Invitation To The Life Span 3rd Edition By Kathleen Stassen Berger – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

Sample Questions Posted Below

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. Explain the role that social awareness plays in the development of toddler emotions, such as jealousy. What role does culture
play in the development of pride and shame?
2. Briefly discuss three predictors of secure attachment in infants.
3. Name at least four conditions that can result in an insecure attachment between infants and caregivers. What might be done to
improve the level of attachment?
4. Describe synchrony, and examine its role in infant development. Give three outcomes that may occur if little or no synchrony
is apparent in an infant’s life.
5. A father is in the living room with his 1-year-old daughter. Suddenly, loud music blares next door. What would be a typical
child’s response and what is it based upon?
6. Why does a child use social referencing?
7. Compare the behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives on early childhood personality development.
8. What is a working model, and how does a 1-year-old child develop one? Give an example of how a working model could
change from negative to positive over time.
9. Describe the five characteristics of high-quality day care.
10. The infant’s smile that appears whenever mother peeks over the side of the crib and makes a funny face is called a _____
smile.
11. An infant who cries when an unknown person approaches is displaying _____.
12. An infant’s fear of being left alone by a parent or other caregiver is called _____.
13. Baby Ava first met her grandmother when she was just a week old. Their second meeting was at Ava’s first birthday party.
However, Ava wanted nothing to do with her grandmother, whose feelings were deeply hurt. Ava’s behavior may be
explained by _____.
14. Children’s realization that they are separate persons with minds, bodies, and actions separate from those around them is called
_____.
15. Many specific aspects of brain development support social emotions. The social smile and laughter, for example, appear as
the infant’s_____ matures.
16. The biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that remains stable
across time and situations is what psychologists call _____.
17. The three dimensions of temperament are _____, negative mood, and exuberant.
18. The three dimensions of temperament are effortful control, _____, and exuberant.
19. The three dimensions of temperament are control, negative mood, and _____.
20. The term for the patterned “waltz” of mutual exchange between parent and infant is _____.
21. The importance of synchrony in normal development is tested by means of the _____ technique.
22. Attachment begins to form in early life, usually solidifying by the age of _____.
23. The proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors of the 12-month-old infant are evidenced by the affectionate tie
that Ainsworth called _____.

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24. One-year-old Joseph follows his mother when she moves about the house and tries to climb up her legs when she is sitting in
a chair. He is exhibiting his attachment to her through _____ behavior.
25. A 12-month-old girl who shows no distress at her mother’s departure and is also indifferent to her return is probably
displaying _____ attachment.
26. A 12-month-old boy who clings anxiously to his mother and cries loudly every time she moves toward the door is probably
demonstrating _____ attachment.
27. The child who first hits her mother, then kisses her with a blank expression, would be classified as displaying _____
attachment.
28. The classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment by evoking an infant’s reaction to stress is called the _____.
29. Research on the developmental progression of adopted Romanian infants reveals that early _____, not genetics, was the most
likely cause of their later problems.
30. When infants watch other people for emotional cues in uncertain situations, they are engaging in _____.
31. _____ tend to engage their infants in more active play than the infant’s other parent does.
32. _____ is, literally, “other-care”: the care of children by people other than the biological parents.
33. Research on the roles of fathers and mothers in infant care reveals that they cooperate and complement each other in a wellfunctioning family; however, mothers tend to be the usual _____.
34. The strong, loving bond that forms as parents hold and feed their newborn is known as the _____.
35. According to Freud, if a parent is too strict with toilet training, it can result in a child who is fixated in the _____ stage.
36. When a baby discovers that her world is a fairly predictable place in which her needs are met by a responsive caregiver,
Erikson would say she has resolved the crisis of ______ versus mistrust.
37. According to Erikson, the central crisis of toddlerhood is _____ versus shame and doubt.
38. Psychologists from the _____ school of thought believe that a child’s personality is “created” or largely determined by his or
her parents.
39. Theorists in the behaviorist tradition, such as Albert Bandura, include the role of _____ learning in explaining how
personality traits form.
40. Katherine, who provides her daughter with toys, encourages self-feeding, and talks to her face-to-face instead of
communicating by touch, is using _____ parenting practices.
41. According to cognitive theory, the set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences is called
a _____ model.
42. One characteristic of day care that researchers agree is extremely important is the encouragement of language and _____
within the day care setting. This includes songs, conversations, and positive talk, as well as easily manipulated toys.
43. The social smile in response to another person begins to appear at about 3 weeks of age.
A) True
B) False
44. Colic is likely the result of immature digestion in infants.
A) True
B) False
45. Infants as young as 6 months of age seem capable of expressing anger.
A) True
B) False

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46. Baby Roland wants his bottle, but he can’t reach it. He gets angry, his face turns red, and he yells loudly. His anger is a
healthy response to his frustration.
A) True
B) False
47. An 11-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers but no longer display separation anxiety.
A) True
B) False
48. At age 5, Ilaria still exhibits very strong separation anxiety whenever her mother leaves her anywhere. Ilaria’s behavior is
evidence of sound emotional health.
A) True
B) False
49. Parents in North America are more likely to encourage their children to feel modesty and shame than parents in Asia.
A) True
B) False
50. Social interactions are the only foundations for emotional growth.
A) True
B) False
51. Around age 1, an emerging sense of “me” and “mine” leads to a new consciousness of others.
A) True
B) False
52. Self-recognition, as revealed by the mirror test, usually emerges at about 18 months.
A) True
B) False
53. The difficulty in distinguishing distinct emotions in early infancy is probably the result of brain immaturity.
A) True
B) False
54. Abuse has few long-term consequences for a child’s emotional development.
A) True
B) False
55. Temperament is based in environment.
A) True
B) False
56. Fearful babies invariably grow into fearful adults, as destined by their genes.
A) True
B) False
57. When a father makes a silly face and his infant widens her eyes in surprise, there is evidence of synchrony.
A) True
B) False
58. Infants of depressed mothers are still better off staying home with their mothers than being sent to other caregiving situations.
A) True
B) False
59. Attachment develops in infancy and then wanes over time.
A) True
B) False
60. Infants demonstrate attachment with proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors.
A) True
B) False
61. A securely attached infant is likely to explore an unfamiliar environment when his or her primary caregiver is present.
A) True
B) False

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62. The Strange Situation is a classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment.
A) True
B) False
63. It has been shown that babies are often unaffected by and immune to parental stress.
A) True
B) False
64. Eddie was a securely attached infant. As a preschooler, his living situation changed, so his attachment has loosened. This
makes sense because attachment status can change over time.
A) True
B) False
65. An insecure attachment in infancy means that the child is destined for lifelong problems with relationships.
A) True
B) False
66. Madison’s mother warmly greeted an old friend in the grocery store. After observing her mother, Madison smiled, too.
Madison engaged in social referencing to guide her own reaction to her mother’s friend.
A) True
B) False
67. Studies show that there are significant differences between mother–child play and father–child play with infants under 12
months of age.
A) True
B) False
68. Mothers are better than fathers at reading their infants’ emotions and responding with synchrony.
A) True
B) False
69. According to Freud, preventing sucking or weaning too early during infancy may have lasting effects on later personality
development.
A) True
B) False
70. Like Freud, Erikson argued that problems and conflicts that arise in early childhood could adversely affect one’s adult
personality.
A) True
B) False
71. Social learning is achieved by observing others.
A) True
B) False
72. According to cognitive theorists, beliefs and thoughts determine one’s perspective on the world.
A) True
B) False
73. In-home day care is always preferable to out-of-home day care.
A) True
B) False
74. Vivian is less than a day old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent?
A) social smile
B) pain
C) embarrassed crying
D) fear of strangers
75. Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?
A) anger
B) laughter
C) fear of unexpected sounds
D) the social smile

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76. Lin is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following is he likely to have just recently begun displaying?
A) social smile
B) laughter
C) sadness
D) fear
77. At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica’s newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be _____.
A) fear of strangers
B) a wide-eyed look of surprise
C) a social smile
D) a squeal of delight at her favorite toy
78. An infant’s anger is usually triggered by _____.
A) sadness
B) fear
C) frustration
D) shame
79. Genji participated in a research study when he was an infant, during which the researcher restrained his arms for two minutes.
Which emotion did Genji likely experience?
A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame
80. Maxwell has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. How old is Maxwell likely to be?
A) 6 weeks
B) 2 months
C) 6 months
D) 10 months
81. Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at _____ months.
A) 3
B) 4
C) 9
D) 12
82. When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is about to leave, the baby is exhibiting _____.
A) general anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) solitary fear
D) fear of isolation
83. When baby Lia met her uncle’s big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Lia is most likely
_____.
A) a newborn
B) 3 months old
C) 6 months old
D) 9 months old
84. An infant’s distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called _____.
A) stranger wariness
B) extrafamilial fear
C) fear of the unknown
D) separation anxiety
85. Four-month-old Sylvia and 13-month-old Lizzy are left with a babysitter. How will they react?
A) Sylvia will be more upset than Lizzy.
B) Lizzy will probably show more distress than Sylvia.
C) Both Sylvia and Lizzy will be experiencing separation anxiety.
D) Neither girl is likely to show distress.
86. Which statement is correct?
A) The social smile in response to another person first appears at about 12 weeks old.
B) Very young infants seem incapable of expressing distress and contentment.
C) A 5-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
D) An 11-month-old girl may show anxiety when her mother goes into another room.

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87. Malcolm is a 2-year-old boy who loves his “lellow-lee” (yellow blanket) and won’t take a nap without it. Malcolm’s yellow
blanket would be considered a(n) _____.
A) sign of separation anxiety
B) transitional object
C) imaginary friend
D) indication of attachment problems
88. Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness, depend in part on _____.
A) self-recognition
B) self-control
C) memory
D) embarrassment
89. Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?
A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity
90. Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?
A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity
91. Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?
A) social awareness
B) social skills
C) stranger anxiety
D) embarrassment
92. With social awareness comes several new emotions, including _____.
A) joy, distress, fear, and anger
B) pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
C) joy, fear, shame, and guilt
D) pride, shame, joy, and anger
93. The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first _____.
A) develop long-term memory skills
B) develop language to express those emotions
C) gain an awareness of other people
D) have experienced punishment
94. Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?
A) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves.
B) Emotions such as pride and humility depend on cultural values.
C) Toddlers are naturally humble.
D) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents.
95. Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies’ noses and then had them look into a mirror. On average, at what age did most
babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?
A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 18 months
96. If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl’s nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own
nose. This indicates that the child has some _____.
A) dynamic perception
B) perceptual constancy
C) social referencing
D) self-awareness
97. Experience produces connections between _____ and emotions.
A) self-recognition
B) self-control
C) neurons
D) allocare

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98. Research has found that a person’s temperament is _____.
A) highly variable from one country to the next
B) determined almost entirely by parenting
C) linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
D) created during early social interactions
99. The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called _____.
A) psychosocialization
B) synchrony
C) symbiosis
D) interplay
100. The crucial aspect of synchrony is _____.
A) infants observing adults
B) infants imitating adults
C) mutual interaction
D) unilateral imitation
101. George’s Dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees George sitting on the sofa, and says, “Where’s that boy of mine?”
George gives his Dad a wide smile, and his Dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of _____.
A) psychosocialization
B) symbiosis
C) polarization
D) synchrony
102. Synchrony depends on _____.
A) attention span
B) stable mood
C) responsiveness and timing
D) breast-feeding
103. Andrew and Laura want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old son. They can best do this by _____.
A) imitating his vocal and facial expressions
B) watching him imitate their mouth movements and smiles
C) listening to his vocalizations
D) including him in their conversations
104. In research on synchrony, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their facial expressions, and then
on cue to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the _____.
A) facial mimicking technique
B) emotional expression technique
C) still-face technique
D) social response technique
105. Lawrence is playing with his infant daughter Rosalie. He responds to Rosalie’s facial expressions by mimicking and
exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Lawrence stops showing any emotion. How is Rosalie likely to respond?
A) Rosalie will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her father.
B) Rosalie will be glad for the break and will probably fall asleep.
C) Rosalie will exaggerate her father’s facial expression.
D) Rosalie will smile and coo even more to try to get her father to respond.
106. The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called _____.
A) pair-bonding
B) attachment
C) unionization
D) synchrony
107. Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of _____.
A) 6 months
B) 8 months
C) 10 months
D) 1 year
108. Proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors are displays of _____.
A) love
B) fear
C) attachment
D) friendliness

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109. Based on research, attachment appears to be _____.
A) based on cognitive theory
B) achieved only by adults
C) universal
D) only in Western cultures
110. Which scenario portrays a secure attachment?
A) a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
B) a child refusing to let other children play with his toys
C) a child clinging to her mother in a new environment
D) a child mimicking his mother’s expressions in a familiar environment
111. Baby Abby’s Father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Because this
is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment?
A) insecure-avoidant
B) disorganized
C) secure-detached
D) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
112. Jerome clings to his Mother and refuses to leave her lap. Jerome is exhibiting _____ attachment behavior.
A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disoriented
113. Nine-month-old Taran explores new environments when his Mother is present but shows distress when she leaves the room.
Taran’s behavior illustrates a(n) _____ attachment.
A) secure
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) insecure-avoidant
D) disorganized
114. A sign of secure attachment is when a child _____.
A) refuses to let go of the caregiver’s arm
B) plays aimlessly without interacting with the caregiver
C) shows extreme fear and anger
D) maintains contact with the caregiver while exploring
115. A child with secure attachment is one who _____.
A) ignores the caregiver while sitting in a corner
B) expresses fear at the sight of the caregiver
C) makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver reenters the room
D) refuses to let go of the caregiver when the caregiver attempts to place the child on the floor
116. A toddler with secure attachment _____.
A) is willing to explore
B) is self-centered
C) clings to his mother
D) wants to talk a lot
117. Jessica does not notice when her Father leaves the day care center and ignores him when he returns. Jessica’s behavior is
characteristic of _____ attachment.
A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disorganized
118. Which psychologist developed the Strange Situation test?
A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Skinner
D) Ainsworth
119. The Strange Situation measures how a child _____.
A) responds to a stranger
B) plays with a parent
C) responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver
D) plays with toys he or she has never seen before

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120. In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be _____.
A) smiling at her mother when she returns to the room
B) crying and being unable to be comforted when her mother returns
C) seeking contact with her mother when reunited
D) playing happily as long as her mother is present
121. In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is _____.
A) smiling at his mother when she returns to the room
B) crying and not being comforted when his mother comes back
C) ignoring his mother when she returns to the room
D) being reluctant to leave his mother to play with new toys
122. Dr. Berkowitz is doing research using the Strange Situation in order to measure a child’s _____.
A) fear
B) love
C) attachment
D) depth perception
123. Eric’s Mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned, Eric climbed into her lap and then resumed playing. Eric is
probably a(n) _____ attached child.
A) insecurely
B) securely
C) timidly
D) disorganized
124. Recent research has indicated that once an infant has become securely attached to an adult _____.
A) a healthy personality is expected throughout life
B) no relationship problems will occur later on
C) he or she is likely to be a securely attached child unless new trauma arises
D) his or her attachment status never changes
125. Josie is 15 months old. Her parents are happy in their marriage and financially stable. Most likely, Josie’s attachment type
will be _____.
A) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
B) insecure-avoidant
C) disorganized
D) secure
126. Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the late twentieth century, what might
be concluded about attachment?
A) A person’s attachment style starts to be set by about 6 months of age, but is not complete.
B) There is no sensitive period for attachment.
C) No matter how impoverished an infant’s emotional environment, effortful control will protect the child from permanent
psychological damage.
D) As long as children are adopted by 6 years of age, they can overcome any emotional disability that had developed prior
to that.
127. A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called _____.
A) separation anxiety
B) social referencing
C) stranger anxiety
D) uncertainty checking
128. A parent and a toddler meet someone who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will probably _____.
A) act anxious
B) smile and reach for the person
C) start crying and hit the person
D) not show any reaction
129. Abed is 12 months old, and his uncle Nadin is visiting for the first time in 6 months. Nadin is delighted to see his nephew, so
as he enters the room, he booms, “There’s my little man!” Abed looks to his mother, who is smiling broadly at her brother,
and crawls to him to be picked up. Abed is demonstrating _____.
A) attachment disorder
B) social referencing
C) social phobia
D) insecure attachment

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130. Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York
City and would never think of eating beef liver, but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food
preference?
A) differences in attachment styles
B) biological differences in their taste buds
C) behavioral reinforcement
D) social referencing
131. Compared with mothers, fathers are more likely to make their infants _____.
A) stop crying
B) laugh
C) go to sleep
D) say “please”
132. When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to _____.
A) engage in physical play
B) help children to become less fearful
C) engage in noisy play
D) play peek-a-boo
133. Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his 1-year-old son. Compared with his wife, Geoffrey’s interaction with their son is likely
to be _____.
A) more actively playful
B) less noisy and boisterous
C) more involved with basic care
D) less active and energetic
134. When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to _____.
A) read stories
B) engage in physical play
C) show them how to play with their toys
D) give them food rewards
135. One clear difference between father–infant and mother–infant interactions is that _____.
A) fathers foster insecure attachment
B) babies find their mothers more fun
C) babies laugh and smile more with their fathers
D) fathers do not affect their babies’ cognitive development
136. Close father–infant relationships can teach infants (especially boys) appropriate expressions of emotion, particularly _____.
A) anger
B) disgust
C) sadness
D) fear
137. Allocare refers to children being cared for by _____.
A) their biological parents
B) foster parents
C) the siblings
D) people other than their biological parents
138. Child care that is provided a person other than the parents is called _____.
A) center day care
B) allocare
C) decentralized day care
D) extrafamilial day care
139. When Laurel gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the newborn. This sort of caregiving by
someone other than the baby’s parents is called _____.
A) proximal parenting
B) allocare
C) kinship
D) distal parenting
140. Sigmund Freud was a _____.
A) social learning theorist
B) behaviorist
C) psychoanalytic theorist
D) cognitive theorist

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141. A child’s typical activity during the oral stage is _____.
A) sucking on a pacifier
B) toilet training
C) feeling a blanket using the fingers
D) playing peek-a-boo
142. According to psychoanalytic theory, the child’s prime focus of pleasure in the first year of life is the _____.
A) anus
B) stomach
C) hands and feet
D) mouth
143. Freud’s stage that takes place in the second year is called _____.
A) the phallic stage
B) the anal stage
C) trust versus mistrust
D) the oral stage
144. Freud claimed that during the anal stage _____.
A) infants often find urinating and defecating to be painful
B) toilet training leads to positive mother–child interactions
C) infants find pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels
D) infants strive to develop a sense of trust in the parents
145. How do people become “fixated” in a Freudian stage?
A) They experience excessive emotions.
B) Their normal developmental urges are frustrated.
C) Their mother is not their primary caregiver.
D) They fail to undergo a normal cognitive metamorphosis.
146. A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who _____.
A) talks excessively
B) is excessively neat
C) is a homosexual
D) has intense fears
147. Freud would attribute an adult’s overeating to problems during which childhood developmental stage?
A) sensorimotor
B) oral
C) anal
D) phallic
148. Shaunquelle is an adult who requires regularity in all aspects of her life. She eats the same lunch every day, organizes her
clothes by season in her closet, and becomes distressed when the juice is put on the wrong shelf in the refrigerator.
Shaunquelle appears to be fixated at the _____ stage.
A) sensorimotor
B) oral
C) anal
D) phallic
149. In Erikson’s theory, the infant’s earliest task is described as that of _____.
A) obtaining oral gratification
B) controlling bodily functions
C) learning pain and pleasure
D) learning trust or mistrust
150. The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is _____.
A) industry versus inferiority
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) trust versus mistrust
D) the oral stage
151. Erikson’s second stage of development is called _____.
A) attachment versus self-awareness
B) pride versus shame
C) trust versus mistrust
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

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152. If a child successfully resolves Erikson’s first stage, he or she can be expected to _____.
A) explore his or her world
B) be increasingly obsessive
C) greet strangers with a smile
D) be an easy baby
153. A toddler in Freud’s anal stage would also be at Erikson’s _____.
A) autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
B) oral stage
C) trust versus mistrust stage
D) object permanence stage
154. According to Erikson’s theory, what holds true for most toddlers?
A) They want to depend on their caregivers to meet all of their needs.
B) They want to gain a sense of control over their own bodies.
C) Toilet training is only a minor step in learning a sense of autonomy.
D) They need to feel guilt and shame in order to strengthen their sense of autonomy.
155. Another term for self-rule is _____.
A) governed
B) synchrony
C) autonomy
D) controlled
156. According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one’s own actions is most closely identified with _____.
A) mistrust
B) synchrony
C) the oral stage
D) shame and doubt
157. The autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis involves the child _____.
A) exhibiting a sense of trust
B) asserting control over his or her own actions
C) developing a sense of worthiness
D) getting along with other children
158. The Western value of independence is clearly exhibited in _____.
A) Erikson’s stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Freud’s oral stage
C) Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
D) epigenetic theory
159. Huan is 20 months old, and his Mother is in a hurry. She wants to put his shoes on, but Huan rejects her efforts by squirming
and declaring, “No! Me!” It takes him five minutes, and his shoes end up on the wrong feet, but he proudly skips out to the
car when he’s done. Huan is in Erikson’s _____ stage.
A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) anal stage
D) oral stage
160. According to traditional behaviorism, personality is _____.
A) molded by one’s parents
B) due to nature
C) in the unconscious mind
D) unchangeable
161. Which theorist stated, “Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon
the parents’ shoulders”?
A) Erikson
B) Skinner
C) Freud
D) Watson
162. _____ learning takes place by observing others.
A) Cognitive
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Social
D) Developmental

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163. Developmentalists have demonstrated that social learning takes place _____.
A) through early childhood
B) through middle childhood
C) through adolescence
D) throughout life
164. Margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who hold their baby often. They are exhibiting _____.
A) proximal parenting
B) distal parenting
C) authoritarian parenting
D) autonomous parenting
165. When Renee falls and hurts herself, she cries and runs to her Father. Rather than comforting Renee, her Father offers her a
toy to distract her. Her father is probably a(n) _____.
A) proximal parent
B) distal parent
C) authoritative parent
D) slow-to-warm-up parent
166. According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of assumptions that become a frame of
reference for later in life. Such a set of assumptions is called a _____.
A) referential hypothesis
B) working model
C) schematic plan
D) work-in-progress
167. One-year-old Scotlyn lives in a loving, but noisy, family home with her parents and four siblings. She receives much positive
attention and has a trusting relationship with her family. She will MOST likely develop _____ as her working model.
A) a fixed frame of reference that families are large
B) a fixed frame of reference that she will always be the youngest in her family
C) a frame of reference that families are loving and loud
D) a frame of reference that children are reinforced for making noise
168. A working model, according to cognitive theory, _____.
A) can never change
B) is final
C) can be reorganized
D) is irrational
169. Center-based day care is common in countries such as France, Israel, and China, where _____.
A) parental policies are highly variable by location and employer
B) there is no maternity leave
C) it is heavily subsidized by the government
D) most people are opposed to allocare
170. Worldwide, only about 15 percent of infants receive daily care from _____.
A) their mother
B) a grandparent or other extended family member
C) a paid, trained, nonrelative caregiver
D) their father
171. In the United States, about 20 percent of infants are cared for _____ throughout their first year of life.
A) exclusively by their mothers
B) by a grandparent
C) by professionals at a day care center
D) by a professional in a family day care
172. Which is NOT an essential characteristic of high-quality day care?
A) encouragement of language development
B) experienced, professional caregivers
C) cleanliness routines and accident prevention
D) a ratio of one adult to three infants

Page 13

Answer Key
1. Social awareness is based on family interactions. Emotions require social awareness, which typically emerges from family
interactions. For instance, in a study of infant jealousy, when mothers deliberately paid attention to another infant, babies
moved closer to their mothers, bidding for attention.
Culture also plays an important role in the development of a child’s emotions, such as pride and shame. For example, North
American parents value independence and so encourage pride, while Asian parents discourage pride in favor of modesty and
shame.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Explain how social Explains how social Explains how social Does not explain how
awareness develops awareness leads to
awareness leads to
social awareness leads
jealousy
jealousy
jealousy
to jealousy
Detail the role that Details the role that Details the role that Does not detail the
culture plays in
culture plays in
culture plays in
role that culture plays
developing pride and developing pride and developing pride and in developing pride
shame
shame, giving North shame, without giving and shame
American and Asian examples
examples
2. Predictors of secure attachment include the (1) parent’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the infant’s needs; (2) a high level of
infant–caregiver synchrony; (3) the infant’s temperament is easy; (4) low household stress; and (5) the caregiver’s secure
attachment to his or her own parents.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Discuss three
Discusses three
Discusses two
Discusses one or no
predictors
predictors from the
predictors from the
predictors from the
list above
list above
list above
3. Parental factors such as (1) being under high stress, (2) mistreating the child, (3) mother suffering from mental illness, (4)
behaving in an intrusive and controlling way, and (5) alcohol use disorder may lead to an insecure attachment. Also, (6) an
infant with a difficult or slow-to-warm-up temperament may develop an insecure attachment. The attachment may be
improved through parental support and education, as well as a change in the stressful conditions (poverty, fear, illness)
underlying the insecure attachment.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Name four
Names four conditions Names three
Names two or fewer
conditions
conditions
conditions
Tell how to improve Tells at least two ways Tells one way to
Does not suggest a
the attachment
to improve the
improve the
way to improve the
attachment
attachment
attachment
4. Synchrony is a coordinated interaction between infant and caregiver that develops through ongoing experiences. Infant and
caregiver learn to read each other’s signals, expressions, and gestures. Synchrony is the root of attachment and helps infants
learn to take turns and watch expressions. Infants need responsive caregivers to develop normally; little or no synchrony
makes it difficult for infants to respond to social cues, and they struggle to form attachments. Lack of synchrony also plays a
role in biological development, evident in heart rate, weight gain, and brain maturation.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Describe synchrony Describes synchrony Describes synchrony Does not describe
and its role in
and its role in
or its role in
synchrony or its role
development
development
in development
development
Give three potential Tells three negatives Tells two negatives Does not tell at least
outcomes without
caused by a lack of
caused by a lack of
two negatives caused
synchrony
synchrony
synchrony
by a lack of synchrony
5. The child will immediately look to her father to see how he responds. She will reflect his response. Thus, if he acts startled or
upset, she will, too. This is due to social referencing, in which the child looks to a trusted person to see whether a new event
or person is something to embrace, fear, or ignore.
Good (5 pts)
Explains how the
child’s response is
based upon the
father’s response
Describes social
referencing

Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Explain child’s
Predicts the child’s
Does not predict the
response
response without
child’s response or
relating it to the
relate it to the father’s
father’s response
response
Tell what it’s based
Describes social
Does not describe
upon
referencing without social referencing
using the term
6. Social referencing offers visual and verbal cues to the child on how to act or react to what is occurring. At times when the
child is unfamiliar with or does not understand what is happening, a look to the adult for some clue helps a child to interpret
the situation. The cue may be a facial expression or a verbal expression—anything that helps a child to interpret the
unfamiliar situation that he or she is experiencing. Social referencing strengthens learning by observation.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Explain why a child Defines and fully
Vaguely defines or
uses social
describes social
describes social
referencing
referencing (assessing referencing
caregiver’s facial or
verbal expression)

Page 14

Weak (1-0 pts)
Does not describe
social referencing

7. From the perspective of behaviorism, emotions and personality are molded as parents reinforce or punish a child.
Behaviorists also acknowledge that children’s personalities are influenced by social learning from other significant people in
the environment.
Psychoanalytic theory connects biological and social growth. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson each described two distinct
stages of early development, one in the first year and one beginning in the second. Freud proposed the oral and anal stages.
Erikson’s stages were trust versus mistrust and autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Good (5 pts)
Details each
perspective

Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Compare the two
Details one
Details neither
perspectives
perspective or the
perspective or
other
confuses the two
8. A working model is a set of assumptions a child makes that becomes a frame of reference for later life. It is called “working”
because although it is used as the lens through which the child views the world, it can be modified based on one’s life
experiences. A 1-year-old child will develop a working model based on responses from parents and other significant people
in her life. She will apply this model to other situations. For example, if a child initially developed a model that is
negative—such as that people are unpredictable—based on parents with inconsistent responses, the model can later be
reorganized based on subsequent, more positive, experiences.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Define working
Defines working
Defines working
Does not define
model and tell how it model and tells how it model or tells how it working model or tell
is developed
develops
how it develops
develops
Give an example of Gives an example that Gives a vague
Does not give an
how it can change
clearly shows how a example or doesn’t
example or gives an
from negative to
negative working
clearly show the
example that goes
positive
model can become
transition from
from positive to
positive
negative to positive negative
9. Quality day care will have (1) adequate attention to each infant, (2) encouragement of language and sensorimotor
development, (3) attention to health and safety, (4) professional caregivers, and (5) warm and responsive caregivers.

Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts)
Weak (1-0 pts)
Describe five
Explains the five
Explains three or four Does not explain the
characteristics of
characteristics of
characteristics of
five characteristics
high-quality day care high-quality day care high-quality day care
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.

social
fear of strangers (stranger wariness)
separation anxiety
stranger wariness (fear of strangers)
self-awareness
cortex
temperament
effortful control
negative mood
exuberant
synchrony
still-face
1 year
attachment
proximity-seeking
insecure-avoidant
insecure-resistant/ambivalent
disorganized
Strange Situation
deprivation
social referencing
Fathers
Allocare
caregivers
parental alliance
anal
trust
autonomy
behaviorist
social
distal
working
sensorimotor development
B
A
A
A
B
B

Page 15

49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.

B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
D
B
C
C
C
C
C
B
D
A
B
D
B
C
C
C
A
B
C
B
D
D
C
C
B
C
D
C
A
C
A
B
D
C
C
A
B
B
A
D
C
A
A
D
C
B
A
C
B
C
D
A

Page 16

127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.

B
A
B
D
B
D
A
B
C
A
D
B
B
C
A
D
B
C
B
A
B
C
D
C
D
A
A
B
C
D
B
A
B
A
D
C
D
A
B
B
C
C
C
C
A
D

Page 17

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. Discuss how growth rate affects the eating habits of young children, and name at least three of the most common nutritional
problems of young children.
2. Discuss the role of the corpus callosum in children’s brain development. What is it, what does it do, and what happens if it
does not develop correctly?
3. Explain the functions of the prefrontal cortex and limbic system in early childhood. What changes occur in a child’s behavior
as a result of the maturing limbic system and prefrontal cortex?
4. Explain the important function of myelination in the nervous system.
5. Explain the concept of animism. Give two examples of how children demonstrate this concept.
6. Explain at least three main characteristics of preoperational intelligence.
7. Explain the difference between Piaget’s concept of egocentrism and the concept of egocentrism in everyday usage. Give an
example of each of the two different usages.
8. What is conservation? Describe an example of a conservation task, noting the initial presentation of the material, the
transformation of the material, and the questions that children are asked. What is a preoperational child’s response?
9. Francesca is frustrated trying to learn to tie her shoelaces. According to Vygotsky, should the parents get involved, or should
they let her try to master this task on her own? If they decide to get involved, what should her parents do?
10. Explain theory of mind, and indicate at what age it generally begins to develop.
11. Explain and discuss the process of fast-mapping and the related idea of logical extension. Give an example of each concept.
12. Discuss the concept of language shift in bilingualism. What is it, and how do young children exhibit it?
13. Discuss the major differences between child-centered and teacher-directed early-childhood education programs. What does
each type of program emphasize in its work with young children?
14. Intensive early-childhood programs have been implemented in the United States. Give at least four examples of ways in
which children benefit from early intervention (in the short term or the long term).
15. Between the ages of 2 and 6, appetite _____.
16. Six-year-old Shelby eats green and orange vegetables regularly. She can be expected to gain _____ but not fat.
17. Samantha allows her 3-year-old to drink sweetened beverages daily. The child’s favorite drinks are soda and apple juice.
Samantha should be aware that this habit could result in _____.
18. By the age of 2, a human’s brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
19. The executive function area of the brain where planning, prioritizing, and reasoning occur is called the _____.
20. The band of nerve fibers known as the _____ connects the two halves of the brain.
21. The part of the brain that allows children to coordinate functions involving both halves of the body is the _____.
22. The term used to describe brain specialization whereby one side of the body or brain is dominant for certain functions is
_____.
23. The left side of the brain controls the _____ side of the body.

Page 1

24. In most adults, the brain is organized in such a way that the areas of language development are located in the _____
hemisphere of the brain.
25. Jacob is a preschooler. His teacher has noticed that his reaction time regarding sounds and sights has decreased over the last
year. This results from myelination in the _______ and _____ areas.
26. Myelination results in more rapid _____ of neural impulses.
27. A child can’t find his blankie at bedtime; he begins to cry uncontrollably and is still crying until he falls asleep half an hour
later. His continued crying is an example of _____.
28. Young Diana has been upset lately by frightening nightmares. The part of her brain that registers her fear is the _____.
29. The part of the brain that is a central processor of memory, especially for locations, is the _____.
30. The part of the limbic system that responds to signals from the amygdala and the hippocampus by producing cortisol is the
_____.
31. The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called _____.
32. The term for preschoolers’ tendency to view the world and others exclusively from their own personal perspective is _____.
33. _____ is a particular type of centration in which a child may insist that Daddy is his father, not his cousin’s uncle.
34. The four obstacles to logical thinking during the preoperational period include centration, focus on appearance,
irreversibility, and _____.
35. Three-year-old Joss does not want to eat the sandwich his mother made because it has mustard on it. His mother wipes off the
mustard, but Joss still will not eat it. This characteristic of preoperational thought, in which the child feels that a thing cannot
be undone or restored, is known as _____.
36. Young children make mistakes in conservation problems because they focus strictly on _____.
37. Jana always chooses the taller of two glasses when her older brother pours each of them a glass of juice. Even though each
glass holds the same amount of juice, she believes that her glass has more. Jana is demonstrating that she does not yet
understand the concept of _____.
38. A child watches a ball of modeling clay being rolled into a long, sausage-like shape. If the child perceives that the amount of
modeling clay remains the same after it is rolled, that child understands the concept of _____.
39. The developmentalist who viewed children’s cognitive development as embedded in a social context was _____.
40. The set of skills children can perform with assistance but not independently is considered to be within their _____.
41. A temporary, sensitive support structure set up to help children work in the zone of proximal development is called _____.
42. The process by which one person learns from another, more experienced mentor as they share social experiences and
explorations is known as _____.
43. When 2- to 6-year-old children imitate an adult’s action that is irrelevant, perhaps even inefficient, it is called _____.
44. Children’s desire to develop theories to explain what they see and hear is called _____.
45. Beginning around age 4, children go through a change in thinking that allows them to develop a set of ideas about other
people’s thinking. This new perspective indicates that the children have developed a _____.
46. Most children understand around 500 words by age 2 and 10,000 words by the age of 6. This demonstrates the _____.
47. Learning vocabulary by connecting a new word to words and categories that are already understood is called _____.

Page 2

48. The rapid and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by placing them in mental categories based on
their perceived meaning is called _____.
49. When a child learns a word and then uses it to describe other objects in the same category (such as calling a black-and-white
cow a “Dalmatian cow” after learning about Dalmatian dogs), the child is using _____.
50. The child who says, “I seed the dog,” or “My tooths hurt,” is demonstrating a language error called _____.
51. Four-year-old Yvonne is putting on her shoes and says, “I need to put my shoes on my foots.” She is exhibiting _____.
52. Jane and her 4-year-old son, Michael, are eating at a friend’s house when Michael blurts out, “This food is disgusting.”
Michael clearly does not fully understand the _____ of polite speech yet.
53. Neuroscience finds that in young children who are _____, both languages are located in the same areas of the brain yet the
children manage to keep them separate.
54. Marjorie is becoming more fluent in English than her native French. She is exhibiting a _____.
55. The major research conclusion about what is important for early-childhood education, whether at home or at school, is the
_____ of the educational environment.
56. Jace designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that enable groups of children to learn from one another. Her
classroom shows the influence of _____, who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults.
57. Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who believed that children can learn much from other children with the
guidance of adults.
58. Early-childhood educational programs designed to meet children’s developmental and growth needs are called _____
programs.
59. In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also influenced by _____, who believed that each
child is capable of discovering new ideas.
60. A special educational program with structured, individualized projects meant to give children a sense of accomplishment was
designed by _____.
61. A preschool program that teaches basic skills (precursors to reading, writing, and arithmetic) in order to prepare children to
be “ready to learn” when they enter elementary school is called a _____ program.
62. The federally funded early-childhood education program that was started in 1965 to help foster better health and cognition in
disadvantaged children before first grade is called _____.
63. The center of gravity in a 6-year-old drops from the breast to the belly, enabling many motor skills.
A) True
B) False
64. By 4 years of age, most children no longer have the large heads, short limbs, and protruding stomachs that toddlers do.
A) True
B) False
65. Many parents fear that their children are not getting enough to eat during early childhood, which can contribute to childhood
obesity.
A) True
B) False
66. A child’s appetite increases between the ages of 2 and 6.
A) True
B) False
67. Failure to brush the teeth is the primary cause of early tooth decay.
A) True
B) False

Page 3

68. Too much sugar and too little fiber cause tooth decay in childhood.
A) True
B) False
69. By the age of 6 years, the brain has attained about half its adult weight.
A) True
B) False
70. The 2-year-old brain has attained about 75 percent of its adult weight.
A) True
B) False
71. Research found that 2-year-old humans have similar intellectual abilities as chimpanzees.
A) True
B) False
72. The cerebellum is considered the executive of the brain because planning and prioritizing occur there.
A) True
B) False
73. The part of the brain that specializes in planning and prioritizing is the prefrontal cortex.
A) True
B) False
74. The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres of the brain.
A) True
B) False
75. The right side of the brain controls the right side of the body.
A) True
B) False
76. Eduardo is a natural-born musician with the ability to pick up and play nearly any musical instrument. His musical talent is
controlled by the left side of his brain.
A) True
B) False
77. In most people, language abilities are located in the left hemisphere of the brain.
A) True
B) False
78. Myelination is essential for basic communication between neurons.
A) True
B) False
79. Impulsiveness and perseveration are opposite behaviors with the same underlying cause.
A) True
B) False
80. Perseveration is the tendency to continue an activity even when it has become inappropriate to do so.
A) True
B) False
81. The amygdala registers emotions.
A) True
B) False
82. The hypothalamus is a central processor of memory, especially with regard to locations.
A) True
B) False
83. Preoperational thought involves magical, self-centered imagination rather than logic.
A) True
B) False

Page 4

84. Egocentrism is Piaget’s term for a particular type of centration, in which the child thinks about the world from his or her own
perspective.
A) True
B) False
85. Centration is an obstacle to developing logical operations.
A) True
B) False
86. According to Piaget, the preoperational child is incapable of understanding irreversibility.
A) True
B) False
87. Conservation refers to a child’s assumption that the world is unchanging.
A) True
B) False
88. Vygotsky believed that cognitive growth was a process of individual discovery, propelled by experience and biological
maturation.
A) True
B) False
89. The process by which people learn from others who lead their experiences and explorations is called guided participation.
A) True
B) False
90. Vygotsky’s followers believe in scaffolding, a learning process that involves mentors who guide the child.
A) True
B) False
91. The temporary, sensitive structure provided by others to a developing child who is learning new skills is known as the zone
of proximal development.
A) True
B) False
92. Ten-year-old Sarah and 5-year-old Haley were making a special birthday card for their grandmother. By patiently showing
Haley how to carefully glue the lace around the card’s edges, Sarah was providing scaffolding for Haley.
A) True
B) False
93. Overimitation is demonstrated when 2- to 6-year-old children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and
inefficient.
A) True
B) False
94. A theory of mind is one’s own personal understanding of the complex interaction among emotions, perceptions, thoughts, and
intentions in oneself and others.
A) True
B) False
95. The development of theory of mind has been demonstrated only in more affluent cultures.
A) True
B) False
96. The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is static reasoning.
A) True
B) False
97. The vocabulary explosion typically occurs at about 1 year of age.
A) True
B) False
98. By the age of 6, many children have a vocabulary of about 10,000 words.
A) True
B) False

Page 5

99. The charting of new vocabulary words by associating them with already-known words is called fast-mapping.
A) True
B) False
100. Children display evidence of fast-mapping before the age of 1.
A) True
B) False
101. Overregularization is actually a sign of increased verbal knowledge.
A) True
B) False
102. The best time to learn a second language is in adolescence.
A) True
B) False
103. A language shift occurs when children become as fluent in their new language as they are in their home language.
A) True
B) False
104. It is always better for a young child to attend preschool than to be home with a parent.
A) True
B) False
105. If a child’s home environment is poor, early-education programs won’t be beneficial.
A) True
B) False
106. Child-centered programs stress children’s development and growth.
A) True
B) False
107. Montessori schools focus on using materials and projects in such a way that children have a strong sense of accomplishment.
A) True
B) False
108. Reggio Emilia programs emphasize formal classroom instruction by the teacher.
A) True
B) False
109. Teacher-directed preschool programs are similar in nature to the Reggio Emilia approach.
A) True
B) False
110. Studies suggest that preschool education, such as that provided by Head Start, advances the social and academic development
of disadvantaged children.
A) True
B) False
111. A person’s average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest at the ages of _____.
A) 1 to 2
B) 5 to 6
C) 9 to 10
D) 13 to 14
112. Between the ages of 2 and 6, a child’s appetite _____.
A) increases slightly
B) increases dramatically
C) stays the same
D) decreases
113. Over the past three decades, what has been the trend in children’s health and body growth in Brazil?
A) Children have gone from suffering malnutrition to being healthy.
B) Children have become more impoverished, leading to malnutrition.
C) Children have become less impoverished, which has led to malnutrition.
D) Children no longer suffer from undernutrition, but now face overnutrition.

Page 6

114. To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?
A) Eat six to eight times a day.
B) Take vitamin and mineral supplements.
C) Eat breakfast cereals that contain 100 percent of the day’s nutrients and vitamins.
D) Eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods.
115. A common food allergy for young children is _____.
A) soy
B) rice
C) oats
D) bananas
116. Bernie is a 5-year-old who has never visited a dentist, even though his family has dental insurance that allows for free regular
checkups. His parents say that they will start taking him to the dentist when his first permanent tooth erupts. What should his
parents know about delayed dental care?
A) Untreated decay in “baby” teeth can harm permanent teeth.
B) There is no medical need to visit a dentist before permanent teeth emerge.
C) Visiting the dentist at a young age will cause the child to fear the dentist.
D) Children do not need to brush their baby teeth but they should visit the dentist to get fluoride treatments.
117. Which statement about oral health is true?
A) It is not necessary to brush until children start to lose their baby teeth.
B) Almost all young children in the United States have been to the dentist.
C) Diet soda is a good option to help prevent tooth decay in children.
D) Young children should develop the habit of tooth brushing.
118. Cynthia wants to keep her son from getting cavities, so she gives him diet soda instead of regular soda. Her dentist tells her
that her strategy won’t work because _____.
A) diet soda is sweetened using high fructose corn syrup
B) all sweetened beverages can lead to tooth decay
C) diet soda contains the calcium needed for strong teeth
D) diet soda will keep the fluoride in drinking water from being ingested
119. A 2-year-old human’s brain is _____ percent of the adult brain’s weight.
A) 55
B) 65
C) 75
D) 80
120. Which of the following is most likely the difference between the brain of Tarik, a 2-year-old, and Terrence, his father?
A) Tarik’s brain is about 75 percent of the weight of Terrence’s.
B) Terrence’s brain has more activity in the angular gyrus than Tarik’s.
C) Tarik’s brain is the same weight at Terrence’s.
D) Terrence’s brain is less lateralized than Tarik’s.
121. Researchers had children sort picture cards by shape. Then they asked the same children to sort the same cards by color. They
found that children under the age of 4 _____.
A) could easily switch their original sorting pattern
B) could switch to sorting by shape but not by color
C) could switch to sorting by color but not by shape
D) had difficulty changing to a new sorting pattern
122. Juan is left-handed and always kicks with his left foot when playing soccer. This preference demonstrates _____, which
advances with the development of the corpus callosum.
A) myelination
B) lateralization
C) pragmatics
D) overregularization
123. The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain’s hemispheres is _____.
A) myelination
B) the corpus callosum
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the axon cord

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124. Alden is beginning to learn how to write. He can hold a pencil in one hand and steady the paper with his other hand. This new
ability to coordinate the duties of his right and left hands is likely due to _____.
A) the growth of his corpus callosum
B) his arms and legs growing longer
C) his brain’s lateralization
D) adequate calcium in his diet
125. Jerome is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of his body more efficiently. This improvement can
be attributed to _____.
A) the growth of his corpus callosum
B) his arms and legs growing longer
C) his brain’s lateralization
D) adequate protein in his diet
126. One of several possible causes of autism spectrum disorder may be _____.
A) rigid myelination
B) abnormal development of the corpus callosum
C) lesions in the prefrontal cortex
D) incomplete axon cords
127. A disorder that may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is _____.
A) hearing impairment
B) nearsightedness
C) extreme impulsivity
D) autism spectrum disorder
128. The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called _____.
A) lateralization
B) linearization
C) equalization
D) disequilibrium
129. The left side of the brain notices _____, while the right side grasps _____.
A) the big picture; the details
B) the details; emotions
C) emotions; language
D) creative impulses; detailed analysis
130. Today, about 10 percent of adults in Great Britain and the United States claim to be _____.
A) left-handed
B) right-handed
C) left hemisphere dominant
D) right hemisphere dominant
131. Today, about _____ percent of people in Great Britain and the United States are left-handed.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 50
132. The number of people who claim to be left-handed in the United States and Great Britain has ____ since 1900.
A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) become equal to rates of right-handedness
133. The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is
called _____.
A) myelination
B) action potential
C) transmission
D) mylarization
134. Myelination is important because it _____.
A) connects the two halves of the brain
B) compensates for loss of brain function due to injury
C) promotes regular childhood sleep patterns
D) speeds up the transmission of neural impulses

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135. Steven, a 6-year-old, can correctly name objects, catch a ball and throw it, and write his ABCs in proper sequence. His
younger brother Harvey is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas. What is the best explanation for Steven’s
superior performance?
A) Steven most likely eats healthier foods than Harvey.
B) Steven’s brain has experienced greater myelination than Harvey’s.
C) Steven’s frontal cortex is less mature than Harvey’s.
D) Steven has fewer dendrites than Harvey.
136. The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to _____.
A) eating healthy foods
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons
137. Lin is able to play “Go Fish,” a card game that requires quick thinking. What brain change most directly supports his ability
to think quickly?
A) hypothalamic functioning
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons
138. Isaac suffered a brain injury as a result of an automobile accident. His abilities to speak and to process language were
severely affected. His injury was to the _____.
A) right side of his brain
B) left side of his brain
C) corpus collosum
D) prefrontal cortex
139. Nicoli suffered a stroke in the left hemisphere of his brain. Which of the following skills is most likely to have been affected?
A) speech
B) face recognition
C) emotion processing
D) location in space
140. During a long car trip, Lex and Nicole asked “Are we there yet?” so many times that their father became irritated. His
children were exhibiting _____.
A) impulsiveness
B) emotional regulation
C) perseveration
D) habituation
141. Beth is a 3-year-old who is working on a craft project at preschool. She has to be repeatedly reminded to sit still, to continue
working on the craft, and to stop interfering with her classmate’s work. What is the most likely explanation for Beth’s
behavior?
A) She is not artistically inclined.
B) She is displaying normal lack of impulse control.
C) She is not yet mature enough to be in preschool.
D) She has ADHD.
142. Nathan, a 4-year-old, is playing with his building blocks. When his mother announces that they have to leave to pick up his
sister, he launches into a tantrum. What is the best explanation for Nathan’s reaction?
A) Nathan is perseverating on the building blocks.
B) Nathan is spoiled.
C) Nathan’s mother should have given a warning.
D) Four-year-olds throw many tantrums.
143. An imbalance between the left and right sides of the prefrontal cortex and abnormal growth of the corpus callosum seem to
underlie _____.
A) hearing impairment
B) nearsightedness
C) extreme impulsivity
D) ADHD
144. The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is the _____.
A) limbic system
B) prefrontal cortex
C) fusiform face area
D) corpus callosum

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145. The amygdala is a brain structure that registers _____.
A) body temperature
B) emotions
C) speech perception
D) memories
146. The increased activity of the amygdala is a reason that young children experience _____.
A) a language explosion
B) the ability to write
C) frightening nightmares
D) an increased susceptibility to disease
147. Because the amygdala responds to comfort but not logic, which of the following is the best strategy for a parent to adopt
when their preschooler has had a scary dream?
A) Tell the child that it was only a dream, and to go back to sleep.
B) Explain to the child that dreams are only imaginary, and so their dreams can’t hurt them.
C) Ask them what was scary about the dream, and then convincingly pretend to scare off that content.
D) Laugh at the scary content, and remind the child that it’s not real.
148. The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that processes _____.
A) language
B) coordination
C) memories
D) emotions
149. As an adult, Xavier has a panic attack whenever he must ride in an elevator. He has absolutely no recollection of ever having
had a bad experience in an elevator. According to the text, it is possible that his panic reaction is due to _____.
A) natural fears of elevators that everyone shares
B) deep emotional memories from early childhood
C) Xavier’s general fearfulness
D) a recent misadventure in an elevator that Xavier has repressed
150. Preoperational intelligence _____.
A) allows children to think in symbols
B) includes logical reasoning
C) is characterized by reversibility of thought
D) relies on children’s motor skills and senses
151. Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 _____ intelligence.
A) operational
B) egocentric
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
152. Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 “preoperational intelligence” because
children do not yet _____.
A) have intelligence
B) use logical operations
C) understand language
D) produce language
153. Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think _____.
A) subjectively
B) egocentrically
C) logically
D) about animism
154. One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to _____.
A) use symbolic thought
B) understand reversibility
C) display conservation
D) think logically
155. Marcy was playing under the kitchen table when she stood up suddenly and bumped her head. She pointed at the table and
sternly said, “Naughty table!” This is an example of _____.
A) egocentrism
B) operational thinking
C) centration
D) animism

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156. Preoperational thinking is all of the following EXCEPT _____.
A) magical
B) symbolic
C) logical
D) pretending
157. To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called _____.
A) magical thinking
B) static reasoning
C) centration
D) animism
158. A magician’s goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is
easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to _____.
A) be logical thinkers
B) reverse things in their minds
C) demonstrate centration
D) equilibrate
159. Nine-year-old Amanda has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with her is both a
student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Amanda’s thinking has moved beyond _____.
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration
160. “You are your Mom’s daughter, right?” Grandpa asked Beatriz.
“Yes!” Beatriz eagerly answered.
“Well, your Mom is my daughter,” Grandpa replied.
“No! She’s my Mommy!” Beatriz exclaimed. Why did Beatriz make this error?
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) overregularization
D) centration
161. The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal
perspective is _____.
A) static reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) irreversibility
D) conservatism
162. Rose and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Rose’s older brother. “How about this? My brother would love it!”
Rose exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly’s belief that her teenage
brother would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of _____.
A) static reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) irreversibility
D) conservatism
163. A young child thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. This is an example of _____.
A) egocentrism
B) static thinking
C) focus on appearance
D) symbolic thinking
164. After her haircut was complete, Tania began crying inconsolably. “You turned me into a boy!” she cried. Which obstacle to
logic was Tania demonstrating?
A) egocentrism
B) static thinking
C) focus on appearance
D) symbolic thinking
165. Seeing his third-grade teacher in the grocery store shocks Armand because he is used to seeing her only in school. This is
likely due to Armand’s _____.
A) static reasoning
B) abstract reasoning
C) concrete thinking
D) irreversibility

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166. When children assume that the world is unchanging, they are engaging in _____.
A) magical thinking
B) static reasoning
C) centration
D) a focus on appearance
167. The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called _____.
A) animism
B) conservation
C) static reasoning
D) centration
168. Evelyn dropped ketchup on her pants during lunch. Although her teacher was able to remove the stain completely, Evelyn
cries hysterically, saying that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. Her behavior demonstrates the characteristic
of preoperational thought known as _____.
A) irreversibility
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) conservation
169. Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child’s tendency to _____.
A) focus on something other than appearances
B) use deductive reasoning to solve a problem
C) believe that what has been done cannot be undone
D) engage in centration when another solution is needed
170. Tyrell’s father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Tyrell is excited, but when the barber makes the first
cut, he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. Despite his father’s efforts to assure him that his hair
will grow back, Tyrell is exhibiting the characteristic known as _____.
A) animism
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) irreversibility
171. A child’s inability to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original situation is called _____.
A) concrete operations
B) conservation
C) irreversibility
D) symbolic thought
172. Four-year-old Mac is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Tori. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his Mom
cuts his hot dog into five pieces and Tori’s into six pieces, Mac protests, “Tori has more than me!” Which ability does Mac
not yet demonstrate?
A) animism
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) conservation
173. Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.”
When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has _____.
A) an understanding of scaffolding
B) not mastered the concept of conservation
C) an understanding of object permanence
D) demonstrated fast-mapping
174. A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The contents of one container are then poured into
a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount, then the child understands the
concept of _____.
A) classification
B) conservation
C) centration
D) transformation
175. Researchers now believe that Piaget _____ cognition in infancy and _____ cognition in early childhood.
A) overestimated; overestimated
B) underestimated; underestimated
C) overestimated; underestimated
D) underestimated; overestimated

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176. According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____.
A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task
B) is told instructions for a task only once
C) discovers the solution to a task on his or her own
D) be taught new skills by other children
177. Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be MOST pleased with
Juan’s father?
A) Piaget
B) Vygotsky
C) Skinner
D) Freud
178. Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can’t yet perform independently are part of _____.
A) private speech
B) the gap between heredity and learning
C) distal development
D) the zone of proximal development
179. A child who is unable to read a picture book independently accomplishes the task with the help of an adult. This assistance
will be effective only if the _____.
A) assistance is offered in a warm and gentle manner
B) child is at least 6 years old
C) child is in the period of preoperations
D) skill is within the child’s zone of proximal development
180. According to Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development, _____.
A) there is a certain place in a school where most learning occurs
B) children can only reach a certain level of intelligence
C) children can master some tasks with the help of others
D) certain parts of the brain need to be activated
181. Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter to make hot chocolate. She helps the child to measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup,
add water, stir the contents, and then use the microwave. Sydney is providing _____.
A) scaffolding
B) overstimulation
C) conservation skills
D) the zone of proximal development
182. According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child’s participation in the learning process within the zone of
proximal development uses _____.
A) reinforcements for good behavior
B) scaffolding
C) peer mentoring
D) skill construction
183. Which is an example of scaffolding?
A) David helps his son build a model airplane by assembling it while his son watches.
B) Howard and Priscilla buy a Wii game system for their 5-year-old daughter Rebecca. They set it up for her and then allow
her to figure out how to turn it on and use it.
C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter Angela. He lays all of the pieces out for her and then
allows her to read the instructions and follow them herself.
D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small
bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
184. Which capability is demonstrated when young children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and
inefficient?
A) observing
B) scaffolding
C) modeling
D) overimitation
185. Benjy is 5 years old. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the “2” button to cook for 2 minutes. One day, he sees
his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy
rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why?
A) He is overimitating his mother.
B) He has forgotten how the microwave works.
C) He is providing scaffolding for his mother.
D) He is engaging in guided participation.

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186. Young children try to construct a reason for the things that they see and hear. This tendency is known as _____.
A) reversibility
B) focus on appearance
C) theory-theory
D) logical reasoning
187. Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this
tendency is _____.
A) deductive reasoning
B) conservation
C) scaffolding
D) theory-theory
188. A few days ago, Hester’s parents disciplined her because she refused to eat her green beans. Today, when her parents
announced that they were going to get a divorce, Hester cried, “Is it because I was bad? I’ll be good!” Hester’s conclusion that
her failure to eat her green beans is the reason her parents are getting divorced displays Hester’s _____.
A) deductive reasoning
B) conservation
C) scaffolding
D) theory-theory
189. According to theory-theory, why do children imitate irrelevant adult behaviors?
A) They mindlessly copy everything adults do.
B) They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.
C) They theorize that the adult will reward them for correct imitation.
D) They derive pleasure from correctly imitating behaviors of all sorts.
190. A person’s understanding of the thoughts of other people is called _____.
A) intuitive psychology
B) psychological schemata
C) theory of mind
D) self-schemes
191. At what age do MOST children develop theory of mind?
A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) 4 years
192. Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed _____.
A) egocentrism
B) a script for crying
C) theory of mind
D) conservation
193. By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a
vocabulary of _____ words.
A) 500; 10,000
B) 5,000; 10,000
C) 200; 40,000
D) 100; 2,000
194. Children typically understand the basics of grammar by the _____.
A) age of 2
B) time the child has a vocabulary of about 300 words
C) time the child has a vocabulary of about 600 words
D) age of 5
195. A child’s ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called _____.
A) fast-mapping
B) word mapping
C) mental language
D) word charting

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196. When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully
understanding the word. This is called _____.
A) lexical addition
B) categorical embellishment
C) vocabulary expansion
D) fast-mapping
197. Christopher’s mother is considering different wallpapers for decorating his room. She asks him, “Which one do you like
better: the striped or the plaid?” Christopher’s vocabulary doesn’t include the word “plaid,” but he’s able to figure out what the
word must mean based on the context. Christopher is using _____ to add a new word to his vocabulary.
A) lexical addition
B) categorical embellishment
C) vocabulary expansion
D) fast-mapping
198. Four-year-old Faisal and his mother were visiting Faisal’s older sister’s kindergarten classroom. Faisal pointed at his sister’s
teacher and asked his mother, “What’s that mom’s name?” Faisal’s apparent assumption that all women are mothers is
evidence of his use of _____.
A) lexical addition
B) categorical embellishment
C) vocabulary expansion
D) fast-mapping
199. Logical extension involves _____.
A) linking a newly learned word to other objects in the same category
B) mentally charting new words
C) applying a new concept to a preexisting category
D) equilibration
200. Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, “Look at the horse with stripes!” In describing the
zebra, she used _____.
A) logical extension
B) fast-mapping
C) overregularization
D) theory of mind
201. The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called _____.
A) inflections
B) logical extensions
C) grammar
D) theory-theory
202. When shown a novel object and told that it is called a “wug,” preschoolers know that two of those objects would be two
“wugs.” This ability to correctly add an –s when pluralizing is evidence of their proper use of _____.
A) inflections
B) logical extensions
C) grammar
D) theory-theory
203. Overregularization in a child’s speech patterns indicates that _____.
A) the child is entering a sensitive period of language development
B) the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations
C) logical extension is now possible
D) fast-mapping has occurred
204. “I catched two mouses in a trap” is an example of _____.
A) egocentric speech
B) overregularization
C) literal translation
D) past imperfect tense
205. Overregularization occurs because children _____.
A) tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language
B) have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tenses
C) assume that the language is less regular than it actually is
D) assume their language always follows the rules they already know

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206. Four-year-old Yvonne is putting on her shoes and says, “I need to put my shoes on my foots.” She is exhibiting _____.
A) pragmatics
B) executive function
C) theory of mind
D) overregularization
207. Jane and her 4-year-old daughter, Michele, are visiting at a friend’s house when Michele blurts out, “This house is dirty.”
Michele clearly does not fully understand the _____ of polite speech yet.
A) overregularization
B) pragmatics
C) grammar
D) conservation
208. All of the following are common concerns that parents have about raising bilingual children EXCEPT _____.
A) that the child will be only semilingual
B) that the child will master language later than his or her peers
C) that the child will surpass his or her parents in the second language
D) that the child will become confused by the two languages
209. Neuroscience has proven true which statement about young bilingual children?
A) Even though both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals are able to activate one language
and temporarily inhibit the other.
B) Different languages reside in different areas of the brain, thus allowing a bilingual individual to activate only one area at
a time.
C) Bilingual individuals of any age have difficulty with keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking.
D) Since both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals consciously inhibit one language while
speaking the other.
210. Demetrius’s family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents
noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting _____.
A) a language shift
B) accelerated bilingualism
C) a vocabulary explosion
D) linguistic egocentrism
211. Which early-childhood method has been found to aid reading later on?
A) code-focused teaching
B) teacher-directed programs
C) the “Hooked on Phonics” program
D) the “My Baby Can Read” program
212. Jessica is reading a story aloud to her 3-year-old daughter, Abigail. Abigail’s father says, “Why are you bothering? It’s not
like she’s going to learn to read from that.” What would you tell Abigail’s father about reading to preschoolers?
A) He’s right; it doesn’t matter whether parents read to their preschoolers.
B) He’s right; children whose parents read aloud to them too early lose interest in books.
C) He’s wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school.
D) He’s wrong; children whose parents read to them by age 3 learn to read by the age of 4.
213. In terms of early-childhood learning, research has found that if the home learning environment is poor, then _____.
A) a quality preschool will help health, cognition, and social skills
B) attendance at preschool is detrimental
C) day care will be more beneficial than preschool
D) a child-centered program will be more beneficial than another approach
214. Preschool programs are called “child-centered” when they stress children’s _____.
A) gross motor skills
B) fine motor skills
C) development and growth
D) language development
215. Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of _____ and _____.
A) Piaget; Freud
B) Piaget; Vygotsky
C) Vygotsky; Skinner
D) Skinner; Freud

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216. Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and
be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a _____ program.
A) Vygotsky-based
B) child-centered
C) teacher-directed
D) bilingual
217. Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacyrelated tasks. Learning Circle’s approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program.
A) intervention
B) Montessori
C) Reggio Emilia
D) bilingual
218. What was Maria Montessori’s objective when she created her preschool?
A) individual achievement
B) the development of math skills
C) creative expression
D) obedience to a teacher
219. The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program focuses on _____.
A) reinforcement for academic accomplishments
B) assimilation and accommodation skills
C) children’s creativity and artistic talent
D) self-esteem and self-concept
220. Micah’s preschool has a high teacher/child ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. He has chosen to make
dinosaurs out of clay as his long-term art project. Which child-centered approach does Micah’s preschool most closely
resemble?
A) Reggio Emilia
B) Montessori
C) Head Start
D) teacher-directed
221. Most teacher-directed preschool programs stress _____.
A) academics
B) arts and music
C) social skills
D) dual languages
222. The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is to _____.
A) promote individual achievement
B) encourage informal social interaction
C) make all children ready to learn when they enter elementary school
D) teach children to read by the end of the year
223. Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents NOT expect him to be doing?
A) listening to a story read aloud during circle time
B) forming the letter M in a tray filled with shaving cream
C) gluing pieces of macaroni on a paper plate to form a number
D) working on a long-term individual project about birds
224. In the United States, low-income children are offered a free preschool education through _____.
A) the War on Poverty
B) the Public Broadcasting System
C) the Women, Infants, and Children program
D) Head Start
225. An evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were MOST apparent for children _____.
A) without disabilities
B) with the lowest family income
C) living in urban areas
D) living in suburban areas

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226. Compared with children who did not attend an intensive early intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the
children who did participate _____.
A) had higher aspirations, more pride, and were less likely to be abused
B) had higher IQ scores in high school and were more likely to attend college
C) had lower scores on math and reading assessments
D) experienced no significantly improved outcomes