Certified Pool Operator Handbook Practice Test

1 Exam Prep
Certified Pool Operator Handbook Practice Test

1. You operate a 120,000 gallon pool, and upon performing your hourly chemical tests you observe the following readings:

Total Available Chlorine reading is 1.6 Free available chlorine reading is 1.5 pH is 7.4

Your supervising lifeguard has just informed you that you have had a fecal incident occur; a solid stool has been discharged into the pool. According to the Centers for Disease Control, as the CPO, you should do the following:

A. clear the pool of users and boost the free chlorine to 17 ppm
B. clear the pool and raise the free chlorine to 2 ppm
C. allow swimmers to remain in the pool, but raise the free chlorine to 10 ppm. D. none of the above

2. Assuming that your local health department requires you to raise the free chlorine to 5 ppm, how much sodium hypochlorite would be needed to raise the free chlorine in the pool in question #1 to that level?

A. 6 gallons B. 3.5 gallons C. 9 gallons D. 35 gallons

3. You are the CPO for an indoor health club pool. The facility manager informs you that he is receiving complaints about a strong chlorine odor in the pool area, and several members have complained of eye irritation. The most likely cause of these complaints is:

A. too much free chlorine in the water
B. too few swimmers in the pool
C. high levels of chloramines in the pool D. high calcium levels in the water

4. To determine the level of chloramines in the water, you should do which of the following?

A. test for free chlorine and pH, then divide the pH number by the free chlorine number
B. test for total chlorine and free chlorine, then subtract the free chlorine number from the total chlorine number
C. test for total chlorine and combined chlorine, then subtract the combined chlorine number from the free chlorine number
D. test for total alkalinity and pH, then multiply the total alkalinity number by the pH number

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5. You operate a 45,000 gallon indoor pool, and upon doing your hourly chemical tests you observe the following readings:

Total available chlorine is 2.2 Free available chlorine is 1.4 pH is 7.6

What is the level of chloramines in this pool?

A. 3.6 B. .8 C. -.8 D. 2.8

6. To remove the chloramines in the pool in question #5, how much of the following compounds would be needed?

A). Using Chlorine gas:

A. 4 lbs.
B. 24.13 lbs. C. 5.666 lbs. D. 2.413 lbs.

B). Using Sodium Hypochlorite:

A. 12 gallons B. 2.48 gallons C. 4.05 gallons D. 3.11 gallons

C). Using Calcium Hypochlorite:

A. 3.71 lbs. B. 2.36 lbs. C. 37.1 lbs. D. 5 lbs.

7. You are the operator of a 330,000 gallon outdoor pool. Your local health department requires you to perform a water balance calculation once monthly. Upon performing the water tests necessary to perform this calculation, you observe the following readings in your pool:

Total alkalinity is
pH is
Calcium Hardness is Temperature is
Total Dissolved Solids is

50 ppm
7.2
150 ppm
76 degrees F 500 ppm

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Using these readings, what is the Saturation Index for this pool?

A. +0.8 B. +0.3 C. -0.8 D. -8.0

8. To adjust the tested Total Alkalinity in the pool in question #7 to an acceptable level, which chemical would be most appropriate?

A. Sodium Hypochlorite B. Sodium Bicarbonate C. Sodium Carbonate
D. Sodium Chloride

9. To adjust the tested pH in the pool in question #7 to an acceptable level, which chemical would be most appropriate?

A. Sodium Carbonate B. Sodium Chloride C. Chlorine Gas
D. Sodium Thiosulfate

10. You are the CPO for a 28,000 gallon hotel pool. You perform a water balance chemical test, and to your surprise, the Calcium Hardness is only 100 ppm. How much calcium chloride (77%) would be required to increase this to 400 ppm?

A. 10 lbs.
B. 1,000 lbs. C. 100.8 lbs. D. 1.0 lbs.

11. You are the CPO for a 100 foot long, 50 foot wide country club pool. The average depth of this pool is 7 feet. You return to the pool on Monday morning, after a rare weekend off, and find that the auto-fill feature has failed to work, and the pool water level is four inches too low. How many gallons of water must be added to return the water to the proper level?

A. 120,480 gallons B. 3.123 gallons C. 12,495 gallons D. 15,000 gallons

12. You are the operator of a 3,000 gallon health club spa, which has an average of 100 users per day. According to the CPO Handbook, how often should the water in this spa be changed?

A. 20 days B. 10 days C. 100 days D. 1 day

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13. You are the CPO for a large municipal swimming pool. This pool has a volume of 560,000 gallons of water, and has an average daily bather load of 1300 people. The pool is operated using high rate pressure sand filters. How often should you backwash the filters?

A. Once per week
B. Every 168 hours
C. When the influent and effluent gauges are 10 to 20 psi apart D. Whenever the pool manager tells you to

14. In testing for Chlorine/Bromine in a commercial pool, DPD is preferred over OTO because:

A. OTO bleaches out at high levels of chlorine B. DPD has a pleasant pink color
C. OTO only tests for Total Chlorine
D. DPD smells funny

15. Safety and rescue equipment should always be:

A. Kept easily accessible around the pool B. Kept safely stored inside a locked room C. Kept near the wading pool at all times D. Kept in the pool manager’s office

16. Which type of filter system will remove the smallest micron particles?

A. rapid rate sand
B. cartridge
C. diatomaceous earth D. high rate sand

17. If the pump fails to prime, which of the following does not have to be checked?

A. leak on suction side of the pump
B. hair and lint cover is loose or has a worn 0-ring C. clogged skimmer basket
D. filter system pressure is too high

18. Oxidation Reduction Potential testing (ORP) is measured in?

A. mV B. PPM C. GPM D. FAC

19. High calcium hardness can result in what condition?

A. etching of pool surface B. heater failure
C. staining
D. cloudy water

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20. Head first entry dives are:

A. only important in pools greater than 5 feet deep
B. allowed only when patrons are young and athletic, never by very young or very old patrons
C. only allowed in areas of the pool that are not marked as ‘NO DIVING’
D. not taught to the public anymore due to the extreme danger they present

21. Opening and closing checklists:

A. help note unsafe conditions at a facility
B. should include a check of the main drain cover
C. will ensure proper deck clearance is maintained around the pool edge D. all of the above

22. You can become sick from ingesting water infected with Legionella bacteria

A. true
B. false
C. maybe
D. depends on the pH of the water

23. Channeling of filters occurs when:

A. there is a leak in the filter
B. the FMR is exceeded, and water cuts a channel through the media C. the water overflows in a filter
D. all of the above

24. The only physical factor that affects water balance is:

A. pH
B. TDS
C. temperature
D. calcium hardness

25. To be classified as a disinfectant, a compound must kill or inactivate 99.9% of contaminants as well as:

A. maintaining proper water balance
B. leave a measurable residual in the water C. have a NFPA classification of
D. have a sweet smelling aroma

26. Pools using chlorine gas as a disinfectant produce hydrochloric acid, which can be neutralized with:

A. sodium thiosulfate
B. cyanuric acid
C. caustic soda or soda ash D. carbon dioxide

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27. When balancing swimming pool water, the following should be adjusted first:

A. pH
B. calcium
C. total alkalinity D. temperature

28. A spa with water tested as pH 7.2, temperature 103, calcium hardness 600, total alkalinity 120, and tds of 1,500 will be:

A. scale forming B. balanced
C. corrosive
D. sanitized

29. When performing a water test, sample water should be collected:

A. at the water surface
B. 18 inches below the surface, near a return line
C. from the filter tank
D. 18 inches below the surface, away from return line

30. Swimming pool circulation systems should be adjusted to remove:

A. 75% from the main drain
B. 75% from the surface
C. 50% from the main drain and 50% from the surface D. 100% from the surface

31. Vaccuming of the pool bottom should be done:

A. after foreign matter has settled B. as time permits
C. weekly
D. between noon and 2 p.m.

32. You are a service tech and have gotten a contract to maintain a small motel pool. Upon examining the operational records, you find that the number of gallons in the pool is not listed in the records. You visit the pool and observe that it is a fairly rectangular concrete pool, with the following dimensions: length = 40 feet; width = 20 feet. The pool bottom slope is constant from the shallow end, which is 3 feet deep, to the deep end, which is 8 feet deep.

A). What is the total number of gallons of water in this pool?

A. 33,000 gallons B. 60,000 gallons C. 44,500 gallons D. 330,000 gallons

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B). To achieve a 6 hour TOR in this pool, what flow rate would be needed?

A. 192 gpm B. 92 gpm C. 920 gpm D. 75 gpm

C). You notice a clear greenish tint to the water. What could be the problem?

A. free-floating green algae B. presence of iron
C. presence of copper
D. all of the above

33. You are the aquatics manager at a very busy local gym that is open 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. This gym has a 1,850 gallon spa. This spa is in almost constant use with about 100 bathers per day using the spa (on average). You begin to get complaints from the bathers that their eyes are burning and their skin itches after soaking.

A). What is the suggested replacement interval for the water in this spa?

A. 60 days
B. 6 days
C. once monthly D. daily

B). You drain the water from the spa and refill. Your main sanitizer is calcium hypochlorite. One morning your testing indicates that the free chlorine level is very high, at 15 ppm FAC, and there is no combined chlorine in the water. You are not allowed to drain again, and are under pressure from the gym owner to get the spa open for his clients. You realize that by using a chlorine neutralizer such as sodium thiosulfate, you can lower the chlorine to a more normal level. How much sodium thiosulfate should you add to the water to lower the FAC level to 6 ppm?

A. 43 ounces B. 4.3 lbs C.4.3 ounces D.14.3 lbs

34. When performing a color matching water test, when using the comparator, you should:

A. hold the comparator up to the direct sunlight
B. be in a dimly lighted room
C. wear sunglasses and hold the comparator up to the sunlight
D. hold the sample up to the northern hoizon or a daylight illuminator

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35. Which of the following would not be considered an acceptable ADA access method?

A. a pool ramp
B. zero depth entry level
C. corner steps with a vertical rise of less than 11 inches D. a portable lift

36. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, which of the following should result in the immediate closure of a pool or spa?

A. chlorine level reads 3.5 ppm
B. ph level is 8.0
C. total bromine reading is 5 ppm
D. water circulation system is operating at the proper rate

37. One cubic foot of water contains gallons.

A. 7 48 B. 8.33 C. 62.4 D. 64.2

38. One cubic foot of water weighs pounds.

A. 7 48 B. 8.33 C. 62.4 D. 64.2

39. One gallon of water weighs pounds.

A. 7.48 B 8.33 C 62.4 D. 64.2

40. How many ppm of combined chlorine (CC) must be added to a 32,000 gallon pool with a total chlorine (TC) of 2.4 and free chlorine (FC) of 1.3 to achieve breakpoint chlorination?

A. 9 ppm B. 10 ppm C. 11 ppm D. 12 ppm

41. What effect does gas chlorine have on pH in water?

A. raises
B. lowers C.neutralizes D. none

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42. A round pool with a 25′ diameter contains square feet of surface area.

A. 39.25 B. 78.50 C. 490.63 D 1.962 50

43. A round pool with a 20′ diameter and a water depth of 5′-4″ contains gallons of water.

A. less than 12,400
B. between 12.400 and 12,500 C. between 12,501 and 12,600 D. more than 12,600

44. A rectangular swimming pool measuring 30′ long by 15′ wide with a water depth of 3′ on the shallow end and 6′ on the deep end will contain gallons of water .

A. less than 15.000
B. between 15,000 and 15,100 C. between 15.101 and 15,200 D more than 15.200

45. A spa with an 8′ diameter having a water depth of 2′-8″ will contain

A. 1.003.37 B. 1,117.39 C. 8,307.49 D. 8,370 39

46. What is the ideal range for total alkalinity?

A 60 to 180 ppm B. 80 to 100 ppm C. 80 to 120 ppm D. 100 to 120 ppm

47. The amount of unfiltered water is reduced to after four turnovers.

A. 2% B. 5% C. 16% D. 58%

pounds of water.

48. What is considered the necessary backwash rate to achieve proper agitation when backwashing sand filters?

A. 8 gpm/sf B. 10 gpm/sf C. 15 gpm/sf D. 20 gpm/sf

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49. A diatomaceous earth filter containing six diatomaceous earth leaf elements each measuring 4′ x 2.5′ will provide for a filter area of .

A. 8′ x 8′ B. 11’x 11′ C. 16′ x 16′ D. 20′ x 20′

50. A circular filter tank with a 3 foot diameter and a height of 4 feet, using a sand filter, will require a filter surface area of square feet. Select the closest answer.

A. 4.71 B. 7.07 C. 9.42 D. 28.26

51. A rectangular swimming pool measuring 32′ x 30′, with an average water depth of 5′ and a turnover rate of 6 hours, will have a flow rate of gallons per minute.

A. 100. 00 B. 114.00 C. 387.14 D. 598.40

52. A 32 foot diameter public swimming pool with a pump flow rate of 80 gpm and a 6′ water depth will have a turnover rate of hours. Select the closest answer.

A. 7.5 B. 8.2 C. 8.9 D. 10.0

53. How many square inches does a filtering system with six 10″ diameter diatomaceous earth filter leaf elements contain?

A. 471 square inches B. 942 square inches C. 1,884 square inches D. 3,768 square inches

54. A public swimming pool with a filter area of 48 square feet and filter media rate of 2-1/2 gpm per square foot of filter area will have a filter capacity of gallons. The required turnover rate for the pool is 6 hours.

A. 24.000 B. 36,000 C. 43,200 D. 44,400

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55. A 34,000 gallon public swimming pool with a filter media rate of 2 gpm per square foot of filter area will require a filter area of square feet. The required pool turnover rate is 6 hours.

A. 45 84 B. 47 22 C. 49.17 D. 51.04

56. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, what percentage of energy loss is caused by evaporation?

A. 5%
B. 15 to 25% C. 20 to 30% D. 50%

57. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, a swimming pool with a pool capacity of 80,000 gallons and a required 8 hour turnover will have a flow rate of gpm.

A. 156 B. 167 C. 208 D. 222

58. In general, the finer the filter media is the more successful the filtering process. Sand filters, for example, are than diatomaceous earth filters.

A. less effective
B. more effective
C. the same
D. 50% more effective

59. A rapid sand filter is designed with a filtering rate of 3 gpm per square foot. The square feet of filter surface area required for a 40,000 gallon pool with an 8 hour turnover rate is:

A. 21.54 square feet B. 24 47 square feet C. 27 78 square feet D. 37 04 square feet

60. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, to provide proper building protection and comfort to users the humidity levels for indoor pools and spas should be maintained between

A. 20 to 40% B. 30 to 50% C. 40 to 60% D. 50 to 70%

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61. What is the process of replacing used diatomaceous earth powder with fresh powder called?

A. slurrying
B. backwashing C. pre.coating D. downwashing

62. Surface-type cartridges have a single layer of filter media made of attached in pleats to a cylindrical or oval core.

A. synthetic fabrics B. sand particles
C. natural fabrics D. diatomaceous

63. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook. the sizing of pump piping should not exceed a

velocity of

feet per second on the suction end.

is the most common disinfectant used in the treatment and sanitation of swimming pool

64. water.

A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10

A Chlorine
B. Bromine
C. Hypochlorous acid D. Munatic acid

65. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, chlorine remaining or added after breakpoint is reached exists as , and all the combined residual is oxidized.

A. breakpoint chlorine B. oxidized chlorine
C. free residual chlorine D. foul chlorine

66. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, the acceptable pH reading is:

A. 7 2 to 7 6 B. 7 0 to 7 8 C. 7 2 to 7 8 D. 7.2 to 8.0

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67. When determining the degree of saturation and pool water the constant (12.1) includes a factor for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), assuming a value of less than 1,000 ppm TDS. When the TDS is found to be higher (1,000-2,000 ppm) a value of should be used for the constant.

A. 12.2 B. 12 3 C. 12.4 D. 12.5

68. Given: a swimming pool has the following water analysis:

pH
Total alkalinity
Temperatute
Calcium hardness
Total dissolved solids less than

7.2
50 ppm 94 F
150 ppm 1,000 ppm

According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, the pool water is:

A perfectly balanced B. scale forming
C. corrosive
D. acidic

69. Water with a pH of less than 7.0 is said to be:

A. alkaline B. saturated C. acidic
D. lionized

70. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, the ideal level for total water alkalinity

is

ppm

A. 80-120 B. 100-125 C. 125-150 D. 140-165

71. Spas and hot tubs require a higher level of chlorine than in swimming pools. The free available chlorine

concentration should be maintained at

A. 2 0-4 0 B. 3 0-5.0 C. 4 0-6.0 D. 5 0-7.0

ppm with hourly checks during heavy use.

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72. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, filtration and recirculation pumps should operate hours continuously for public spas and therapy pools.

A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 24

73. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, a spa with an 8′ diameter, a water depth of 3 feet and an average of 32 bathers per 24 hours, will have days before dumping.

A. 11 to 12 B. 13 to 14 C. 15 to 16 D. 17 to 18

74. A spa with a 10′ diameter and a water depth of 2′-8″ with a water temperature of 55 F will

require

btu’s of heat to raise the water temperature to 102’f

A. 230,502 B. 395,173 C. 430,642 D. 615,439

75. According to The Certified Pool Spa Operator Handbook, the amount of chlorine gas required to treat a 7,500 gallon swimming pool is ounces, using a chlorine gas dosage of 3. 5 ppm.

A. 1.0 B. 1.3 C. 34 D. 4 2

76. According to The Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, a pool blanket can reduce heating costs by:

A. 20% to 40% B. 30% to 50% C. 40% to 60% D. 50% to 70%

77. A pool with a surface area of 1,800 sf closes at 9:30pm on Friday night. When it reopens on Tuesday morning at 8:00am the water surface is 2.25″ lower than it was when the pool dosed. Assuming all water lost was through leakage, what is the loss to the pool in gallons per hour?

A. less than 28 gallons per hour
B. between 28 and 32 gallons per hour C. between 32 and 36 gallons per hour D. greater than 36 gallons per hour

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78. The addition of Trichlor Tables to a swimming pool has what effect of the pH level?

A. raises pH
B. lowers pH
C. neutralizes pH
D. does not effect pH

79. Heat loss to the ground from a pool through its sides, bottom, pipes and filters is called .

A. radiation
B. conduction C. convection D. evaporation

80. Water clarity is measured in units of .

A. filter rates
B. mineral residue C. turbidity
D. pH level

81. A
either seals or unblocks the flow of water.

valve has a vertical disc or wedge attached to a long threaded stem that when rotated

A. gate
B. globe
C. check
D. butterfly

82. The maximum acceptable level of cyanuric-acid is .

A. 50 ppm B. 100 ppm C. 200 ppm D. 300 ppm

83. What is the name of the area of a centrifugal pump that converts water energy from velocity to pressure?

A. piston B. impeller C. vacuum D. volute

84. How much sodium bicarbonate should be added to a 2,000 gallon spa to increase the total alkalinity by 14ppm?

A. 392 oz B. 3.92 oz C. 6 27 oz D. 52.7 oz

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85. Pools of similar surface area located in the same geographical region, but with differing water depths will have the same .

A. filtering system B. chemical dosages C. pumps
D. surface heat loss

86. A spa holds 900 gallons of 65 F water,
not include heat loss while bringing the spa up to temperature.

A. 300,000 B. 277,350 C. 225,000 D. 245,000

87. According to The Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, pressure head is calculated by multiplying the

88. 1 pound per square inch (psi) is the pressure created by a column of water

A. 2.31 B. 1.131 C. .833 D. .432

89. In a pool containing 35,000 gallons which is 15 x 40 ft with the temp of 65 degrees F, would be required to raise the water temperature to 75 degrees F if the air temp is 65 degrees F.

A. 2,915,500 B. 2,921,000 C. 2,932,000 D. 2,943,000

feet high.

BTU’s

Btu’s will he required to heat the water to 105 F. Do

psi by

.

A. 2.31 B. 4.32 C. .231 D. .453

90. To raise FC in a 20,000 gallon pool by 2.0 ppm would require ounces of calcium hypochlorite.

A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

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91. Pool surface area accounts for percent of heat loss.

A. 50 B. 60 C. 75 D. 95

92. Green water that is transparent is usually due to .

A. copper ions in the water B. precipitated ions
C. mustard algae
D. dissolved solids

93. If there are 5 bathers per day in a 700 gallon spa, in how many days will it be necessary to replace the water?

A. 46 B. 180 C. 365 D. 234

94. You are hired as a contractor for a pool that is 200 feet long by 65 feet wide. The pool is divided into 2 sections, a swimming area & diving well. The swimming area is 65 feet wide and is 150 feet long. It has a depth ranging from 3 ft to 5 ft. The remaining 50 feet has a constant depth of 18 feet. How many gallons are in this pool?

A. 1,023.750 B. 731,250 C. 788.50
D. 8,675,309

95. A coagulation is the process of separating or precipitating

A. solids suspended B stains and scale C. algae
D. phosphates

96. Pool water a temp of 75 degrees F is equal to

A. 22.1 B. 23.1 C. 23.9 D. 24.5

in water.

Celsius.

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97. Pool water a temp of degrees F is equal to 22 degrees Celsius.

A. 71.6 B. 72.8 C. 73.4 D. 74.1

98. A pool containing 18,500 gallons has an equal metric volume of

A. 55,667 B. 64,444 C. 70,022 D. 86,140

99. The most widely accepted flow rate for rapid rate sand filters in a public pool is

A. 1.5 gpm B. 3 gpm C. 4 gpm D. 20 gpm

100. The flow requirement of a rapid rate sand filter during backwashing is

A. 5-8 B. 8-12 C. 12-15 D. 15-18

101. The backwash ratio for high rate sand filters is .

A. 1:1 B. 1:2 C. 1:3 D. 1:1/2

102.
public pools without slurry.

A. 1 gpm B. 2 gpm C. 2.5 gpm D. 3 gpm

103. DE filters require pounds per each sq. ft. of surface area as a precoat.

A. 1
B. 1.5 C. .125 D. .15

liters.

per sq. ft.

gpm per sq. ft.

is the maximum flow rate per sq. ft. for both pressure and vacuum type DE filters in

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104. To destroy harmful organisms in pool water, very often, local codes will specify a FC residual

of

ppm.

A. 3-8
B. 3-3.5 C. 3.8-4.5 D.4.7-6.1

105. With an incident of diarrhea discharge in a pool, the free available chlorine should be raised to ____________ ppm.

A. 8 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

106. Chlorine added after the breakpoint is reached will exist as

A. free chlorine
B. chloramines
C. combined chlorine residual D. hypochlorites

.

107. Sodium hypochlorite in its commercial form contains percent available chlorine.

A. 8-10 B. 10-12 C. 12-15 D. 15-20

108. Calcium hypochlorite contains percent available chlorine by weight.

A. 65 B. 60 C. 80 D. 95

109. Bromine is similar in many respects to chlorine, however, bromine cannot be used for

A. stabilization B. sanitation C. cleaning
D. disinfectant

.

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110. The solid chlorine compound which is used when a slow release of chlorine over time is desired is called .

A. lithium hypochorite B. sodium dichlor
C. dichlor
D. trichlor

111. Proper pH control of provides better chlorine efficiency.

A. 6.0-6.6 B. 6.6-7.2 C. 7.2-7.4 D. 7.6-8.4

112. Pool water with a TDS of 900 ppm, a temp of 75 degree F, a pH of 7.3, total alkalinity of 75 ppm, and

calcium hardness of 200 ppm will have a saturation index of

A. -0.4 B. -0.3 C. 0.3 D. 0.4

113. It is essential to maintain total alkalinity at

A. 60-80 B. 80-120 C. 125-150 D. 150-200

114. To control scaling, pool water that exceeds with water of substantially lower hardness.

A. 200-400 B. 400-600 C. 600-800 D. 800-1000

.

ppm in plaster pools.

ppm hardness should be diluted or replaced

115. According to the Certified Pool – Spa Operator Handbook, cyanuric acid levels shall not exceed local health codes. In many cases the limit is ppm.

A. 30 B. 60 C. 40 D. 100

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116. In determining cost for heating, it is best to size the heater to the number of gallons of water in the spa and in the spa and to the desired temperature BTU will heat 1 gallon of water 1 degree F.

A. 7.48 B. 8.33 C. 8.94 D.9.84