EOM_Q5.2.2
In Western cultures _____________________.
a. most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday
b. a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay “dry” for an hour or two during the day
c. views about toilet training have stayed the same over the last several decades
d. children are toilet trained in a nearly identical way as their counterparts in traditional cultures
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Toilet training
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.
EOM_Q5.2.3
You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process?
a. Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.
b. You are not rewarding him consistently enough when he shows interest.
c. There must be a physical difficulty that will require a medical exam.
d. Most females learn to potty train in a week, but almost all boys take several months.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Toilet training
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.
EOM_Q5.2.4
You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant?
a. Breast feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures.
b. The toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with negative biting behaviors.
c. Toddlers are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do.
d. The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Weaning
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.6 Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.2.5
Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture; she would likely ____________________.
a. have experienced some customary practice for being weaned
b. be abruptly weaned at age 1
c. be given formula instead of breast milk
d. still be breast feeding at age 5
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Weaning
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.6 Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.3.1
Shareef’s parents bought him a high chair and he intentionally tipped over his water in the tray over and over again. According to Piaget, Shareef is at the ________ stage.
a. simple reflexes
b. primary circular reactions
c. secondary circular reactions
d. tertiary circular reactions
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.
EOM_Q5.3.2
Eighteen-month-old Omar saw his father stirring a pot on the stove and the next day, picks up his bowl and spoon and begins “stirring” an imaginary substance. This is an example of____________.
a. deferred imitation
b. sorting objects into categories
c. tertiary circular reactions
d. the A-not-B error
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Deferred imitation
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.
EOM_Q5.3.3
When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they __________.
a. show the ability to categorize
b. have attained object permanence
c. are in the stage of tertiary circular reactions
d. understand scaffolding
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Object permanence in toddlerhood
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.
EOM_Q5.3.4
According to Vygotsky, _______________ is required for cognitive development.
a. formal education
b. a strong caregiver-child attachment
c. social interaction
d. a good genetic background
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.8 Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with Piaget’s theory.
EOM_Q5.3.5
According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ______.
a. within the zone of proximal development
b. concrete in nature
c. a good fit with their learning style
d. developed by an educational specialist
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.8 Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with Piaget’s theory.
EOM_Q5.4.1
When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is _____________.
a. the inability of apes to make requests
b. the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways
c. the inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans
d. the faster pace of humans’ sign language
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: The biological and evolutionary bases of sign language
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.9 Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language.
EOM_Q5.4.2
Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. Which of the following is likely to result?
a. She will have difficulty producing speech.
b. She will show no emotion.
c. She will have difficulty with speech comprehension.
d. She will no longer be able to form short-term memories.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The biological and evolutionary bases of sign language
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.9 Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language.
EOM_Q5.4.3
Which is an example of overextension?
a. A child saying, “Mommy goed to the store.”
b. A child saying “The sun is smiling at me.”
c. A child calling all men “Dada.”
d. A child saying, “Mommy gone!”
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Overextension
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.10 Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler years.
EOM_Q5.4.4
Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother and pointed to the glass on the counter and said, “juice.” This is an example of ________.
a. fast mapping
b. underextension
c. overregularization
d. a holophrase
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Holophrases
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.10 Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler years.
EOM_Q5.4.5
Research has shown that _____________________.
a. direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures
b. language development is dependent upon the environment rather than genes or biology
c. in the United States, language development occurs at the same rate across children from different socioeconomic statuses
d. maternal responsiveness to American children’s vocalizations had no impact on when children reached language milestones
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Language development across cultures
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.11 Identify how parents’ stimulation of toddlers’ language varies across cultures and evaluate how these variations relate to language development.
EOM_Q5.5.1
Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion?
a. anger
b. guilt
c. fear
d. happiness
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Toddlers’ emotions
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.12 Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes.
EOM_Q5.5.2
S. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in _______.
a. the United States
b. Canada
c. China
d. New Zealand
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Toddlers’ emotions
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.12 Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes.
EOM_Q5.5.3
Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing ______________________.
a. expressive language ability
b. short-term memory
c. self-recognition
d. gender identity
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Self-development in toddlerhood
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.13 Describe the changes in self-development that take place during toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.5.4
Gender identity ______________________________.
a. refers to the biological status of being male or female
b. develops much more quickly in females than males
c. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female
d. develops around age 5
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Gender identity
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.14 Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological basis of gender development.
EOM_Q5.5.5
Which of the following statements about gender is TRUE?
a. Before toddlerhood, it is only in Western cultures that people communicate gender expectations to boys and girls.
b. In the early years, it is mainly siblings who convey cultural gender messages.
c. Gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis.
d. Many of the differences that exist among male and female humans are not true of our closest primate and mammalian relatives.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Evidence for the biological basis of gender development
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.14 Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological basis of gender development.
EOM_Q5.6.1
Secure attachment is characterized by _______________________.
a. the child looking to the mother for approval of gender appropriate behavior
b. a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment
c. the child acting both relieved and angry at the caregiver after seeing her again after separation
d. the child not crying when the mother leaves the room because she or he knows she will return
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Attachment
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.15 Describe the essential features of attachment theory and identify the four classifications of attachment.
EOM_Q5.6.2
Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the strange situation test?
a. The toddler usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns he greets her happily and begins to smile.
b. The toddler shows little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response when she departs.
c. The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and pushes the mother away when she attempts to comfort the child or pick her up.
d. The toddler seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Attachment
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.15 Describe the essential features of attachment theory and identify the four classifications of attachment.
EOM_Q5.6.3
In elementary and secondary school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on in college he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research he most likely had a _______________ attachment classification.
a. insecure-avoidant
b. insecure-resistant
c. disorganized-disoriented
d. difficult
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Quality of attachment
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.
EOM_Q5.6.4
When it comes to attachment ____________________________.
a. children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother’s availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life
b. Ainsworth’s early research found that the majority of toddlers had insecure-resistant attachments to their mothers
c. studies involving multiple cultures have found that insecure-avoidant attachment is the most common classification
d. studies using the Strange Situation have found no differences in attachment status among children from the United States and Japan
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Quality of attachment
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.
EOM_Q5.6.5
In traditional cultures such as Uganda, _________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and it may have an influence on the security of attachment.
a. beginning to eat solid food
b. weaning
c. learning to walk
d. being away from siblings who are working or at school
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Determinants of attachment quality
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.
EOM_Q5.7.1
Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him?
a. Bathing him
b. Feeding him
c. Teaching him to read
d. Playing with him
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The social world of the toddler
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.17 Compare and contrast the typical patterns of father involvement with infants and toddlers in traditional cultures and developed countries.
EOM_Q5.7.2
During toddlerhood _________________________.
a. those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play
b. friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages
c. there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present
d. children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: The social world of the toddler
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.18 Describe relationships with siblings, peers, and friends during toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.7.3
Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that ____________________.
a. they tend to have a positive reaction to the birth of a younger sibling
b. in developed countries, but not in traditional cultures, toddlers have attachments to their siblings
c. toddlers’ attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments
d. only in individualistic cultures is conflict more common with siblings than in any other relationship throughout childhood and adolescence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Sibling relationships in toddlerhood
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.18 Describe relationships with siblings, peers, and friends during toddlerhood.
EOM_Q5.7.4
Marcelle was diagnosed with autism at the age of 3. Which behavior would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom?
a. A preoccupation with talking to adults
b. A preoccupation with repetitive movements
c. A preoccupation with staring at faces because that is what most interests them
d. A tendency to interrupt others until they look at him and include him in the conversation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Autism
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.19 Identify the characteristics of autism and recognize how autism affects prospects for children as they grow to adulthood.
EOM_Q5.7.5
Research has shown that _____________________________________.
a. children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviors during toddlerhood because prosocial behaviors require more advanced cognitive development
b. in the United States it is rare to have a TV in a young child’s room
c. the displacement effect is no longer considered a problem because of all the media options available
d. the effects of television and other media depend on the content
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Media use in toddlerhood
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 5.20 Identify the typical rates of television use in toddlerhood and explain some consequences of toddlers’ TV watching.
EOC_Q5.1
________ is a potentially fatal condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiency leads to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies, thinning hair, and lethargy.
a. Marasmus
b. Dysentery
c. Sudden infant death syndrome
d. Kwashiorkor
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Bodily growth
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.1 Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in toddlerhood and explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth.
EOC_Q5.2
What most characterizes early brain development in toddlerhood is ________________________.
a. the formation of the cerebral cortex
b. the steep increase in synaptic density
c. activity in the amygdala
d. the production of new brain cells
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Brain development
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during toddlerhood, and identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity.
EOC_Q5.3
During toddlerhood, _______________________________.
a. sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures
b. children sleep more than they did in infancy, because they are much more active
c. naps are no longer needed
d. children sleep consistently throughout the night
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Changes in sleep
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.3 Describe the changes in sleeping patterns and sleeping arrangements that take place during toddlerhood.
EOC_Q5.4
Toddlers _______________________________.
a. who do not walk by 1 year are likely to have a gross motor problem
b. in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills
c. can usually run before they can stand briefly on one leg
d. show the same pace of gross motor development as fine motor development
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Motor development
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.4 Describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhood.
EOC_Q5.5
In the West, __________________________.
a. most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday
b. views on toilet training have remained the same over the last several decades
c. children are toilet trained in a way that is nearly identical to their counterparts in traditional cultures
d. a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay “dry” for an hour or two during the day
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Toilet training
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.
EOC_Q5.6
A toddler from a traditional culture would likely _________________________.
a. experience some customary practice for being weaned
b. be abruptly be weaned at age 1
c. be given formula instead of breast milk
d. still be breast feeding at age 5
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Weaning
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.6 Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood.
EOC_Q5.7
When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they _________________________.
a. show the ability to categorize
b. have attained object permanence
c. understand scaffolding
d. use tertiary circular reactions
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Cognitive development in toddlerhood: Piaget’s theory
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.
EOC_Q5.8
According to Vygotsky, ________ is required for cognitive development.
a. social interaction
b. formal education
c. strong parent-child attachment
d. emotional self-regulation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Vygotsky’s cultural theory of cognitive development
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.8 Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with Piaget’s theory.
EOC_Q5.9
When it comes to learning language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is _________________________.
a. the inability for apes to learn more than a few signs
b. the faster pace of humans’ sign language
c. the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways
d. the inability of apes to make requests
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: The biological and evolutionary bases of language
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.9 Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language.
EOC_Q5.10
Which is an example of overextension?
a. A child saying, “He hitted me with a stick”
b. A child saying, “The moon looks happy tonight”
c. A child calling all dogs “Spot”
d. A child saying “I no like peas”
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Milestones of toddler language: from first words to fluency
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.10 Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler years.
EOC_Q5.11
Research on language development has shown that _________________________.
a. social status is correlated with how much parents speak to their young children
b. genetics plays very little role in verbal ability
c. language development in American children is not linked to income level of parents
d. maternal responsiveness to American children’s verbalizations has no impact on when children reach language milestones
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Learning language in a social and cultural context
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.11 Identify how parents’ stimulation of toddlers’ language varies across cultures and evaluate how these variations relate to language development.
EOC_Q5.12
Which emotion doesn’t appear until toddlerhood?
a. Anger
b. Pride
c. Fear
d. Happiness
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Toddlers’ emotions
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.12 Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes.
EOC_Q5.13
The capacity of toddlers to think about themselves as they would about other persons and objects is _________________________.
a. gender identity
b. sex roles
c. stranger anxiety
d. self-reflection
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The birth of the self
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.13 Describe the changes in self-development that take place during toddlerhood.
EOC_Q5.14
When children can identify themselves and others as either male or female they have developed ______________________________.
a. custom complexes
b. gender identity
c. gender stereotypes
d. gender expectations
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Gender identity and the biology of gender development
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.14 Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological basis of gender development.
EOC_Q5.15
Which of the following best characterizes insecure-resistant attachment?
a. A willingness to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment
b. A tendency to be self-centered
c. Acting both relieved and angry at a caregiver after seeing him or her again after separation
d. A dependency on the mother for approval of all activities
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Attachment theory
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 5.15 Describe the essential features of attachment theory and identify the four classifications of attachment.
EOC_Q5.16
Research has shown that a child with a(n) ________ attachment is most likely to have later problems such as hostility, psychopathology, and cognitive deficits.
a. insecure-resistant
b. insecure-avoidant
c. disorganized-disoriented
d. goal-corrected
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Quality of attachment
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.
EOC_Q5.17
Which of the following best describes attachment across cultures?
a. Autonomy and independence are encouraged from an early age across cultures.
b. In all cultures, infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving, protective care.
c. Insecure-resistant attachment is the most common classification in all cultures because many children find the Strange Situation to be very stressful.
d. Children from the United States and Japan tend to be classified the same way in studies employing the Strange Situation paradigm.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Quality of attachment
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.
EOC_Q5.18
In developed countries, fathers would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with their infants or toddlers?
a. Bathing
b. Feeding
c. Soothing
d. Playing
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The role of fathers
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.17 Compare and contrast the typical patterns of father involvement with infants and toddlers in traditional cultures and developed countries.
EOC_Q5.19
During toddlerhood, ______________________________.
a. those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play
b. friendships are based on companionship, mutual affection, and emotional closeness
c. there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present
d. children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The wider social world: siblings, peers, and friends
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.18 Describe relationships with siblings, peers, and friends during toddlerhood.
EOC_Q5.20
Which behavior would be most characteristic of a child who has been diagnosed with autism?
a. preoccupation with talking to strangers
b. preoccupation with repetitive movements
c. preoccupation with looking at faces
d. preoccupation with pointing at objects until others look at them
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Autism: a disruption in social development
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.19 Identify the characteristics of autism and recognize how autism affects prospects for children as they grow to adulthood.
EOC_Q5.21
Research on media has shown that __________________________________.
a. in the United States, it is rare to have a TV in a young child’s bedroom
b. children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviors at this age because prosocial behaviors require more advanced cognitive development
c. TV can inspire imaginative play among toddlers
d. the displacement effect is no longer considered a major problem because of all the media options available
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Media use in toddlerhood
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 5.20 Identify the typical rates of television use in toddlerhood and explain some consequences of toddlers’ TV watching.
PAGE
PAGE 429
Chapter 5, Section 1 Test Item File
PAGE
PAGE 433
Chapter 5, Section 2 Test Item File
PAGE
PAGE 539
Chapter 5, Section 3 Test Item File
Chapter 5, Section 4 Test Item File
| Learning Objective | Remember | Understand | Apply | |
| Learning Objective 5.1 | Multiple Choice | 1,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,
16,19 |
3,4,8,15,18 | 2, 5, 17 |
| Short Answer | ||||
| Essay | 92,93 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.2 | Multiple Choice | 20,22,23,24,25,26,29
31,32,34 |
21,27,30,33,35 | 28,36 |
| Short Answer | 87 | |||
| Essay | ||||
| Learning Objective 5.3 | Multiple Choice | 37,41,45,47,48 | 38,40,42,44,46 | 39,43 |
| Short Answer | ||||
| Essay | 94 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.4 | Multiple Choice | 52,54,58,59,61,63 | 49,51,57,60,62,64,65,66
67 |
50,53,55,56 |
| Short Answer | 88 | 89 | ||
| Essay | 95 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.5 | Multiple Choice | 68,69,70,72,73,74,76,
77,78,79 |
71 | 75,80 |
| Short Answer | 90 | |||
| Essay | ||||
| Learning Objective 5.6 | Multiple Choice | 81,82,83,84,85 | 86 | |
| Short Answer | 91 | |||
| Essay | ||||
| Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions | Multiple Choice |
Chapter 5-Section 1
Toddlerhood
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT
GUIDE
| Learning Objective | Remember | Understand | Apply | |
| Learning Objective 5.7 | Multiple Choice | 1,2,3,7,11,13,14,16,17 | 4,6,8,10,12,19,20 | 5,9,15,18,21 |
| Short Answer | 86 | 85 | ||
| Essay | ||||
| Learning Objective 5.8 | Multiple Choice | 22,23,25,26,27,28,31
33,34 |
24,30,32,35 | 29 |
| Short Answer | 87 | |||
| Essay | 90 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.9 | Multiple Choice | 36,37,38,40,41,42,43
44,46,48 |
39,47,49,50 | 45 |
| Short Answer | 88 | |||
| Essay | ||||
| Learning Objective 5.10 | Multiple Choice | 51,52,55,56,60,62,63,64
65,68,70,71,72,73 |
53,61,66,74 | 54,57,58,59,67,69,75 |
| Short Answer | ||||
| Essay | 91 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.11 | Multiple Choice | 76,78,80,81,82,84 | 77,79 | 83 |
| Short Answer | 89 | |||
| Essay |
Chapter 5-Section 2
Toddlerhood
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT
GUIDE
| Learning Objective | Remember | Understand | Apply | |
| Learning Objective 5.12 | Multiple Choice | 3,6,7,8,9,11,13,14,15
18 |
1,2,4,5,12,17 | 10,16 |
| Short Answer | 103,104 | |||
| Essay | ||||
| Learning Objective 5.13 | Multiple Choice | 20,21,22,23,24,25,26 | 19 | |
| Short Answer | ||||
| Essay | 109 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.14 | Multiple Choice | 27,28,29,30,31,36 | 32,33,34,35,39 | 37,38 |
| Short Answer | ||||
| Essay | ||||
| Learning Objective 5.15 | Multiple Choice | 42,43,45,46,47,48,49
51,52,53,54 |
40,41,44,50,55,56,57
58,59,60,61 |
|
| Short Answer | ||||
| Essay | 110 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.16 | Multiple Choice | 62,65,66,76 | 63,64,67,68,69,70,71
72,73,74,75 |
|
| Short Answer | 105 | 106 | ||
| Essay | ||||
| Learning Objective 5.17 | Multiple Choice | 77,80,81,82,83,84 | 78,79 | |
| Short Answer | 107 | |||
| Essay |
Learning Objective 5.18Multiple Choice85,88,9386,87,89,91,92,9590,94Short Answer100EssayLearning Objective 5.19Multiple Choice96,97,99,10082, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 9198Short Answer108EssayLearning Objective 5.20Multiple Choice101,102Short AnswerEssay
Chapter 5-Section 3
Toddlerhood
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT
GUIDE
Learning Objective Factual Conceptual Application Analytical
| Learning Objective 5.1 | EOC_Q5.1, EOM_Q5.1.1 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.2 | EOC_Q5.2 | EOM_Q5.1.2 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.3 | EOC_Q5.3, EOM_Q5.1.3 | EOM_Q5.1.4 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.4 | EOC_Q5.4 | EOM_Q5.1.5 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.5 | EOC_Q5.5, EOM_Q5.2.1 | EOM_Q5.2.2 | EOM_Q5.2.3 | |
| Learning Objective 5.6 | EOC_Q5.6 | EOM_Q5.2.4, EOM_Q5.2.5 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.7 | EOM_Q5.3.2, EOM_Q5.3.3 | EOC_Q5.7, EOM_Q5.3.1 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.8 | EOC_Q5.8, EOM_Q5.3.4, EOM_Q5.3.5 | |||
| Learning Objective 5.9 | EOC_Q5.9 | EOM_Q5.4.2 | EOM_Q5.4.1 | |
| Learning Objective 5.10 | EOC_Q5.10, EOM_Q5.4.3 | EOM_Q5.4.4 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.11 | EOC_Q5.11 | EOM_Q5.4.5 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.12 | EOC_Q5.12, EOM_Q5.5.1 | EOM_Q5.5.2 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.13 | EOC_Q5.13 | EOM_Q5.5.3 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.14 | EOC_Q5.14, EOM_Q5.5.4 | EOM_Q5.5.5 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.15 | EOC_Q5.15 | EOM_Q5.6.2 | EOM_Q5.6.1 | |
| Learning Objective 5.16 | EOC_Q5.17 | EOC_Q5.16, EOM_Q5.6.3 | EOM_Q5.6.4, EOM_Q5.6.5 | |
| Learning Objective 5.17 | EOC_Q5.18 | EOM_Q5.7.1 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.18 | EOC_Q5.19 | EOM_Q5.7.2 | EOM_Q5.7.3 | |
| Learning Objective 5.19 | EOC_Q5.20 | EOM_Q5.7.4 | ||
| Learning Objective 5.20 | EOC_Q5.21 | EOM_Q5.7.5 |
Chapter 5-Section 4
Revel Multiple Choice Assessments
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT
GUIDE
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