Solution Manual Accounting Information Systems Romney Wood 15th edition
Complete Solution Manual With Answers
Sample Chapter
2.1 CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING
AND ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS
SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Table 2-1 lists some of the documents used in the revenue, expenditure, and human
resources cycle. What kinds of input or output documents or forms would you find in
the production (also referred to as the conversion cycle)?
Students will not know the names of the documents, but they should be able to identify the
tasks about which information needs to be gathered. Here are some of those tasks
Requests for items to be produced
Documents to plan production
Schedule of items to be produced
List of items produced, including quantity and quality
Form to allocate costs to products
Form to collect time spent on production jobs
Form requesting raw materials for production process
Documents showing how much raw materials are on hand
Documents showing how much raw materials went into production
List of production processes
List of items needed to produce each product
Documents to control movement of goods from one location to another
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Ch. 2: Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
2.2 With respect to the data processing cycle, explain the phrase “garbage in, garbage
out.” How can you prevent this from happening?
When garbage, defined as errors, is allowed into a system that error is processed and the
resultant data stored. The stored data at some point will become output. Thus, the phrase
garbage in, garbage out. Data errors are even more problematic in ERP systems because the
error can affect many more applications than an error in a non-integrated database.
Companies go to great lengths to make sure that errors are not entered into a system. To
prevent data input errors:
Data captured on source documents and keyed into the system are edited by the
computer to detect and correct errors and critical data is sometimes double keyed.
Companies use turnaround documents to avoid the keying process.
Companies use source data automation devices to capture data electronically to avoid
the keying and some of the editing process.
Well-designed documents and screens improve accuracy and completeness by
providing instructions or prompts about what data to collect, grouping logically related
pieces of information close together, using check off boxes or pull-down menus to
present the available options, and using appropriate shading and borders to clearly
separate data items.
Data input screens are preformatted to list all the data the user needs to enter.
Prenumbered source documents are used or the system automatically assigns a
sequential number to each new transaction. This simplifies verifying that all
transactions have been recorded and that none of the documents has been misplaced.
The system is programmed to make sure company policies are followed, such as
approving or verifying a transaction. For example, the system can be programmed to
check a customer’s credit limit and payment history, as well as inventory status, before
confirming a sale to a customer.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Accounting Information Systems
2.3 What kinds of documents are most likely to be turnaround documents? Do an
Internet search to find the answer and example turnaround documents.
Documents that are commonly used as turnaround documents include the following:
Utility bills
Meter cards for collecting readings from gas meters, photocopiers, water meters etc
Subscription renewal notices
Inventory stock cards
Invoices
Checks (banks encode account info on the bottom of checks)
Annual emissions inventory forms
(http://www.deq.state.ok.us/aqdnew/Emissions/TurnAroundDocs.htm)
Students will find many other turnaround documents.
Here are some URLs for turnaround document definitions and examples:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnaround_document
http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=turnaround+document&i=53248,00.a
sp
http://www.answers.com/topic/turnaround-document-1
Here are some turnaround document images (1 long URL):
http://images.google.com/images?q=turnaround+document&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&ei=N7yBSpbAF4KiswO39JnwCA&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Ch. 2: Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
2.4 The data processing cycle in Figure 2-1 is an example of a basic process found
throughout nature. Relate the basic input/process/store/output model to the functions
of the human body.
There are a number of ways to relate the input/process/store/output model to the human
body. Here are a few of them
Brain. We read, see, hear, and feel things. We process that input in order to understand
what it is and how it relates to us. We store that data in our brains and then process it
again in order to produce solve problems, make decisions, etc., which represent output.
Stomach. We take food in as input. It is processed to produce energy to fuel all bodily
functions. If we eat more food than the body needs at any one time it is stored as fat.
The output is walking, talking, thinking – all functions fueled by the energy produced.
Human waste is also an output of that process.
Students will come up with other examples of how the input/process/store/output model
applies to the human body
2.5 Some individuals argue that accountants should focus on producing financial
statements and leave the design and production of managerial reports to information
systems specialists. What are the advantages and disadvantages of following this
advice? To what extent should accountants be involved in producing reports that
include more than just financial measures of performance? Why?
There are no advantages to accountants focusing only on financial information. Both the
accountant and the organization would suffer if this occurred. Moreover, it would be very
costly to have two systems rather than one that captures and processes operational facts at
the same time as it captures and reports financial facts.
The main disadvantage of this is that accountants would ignore much relevant information
about the organization’s activities. To the extent that such nonfinancial information (e.g.,
market share, customer satisfaction, measures of quality, etc.) is important to management,
the value of the accounting function would decline. Moreover, accountants have been
trained in how to design systems to maximize the reliability of the information produced. If
relevant information is not produced by the AIS, there is danger that the information may
be unreliable because the people responsible for its production have not been trained in, or
adequately aware of, the potential threats to reliability and the best measures for dealing
with those threats.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Accounting Information Systems
2.1 SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE PROBLEMS
The chart of accounts must be tailored to an organization’s specific needs. Discuss
how the chart of accounts for the following organizations would differ from the one
presented for S&S in Table 2-2.
Some of the changes in the chart of accounts for each type of entity include the following:
a. University
No equity or summary drawing accounts. Instead, have a fund balances section
for each type of fund.
Several types of funds, with a separate chart of accounts for each. The current
fund is used for operating expenses, but not capital expenditures. Loan funds are
used to account for scholarships and loans. Endowment funds are used to account
for resources obtained from specific donors, generally with the objective that
principal be preserved, and that income be used for a specific purpose. Plant funds
are used for major capital expenditures. Most fund categories would be further
divided into restricted and unrestricted categories.
Unlikely to have Notes Receivable but may have Accounts Receivable for
students who pay tuition in installment payments.
Tuition and fees would be one source of revenue. Others include gifts, investment
income, sales of services, and, for public universities, state appropriations.
Student loans are an asset; student deposits are a liability.
b. Bank
Loans to customers would be an asset, some current others noncurrent, depending
upon the length of the loan.
No inventory
Customer accounts would be liabilities.
Classification of revenue would be among loans, investments, service charges,
etc.
No cost of goods sold.
c. Government Unit
No equity or summary drawing accounts. Instead, have fund balances.
Balance sheet shows two major categories: (1) assets and (2) liabilities and fund
equity.
Separate chart of accounts for each fund (general fund, special revenue fund,
capital projects fund, and debt service fund).
Revenue and expenditure accounts would be grouped by purpose (e.g., police,
highways, sanitation, education, etc.).
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Encumbrance accounts
Revenues would include taxes, licenses and permits, fines, and charges for
specific services.
Taxes receivable as a separate category due to importance.
No cost of goods sold.
d. Manufacturing Company
Several types of inventory accounts (raw materials, work-in-process, and finished
goods).
Additional digits to code revenues and expenses by products and to code
assets/liabilities by divisions.
e. Expansion of S&S
Additional digits to code:
Revenues and expenses by products and by stores
Assets/liabilities by stores.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.2.2 Accounting Information Systems
This chapter discusses the current and future uses of blockchain to process
transactions and store data. Research the use of blockchain and find a non-
cryptocurrency company that is currently using it. Also research how people are
predicting that blockchain will be used in the future to process transactions and store
company data. Write a 3-4 page report about what you found with respect to the
current and future uses of blockchain.
Students should be able to find numerous non-cryptocurrency companies that are currently
using blockchain. There is also no shortage of people predicting how blockchain can be
used in the future.
The objective is to get the students to do the research necessary to learn more about
blockchain and its current real world uses and its predicted future uses.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Ch. 2: Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
2.3 An audit trail enables a person to trace a source document to its ultimate effect on the
financial statements or work back from amounts in the financial statements to source
documents. Describe in detail the audit trail for the following:
a. The audit trail for inventory purchases includes linking purchase requisitions, purchase
orders, and receiving reports to vendor invoices for payment. All these documents
would be linked to the check or EFT transaction used to pay for an invoice and
recorded in the Cash Disbursements Journal. In addition, these documents would all be
linked to the journal entry made to record that purchase. There would be a general
ledger account number at the bottom of each column in the journal. The journal
reference would appear in the General Ledger, Inventory Ledger, and Accounts Payable
ledger.
Purchase
Requisition
Purchase
Order
Receiving
Report
Invoice
Accounts
Payable
Ledger
Payment
Cash
Disbursemen
ts Journal
General
Ledger
Trial
Balance
Financial
Statements
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b. The audit trail for the sale of inventory links the customer order, sales order, and
shipping document to the sales invoice. These documents are linked to the journal entry
recording the sale of that merchandise. The invoice would also be linked to the cash
received from the customer and to the journal entry to record that receipt.
Customer
Order
Sales Order Shipping
Documents
Invoice
Sales
Journal
Accounts
Receivable Ledger
Payment
General
Ledger
Cash Receipts
Journal
Trial
Balance
Financial
Statements
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c. The audit trail for employee payroll links records of employee activity (time cards, time
sheets, etc.) to paychecks and to the journal entry to record payment of payroll. In a
manufacturing company, there would also be links to the job-time tickets used to
allocate labor costs to specific products or processes.
Employee
Paycheck
Employee
Time Card
Cash
Disbursements
Journal
Payroll
Journal
General Ledger
Trial
Balance
Financial
Statements
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.2.4 2.5 Accounting Information Systems
This chapter discusses the use of smart contracts. Research their use and write a 3-4
page report that describes one or more companies that use them. Include how the
smart contract works as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Also explain how
people are predicting that smart contracts will evolve and how they will be used in the
future.
Students should be able to find numerous examples of companies that are currently using
smart contracts. They should also be able to find discussions of their advantages,
disadvantages, and predicted advancements.
The objective is to get the students to do the research necessary to learn more about smart
contracts and their current real world uses and predicted future uses.
Match the following terms with their definitions
__
i___ 1. attribute
__
c___ 2. audit trail
__
t___ 3. batch processing
__y___ 4. block code
__
d___ 5. chart of accounts
__u___ 6. coding
__z___ 7. control account
__j___ 8. data processing cycle
__
e___ 9. data value
__
r___ 10. database
__k___ 11. entity
__
f___ 12. field
__
h___ 13. general journal
__
a___ 14. general ledger
__
s___ 15. group code
__
l___ 16. master file
__
v___ 17. mnemonic code
__o___ 18. real-time processing
__x___ 19. record
__
b___ 20. sequence code
__p___ 21. source data automation
__w___ 22. source documents
__q___ 23. specialized journal
__
m___ 24. subsidiary ledger
__n___ 25. transaction file
__g___ 26. turnaround documents
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2.6 For each of the following scenarios identify which data processing method (batch or
real-time) would be the most appropriate.
Some students will respond that all can and ought to be done with real-time processing.
While all can certainly be done that way, batch processing does have its advantages
(cheaper, more efficient, etc.). In making the decision between batch and real-time
processing, designers must consider the need for current and accurate data. Batch
processing is often used for data that does not need frequent updating and naturally occurs
or is processed at fixed times. For example, while employee check in and checkout times
may be gathered in real time, payroll is usually only processed at a fixed interval such as
weekly, biweekly, or monthly.
a. real-time
b. real-time
c. real-time
d. batch
e. batch
f. real-time
g. batch
h. real time
i. real time
j. real time
k. batch
l. real time
2.7 On their websites, you will find several online demonstrations for the SAP and Oracle
ERP systems. Visit these websites and explore their content by doing the following:
a. Search the SAP site for corporate videos, and watch two of them. Explore the
industries, services, solutions, and platforms that SAP offers. Read several of the
articles, such as the ones about customer successes.
b. Explore the Oracle website just as you explored the SAP site.
After viewing the Web sites, and based on your reading of the chapter, write a 2-page
paper that describes how an ERP can connect and integrate the revenue, expenditure,
human resources/payroll, and financing cycles of a business.
Student solutions will vary depending on the demonstrations they observe. However, the
demonstrations should give the students a more concrete and visual understanding of what
an ERP system is and does. Student solutions should at least discuss how an ERP could
integrate all of the various cycle activities of a business into one integrated system.
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Which of the following actions update a master file and which would be stored as a
record in a transaction file?
a. Update customer address – Master file
b. Update unit pricing information – Master file
c. Record daily sales – Transaction file
d. Record payroll checks – Transaction file
e. Change employee pay rates – Master file
f. Record production run variances – Transaction file
g. Record Sales Commissions – Transaction file
h. Change employee office location – Master file
i. Update accounts payable balance – Master file
j. Change customer credit limit – Master file
k. Change vendor payment discount terms – Master file
l. Record purchases – Transaction file
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Ch. 2: Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
2.9 You were hired to assist Ashton Fleming in designing an accounting system for S&S.
Ashton has developed a list of the journals, ledgers, reports, and documents that he
thinks S&S needs (see Table 2-6). He asks you to complete the following tasks:
a. Specify what data you think should be collected on each of the following four
documents: sales invoice, purchase order, receiving report, employee time card
b. c. d. Design a report to manage inventory.
Design a report to assist in managing credit sales and cash collections.
Visit a local office supply store and identify what types of journals, ledgers, and
blank forms for various documents (sales invoices, purchase orders, etc.) are
available. Describe how easily they could be adapted to meet S&S’s needs.
No single answer exists with this case. Indeed, solutions will vary depending upon student
ingenuity and creativity. Student answers can be compared to examples of these documents
found in chapters 10 and 11.
a. A sample invoice is presented in the Revenue Cycle chapter. A sample purchase order
is presented in the Expenditure Cycle chapter. A sample receiving report also appears
in the Expenditure Cycle chapter. Although student designs will vary, each document
should contain the following data items:
Sales Invoice
Customer name and address Product code or number
Customer account number Product description
Customer order number Quantity ordered
Salesperson code Quantity shipped
Shipping Address Unit price
Shipper and date shipped Extended price
Terms of sale Taxes, if applicable
Total Amount due
Purchase Order
Ship to address Item numbers ordered
Bill to address Payment terms
Purchasing agent number Shipping instructions
Quantity of parts ordered Supplier name or number
Prices of parts ordered Date of purchase
Taxes, if any Total amount of purchase
Receiving Report
Vendor name Vendor number
Vendor address Date received
Shipper Receiving clerk number
Quantity received Part number received
Description/quality remarks Purchase order number
Inspected by
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b. c. d. Employee Time Card
Employee name Total regular hours
Employee number Time in/ Time out
Pay period Total overtime hours
Department number Approved by
Employee signature
The report to manage inventory should contain the following information:
Preferred vendor
Product number
Description
Reorder point
Quantity on Hand
Quantity Available
Vendor performance history
Quantity on order
Lead time
The report to manage credit sales and cash collections should include:
Credit sales per period
Cash collections per period
Aging of accounts receivable
Customers by geographic region
Uncollectible accounts per period
The answers to this will vary depending upon the types of documents carried in the
office supplies stores visited by the students.
A fruitful topic for class discussion, or a possible additional case assignment, is to
compare the design of paper documents to the data entry screen layouts used in
various popular accounting packages.
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2.10 Correct answers bolded
1. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Well-designed documents and screens improve accuracy and completeness
by providing instructions or prompts about what data to collect
b. Online batch processing is where transaction data are entered, edited, and
processed as they occur.
c. ERP implementation costs for large companies with multiple sites are usually
about half the cost of the ERP user license.
d. In an ERP system, data entry controls such as validating data item and checking
them for accuracy at the time of initial entry are not needed.
e. Data in ledgers is organized logically using coding techniques that assign
numbers or letters to items to classify and organize them.
2. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. With sequence codes, items are numbered consecutively to account for all
items, and missing items cause a gap in the numerical sequence.
b. The data capture or input process is usually triggered by a top management
decision.
c. Updating done periodically, such as daily or weekly, is referred to as batch
processing.
d. e. Cumulative accounting information is stored in general and subsidiary journals.
Computers store data in a field; the fields containing data about entity
attributes constitute a record.
3. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. A chart of accounts facilitates preparing financial statements because data
stored in individual accounts can easily be summed for presentation.
b. Repetitive and frequently used database queries are usually developed by users;
one-time queries are usually developed by information systems specialists.
c. A database query can provide the information needed to deal with problems
and questions that need rapid action or answers.
d. e. A journal entry shows the accounts and amounts to be debited and credited.
Transaction files are permanent and must be maintained for several years for
backup purposes.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.4. 5. 6. Accounting Information Systems
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. A group code is derived from the description of the item and is usually easy to
memorize.
b. Using source data automation or well-designed turnaround documents and
data entry screens helps ensure captured data are accurate and complete
c. It is usually best to let a user determine what data to input rather than have data
input screens list the data the user needs to enter
d. If the sum of all subsidiary ledger account balances does not equal its general
ledger control account balance, a recording error has occurred.
e. Real-time processing updates transactions as they occur, helping ensure
stored information is current and useful in making decision.
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. With mnemonic codes, blocks of numbers are reserved for specific categories of
data.
b. Input controls are improved by using pre-numbered source documents or by
the system automatically assigning a sequential number to each transaction.
c. In an integrated ERP system, undetected data entry errors can automatically
propagate throughout the system.
d. As ERP modules do not automatically trigger additional actions in other modules,
it is less important to understand business processes and their interactions.
e. A purchase to pay ERP module facilitates production scheduling, work-in-
process, quality control, cost management, and manufacturing processes.
Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Data is one of a company’s most important resources but to function properly
most organizations do not have to have the data readily and easily accessible.
b. Turnaround documents are company output sent to an external party and
returned as an input document.
c. Each type of entity possesses the same set of attributes or characteristics of
interest that are stored, but the specific data values for those attributes will
differ depending on the entity.
d. Reaping the potential benefits of ERP systems and mitigating their
disadvantages requires conscious effort and involvement by top
management.
e. Real-time data processing is almost always cheaper and more efficient than batch
processing.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Ch. 2: Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
7. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Source data automation devices capture transaction data in paper form at the time
and place of their origin.
b. Master files are permanent and exist across fiscal periods; individual master
file records may change frequently.
c. General ledgers are often used for accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets,
and accounts payable.
d. If an ERP system does not meet your needs, it can almost always be
inexpensively modified to meet your unique needs
e. When choosing an ERP system, make sure it has a module for every critical
company process and you are not paying for modules you do not need.
8. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. Documents are records of transaction or other company data that can be
printed out or stored as electronic images in a computer
b. Transaction data are almost always recorded in a ledger before they are entered
into a journal
c. Since batch processing data are current and accurate only immediately after
processing, it is used for applications that do not need frequent updating.
d. ERP systems are not effective in integrating non-financial company operations
with a traditional accounting system.
e. Well-designed screens improve accuracy and completeness by using checkoff
boxes or pull-down menus to present the available options
9. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. A transaction file contains records of individual business transactions and is
similar to a general ledger in a manual AIS.
b. To ensure credit sales policies are followed, the system can be programmed
to check a customer’s credit limit and payment history.
c. Use of pre-numbered documents makes it harder to verify that all transactions
have been recorded and that none has been misplaced.
d. An ERP system uses a centralized database to share information across
business processes and coordinate activities.
e. It is difficult for an ERP system to provide management with the up-to-date
information needed to plan, control, and evaluate an organization’s business
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10. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
a. The need for reports should be periodically assessed because they are often
prepared long after they are needed—wasting time, money, and resources.
b. An audit trail is a transaction path through a data processing system from point of
origin to final output, but not backward from final output to point of origin.
c. Accountants and systems developers do not need to understand how data are
captured, organized, stored, processed, or accessed.
d. An AIS has traditionally been referred to as a transaction processing system
because its only concern was financial data and accounting transactions.
e. A master file, like a ledger in a manual AIS, stores cumulative information
about an organization.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Ch. 2: Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE CASES
2.1 Bar Harbor Blueberry Farm
Data from Case
Date Supplier
Invoice
Supplier Name Supplier
Address
Amount
March 7 AJ34 Bud’s Soil Prep PO Box 34 $2,067.85
March 11 14568 Osto Farmers Supply 45 Main $ 67.50
March 14 893V Whalers Fertilizer Route 34 $5,000.00
March 21 14699 Osto Farmers Supply 45 Main $3,450.37
March 21 10102 IFM Wholesale 587 Longview $4,005.00
March 24 10145 IFM Wholesale 587 Longview $ 267.88
Purchases Journal
Page 1
Date Supplier Supplier
Invoice
Account
Number
Amount
March 7 Bud’s Soil Prep AJ34 23 √ $2,067.85
March 11 Osto Farmers Supply 14568 24 √ $ 67.50
March 14 Whalers Fertilizer 893V 36 √ $5,000.00
March 21 Osto Farmers Supply 14699 24 √ $3,450.37
March 21 IFM Wholesale 10102 38 √ $4,005.00
March 24 IFM Wholesale 10145 38 √ $ 267.88
March 31 TOTAL Post
Ref
14,858.60
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General Ledger
Accounts Payable Account Number: 300
Date Description Post Ref Debit Credit Balance
March 1 Balance
Forward
$18,735.55
March 31 √ 14,858.60 33,594.15
Purchases Account Number: 605
Date Description Post Ref Debit Credit Balance
March 1 Balance
Forward
$54,688.49
March 31 √ 14,858.60 69,547.09
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Ch. 2: Overview of Transaction Processing and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
Account Payable Subsidiary Ledger
Account No: 23 Bud’s Soil Prep PO Box 34 Terms: 2/10,
Net 30
Date Description Debit Credit Balance
March 1 Balance Forward 0.00
March 7 Supplier invoice AJ34 2,067.85 2,067.85
Account No: 24 Osto Farmers Supply 45 Main Terms: 2/10,
Net 30
Date Description Debit Credit Balance
March 1 Balance Forward 0.00
Mar 11 Supplier invoice 14568 67.50 67.50
Mar 21 Supplier invoice 14699 3,450.37 3,517,87
Account No: 36 Whalers Fertilizer Route 34 Terms: 2/10,
Net 30
Date Description Debit Credit Balance
March 1 Balance Forward 0.00
March 14 Supplier invoice 893V 5,000.00 5,000.00
Account No: 38 IFM Wholesale 587 Longview Terms: 2/10,
Net 30
Date Description Debit Credit Balance
March 1 Balance Forward 0.00
Mar 21 Supplier invoice 10102 4,005.00 4,005.00
Mar 24 Supplier invoice 10145 267.88 4,272.88
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Copyright (c) 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.Accounting Information Systems
2.2 SDC Corp. – Chart of Accounts Design
Design a chart of accounts for SDC. Explain how you structured the chart of accounts
to meet the company’s needs and operating characteristics. Keep total account code
length to a minimum, while still satisfying all of Mace’s desires.
(Adapted from the CMA Exam)
A six-digit code (represented by letters ABCDEF) is enough to meet SDC’s needs:
A This digit identifies the 4 divisions plus the corporate office
B This digit represents major account types (asset, liability, equity, revenue,
expense).
C This digit represents the major classification within account type:
For balance sheet accounts, this represents specific sub-categories (current
assets, plant and equipment, etc.), as only six categories are needed.
For expense and revenue accounts, this digit represents the product group, as
again there are only five products plus general costs.
D This digit represents specific accounts or cost centers:
For balance sheet accounts, this is the control account; one digit is adequate
because the problem says no more than 10 categories.
For expense accounts, this is the cost center; one digit is adequate because the
problem indicates no more than 6 cost centers.
EF These two digits represent the subsidiary accounts and natural expense categories:
For expense accounts, these represent the 56 natural expense categories and
variances for each cost center.
For the balance sheet, these two digits accommodate up to 100 subsidiary
accounts.
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