Human Anatomy Physiology 1st Edition By Erin C. Amerman – Test Bank

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Sample Questions Posted Below

 

Human Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition (Amerman)

Chapter 5   The Integumentary System

1) The most superficial component of the skin is the: 

A) loose connective tissue.

B) epidermis.

C) hypodermis.

D) dermis.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

2) The main components of the skin are the:

A) epidermis and dermis.

B) dermis and hypodermis.

C) epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

D) epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and the subcutaneous layer.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

3) Tommy fell and skinned his knee. The scrape did not bleed. He must have only damaged the:

A) epidermis.

B) dermis.

C) hypodermis.

D) subcutaneous layer.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

4) Subcutaneous injections involve administration of medicine into the:

A) epidermis.

B) papillary layer of the dermis.

C) reticular layer of the dermis.

D) hypodermis.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

5) The epidermis is:

A) keratinized mucous membrane.

B) nonkeratinized mucous membrane.

C) nonkeratinized cutaneous membrane.

D) keratinized cutaneous membrane.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

6) How do nutrients reach the epidermis of the skin?

A) Blood vessels carry nutrients directly into the epidermis.

B) Solute pumping transports nutrients into the epidermis. 

C) Nutrients migrate in vesicles from the hypodermis into the epidermis.

D) Diffusion transports nutrients from blood vessels in the dermis into the epidermis.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

7) Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

A) thermoregulation

B) sensation

C) protection

D) vitamin A synthesis

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

8) The region of skin that provides a tough barrier against pathogens and trauma is the:

A) epidermis.

B) dermis.

C) hypodermis.

D) subcutaneous layer.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

9) What tissue composes the epidermis of the skin?

A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

B) nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium

C) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

D) transitional epithelium

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

10) Which sensation is NOT detected by the skin?

A) light touch

B) texture

C) equilibrium

D) temperature

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2, 5.2.2

11) Under what conditions would the skin produce sweat and experience cutaneous vasodilation?

A) upon increase in body temperature

B) upon exposure to UV radiation

C) upon decrease in body temperature

D) due to lack of oxygen

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Analysis

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

12) Which of the following occurs if body temperature rises above normal?

A) Sweat gland activity decreases.

B) The activity of melanocytes increases.

C) Evaporative cooling decreases.

D) Blood flow to the dermis increases.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

13) Which of the following is an appropriate skin response to cold?

A) dermal blood vessels vasoconstrict

B) dermal blood vessels vasodilate

C) vitamin D production increases

D) sebaceous gland secretions increase

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

14) Why is vitamin D necessary?

A) Vitamin D protects the skin from pathogens. 

B) Vitamin D protects the skin from UV radiation.

C) Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine.

D) Vitamin D critical for thermoregulation.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

15) What is the most numerous cell type in the epidermis?

A) keratinocyte

B) dendritic (Langerhans) cell

C) melanocyte

D) Merkel cell

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.1

16) Skin without keratin would be more likely to:

A) lose the sensation of touch.

B) tear upon being mechanically stressed.

C) burn upon exposure to the sun.

D) be unable to thermoregulate.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Application

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

17) From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis?

A) stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale

B) stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

C) stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum granulosum

D) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Analysis

Learning Outcome:  5.2.1

18) All cells in the epidermis arise from mitotic activity in stratum:

A) basale.

B) corneum.

C) granulosum.

D) lucidum.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.1

19) A splinter penetrated into the skin on the palmar surface of the hand. The splinter nearly reached stratum basale of the epidermis. What is the final layer injured by this splinter?

A) stratum lucidum of the epidermis

B) stratum corneum of the epidermis

C) stratum spinosum of the epidermis

D) stratum granulosum of the epidermis

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Analysis

Learning Outcome:  5.2.1

20) Trauma to stratum basale would NOT interfere with the skin’s ability to:

A) shed dead cells.

B) grow.

C) produce vitamin D.

D) produce melanin.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.2.1

21) What type of cell junction bands together adjacent cells, making the epidermis stronger?

A) occluding junction

B) gap junction

C) tight junction

D) desmosome

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.1

22) Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by prominent cytoplasmic granules in the cells?

A) stratum corneum

B) stratum granulosum

C) stratum lucidum

D) stratum spinosum

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.1

23) How long will it take for a suntan to fade?

A) 5 to 10 days

B) 10 to 20 days

C) 20 to 40 days

D) 40 to 50 days

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

24) Jill is blind and often uses braille to read her school assignments. What cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis helps her discriminate between the textured dots?

A) keratinocyte

B) melanocyte

C) Merkel cell

D) dendritic (Langerhans) cell

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Application

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

25) Thin skin lacks stratum:

A) corneum.

B) granulosum.

C) lucidum.

D) spinosum.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.3

26) Thick skin lacks:

A) hair follicles.

B) stratum lucidum.

C) sweat glands.

D) stratum granulosum.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.3

27) Thin skin contains:

A) the same layers of keratinocytes as thick skin.

B) one less layer of keratinocytes than thick skin.

C) one more layer of keratinocytes than thick skin.

D) two more layers of keratinocytes than thick skin.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.2.3

28) Where is thick skin located?

A) face

B) palms

C) buttocks

D) elbow

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.3

29) A callus may develop when both thin and thick skin are subjected to repeated pressure. Which layer of the epidermis develops the callus?

A) stratum spinosum

B) stratum corneum

C) stratum basale

D) stratum lucidum

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.3

30) Where are blood vessels housed that nourish the epidermis?

A) the reticular layer of the dermis

B) stratum basale of the epidermis

C) dermal papillae

D) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.3.2

31) The most superficial layer of the dermis is the:

A) stratum basale.

B) hypodermis.

C) reticular layer.

D) papillary layer.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

32) What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

A) hyaline cartilage.

B) loose connective tissue

C) dense regular connective tissue

D) dense irregular connective tissue

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

33) Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis?

A) keratinocyte

B) melanocyte

C) dendritic (Langerhans) cell

D) fibroblast

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

34) Despite the strength of the dermis, it is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

A) The skin will darken due to increased melanin accumulation.

B) Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear.

C) Flexure lines appear where the skin has been stressed.

D) Tension, or cleavage, lines disappear.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

35) Thomas is deaf, but can feel the vibrations of music through sensory receptors in his skin called:

A) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles.

B) dermal papillae.

C) Merkel cells.

D) tactile (Meissner) corpuscles.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

36) We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by:

A) Merkel cells.

B) dendritic (Langerhans) cells.

C) cleavage lines.

D) epidermal ridges.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.3.3

37) Melanin is produced upon exposure to:

A) cold.

B) heat.

C) UV radiation.

D) wind.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.4.1

38) Exposure to UV radiation causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of:

A) hemoglobin.

B) keratin.

C) collagen.

D) melanin.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.4.1

39) How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?

A) Keratinocytes provide the melanocyte with nutrients critical for melanin synthesis.

B) Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte’s DNA.

C) Keratinocytes maintain the proper pH for melanocytes to synthesize melanin granules. 

D) Keratinocytes maintain the appropriate temperature so the melanin will not denature.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.4.1

40) Which of the following is a yellow-orange skin pigment?

A) melanin

B) hemoglobin

C) carotene

D) cyanide

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.4.2

41) Exercise often makes the skin flush red, a condition known as:

A) jaundice.

B) erythema.

C) pallor.

D) cyanosis.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.4.3

42) What does cyanosis signify?

A) A person has been exposed to too much sun.

B) A person has been kept out of the sun.

C) A person has oxygen-starved skin. 

D) A person has been exposed to cyanide.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.4.3

43) What do dead keratinized cells form?

A) arrector pili muscle

B) hair bulb

C) hair shaft

D) hair root

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

44) What do vellus hairs lack?

A) pigment

B) cortex

C) keratin

D) cuticle

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

45) What part of the hair dies in response to hormones, such as testosterone, in male pattern baldness?

A) hair matrix

B) hair follicle

C) hair cortex

D) hair medulla

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.2

46) What stands hairs on end, causing piloerection?

A) epidermal ridges

B) dermal papillae

C) arrector pili muscle

D) epithelial root sheath

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

47) Why are eyelashes shorter than terminal hairs on the scalp?

A) hormones in the eyebrow follicle turn off growth after it has reached a predetermined length

B) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is much less than that of the hair follicle on the scalp

C) eyelashes grow slower than terminal hairs

D) the growth stage of an eyelash is shorter

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.5.2

48) For a male post-puberty, the majority of vellus hairs have transitioned to:

A) arrector pili muscles.

B) white hairs.

C) terminal hairs.

D) lanugo.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

49) The cuticle around a nail is the:

A) eponychium.

B) hyponychium.

C) perinychium.

D) lunula.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

50) The nail body covers the:

A) nail root.

B) nail bed.

C) lunula.

D) cuticle.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

51) Nail production occurs at the nail:

A) body.

B) bed.

C) root.

D) cuticle.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

52) Eccrine glands produce:

A) cerumen.

B) sebum.

C) sweat containing mostly water.

D) hormones.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.3

53) What stimulates the secretion of sebum?

A) high temperatures

B) sex hormones

C) UV radiation

D) low temperatures

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.4

54) Mammary glands are specialized:

A) sweat glands.

B) holocrine glands.

C) sebaceous glands.

D) ceruminous glands.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.3

55) Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions from the:

A) eccrine glands.

B) apocrine glands.

C) mammary glands.

D) sebaceous glands.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.5.4

56) What symptom distinguishes a second-degree from a third-degree burn?

A) presence of significant pain initially with the third-degree burn

B) presence of erythema associated with the third-degree burn

C) presence of blisters associated with the third-degree burn

D) lack of initial pain associated with the third-degree burn

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.6.1

57) A patient arrives in your clinic with a sunburn that affects the epidermis only. Her skin appears red and is mildly painful. You believe she has a:

A) first-degree burn.

B) second-degree burn.

C) third-degree burn.

D) fourth-degree burn.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Application

Learning Outcome:  5.6.1

58) The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by:

A) melanin.

B) burns.

C) basal cell carcinoma.

D) malignant melanoma. 

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.6.1

59) The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a:

A) first-degree burn.

B) second-degree burn.

C) third-degree burn.

D) partial-thickness burn.

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.6.1

60) Squamous cell carcinoma arises from:

A) keratinocytes in stratum corneum.

B) melanocytes.

C) keratinocytes in stratum basale.

D) keratinocytes in stratum spinosum.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.6.2

61) The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from:

A) squamous cell carcinoma.

B) basal cell carcinoma.

C) freckles.

D) melanoma.

Answer:  D

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.6.2

62) Subcutaneous injections are placed into the hypodermis beneath the skin.

Answer:  TRUE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

63) Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes in the skin and internal body fluids.

Answer:  TRUE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

64) Stratum lucidum is found in all types of skin covering the entire body.

Answer:  FALSE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

65) Skin pigmentation is provided by Merkel cells.

Answer:  FALSE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

66) The papillary layer of the dermis consists of loose connective tissue that is built for warmth and insulation. 

Answer:  FALSE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

67) Extreme stretching of the reticular layer of the dermis results in tension, or cleavage, lines.

Answer:  FALSE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

68) Vesicles known as melanosomes are taken into the cytosol of keratinocytes by endocytosis. The melanosome is transported to the superficial side of the keratinocyte to shield its nucleus. 

Answer:  TRUE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.4.1

69) Carotene and hemoglobin are two minor skin pigments that contribute to skin color. 

Answer:  TRUE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.4.2

70) Hairs grow from cells in the matrix of the root that are still undergoing keratinization. 

Answer:  TRUE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.5.2

71) Cerumen, produced by modified apocrine glands, lines the ear canal to lubricate the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and trap incoming particles before they reach the membrane. 

Answer:  TRUE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.5.3

72) The rule of nines is used to distinguish the various types of skin cancers from one another. 

Answer:  FALSE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.6.1

73) The ABCDE rule divides the body into 11 areas, each representing 9% of the total body surface area to estimate the percent of the body affected by burns. 

Answer:  FALSE

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.6.2

Match the following information with the skin image.

74) Epidermis

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

75) Arrector pili muscle

Answer:  E

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

76) Gland that contributes to thermoregulation

Answer:  H

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

77) Gland that produces a moist, hydrophobic secretion 

Answer:  G

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

78) Keratinocytes make up most of this skin layer.

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

79) Loose and dense connective tissues are located in this skin layer.

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

80) Sweat gland

Answer:  H

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

81) Avascular skin layer

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

82) Layer that is pigmented by melanin

Answer:  A

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

83) Layer not considered part of the skin

Answer:  C

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.1

84) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles are situated in this skin layer

Answer:  B

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.3.1

85) Describe the role of skin in thermoregulation.

Answer:  Thermoregulation is the maintenance of a stable body temperature. The hypothalamus may increase sweating and cutaneous vasodilation when body temperature increases. The evaporation of sweat produces a cooling effect. The dilation of vessels in the dermis allows for radiation and loss of heat into the environment. In contrast, in order to reduce heat loss from the skin when body temperature drops, dermal blood vessels are constricted. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

86) What vitamin is synthesized by the skin? Explain why this vitamin is critical for various physiological processes.

Answer:  Vitamin D is synthesized by the skin upon exposure to certain wavelengths of sunlight. Vitamin D is converted to cholecalciferol and transported in the blood for modification by the liver, and then the kidneys, to form calcitriol. Vitamin D is required to absorb calcium ions from the small intestine. Calcium ions are important for nerve function, muscle contraction, building and maintaining bone tissue, and many other physiological processes. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2

87) Identify and describe the fibrous protein made by keratinocytes.

Answer:  Keratin is the fibrous protein made by keratinocytes. Keratin makes a tissue tougher and more resistant to mechanical stress. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

88) Four year old Susie loves carrots. Her skin has turned orange from a pigment found in carrots called beta carotene. Briefly explain how long it will take for Susie’s skin to return to its normal color.

Answer:  A cell housing beta carotene begins life in stratum basale. It will travel up through the strata of the epidermis until it reaches stratum corneum. The cell will be sloughed in approximately 40 to 50 days. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

89) Why should a surgeon cut along the tension (cleavage) lines when performing surgery?

Answer:  A skin wound cut parallel to the tension (cleavage) lines tends to heal with minimal scarring as the edges of the skin wound tend to stay closed.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.3.3

90) Assess the following statement for accuracy. Dark brown skin contains more melanocytes than pale skin.

Answer:  The number of melanocytes is virtually identical among all individuals, irrespective of skin color. The spectrum of skin tones is due to the differences in the amount of tyrosinase activity and the type of melanin produced rather than the number of melanocytes. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Application

Learning Outcome:  5.4.1

91) Explain why the skin appears tanned, or darker, after spending time in the sun.

Answer:  Melanin synthesis increases upon exposure to UV radiation from the sun or sunlamps. This leads to tanning, or darkening of skin pigmentation. UV radiation also damages the DNA of the melanocytes, which increases the production of additional melanin.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.4.1

92) Christina’s fair skin flushes red when she exercises. What is the name of this condition and why does her skin appear red?

Answer:  The skin color imparted by hemoglobin may change based on the amount of blood flowing through the dermis. Recall that the dermis is highly vascular while the epidermis is avascular. The skin becomes brighter red when blood flow through the dermis increases, as when the body is trying to release heat during exercise. This color change is called erythema. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.4.3

93) How do vellus hairs differ from terminal hairs? 

Answer:  Terminal hairs are thick, coarse, and pigmented. They are found on the scalp and around the eyes. Vellus hairs are thin, nonpigmented, and found all over the remainder of the body. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1

94) Explain how nails grow.

Answer:  Nail growth occurs at the nail matrix, found within the nail root, where actively dividing cells push those above them distally. The keratinocytes making up a nail die and keratinize as they are pushed farther from the blood supply. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.5.2

95) Explain how the secretions of eccrine sweat glands differ from those of the apocrine sweat glands. 

Answer:  The sweat released by eccrine sweat glands is 99% water, with small amounts of solutes–including electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride ions–and waste products such as lactic acid. Sweat also contains antimicrobial compounds and has a slightly acidic pH, both of which deter the growth of pathogens. Sweat from apocrine sweat glands is thick and rich in proteins. Although sweat from apocrine glands is odorless, after being secreted it is metabolized by bacteria in the skin, which produces a characteristic odor.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.5.4

96) What secretion do we intend to inhibit with the application of antiperspirants to the axillae (armpits)? Why apply a deodorant to the axillae?

Answer:  Although sweat released from apocrine sweat glands is odorless, after being secreted it is metabolized by bacteria in the skin, which produces a characteristic odor. Antiperspirants suppress these secretions while deodorants block the odor-causing bacteria. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Application

Learning Outcome:  5.5.4

97) List the three types of burns and the region of skin each affects.

Answer:  1) First-degree burns (superficial burns) only affect the epidermis. 2) Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) involve the epidermis and part or all of the dermis. 3) Third-degree burns (full thickness burns) involve the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and possibly deeper tissues including muscle and bone.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1) Knowledge

Learning Outcome:  5.6.1

98) Explain the ABCDE rule used to distinguish melanomas from other skin cancers and from normal moles. 

Answer:  A is for an asymmetrical shape (the two sides do not match). B is for border irregularity. C stands for color, usually blue-black or a variety of colors. D is for the diameter (generally larger than 6 mm, the size of a pencil eraser). Finally, E is for an evolving (changing) shape and size.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.6.2

99) Into which layer of the skin do you think tattoo ink is injected? Explain why.

Answer:  The ink from a tattoo must be injected into the dermis. The cells of the epidermis are sloughed every 40 to 50 days, so a tattoo injected here would hardly last more than a month. Cells that begin life in the stratum basale will travel through all the strata of the epidermis until they reach stratum corneum. These cells are shed and replaced by cells undergoing mitosis in deeper layers. The ink injected into the dermis for a tattoo would remain in this layer.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.2.2

100) Discuss why melanin decreases the synthesis of vitamin D in response to UV radiation. Why is it necessary to maintain normal levels of vitamin D?

Answer:  Upon exposure to UV radiation, melanin is produced to protect the skin and to decrease vitamin D production. Too much exposure to sunlight would increase vitamin D levels above normal. Vitamin D levels must be kept within a specific range since excess amounts can lead to calcium imbalance and kidney failure. Recall that Vitamin D is required to absorb calcium ions from the small intestine, which are important for nerve function, muscle contraction, building and maintaining bone tissue, and many other physiological processes. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.1.2, 5.4.1

101) Kim shut her finger in her car door. Her fingernail turned black, fell off, and did not regrow. What part of her nail was damaged? Why did her fingernail not grow back?

Answer:  Since Kim’s fingernail fell off and did not grow back, she damaged the nail matrix within the nail root which provides nail growth. Actively dividing cells push the nail distally from the nail root. Without a nail matrix, we would not expect her fingernail to grow back. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Analysis

Learning Outcome:  5.5.1, 5.5.2

102) Society values cleanliness as evidenced by our frequent washing, and the volume of creams, conditions, lotions, and moisturizers we buy. What secretion are we removing with frequent washing and why is that secretion important for the skin?

Answer:  Frequent washing removes sebum. Sebum is produced by sebaceous glands and coats the surface of the skin and hair. It helps keep skin moist by providing a hydrophobic barrier that prevents water from leaving it. Sebum also kills certain bacteria and deters their growth. 

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3) Application

Learning Outcome:  5.5.4

103) Amy works in a clinic and has several patients arrive with burns. Describe how she can distinguish between the first-degree and second-degree burns.

Answer:  First-degree burns only affect the epidermis and cause erythema (redness), minor pain, but no blisters or permanent damage. Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part or all of the dermis. Significant pain, blistering, and possible scarring distinguish the second-degree burn from a first-degree burn.

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  2) Comprehension

Learning Outcome:  5.6.1