Understanding Human Sexuality 7th Canadian Edition By Janet Shibley Hyde – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

Chapter 05

Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

True / False Questions

1. The endocrine is a small gland, about the size of a pea, which projects down from the lower

side of the brain.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

2. Inhibin is a hormone produced by the Hypothalamus.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

3. The fourth phase of the menstrual cycle is called the follicular phase.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-04 Biology of the Menstual Cycle

5-1Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

4. Endocrine disrupters are produced in the testicles.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5. Dysmenorrhea is the term that describes a painful menstruation.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

6. A major new study in 2015 reported evidence of epigenetic, which refers to a functional

change to DNA that does not alter the genetic code itself, but leads to changes in gene

expression.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-11 Brain Differentiation

7. The average age of a first appearance of pubic hair occurs first in males.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

5-2Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

8. Research on athletic performance during the menstrual cycle generally shows no

fluctuations.

TRUE

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

Multiple Choice Questions

9. Which of the following statements describes the pituitary and the hypothalamus?

A. The pituitary and the hypothalamus are located in the frontal lobe.

B. The hypothalamus directly secretes the gonadotropic hormones.

C. The pituitary is the master gland of the endocrine system.

D. The hypothalamus solely focuses on regulating the eating behaviour in humans.

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

10. The _____ plays a major role in regulating the four functions of eating, drinking, fighting,

and sexual behaviour.

A. cerebellum

B. adrenal glands

C. gonads

D. hypothalamus

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

5-3Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

11. Which of the following regulates the pituitary gland?

A. Cerebellum

B. Hypothalamus

C. Gonads

D. Adrenal glands

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

12. The production of FSH and LH takes place in the:

A. hypothalamus.

B. ovaries and testes, respectively.

C. pituitary gland.

D. pancreas.

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

13. The region of the brain that secretes GnRH, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, is the:

A. hypothalamus.

B. pituitary.

C. medulla.

D. hippocampus.

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

5-4Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

14. Which of the following hormones regulates the production of FSH and LH by the pituitary

gland?

A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

B. Testosterone

C. Progesterone

D. Estrogen

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

15. Which of the following regulates the output of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the

hypothalamus in males?

A. Follicle-stimulating hormone

B. Luteinizing hormone

C. Pituitary gland

D. Testosterone

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

16. Which of the following would most likely result from having low levels of testosterone in

the blood?

A. Increased production of inhibin by the testes

B. Decreased production of LH by the pituitary gland

C. Increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus

D. Decreased production of oxytocin hormones by the testes

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

5-5Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

17. Identify the hormone that controls sperm production.

A. Luteinizing hormone

B. Follicle-stimulating hormone

C. Oxytocin

D. Estrogen

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

18. Which of the following hormones is most likely to be found at a fairly constant level in

males?

A. Testosterone

B. Progesterone

C. Estrogen

D. Prolactin

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

19. What regulates estrogen production in females and testosterone production in males?

A. Adrenaline

B. The luteinizing hormone

C. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone

D. Oxytocin

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

5-6Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

20. Which of the following produces the hormone called inhibin?

A. Adrenal glands

B. Cells of Bartholin’s gland

C. Sertoli cells of the testes

D. Pituitary gland

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

21. Inhibin:

A. is a hormone found only in men.

B. plays a major role in increasing sperm production.

C. primarily regulates LH production.

D. regulates FSH levels in a negative feedback loop.

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

22. One of the main functions of estrogen includes:

A. stimulating breast growth.

B. decreasing the mucous membrane of the vagina.

C. enhancing muscle growth.

D. promoting bone growth past the pubertal years.

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

5-7Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

23. Identify the hormone that is responsible for maintaining the mucous membranes of the

vagina and stopping the growth of bone and muscle.

A. Prolactin

B. Oxytocin

C. Progesterone

D. Estrogen

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

24. Which of the following would most likely result from increased levels of gonadotropin-

releasing hormone in females?

A. Decreased levels of estrogen

B. Increased levels of follicle stimulating hormone

C. Increased levels of luteinizing hormone

D. Decreased levels of estradiol

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

25. Which of the following would most likely occur due to increases in the level of estrogen?

A. Increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

B. Decreased production of luteinizing hormone

C. Increased production of prolactin and oxytocin

D. Decreased production of testosterone

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

5-8Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

26. What is the hormone that plays a specific and important role in the stimulation of milk

production?

A. Oxytocin

B. Estrogen

C. Progesterone

D. Prolactin

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

27. Which of the following glands produces prolactin?

A. The adrenal gland

B. The pineal gland

C. The pituitary gland

D. The thyroid gland

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

28. Oxytocin:

A. results from secretions by the ovaries.

B. curbs the contractions of the uterus during childbirth.

C. suppresses milk ejection from the nipples.

D. fosters bonding between parent and the newborn.

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

5-9Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

29. Which of the following manufactures estrogen and progesterone?

A. Ovaries

B. Testes

C. Pituitary gland

D. Hypothalamus

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

30. Identify the hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.

A. Progesterone

B. Estrogen

C. Oxytocin

D. Prolactin

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

31. When does gonad differentiation occur?

A. At the same time for males and females.

B. Earlier for females.

C. Earlier for males.

D. During puberty.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

5-10Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

32. In Klinefelter’s syndrome, a genetic male has:

A. an extra X chromosome.

B. an extra Y chromosome.

C. an extra chromosome 21.

D. no Y chromosome.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-07 Sex Chromosomes

33. Which of the following is TRUE of Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A. It occurs in genetic females that have a single X chromosome.

B. It can be reversed by surgery.

C. It involves overproduction of sperm and low testosterone levels.

D. It occurs when a genetic male has an extra X chromosome (XXY).

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-07 Sex Chromosomes

34. At about seven weeks post-conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to develop

into the _____ in the male.

A. scrotum

B. testis

C. urethra

D. glans

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-08 Gonads

5-11Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

35. The testis-determining factor (TDF) is responsible for:

A. differentiation of gonads into testes.

B. differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into testes.

C. descent of the testes after differentiation.

D. differentiation of the Müllerian ducts into testes.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-08 Gonads

36. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the SRY?

A. It is a gene related to the prenatal differentiation of the gonads.

B. It is found on a specific location on the X chromosome.

C. It is secreted by the testis-determining factor.

D. It is involved in gonad differentiation in both males and females.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-08 Gonads

37. In the female, the _____ turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the

vagina.

A. gonads

B. tubercle

C. Müllerian ducts

D. Wolffian ducts

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-08 Gonads

5-12Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

38. Wolffian ducts develop into the:

A. epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct.

B. testes and scrotum.

C. shaft of the penis.

D. prostate gland.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-08 Gonads

39. The inguinal canal is the passageway for the descent of the:

A. ovaries.

B. testes.

C. scrotum.

D. fallopian tubes.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

40. Which of the following statements describes cryptorchidism?

A. It is a condition resulting from the descent of one or both testes into the scrotum.

B. It occurs when the penis fails to descend from the body.

C. The optimum time for correcting the condition is soon after the first birthday.

D. Treatment is limited to hormonal therapy.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

5-13Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

41. Which of the following may be a consequence of “undescended testes” in a male?

A. Decreased likelihood of testicular cancer

B. Increased motility of sperm

C. Inhibition of sperm production

D. Increased testosterone production

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

42. What occurs when testosterone is present during fetal development?

A. The cells in the hypothalamus become insensitive to estrogen present in the blood stream.

B. The androgen receptors become highly insensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood

stream.

C. The androgen receptors become highly sensitive to both estrogen and testosterone.

D. The estrogen receptors become highly sensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood

stream.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

43. Which statement regarding brain differentiation in males and females is TRUE?

A. The primary sex-differentiated structure is the cerebellum.

B. The differences in the brain structures of males and females are “hard-wired” differences

present from birth.

C. The hypothalamus is the only region of the brain that does not show gender differentiation.

D. Studies using MRI have shown that the hypothalamus and amygdala are larger in males.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-11 Brain Differentiation

5-14Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

44. The embryonic source of the glans penis is the:

A. genital tubercle.

B. genital swelling.

C. Müllerian duct.

D. Wolffian duct.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-11 Brain Differentiation

45. Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males develop from the same embryonic

tissue—the genital tubercle. Thus, we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are:

A. autologous organs.

B. heterologous organs.

C. analogous organs.

D. homologous organs.

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Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.

Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

46. Both the clitoris and the glans penis play important roles in producing sexual arousal.

Based on this information, what may we state the clitoris and the glans penis are?

A. Autologous organs.

B. Heterologous organs.

C. Analogous organs.

D. Homologous organs.

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Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.

Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

5-15Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

47. The Skene’s gland in females and the prostate in males have the same embryonic source—

the urethral primordia. The Skene’s gland also secretes a fluid that is biologically similar to

the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the male prostate. Based on this, we may say that:

A. these organs are homologous but not analogous.

B. these organs are analogous but not homologous.

C. these organs are both analogous and homologous.

D. these organs are neither analogous nor homologous.

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Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.

Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

48. Which of the following organs are both homologous and analogous in the adult female

and the adult male, respectively?

A. The scrotum and the labia majora (outer lips)

B. The Wolffian duct and the Müllerian duct

C. The hypothalamus and the pituitary

D. The glans penis and the clitoris

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Blooms: Understand

Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.

Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

49. The testes in the male are homologous to the _____ in the female.

A. clitoris

B. ovaries

C. labia majora (outer lips)

D. labia minora (inner lips)

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Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.

Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

5-16Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

50. John Money developed eight variables of gender. The particular gender type that refers to

the presence of testosterone in the male but not in the female before birth is the:

A. assigned gender.

B. prenatal hormonal gender.

C. pubertal hormonal gender.

D. external genital appearance gender.

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

51. According to John Money, the gender variable that defined one’s gender at birth, as

measured by the appearance of the external genitals, is:

A. chromosomal gender.

B. gonadal gender.

C. pubertal hormonal gender.

D. assigned gender.

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

52. One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome in which a

genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus. However, due to the abnormal

functioning of the adrenal gland, an excess amount of androgen is produced resulting in

external genitals that are partly or completely male in appearance. Your friend is unable to

recall the name of the syndrome. You know it and are able to tell her that it is:

A. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

B. androgen insensitivity syndrome.

C. cryptorchidism.

D. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

5-17Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

53. One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome, where a genetic

male produces normal levels of testosterone. However, his body tissues are not responsive to

the levels and result in prenatal development being feminized. After describing the syndrome,

your friend forgets its name. You know it and are able to tell her that it is:

A. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

B. androgen insensitivity syndrome.

C. cryptorchidism.

D. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

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Blooms: Apply

Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

54. One of the most common intersex syndromes, which often results in identifying genetic

females as males, is:

A. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

B. Triple Y syndrome (YYY).

C. Triple X syndrome (XXX).

D. androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

55. The type of abnormality where the male fetus (sex chromosome configuration is XY) is

insensitive to androgen results in:

A. a woman like external appearance with no uterus and undescended testes.

B. a male with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced sex drive.

C. a tall male with unusual sex preferences.

D. a male of exceptional height and weight with borderline mental retardation.

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

5-18Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

56. What is the syndrome known as 5-alpha reductase deficiency is caused by?

A. a genetic-endocrine problem.

B. excessive androgen production.

C. insufficient estrogen production.

D. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

57. John Money referred to individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen-

insensitivity syndrome as _____.

A. transgenders

B. hermaphrodites

C. pseudohermaphrodites

D. homosexuals

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

58. _____ is the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads,

other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, leading to reproductive capacity.

A. Adolescence

B. Prenatal sexual differentiation

C. Puberty

D. Gender differentiation

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

5-19Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

59. _____ is defined as a psychological transition from the behaviour and attitudes of a child

to the behaviour, attitudes, and responsibilities of an adult.

A. Adolescence

B. Adrenarche

C. Puberty

D. Menarche

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

60. Which of the following statements is TRUE of adolescence?

A. Modern American culture has an unusually short period of adolescence.

B. It merely represents a biological transition from child to adult.

C. A century ago, adolescence was much longer.

D. In some cultures, adolescence does not exist.

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

61. Adolescence is a developmental period of life:

A. defined by the psychological transition toward adulthood.

B. characterized completely by the physiological changes in the body.

C. marked by the normative and universal time frame of 13 to 18 years.

D. recognized positively and celebrated by all societies of the world.

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

5-20Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

62. In comparing body growth and sexual development of girls with that of boys, it is found

that:

A. girls and boys follow the same pattern of development at the same time.

B. girls and boys follow the same pattern of development, but boys are about 2 years late in

development than girls.

C. girls and boys follow significantly different patterns of development, although they occur

at the same time.

D. we really cannot say anything definite given our present state of knowledge about sexual

development.

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Blooms: Understand

Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

63. At age twelve, Anna is 5 feet and 2 inches tall, which makes her taller than most of the

boys in her grade six class. This can be attributed to the fact that:

A. the growth spurt occurs in girls but not in boys.

B. the growth spurt for girls tends to be longer than the growth spurt for boys.

C. the growth spurt for girls occurs about two years before the growth spurt for boys.

D. the growth spurt for males is reducing with each passing generation.

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

64. The first sign of a female entering the period of pubescence is _____.

A. the production of a mature ovum

B. the beginning of menstruation

C. the growth of pubic hair

D. the beginning of breast development

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-16 Changes in Girls

5-21Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

65. Penis growth, experienced by the average boy during puberty, is most likely to occur at

about the same time as:

A. acne.

B. growth of scrotal sac.

C. growth of testes.

D. the change in his voice.

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

66. Which statement describes menarche?

A. It signifies that a girl is capable of becoming pregnant.

B. Most girls tend to react positively than negatively to their first menstruations.

C. There is a wide range in the age at which menarche occurs.

D. Girls lack a visible sign of having attained menarche.

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-16 Changes in Girls

67. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the adrenal glands?

A. They are located just below the kidneys.

B. In females, they are the major producers of androgens.

C. Adrenarche generally begins after 14 years of age.

D. They limit the growth of pubic and axillary hair in females.

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Blooms: Understand

Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

5-22Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

68. _____ is a problem faced more often by boys because of the clogging of sebaceous glands

during puberty.

A. Acne

B. Obesity

C. Increased secretion of adrenal androgens

D. Growth of pubic hair

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

69. An adolescent boy experiences temporary breast enlargement. This condition is known as

_____.

A. spermarche

B. menarche

C. adrenarche

D. gynecomastia

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

70. Human females are nearly unique among species in:

A. having an estrous cycle.

B. having a menstrual cycle.

C. experiencing slight spotting during ovulation.

D. engaging in sexual intercourse during estrus.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-04 Biology of the Menstual Cycle

5-23Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

71. Human females engage in sexual behaviour:

A. primarily in the middle of their estrous cycle.

B. throughout the menstrual cycle.

C. during menstruation because they are least likely to become pregnant during this phase.

D. like other mammals do, when they are in “heat.”

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

72. Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is:

A. the day just prior to menstruation.

B. the first day of menstruation.

C. the last day of menstruation.

D. the day after the last day of menstruation.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

73. What is the first phase of the menstrual cycle?

A. Luteal phase.

B. Ovulatory phase.

C. Follicular phase.

D. Proliferative phase.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-24Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

74. Which statement describes the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A. It follows the luteal phase.

B. During this phase, the follicle ruptures and releases a mature egg.

C. The level of FSH rises significantly during this phase.

D. The levels of estrogen and progesterone drop significantly during this phase.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

75. What unfolds in luteal phase?

A. The follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum.

B. The endometrium breaks down and is discharged through the cervix.

C. The degeneration of the corpus luteum is accompanied by a rise in progesterone.

D. The luteinizing hormone is no longer secreted.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

76. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by a sharp decline of both estrogen

and progesterone and a shedding of the inner lining of the uterus?

A. Follicular phase

B. Ovulation phase

C. Luteal phase

D. Menstruation phase

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-25Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

77. What layer of the uterus that is sloughed off during menstruation and creates most of the

menstrual discharge?

A. Endometrium

B. Myometrium

C. Exometrium

D. Perimetrium

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

78. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is relatively constant in terms of duration?

A. The ovulation phase

B. The follicular phase

C. The luteal phase

D. The menstruation phase

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

79. Which statement describes the term “Mittelschmerz”?

A. A phenomenon when menstruation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.

B. The cessation of menstruation in middle age.

C. A phenomenon where a woman can feel herself ovulate.

D. Appendicitis

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-26Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

80. If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is assumed to be

day:

A. 4.

B. 10.

C. 14.

D. 20.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

81. If a woman has a regular 38-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is assumed to be on

what day?

A. 4th

B. 10th

C. 14th

D. 24th

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

82. A woman has a 30-day menstrual cycle. She has had a 30-day cycle since she began

menstruating. On which of the following days of her period is she most likely to ovulate?

A. Day 24

B. Day 15

C. Day 16

D. Day 20

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-27Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

83. What is considered to be the average length of a typical menstrual cycle?:

A. 14 days

B. 28 days

C. 18 days

D. 36 days

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

84. If Sally has a 28 day menstrual cycle, her ovulation generally occurs on?

A. Day 7

B. Day 14

C. Day 18

D. Day 21

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

85. Which statement describes the menstrual cycle?

A. Ovulation does not have to occur in every menstrual cycle, especially for girls in puberty

and older women.

B. Almost all women come close to approximating the “perfect” 28-day menstrual cycle.

C. Irrespective of the duration of one’s menstrual cycle, ovulation invariably occurs on the

14thday from the start of menstruation.

D. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the most constant, extending for 10 days

from ovulation to menstruation.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-28Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

86. What term is used that describes the occurrence when a woman menstruates without

ovulating?

A. Mittelschmerz

B. An anovulatory cycle

C. a Menstrual disfunction

D. Sterility

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

87. At about the time of ovulation, cervical mucus is:

A. not produced.

B. alkaline.

C. acidic.

D. thick and viscous.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

88. Dried cervical mucus takes on a fern-shaped pattern:

A. after ovulation.

B. just before menstruation.

C. during menstruation.

D. just before ovulation.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-29Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

89. On the day after ovulation, the average basal body temperature of the female:

A. decreases.

B. increases.

C. returns to preovulation temperature.

D. normalizes.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

90. Which of the following results in a surge in the basal body temperature on the day after

ovulation?

A. High levels of FSH

B. Low level of LH

C. Increased production of prolactin

D. Increased production of progesterone

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

91. A woman is trying to determine the time at which she ovulates. She keeps track of her

basal body temperature every day. She observes a decrease followed by a noticeable increase

in the basal body temperature. This signals that she is in the _____ phase of her menstrual

cycle.

A. follicular

B. luteal

C. proliferative

D. menstruation

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-30Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

92. The body temperature of a woman changes during the menstrual cycle. Her temperature:

A. increases during the follicular phase.

B. decreases on the day of ovulation.

C. decreases the day after ovulation.

D. decreases during the luteal phase.

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Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

93. Which of the following describes dysmenorrhea?

A. It affects males after the climacteric when they can no longer produce sperm.

B. Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by breast enlargement in men.

C. Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation.

D. It results from the infection of the female prostate.

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

94. Which of the following is the cause of painful menstruation?

A. A high level of endorphins

B. A high level of prostaglandins

C. A low level of luteinizing hormone

D. A low level of inhibin

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

5-31Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

95. Which of the following is an effect of high levels of prostaglandins?

A. Reduction of nerve sensitivity

B. Increase in prolactin in the bloodstream

C. Decrease in oxygen supply to the uterus

D. Cessation of uterine contractions

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

96. Which of the following is TRUE about masturbation and menstruation?

A. Masters and Johnson suggested masturbation as a possible remedy for menstrual cramps.

B. Masturbation is not advised during menstruation because it may exacerbate the cramps.

C. After an orgasm during menstruation, fluids become congested in the pelvic region.

D. Masturbation is dangerous because orgasm interferes with the uterine contractions

necessary for menstrual flow.

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

97. Faye has been experiencing very painful periods that last an unusually long time.

According to her gynecologist, Faye’s condition is due to the fact that the lining of her uterus

is growing in places other than the uterus. From the information provided, which of the

following conditions would best characterize her symptoms?

A. Dysmenorrhea

B. Amenorrhea

C. Endometriosis

D. PMS

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Blooms: Apply

Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

5-32Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

98. Violet is 18 years old but has not started menstruating yet. The menstrual problem that she

is experiencing is known as:

A. primary dysmenorrhea.

B. secondary dysmenorrhea.

C. secondary amenorrhea.

D. primary amenorrhea.

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

99. Mary is 18- years-old. Though she had regular menstrual cycles previously, she has not

experienced menstruation for the past 3 months. What is her condition is known as?

A. Primary dysmenorrhea

B. Secondary dysmenorrhea

C. Primary amenorrhea

D. Secondary amenorrhea

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

100. Some of the causes of _____ are pregnancy, congenital reproductive defects, hormonal

imbalances, and cysts.

A. PMS

B. amenorrhea

C. dysmenorrhea

D. anovulatory cycles

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Blooms: Remember

Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

5-33Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

101. What term describes a combination of severe physical and psychological symptoms,

such as depression and irritability, occurring just before menstruation?

A. Premenstrual syndrome

B. Endometriosis

C. Primary amenorrhea

D. Secondary amenorrhea

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

102. Which of the following is an accurate criticism of evidence supporting premenstrual

syndrome (PMS)?

A. Most of the evidence depends on objective retrospective reports of moods and symptoms.

B. When treated for PMS, women essentially report physical symptoms rather than

psychological ones.

C. The average ratings of depressive symptoms reported by women experiencing PMS is

clinically significant and warrants intervention.

D. In actuality, women report far fewer symptoms for themselves than they think the average

woman experiences.

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

103. Research on female athletes concerning women’s performance during menstruation

suggests that:

A. although women believe they will perform well, their general performance suffers.

B. women accurately perceive that their performance does not suffer.

C. women accurately perceive that their performance suffers.

D. though some women believe their performance suffers, they show no significant deficits.

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

5-34Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

5-35Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

104. What does research on intellectual and athletic performance during the menstrual cycle

indicate?

A. Peak performance occurs around ovulation.

B. Diminished performance occurs just prior to menstruation.

C. Diminished performance occurs during menstruation.

D. No meaningful fluctuation exists over the cycle.

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-20 Fluctuations in Performance

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

105. Which of the following statements best summarizes the hormone-mood relationship

causing PMS?

A. Most mood swings are a result of high levels of secretions from the adrenal glands.

B. Most mood swings experienced by women are caused by the influence of their respective

cultures, with a minimal role played by hormones.

C. Most mood swings are caused by a rise in the level of testosterone in the blood.

D. Most mood swings are likely to be related to the decline of estrogen and progesterone.

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Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-19 Fluctuations in Mood: Do Women Become Extra Emotional?

106. What is one of the most common menstrual taboos in Western culture that is still in

practice today?

A. The marking of objects and persons who come into contact with a menstruating woman as

unclean

B. The prohibition of sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman

C. The sequestering of a menstruating woman away from men

D. The belief that menstrual blood contains supernatural powers

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

5-36Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

107. In an experiment, psychologist Diane Ruble divided her sample into three groups. She

measured their reactions to being given different information about their menstrual cycles.

The group that reported more water retention, pain, and changes in eating:

A. was given no information about the predicted date of menstruation.

B. was told that they were “intermenstrual”, and their period was due in 7-10 days.

C. was told that they were “premenstrual”, and their period was due in 1 to 2 days.

D. also had higher ratings in negative moods than the other two groups.

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

Short Answer Questions

108. What is meant by the negative feedback loop for females and for males? How does it

operate? Describe its similarities and differences between females and males.

The negative feedback loop regulates the production of the sex hormones estrogen and

progesterone in females and testosterone in males. It is also known as the HPG axis, that is,

the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. In males, the pituitary’s production of luteinizing

hormone (LH) stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. When testosterone levels are

high, the hypothalamus reduces its production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),

which causes the pituitary to reduce the production of LH, consequently reducing production

of testosterone by the testes. When testosterone levels fall, the hypothalamus increases the

production of GnRH and the process starts again.

In females, the negative feedback loop functions in a similar fashion and the levels of

estrogen and progesterone are regulated by hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries.

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Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

5-37Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

109. Describe the process of sex differentiation of the gonads of males and females.

In the 7th week after conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to begin

differentiation. In the male, the undifferentiated gonad develops into a testis at about 7 weeks.

In the female, the process occurs somewhat later, with the ovaries developing at around 13 or

14 weeks. An important gene that directs the differentiation of the gonads, located on the Y

chromosome, is called SRY, for sex-determining region, Y chromosome. If SRY is present, it

causes the manufacture of a substance called testis-determining factor (TDF), which makes

the gonads differentiate into testes, and male development occurs.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

110. Describe the role of the Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts in the female and the

male, respectively.

The Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts are both related to the process of prenatal sexual

differentiation. Once the gonads have differentiated into testes and ovaries in the male and

female respectively, these organs begin to produce different sex hormones which direct the

differentiation of the rest of the internal and external genital system. The Müllerian ducts and

the Wolffian ducts are found in both males and females, however, in females, the Wolffian

ducts degenerate and the Müllerian ducts turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the

upper part of the vagina. In the case of males, the opposite occurs. The testes secrete the

Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) which causes the Müllerian ducts to degenerate, while

the Wolffian ducts turn into the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-09 Prenatal Hormones and the Genitals

5-38Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

111. Discuss the problems that may occur in the passage of the testes through the inguinal

canal. How can these problems be corrected?

Two problems may occur in this process. First, one or both testes may fail to descend into the

scrotum by the time of birth, a condition known as undescended testes, or cryptorchidism.

This condition occurs in about 3 percent of all males. Most frequently, only one testis is

undescended, and the other is in the normal position. In most of these cases, the testes do

descend by the first birthday. If the testes do not descend spontaneously, however, the

condition is usually corrected by surgery. The optimum time for doing this is soon after the

first birthday. Otherwise, if both testes fail to descend, the man will be sterile, because the

high temperature of the testes inside the body inhibits the production of sperm. Undescended

testes are also more likely to develop cancer. The second possible problem occurs when the

inguinal canal does not close off completely. It may then reopen later in life, creating a

passageway through which loops of the intestine can enter the scrotum. This condition, called

inguinal hernia, can be remedied by simple surgery.

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Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

112. Describe what the term Moon Time refers to?

In many Canadian First Nations communities, women were honoured for their role as life

givers and gathered in the Moon Lodge during their Moon Time. In the Lodge they were

taught about various aspects of women’s lives, including about birth and menopause, by the

Grandmothers (female Elders). Colonialism changed this experience in many Indigenous

cultures. Some Indigenous women are trying to reclaim this traditional view of Moon Time

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and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

5-39Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

113. Explain what homologous and analogous organs are. Give at least two examples of each.

Homologous organs refer to the organs in the male and the female that develop from the same

embryonic tissue. Analogous organs, on the other hand, are the organs in the male and the

female that have similar functions.

Examples of analogous organs include the testes in males and the ovaries in females, both of

which develop from the gonads. The glans penis in males and the clitoris in females are also

homologous to one another in that they both develop from the genital tubercle. The testes and

the ovaries, and the glans penis and the clitoris are also examples of analogous organs as they

perform similar functions. The testes and the ovaries are both responsible for producing sex

hormones, while both the glans penis and the clitoris play important roles in producing sexual

arousal.

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Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.

Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

114. Compare the two intersex conditions of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and

androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

In congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a

fetus, but in the course of prenatal development, the adrenal gland begins to function

abnormally and produces an excess amount of androgens. Prenatal sexual differentiation then

does not follow the normal female course. As a result, the external genitals are partly or

completely male in appearance—the labia are partly or totally fused so there is no vaginal

opening, and the clitoris is enlarged to the size of a small or full-sized penis.

In androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a genetic male produces normal levels of

testosterone, but as a result of a genetic condition, the body tissues are insensitive to the

hormone and prenatal development is feminized. The individual is born with the external

appearance of a female: a small vagina and undescended testes.

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Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.

Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

5-40Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

115. Changes that occur to the body during puberty are sometimes difficult for adolescents in

the American society. Why are they difficult and what would you suggest as possible

solutions to some of the problems?

Unlike in other parts of the world where puberty rites are performed to signify an adolescent’s

passage to adulthood, in American culture, an individual’s entry into puberty is not given any

formal recognition. In the absence of such rituals, a person may think that his or her body is

doing strange things, making puberty a particularly difficult time. This problem can be

overcome by providing timely education to adolescents about their bodies and the changes

that will take place.

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Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.

Topic: 05-16 Changes in Girls

Topic: 05-17 Changes in Behaviour

116. Discuss the common problem of painful menstruation.

The most common menstrual problem is painful menstruation, called dysmenorrhea.

Symptoms of this may include cramping pains in the pelvic region, headaches, backaches,

nausea, and a feeling of pressure and bloating in the pelvis. Dysmenorrhea is caused by

prostaglandins, hormone-like substances produced by many tissues of the body, including the

lining of the uterus. These prostaglandins can cause smooth muscles to contract and can affect

the size of the blood vessels. Women with severe menstrual pain have unusually high levels of

prostaglandins which cause intense uterine contractions and choke off some of the supply of

oxygen-carrying blood to the uterus. Prostaglandins may also cause greater sensitivity to

nerve endings. The combination of the uterine contractions, lack of oxygen, and heightened

nerve sensitivity produces menstrual cramps.

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Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.

Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

5-41Chapter 05 – Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

117. Do women’s moods change over the menstrual cycle? Explain your choice of answer.

Women do, on average, experience some fluctuations in mood over the phases of the

menstrual cycle. According to research, women generally have positive moods around the

time of ovulation and experience anxiety, irritability, depression, fatigue, and headaches

premenstrually. However, there is a great deal of variation from one woman to the next in the

size of these shifts and the way they are expressed. Some women experience no shifts, or

shifts so slight that they are not noticeable, while others experience large shifts. Also, there is

some ambiguity regarding the manner in which these shifts should be interpreted—whether

women are unusually “low” premenstrually or unusually “high” around the time of ovulation.

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Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle

and their possible causes.

Topic: 05-19 Fluctuations in Mood: Do Women Become Extra Emotional?

118. Discuss the biological and psychological cycles that are present in men.

A study found that men’s testosterone levels displayed weekly fluctuations, peaking on

weekends. Men who had a female partner and wished to have a child with her displayed a 28-

day cycle of testosterone levels, leading the researchers to hypothesize that the men’s hormone

cycles might have synchronized with their partner’s. Strikingly, men’s testosterone levels also

vary with sexual activity. In this same study, men who had sex with an unfamiliar partner

showed a 100 percent increase in their testosterone levels the following morning.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Blooms: Understand

Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.

Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

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