Sense And Nonsense About Crime, Drugs, and Communities 8th Edition by Samuel Walker – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

Test Bank and Answer Key

TRUE/FALSE

1. Nationally, there are 2.2 sworn officers per 1,000 people in the United States.

ANS: T

REF: 5-3

2. The police-population ratio is meaningless as a measure of police effectiveness.

ANS: T

REF: 5-3

3. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol experiment proved that the level of police patrol correlates to a

deterrent effect.

ANS: F

REF: 5-5

4. Crackdowns are a modern innovative policing strategy that are focused and draw on partnerships

with noncriminal justice agencies.

ANS: F

REF: 5-10—5-12

5. Faster response time would not produce more arrests because police are called to few crimes in

progress.

ANS: T

REF: 5-15—5-16

6. Problem-oriented policing is a get tough approach to policing characterized by a short burst of

intensive law enforcement involving many arrests of “problem” people.

ANS: F

REF: 5-187. The majority of arrests are made by detectives who solve the crime based on leads from the

victim or a witness.

ANS: F

REF: 5-31—5-33

8. There is reason to believe that the exclusionary rule has professionalized police.

ANS: T

REF: 5-39

9. Despite the Miranda warning a substantial proportion of suspects waive their rights and confess

to police.

ANS: T

REF: 5-41—5-42

10. Felony suspects are typically young, well educated, and savvy at manipulating bureaucracies.

ANS: F

REF: 5-42—5-43

11. Providing suspects with a Miranda warning results in a net effect of a significant loss of

convictions.

ANS: F

REF: 5-41—5-43

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The idea of putting more police on the street is very popular with

a. conservatives d. all of the above

b. Caucasians e. none of the above

c. African Americans

ANS: A

REF: 5-22. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. One of the myths about policing is that

a. b. c. d. patrol is the backbone of policing

single-officer patrols are most efficient

hiring more police means more patrol officers will be on the street

police create a phantom effect

ANS: C

REF: 5-3

Regarding the standard measure of the level of police protection

a. b. c. d. it is computed by dividing the annual number of crimes by the number of sworn officers

the figure is meaningless because it does not tell us how departments utilize their officers

the police/population ratio is consistent nationwide due to a federal mandate

research indicates that the larger number of sworn officers per 1,000 population, the safer

the city

ANS: B

REF: 5-3

A review of 27 studies on the relationship between the number of police officers and the crime

rate found

a. b. c. d. in 20% of studies more police correlated with lower crime rates

in 45% of studies more police correlated with higher crime rates

in 55% of studies more police correlated with higher crime rates

in 95% of studies more police correlated with lower crime rates

ANS: A

REF: 5-4

A major concern about COMPSTAT’s effectiveness in NYC is that

a. b. c. d. its findings cannot be replicated

it ignores the importance of community relations

the police did not fully understand how to use the computer system

there is no way to show that the crime drop was due to COMPSTAT and not to other

factors

ANS: D

REF: 5-22

The strategy of “pulling levers” refers to

a. b. c. d. using all potential violations by the target

removing all barriers to police activity

working with community leaders to reduce crime

increasing the police/population ratio in social disorganized areas

ANS: A

REF: 5-25

The goal of predictive policing is to

a. b. focus police efforts geographically and on social problems

prevent crimes by foreseeing when and where they will happenc. d. ANS: B

REF: 5-28

reduce crime by targeting specific repeat offenders

increase the police/population ratio in socially disorganized areas

8. Effectively, predictive policing differs little from

a. b. c. smart policing techniques that involve careful planning

the effects of residual deterrence

using common sense to prevent crime

d. crackdowns and stop-and-frisk policies

ANS: C

REF: 5-28—5-29

9. The Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence was more effective in the long term than the Boston

Gun Project because it

a. b. c. d. focused on a lower-crime area

created an organizational structure designed to ensure its continuity

maintained long-term relationships between police officers and gang members

relied on careful planning and a focus on specific people, locations and crimes

ANS: B

REF: 5-26

10. The Kansas City experiment found that

a. b. c. d. the level of patrol has no effect on crime

more police can reduce crime, but it is costly

single-officer patrols are more efficient than two-officer patrols

crime rates are correlated with police/population ratios

ANS: A

REF: 5-5

11. Residual deterrence refers to

a. the invisibility of police patrols since they are spread so thin

b. the absence of a deterrent effect from policing where one would be expected

c. the myth that two-officer patrol are safer than single-officer patrols

d. the tendency to think there are more police patrolling because we remember seeing them

ANS: D

REF: 99

LO: 512. 13. 14. 15. 16. In the Kansas City experiment, _____(1)_____ beats received no routine patrol while

_____(2)_____ beats received two or three times the normal level of patrol.

a. (1) control (2) proactive c. (1) reactive (2) control

b. (1) proactive (2) reactive d. (1) reactive (2) proactive

ANS: D

REF: 5-5

Deterrence requires which of the following factors?

a. legitimate opportunities and serious penalties

b. perceived threat and rational decision-making

c. quick positive feedback and slow negative feedback

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

ANS: B

REF: 5-7

The extensive use of CCTV as a crime fighting tool is used where?

a. United States c. Canada

b. England d. France

ANS: B

REF: 5-9

In assessing the deterrent effect of CCTV, it was most effective for

a. property crimes overall

b. violent crimes overall

c. d. property crimes in specific locations

violent crimes with significant others

ANS: C

REF: 5-9

A short burst of intensive law enforcement, involving many arrests, directed toward a particular

area or a particular crime is known as what?

a. problem-oriented policing c. SMART policing

b. Crackdown d. Deterrent

ANS: B

REF: 5-10—5-1117. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Problems of crackdowns noted in the chapter include which of the following?

a. b. c. d. they have been found to actually decrease deterrence

they do not achieve the goals of community policing

they are unfocused and encourage police misconduct

they are expensive and do not result in more arrests

ANS: C

REF: 5-11—5-12

Some issues associated with the antidrug crackdown known as Operation Pressure Point were

a. b. c. crime displacement into neighboring communities and police misconduct

adaptation of drug dealers to the police strategies and the cost effectiveness of arrests

the replacement of arrested offenders with another motivated offender

d. all of the above

ANS: D

REF: 5-11—5-12

Faster response time will NOT produce more arrests because

a. police are called to few crimes in progress and in many cases the victim can identify the

suspect because they are acquaintances

b. faster response time is correlated with an increase in police vehicle crashes which actually

slows response time

c. nationwide averages indicate that police already arrive on scene within seven minutes of

being dispatched to a call

d. it is detectives and their collection of blood, hairs and fibers that solve crimes not the

speed with which patrol officers arrive on scene

ANS: A

REF: 5-16

Faster police response potentially makes a difference in ____ percent of crime calls:

a. ten

b. three

c. twenty-five

d. .01

ANS: B

REF: 5-16

Policing strategies that involve careful planning, are data driven, and focus on particular crimes,

locations, and suspects are known as

a. COPS c. Smart policing

b. COMPSTAT d. Zero

ANS: C

REF: 5-17

The program that mobilized officials from housing fire and public works to target drug hot spots

in Oakland, CA is what type of policing program?

a. scanning, analysis, response, assessment c. zero tolerance23. 24. 25. b. Crackdown d. problem oriented

ANS: D

REF: 5-18

The major significance of the smart policing initiatives is

a. b. c. their routine use of crackdowns and faster response time

their evidence that police activity can diminish crime

their focus on zero-tolerance strategies and holding precinct commanders accountable for

crime trends in their area by providing immediate crime data through regular meetings

d. their use of hiring, innovative and technology grants in order to increase the number of

college-educated and well-paid police officers

ANS: B

REF: 5-17—5-18

Stop-and-frisk policies have the following impact on the social ledger:

a. they erode trust in the police c. they contribute to community growth

b. they increase poverty and homelessness d. they improve police-community relations

ANS: A

REF: 5-15

A Hot Spots experiment in Jersey City, NJ resulted in

a. reduced crime in the targeted areas, but increased crime in the surrounding neighborhoods

b. an increase in violent gun crimes among young men

c. no significant changes

d. decreased crime in both the targeted areas and surrounding neighborhoods

e. none of the above

ANS: D

REF: 5-2026. 27. 28. 29. 30. Solving crimes depends more on _____(1)_____ than on _____(2)_____.

a. b. c. d. (1) faster response time (2) the number of sworn officers in a department

(1) the policing strategy (2) existing relationships between the victim and offender

(1) characteristics of the crime (2) the number of detectives

(1) the clearance rate (2) blood samples and hair specimens

ANS: C

REF: 5-32

The key to solving crimes and making arrests is?

a. response time b. media coverage d. detectives

c. information on a specific suspect

ANS: C

REF: 5-32

Select from the following the most accurate statement.

a. b. the typical case gets an average of about 40 hours of detective work

detectives solved 86 percent of cases where a suspect was immediately identified and

cleared an additional 12 percent through fingerprints, blood samples and hair specimens

c. d. between 80 and 90 percent of all arrests are made by detectives instead of patrol officers

between 60 and 80 percent of all arrests are made by patrol officers instead of detectives

ANS: D

REF: 5-32

The usefulness of fingerprints in solving crimes is indicated by what factual evidence?

a. b. c. d. New York City police obtain usable prints in only about 10 percent of all burglaries

suspects in Long Beach, CA are identified through fingerprints in 75% of cases

the FBI database contains fingerprints of only 200 million individuals

fingerprints have only increased the clearance rate from 12% to 15%

ANS: A

REF: 5-33

According to Harris, the problem with the fingerprint identification system in the U.S. is that

a. b. c. d. it is illegal to collect fingerprints in several states

the FBI database holds the fingerprints of only a small percentage of the population

there is no official standard for the number of corresponding points to match prints

the Miranda law prevents timely collection of evidence

ANS: C

REF: 110

LO: 1731. 32. 33. 34. 35. According to conservatives, procedural rules

a. are necessary to fight crime

b. have handcuffed the police

c. are a cost-effective way to selectively incapacitate chronic offenders

d. encourage police corruption

ANS: B

REF: 5-35

According to Walker, a major drawback to drone use is

a. b. c. d. that the expense does not justify their use

their potential to increase crimes of theft and larceny

the carbon footprint left by the drones

the inefficiency of the lost contact between the police and the public

ANS: D

REF: 5-30

The exclusionary rule was established in which Supreme Court case?

a. United States v. Leon

b. Miranda v. Arizona

c. Mapp v. Ohio

d. New York v. Quarles

ANS: C

REF: 5-36

The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to

a. protect suspects against self-incrimination

b. deter police misconduct and protect individuals from it

c. strengthen the relationship between police and prosecutors

d. make improperly seized evidence inadmissible in federal court

ANS: B

REF: 5-36

The exclusionary rule mainly impacts what type of cases?

a. commercial robbery c. robbery

b. drug possession d. sexual assault

ANS: B

REF: 5-3736. 37. 38. 39. 40. One of the reasons the exclusionary rule has such limited impact is that

a. b. c. d. most defendants agree to a plea bargain before relying on this loophole

most judges are on the side of the police not the defendant

a good lead about a suspect solves more crimes than physical evidence

it does not apply until a suspect is questioned rather than at the time of an arrest

ANS: C

REF: 5-37

The impact of the exclusionary rule

a. b. c. d. is pervasive considering the fact that 80% of school children recognize it

ranges from 48-90% of cases

is stronger in violent cases but is more limited in cases of property crime

is limited because few motions to suppress physical evidence are made and even fewer are

successful

ANS: D

REF: 5-37

When it comes to invoking the exclusionary rule, judges

a. vary in their willingness to use it c. b. are almost all willing to use it in 49 of 50 states are unwilling to use it

d. choose to disregard it

ANS: A

REF: 5-38

The positive impact of the exclusionary rule

a. b. c. d. was offset by weakened relationships between police and prosecutors

has improved the professionalism of police work

is that it increased the number of convictions made through improperly seized evidence

there is no positive impact of the exclusionary rule

ANS: B

REF: 5-39

LO: 20

Most defense lawyers do not file motions to suppress the evidence because

a. b. c. they do not believe their motions will be accepted

they have little time to devote to any one case

they do not accept the validity of the exclusionary rule

d. none of the above

ANS: B

REF: 37-38

41. The Miranda warning

a. is used in roughly 80% of cases, but is only used successfully in 10%

b. provides a remedy for the rule set fourth in the 4th Amendment to the Constitution

c. includes a right to remain silent and the right to a retained or appointed attorney42. 43. 44. 45. d. ANS: C

REF: 5-40

includes a right to an attorney of the suspect’s choice

The Miranda warning must be given

a. whenever a suspect is in custody b. once probable cause is determined ANS: D

REF: 5-40

c. at the moment of arrest

d. before questioning

Critics of Miranda argue that we should NOT look at the number of _____(1)_____ but at the

number of _____(2)_____ due to Miranda or violations of it.

a. b. c. d. (1) confessions police do not get (2) convictions overturned

(1) convictions overturned (2) confessions police do not get

(1) confessions police get (2) confessions police do not get

(1) convictions overturned (2) convictions

ANS: B

REF: 5-41

The net effect is that Miranda results in a “loss” of convictions how frequently?

a. b. c. less than 5% of the time

between 10% and 15% of the time

between 20% and 25% of the time

d. half of the time

ANS: A

REF: 5-41

Research on Miranda in operation shows that many suspects __________ their Miranda rights.

a. clearly understand

b. acted on

c. demanded protection for

d. waived

ANS: D

REF: 5-41—5-4246. According to Walker, suspects may waive their Miranda rights because they

a. b. c. are skilled at manipulating the criminal justice system

feel they have been wrongfully arrested

feel guilty or hope to get a better deal in a plea bargain

d. are intoxicated

ANS: C

REF: 5-42

47. One reason that suspects often cooperate with the police is that the typical robber

a. believes that cooperation will avert arrest

b. is searching for approval

c. is impulsive and disorganized

d. is crafty and manipulative

ANS: C

REF: 5-42—5-43

SHORT ANSWER

1. Defend the argument that simply hiring more police will not reduce crime using findings from the

Kansas City and Newark studies.

REF: 5-4—5-8

2. Explain how carefully planned and focused policing strategies can be successful in reducing

crime and disorder. Provide an example.

REF: 5-17—5-27

3. Summarize the reasons why more police might not enhance the deterrent effect.

REF: 5-4—5-8

4. Appraise the argument that the exclusionary rule handcuffs police.

REF: 5-36—5-39

5. Defend the argument that the Miranda warning has not reduced confessions.

REF: 5-40—5-43