Seeing Sociology An Introduction 1st Edition By Joan Ferrante – Test Bank

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CHAPTER 5 

THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY

Multiple Choice

1.A self-fulfilling prophecy begins with

a.	an accurate assessment of a situation.
b.	a hidden curriculum.
c.	misguided parenting.
d.	a false definition of a situation.

ANS:DREF:155OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.1

2.The statement “If people define their situations as real, they are, in fact, real in their consequences” best describes the dynamics underlying

a.	informal education.	c.	schooling.
b.	the self-fulfilling prophecy.	d.	hidden curriculum.

ANS: B REF: 155 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.1

MSC: SG

3.When people assign a false definition to a situation they are vulnerable to

a.	self-fulfilling prophecy.	c.	dispositional factors.
b.	situational factors.	d.	internalization.

ANS: A REF: 155 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.1

4.Caretakers usually talk to babies by telling them what is happening around them. In doing so they are

a.	engaged in self-fulfilling prophecies.	c.	defining the situation.
b.	teaching moral superiority.	d.	being objective.

ANS: C REF: 155 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.1

MSC: SG

5.The “tragic, often vicious, cycle of self-fulfilling prophecies can be broken” if

a.	dispositional factors are emphasized.
b.	the false definition of the set action is questioned.
c.	situational factors are emphasized.
d.	someone is eventually punished.

ANS:BREF:155OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.1

6.The Thomas Theorem states: If people define situations as real, they are

a.	usually not real.	c.	internalized.
b.	real in their consequences.	d.	imaginary.

ANS: B REF: 155 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.1

7.Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study of teachers’ expectations focused on students

a.	considered to be among the brightest.
b.	chosen at random.
c.	considered to be the slowest academically.
d.	thought to be of average ability.

ANS:BREF:156OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.1 MSC: SG

8.Those students identified as “bloomers” in Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study

a.	received extra attention from teachers.
b.	received after school mentoring.
c.	were given no special instruction.
d.	experienced ostracism.

ANS:CREF:157OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.1

9.Rosenthal and Jacobson maintain that the only difference between students identified as “bloomers” and those who were not was

a.	the program of instruction to which they were exposed.
b.	their race/ethnicity.
c.	the belief that the bloomers bore watching.
d.	parental expectations that their children would do better as a result of the recognition.

ANS:CREF:157OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.1 MSC: SG

10.In Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study of students identified as “academic bloomers,” the authors found that those students actually improved their test scores over the course of a school year. The researchers concluded that this was because teachers

a.	paid more attention to bloomers than they had in the past.
b.	gave them extra help before school.
c.	conveyed in very subtle and complex ways their belief in them.
d.	told them they were expected to do well.

ANS:CREF:157OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.1

11.Rosenthal and Jacobson maintain that something in the way teachers talk and in their facial expressions and posture conveyed their positive expectations to students. It seemed that students responded by meeting those expectations. This process is known as

a.	formal curriculum.	c.	self-fulfilling prophecy.
b.	schooling.	d.	informal education.

ANS: C REF: 157 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.1

12.Don does poorly on a test. He attributes his failure to his heavy work schedule. Don’s explanation emphasizes

a.	situational factors.	c.	genetic disposition.
b.	dispositional factors.	d.	historical forces.

ANS: A REF: 158 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.2

MSC: SG

13.Don’s professor believes that Don failed his exam because he doesn’t care about school. The professor’s explanation focuses on

a.	situational factors.	c.	genetic disposition.
b.	dispositional factors.	d.	historical forces.

ANS: B REF: 158 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.2

14.Ramona claims she failed a biology exam because her professor can’t explain the subject matter. Ramona is attributing her failure to

a.	role strain.	c.	dispositional factors.
b.	role conflict.	d.	situational factors.

ANS: D REF: 158 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.2

15.A theoretical approach that helps us understand the factors people draw upon to explain behavior is

a.	role theory.	c.	attribution theory.
b.	the dramaturgical approach.	d.	game theory.

ANS:CREF:158OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

16.Ike argues that HIV-infected people earned their disease as a penalty for their perverse behaviors. Ike is attributing HIV to

a.	dispositional factors.	c.	role conflict.
b.	situational factors.	d.	role strain.

ANS: A REF: 158 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.2

17.People usually attribute cause to either dispositional traits or situational factors. Situational factors include all but which one of the following?

a.	bad luck	c.	personal effort
b.	social facts	d.	larger social forces

ANS: C REF: 158 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 5.2

18.AIDS researcher Jim Moore argues that the HIV/AIDS virus must have been helped along by some large scale event beyond sexual encounters. In making this argument Moore is looking to

a.	situational factors.	c.	dispositional factors.
b.	impression management.	d.	ethnomethodology.

ANS: A REF: 159 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.2

MSC: SG

19.AIDS researchers believe that the global epidemic known as HIV/AIDS started as early as

a.	1930	c.	1980
b.	1960	d.	1989

ANS: A REF: 159 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 5.2

20.For the most part, people tend to stress ___________ in explaining their failures.

a.	situational factors	c.	genetic factors
b.	dispositional factors	d.	personal shortcomings

ANS: A REF: 159 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.2

MSC: SG

21.Another’s incompetence is an example of

a.	a situational factor.	c.	a genetic factor.
b.	a dispositional factor.	d.	historical forces.

ANS:AREF:159OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.2

22.The Congo was once a the personal property of King Leopold of

a.	Britain.	c.	Italy.
b.	France.	d.	Belgium.

ANS: D REF: 160 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 5.2

23.King Leopold II claimed the Congo as his private property. His reign has been described as

a.	important to the economic progress of the Congolese economy.
b.	the vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience .
c.	ushering the Congolese into the modern world.
d.	a crucial factor that led to a democratic form of government.

ANS: B REF: 160 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 5.2

24.HIV’s origin must be placed in the context of

a.	sexual practices of African people.
b.	European colonial rule of Africa.
c.	bizarre African cultural practices.
d.	the European failure to civilize the people of the Congo.

ANS:BREF:160OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

25.The purpose of the 1885 Berlin West African Conference was to

a.	divide the African continent among colonial powers.
b.	set up trade regulations between Africa and Europe.
c.	plan World War I.
d.	end slavery.

ANS: A REF: 160 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 5.2

26.One of the most grisly policies of __________ rule over the Congo was to sever the right hands of any Congolese person who refused to gather rubber.

a.	Laurent Kabila’s	c.	King Leopold’s
b.	Mobutu’s	d.	Joseph Kabila’s

ANS: C REF: 160 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 5.2

27.Which one of the factors was the likely source of the HIV/AIDS epidemic?

a.	dispositional factors
b.	European efforts to test for sleeping sickness
c.	African practices of slaughtering monkeys
d.	high risk sexual practices among groups

ANS:BREF:161OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

28.A woman discloses that “no one knows I have a husband.” To pull this “reality” off, that woman has to engage in

a.	self-fulfilling prophecy.	c.	false attributions.
b.	impression management.	d.	ethnomethodology.

ANS: B REF: 162 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.3

MSC: SG

29.Impression management is a concept that is part of

a.	attribution theory.	c.	the dramaturgical model.
b.	phenomenology.	d.	labeling theory.

ANS:CREF:162OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3

30.A man posts a photograph taken 10 years ago online, presenting it as a current likeness. The man is engaged in

a.	front stage behavior.	c.	phenomenology.
b.	impression management.	d.	ethnomethodology.

ANS: B REF: 163 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.3

31.Goffman uses the analogy of _________ to describe the work of impression management.

a.	rocket science	c.	games
b.	gardening	d.	theater

ANS:DREF:163OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

32.The ___________ model presents social interaction as analogous to theater.

a.	dramaturgical	c.	cultural strain
b.	historical	d.	division of labor

ANS:AREF:163OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3

33.____________ is the sociologist associated with the dramaturgical model of social interaction.

a.	Erving Goffman	c.	Randy Shilts
b.	Emile Durkheim	d.	Neil Postman

ANS: A REF: 163 OBJ: knowledge TOP: Mod 5.3

34.On the first day of class, Professor Smith always wears a tie to convey that he is serious about his job. Professor Smith is engaged in

a.	back stage behavior.	c.	role strain.
b.	impression management.	d.	role conflict.

ANS: B REF: 164 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.3

35.The __________ is the region visible to an “audience.”

a.	back stage	c.	middle stage
b.	front stage	d.	off stage

ANS:BREF:164OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

36.Most students manage to stay awake in class even when they think the teacher is not good. They do so

a.	out of respect for a particular teacher.
b.	because back stage behavior demands it.
c.	because they drink energy drinks.
d.	out of respect for the position of teacher.

ANS:DREF:164OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3

37.In the back stage, people

a.	are on their best behavior.	c.	behave appropriately.
b.	let their hair down.	d.	follow the “rules.”

ANS:BREF:165OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

38.From a sociological point of view, restaurant kitchen employees who eat food from customers’ plates are engaging in __________ behavior.

a.	front stage	c.	upfront
b.	back stage	d.	negligent

ANS: B REF: 165 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.3

39.The front stage is the area

a.	out of the audience’s sight.
b.	where people take care to create and maintain expected images and behavior.
c.	where individuals can “let their hair down.”
d.	that people take great care to conceal from the audience.

ANS:BREF:165OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3

40.Tyrone states, “When I do not think a police officer is around, I drive 90 to 95 miles per hour on the highway. I weave in and out of lanes, and I tailgate. I keep a radar detector on so I know when to drive more slowly and more safely.” Tyrone is describing

a.	role strain.	c.	back stage behavior.
b.	role conflict.	d.	front stage behavior.

ANS: C REF: 165 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.3

41.From a dramaturgical perspective, the self is

a.	a lone actor.	c.	a product of a scene that comes off.
b.	its own supporting cast.	d.	only known in backstage setting.

ANS:CREF:165OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

42.From a dramaturgical perspective a _________ is a group of people linked together in interaction for a common social purpose.

a.	front stage	c.	team
b.	back stage	d.	cast

ANS:CREF:165OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.3

43.Sociologist ______________ coined the term ethnomethodology.

a.	Erving Goffman	c.	Peter Berger
b.	Harold Garfunkel	d.	Arlie Hochschild

ANS:BREF:166OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.4

44.Ethnomethodology focuses on

a.	memories of past experiences.
b.	false definitions of the situation.
c.	how people present the self to others.
d.	the ways in which people work to uphold social order.

ANS:DREF:166OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.4

45.Ethnomethodologists insist that the only way to really penetrate reality is to

a.	ask people to explain what is going on.
b.	disrupt it.
c.	penetrate the backstage.
d.	engage in participant observation.

ANS:BREF:167OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

46.__________ ask “What can be done to make trouble, to produce and sustain bewilderment and confusion?”

a.	Symbolic interactionists	c.	Ethnomethodologists
b.	Dramaturgical sociologists	d.	Conflict theorists

ANS: C REF: 167 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.4

47.Sociologist Harold Garfunkel asked his students to engage someone in conversation and to pretend the person was deliberately misleading them. All but two students chose

a.	a professor.	c.	people they knew very well.
b.	strangers.	d.	an acquaintance.

ANS:CREF:167OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

48.Which one of the following sociologists asked his students to disrupt social order as a way of penetrating taken-for granted social reality?

a.	Erving Goffman	c.	Charles Horton Cooley
b.	George Herbert Mead	d.	Harold Garfunkel

ANS:DREF:168OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.4

49.Sociologist Harold Garfunkel found that his students were very reluctant to disrupt expectations. He attributed their unwillingness to their wish not to

a.	undermine trust.	c.	do assignments in general.
b.	violate personal space.	d.	draw attention to themselves.

ANS:AREF:168OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

50.A professor asks her students to engage someone in conversation and during the course of the conversation to bring their face increasingly closer to the person. The professor is likely

a.	a symbolic interactionist.	c.	an ethnomethodologist.
b.	a conflict theorist.	d.	a dramaturgical sociologist.

ANS: C REF: 168 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.4

51.Which one of the following emotions were students least likely to display when carrying out assignments to disrupt social order?

a.	anxiety	c.	pleasure
b.	hostility	d.	distrust

ANS:CREF:168OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

52.______________ provides standards by which people evaluate their behavior or performances.

a.	Ethnomethodology	c.	A reference group
b.	The front stage	d.	Reality construction

ANS:CREF:169OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.5

53.Which one of the following is true about reference groups?

a.	A person has to belong to a reference group to be influenced by its standards.
b.	A group to which someone once belonged cannot be a reference group.
c.	A reference group is any group whose standards people use evaluate themselves in some way.
d.	A group to which someone hopes to belong cannot be a reference group.

ANS:CREF:169OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.5 MSC: SG

54.A 16-year-old decides to smoke because his parents do. That 16-year-old is using his parents as a(n)

a.	normative reference group.	c.	audience group.
b.	comparison reference group.	d.	outgroup.

ANS: A REF: 170 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.5

55.Jane realizes that her salary ($10.00 per hour) is significantly less than her two colleagues doing the same job. Her two friends constitute a(n)

a.	comparison reference group.	c.	outgroup.
b.	normative reference group.	d.	audience reference group.

ANS: A REF: 170 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.5

MSC: SG

56.Chris argues “all taxpayers cheat the government, why should I be the exception?” Chris is using taxpayers as a(n)

a.	comparison reference group.	c.	outgroup.
b.	normative reference group.	d.	audience reference group.

ANS: A REF: 170 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.5

57.____________ cast doubt on a group’s purpose and value and reduce a group’s power and influence.

a.	Those awaiting to be inducted	c.	Ineligible nonmembers
b.	Critics	d.	Eligible nonmembers

ANS:DREF:171OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.5 MSC: SG

58.From a sociological point of view, a group is considered ______________ when everyone who is eligible joins and no one leaves the group.

a.	complete	c.	an ingroup
b.	ethnocentric	d.	a reference group

ANS: A REF: 171 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.5

59.Those eligible for membership in a group but who feel indifferent about joining constitute

a.	antagonistic nonmembers.	c.	marginal men/women.
b.	autonomous nonmembers.	d.	potential members.

ANS:DREF:171OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.5

60.A group distinguishes itself through symbolic or physical boundaries. An example of a physical boundary is a

a.	membership card.	c.	gate or fence.
b.	color.	d.	dress code.

ANS:CREF:173OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.6 MSC: SG

61.The sociological term for those groups with which people identify and to which they feel closely attached is

a.	essential groups.	c.	outgroups.
b.	reference groups.	d.	ingroups.

ANS:DREF:174OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.6

62.Carmen writes, “When I was in high school, there were different groups such as ‘preps,’ ‘hoods,’ and ‘nerds.’ It was easy to tell who belonged to each group simply by looking at their dress and general physical appearance. People who belonged to one group didn’t have much to do with those in the other two groups.” Carmen is describing__________ dynamics.

a.	socialization	c.	primary-secondary group
b.	ingroup-outgroup	d.	internalization

ANS: B REF: 174 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.6

63.When sociologists study ingroup and outgroup dynamics they ask:

a.	Under what circumstances does the presence of an outgroup unify an ingroup?
b.	Why can’t we just all get along?
c.	Why are outgroups so problematic to society?
d.	Why are ingroups the aggressors?

ANS:AREF:174OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.6 MSC: SG

64.A(n) _____________ is any group to which a person does not belong.

a.	ingroup	c.	reference group
b.	outgroup	d.	primary group

ANS:BREF:174OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.6

65.Which one of the following is an ingroup/outgroup pairing that is amorphous in character?

a.	Bloods and Cryps	c.	Christians and Muslims
b.	two rival high school basketball teams	d.	two teams competing on Survivor

ANS: C REF: 174 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.6

MSC: SG

66.The presence of an outgroup

a.	weakens the bond among ingroup members.
b.	undermines the loyalty ingroup members feel for one another.
c.	can create an “us vs. them” dynamic.
d.	takes away an ingroup’s sense of purpose.

ANS:CREF:174OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.6

67.Ingroup-outgroup dynamics can become especially important, and even dangerous, if those involved

a.	intermarry.
b.	identify exclusively with one group.
c.	identify with many different groups.
d.	feel tolerance for those in the other group.

ANS:BREF:176OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.6 MSC: SG

68.From a group’s point of view, ______________ reduce its completeness.

a.	those wanting to join	c.	eligible nonmembers
b.	reference groups	d.	outgroups

ANS:CREF:177OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.6

69.Phenomenology is an analytical approach that focuses on

a.	how people construct reality.	c.	front stage and back stage behavior.
b.	social interaction.	d.	group formation.

ANS:AREF:177OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.7 MSC: SG

70.Sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann wrote the classic book

a.	The Presentation of Self.	c.	The Social Construction of Reality.
b.	Mind, Self and Society.	d.	The Looking Glass Self.

ANS:CREF:178OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.7

71.A transgender child finds that she does not have the words to describe her situation. Her language only allows her to think in terms of boys and girls. This situation illustrates the power of

a.	typificatory schemes.
b.	language to reinforce an existing social order.
c.	language to create new “realities.”
d.	conformity.

ANS:BREF:179OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.7

72.Most Americans have assigned some meaning to a rat, a meaning that rarely evokes “pet.” This example relates to which of the following principles regarding reality construction?

a.	Everything in the world has been named and assigned a meaning.
b.	People divide reality in zones of varying distances.
c.	It is not easy to challenge reality.
d.	We create reality by locating ourselves in time.

ANS: A REF: 180 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.7

73._______________ are systematic mental frameworks that allow people to place what they observe in pre-existing social categories.

a.	Observations	c.	Typificatory schemes
b.	Names	d.	Time frames

ANS:CREF:180OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.7

74.If we observe an Asian male athlete dunking a basketball and think that he is an exception to the rule we are drawing upon

a.	the principle of zone proximities.	c.	typificatory schemes.
b.	observations from afar.	d.	ingroup/outgroup dynamics.

ANS: C REF: 180 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.7

MSC: SG

75.The public fascination with 40-year-old Dara Torres, an Olympic swimming competitor, is connected to which principle regarding reality construction?

a.	Everything in the world has been named and assigned a meaning.
b.	People divide reality in zones of varying distances.
c.	It is not easy to challenge reality.
d.	We create reality by locating ourselves in time.

ANS: D REF: 181 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 5.7

MSC: SG

76.We know from the experiences of people who wake up from comas after a long period of time that

a.	it is not easy to challenge reality.
b.	as long as routine is not disrupted everything is okay.
c.	it takes little effort to make up lost time..
d.	time in history informs our daily reality.

ANS:DREF:181OBJ:comprehension

TOP: Mod 5.7

77.The lyrics to the John Mayer song “Belief” begin with questions that relate to social construction of reality. What kind of questions do the lyrics ask?

a.	Is there anyone who really recalls ever breaking rank at all for something someone yelled real loud one time?
b.	Does anybody really know what time it is?
c.	Who wrote the book of love?
d.	Why oh why are there so many different realities?  Makes you wonder if anything is real.

ANS: A TOP: Music

78.The song “Belief” by John Mayer points out that beliefs are

a.	what make people unique.
b.	what set cultures apart from each other.
c.	a beautiful armor and the heaviest sword.
d.	the path to truth.

ANS: C TOP: Music

79.One reason protestors tend not change people’s minds about an issue is because

a.	people don’t take time to listen or read.
b.	most resent someone telling them what to think.
c.	protestors are generally extremely liberal or extremely conservative in their viewpoints.
d.	protestors tend to exist in zones that are most remote and farthest from our direct experience.

ANS: D TOP: Music

80.The movie Being There would be of greatest interest to which one of the following theorists?

a.	conflict theorist	c.	ethnomethodologist
b.	functionalist  theorist	d.	labeling theorist

ANS: C TOP: Movie

81.The movie Being There revolves around a man (Chance the Gardener) who disrupts social order as those who come in contact with Chance struggle to make sense of things. The movie illustrates the following sociological idea:

a.	People work to maintain the reality they know and assume others share.
b.	Symbolic and physical boundaries a group establish set it apart from other groups.
c.	A person’s identity revolves around multiple affiliations.
d.	Nonmembers are important to shaping a group’s sense of completeness.

ANS: A TOP: Movie

82.A poster asking parents to consider whether their kids could be abusing over the counter medication is asking parents to evaluate

a.	ingroup-outgroup dynamics.	c.	situational factors.
b.	a deviant subculture.	d.	their definition of the situation.

ANS: D TOP: SocScenes

83.If you believe that people were left behind in the wake of Hurricane Katrina because they did not heed warnings to evacuate in the days and hours before the hurricane hit, then you drawing upon _________ factors as an explanation.

a.	situational	c.	extraneous
b.	dispositional	d.	irrelevant

ANS: B TOP: SocScenes

84.If you believe that people were left behind in the wake of Hurricane Katrina because many did not have access to cars, you are drawing upon _________ factors as an explanation.

a.	situational	c.	extraneous
b.	dispositional	d.	irrelevant

ANS: A TOP: SocScenes

85.If you believe that black athletes dominate basketball at college and pro levels because they are natural athletes, you are drawing upon _________ factors as an explanation.

a.	situational	c.	extraneous
b.	dispositional	d.	irrelevant

ANS: B TOP: SocScenes

86.If you think that many students attend college only because most employers demand a college degree, then you are drawing upon _________ factors as an explanation.

a.	situational	c.	extraneous
b.	dispositional	d.	irrelevant

ANS: A TOP: SocScenes

87.A family posing for a photograph, to be sent out with a Christmas card, is dressed in a color coordinated way with everyone smiling.  This photograph represents the __________ of family life.

a.	ingroup	c.	front stage
b.	outgroup	d.	back stage

ANS: C TOP: SocScenes

88.A family is posing for a photograph. Its members appear to be working as a team to convince their “audience” that they are the ideal family. This family is engaged in

a.	role strain.	c.	back stage behavior.
b.	ethnomethodology.	d.	impression management.

ANS: D TOP: SocScenes

89.A student designs an experiment in which he shows a friend a picture of four boxes of “pot-tarts” ( a play on pop tarts), each box a different flavor. The student asks his friend which flavor she prefers and observes whether she takes notice of the play on words. The student also pays attention to any comments the friend makes which might reveal attitudes about marijuana use. The student has designed an experiment that ________________ would find particularly interesting.

a.	a conflict theorist	c.	an ethnomethodologist
b.	a functionalist theorist	d.	a labeling theorist

ANS: C TOP: SocScenes

90.If we think of a college graduation ceremony as establishing the symbolic boundaries setting college graduates apart from those less educated, then we have used the concept(s) _______________ to frame the ceremony.

a.	ingroup-outgroup	c.	front and back stage
b.	self fulfilling prophecy	d.	impression management

ANS: A TOP: SocScenes

True/False

1.People approach each situation with a blank slate.

ANS: F REF: 154 TOP: Mod 5.1 MSC: SG

2.Infants have the ability to define a situation independent of caregivers.

ANS: F REF: 155 TOP: Mod 5.1

3.The growing child learns the codes of society from those around him or her.

ANS: T REF: 155 TOP: Mod 5.1

4.A self-fulfilling prophecy can occur when people assign false definitions to a situation.

ANS: T REF: 155 TOP: Mod 5.1 MSC: SG

5.The definition of the situation driving self-fulfilling prophecies is a false reality.

ANS: T REF: 155 TOP: Mod 5.1

6.Once a self-fulfilling prophecy is set in motion there is no way to stop its effects.

ANS: F REF: 155 TOP: Mod 5.1 MSC: SG

7.Rosenthal and Jacobson found that teachers do not engage in self-fulfilling prophecies.

ANS: F REF: 155 TOP: Mod 5.1

8.In Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study, teachers’ beliefs about who was a bloomer “existed only in their mind.”

ANS: T REF: 156 TOP: Mod 5.1

9.Rosenthal and Jacobson’s self-fulfilling prophecy study took place in a high school.

ANS: F REF: 156 TOP: Mod 5.1 MSC: SG

10.Rosenthal and Jacobson found that teachers’ communicated their beliefs about a student’s academic abilities in subtle ways.

ANS: T REF: 157 TOP: Mod 5.1

11.Most people make judgments about cause without possessing complete information.

ANS: T REF: 158 TOP: Mod 5.2

12.Dispositional factors are factors people are believed to control, such as the level of effort expended.

ANS: T REF: 158 TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

13.Dispositional factors are factors outside an individual’s control.

ANS: F REF: 158 TOP: Mod 5.2

14.Situational factors are factors outside a person’s control.

ANS: T REF: 159 TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

15.The excuse “I failed the exam because the teacher is terrible” draws upon dispositional factors to explain failure.

ANS: F REF: 159 TOP: Mod 5.2

16.The assessment “She passed the test because it was easy” draws upon situational factors to explain success.

ANS: T REF: 159 TOP: Mod 5.2

17.It is likely that one infected hunter (of monkeys) triggered the global HIV/AIDS epidemic.

ANS: F REF: 159 TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

18.A close examination of history suggests that the HIV/AIDS epidemic was helped along by colonization.

ANS: T REF: 159 TOP: Mod 5.2

19.Every sexual encounter with someone HIV-positive results in disease transmission.

ANS: F REF: 159 TOP: Mod 5.2

20.HIV’s origin cannot be understood apart from European colonial rule of Africa.

ANS: T REF: 160 TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

21.The purpose of the West Africa Conference in 1885 was to divide Africa among competing European powers.

ANS: T REF: 160 TOP: Mod 5.2

22.One of the most grisly policies of Leopold’s rule over the Congo was to sever the hands of Congolese that refused to gather rubber.

ANS: T REF: 160 TOP: Mod 5.2

23.When evaluating the causes of their own failures, people tend to favor situational factors.

ANS: T REF: 160 TOP: Mod 5.2

24.When evaluating causes of their own successes, people tend to favor dispositional factors.

ANS: T REF: 160 TOP: Mod 5.2

25.The brutal strategies colonists employed to force Congolese to extract resources made them vulnerable to sleeping sickness.

ANS: T REF: 161 TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

26.The symptoms of sleeping sickness and AIDS are very similar.

ANS: T REF: 161 TOP: Mod 5.2

27.The world first noticed the disease that would become HIV/AIDS when it struck the gay population.

ANS: T REF: 161 TOP: Mod 5.2

28.In Africa, sleeping sickness was considered the AIDS of the early 20^th century.

ANS: T REF: 162 TOP: Mod 5.2 MSC: SG

29.The dramaturgical model is a perspective for thinking about how people manage social interactions and the presentation of the self.

ANS: T REF: 162 TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

30.Sociologist Erving Goffman is an important figure within dramaturgical sociology.

ANS: T REF: 163 TOP: Mod 5.3

31.Goffman uses the analogy of games to describe the work of impression management.

ANS: F REF: 163 TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

32.Impression management is always self-serving.

ANS: F REF: 163 TOP: Mod 5.3

33.When coaches hide doubts about winning from their team, they are engaged in impression management.

ANS: T REF: 164 TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

34.Women engage in impression management when they put on make-up and dye their hair.

ANS: T REF: 164 TOP: Mod 5.3

35.The front stage is the area where individuals can “let their hair down.”

ANS: F REF: 164 TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

36.A division between front stage and back stage can be found in nearly every social setting.

ANS: T REF: 165 TOP: Mod 5.3

37.The self can thought of as a one-person show.

ANS: F REF: 165 TOP: Mod 5.3

38.A sign “employees only” symbolizes the line separating front stage from back stage.

ANS: T REF: 165 TOP: Mod 5.3 MSC: SG

39.From a dramaturgical point of view, anxiety dreams are about “scenes” that fail and team mates who do not cooperate.

ANS: T REF: 165 TOP: Mod 5.3

40.Ethnomethodology is an investigative and observational approach that focuses on how people make sense of everyday social activities.

ANS: T REF: 166 TOP: Mod 5.4

41.Ethnomethodologists assume that people “work” to make social encounters meaningful.

ANS: T REF: 166 TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

42.For ethnomethodologists a reality exists independent of people.

ANS: F REF: 167 TOP: Mod 5.4

43.Ethnomethodologists strive to penetrate the reality that people accept without question.

ANS: T REF: 167 TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

44.Ethnomethodologist Harold Garfunkel gave his students assignments to disrupt social order.

ANS: T REF: 167 TOP: Mod 5.4

45.Ethnomethodologists are best known for an investigative technique in which they disrupt social order.

ANS: T REF: 168 TOP: Mod 5.4

46.Ethnomethodologists ask “What can we do to sustain order?”

ANS: F REF: 168 TOP: Mod 5.4

47.Trust in social relationships refers to the belief that people will act to meet social expectations.

ANS: T REF: 168 TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

48.An ethnomethodologist assumes that all social relationships involve conflict.

ANS: F REF: 168 TOP: Mod 5.4

49.In carrying out assignments to disrupt social order for ethnomethodologist Harold Garfunkel, students expressed great satisfaction.

ANS: F REF: 168 TOP: Mod 5.4

50.Ethnomethodologist Harold Garfunkel observed that his students were reluctant to disrupt taken-for-granted social realities.

ANS: T REF: 168 TOP: Mod 5.4 MSC: SG

51.A person must belong to a reference group to be influenced by its standards.

ANS: F REF: 169 TOP: Mod 5.5 MSC: SG

52.The mark of a reference group’s influence is that people simply take its norms into considerations, not necessarily that they comply with them.

ANS: T REF: 169 TOP: Mod 5.5

53.The family is an important reference group.

ANS: T REF: 169 TOP: Mod 5.5 MSC: SG

54.A reference group provides people with standards for evaluating self and others.

ANS: T REF: 169 TOP: Mod 5.5

55.A group is considered complete when everyone who is eligible joins.

ANS: T REF: 171 TOP: Mod 5.5 MSC: SG

56.The prevalence of nonmembers – eligible and ineligible – offers clues about a group’s sense of completeness.

ANS: T REF: 172 TOP: Mod 5.5

57.The presence of an outgroup can unify those who belong to an ingroup.

ANS: T REF: 173 TOP: Mod 5.6 MSC: SG

58.One person’s ingroup is another person’s outgroup.

ANS: T REF: 174 TOP: Mod 5.6 MSC: SG

59.An outgroup is any group to which someone belongs.

ANS: F REF: 174 TOP: Mod 5.6

60.An ingroup assumes a position of moral superiority when its members believe its way is the only way.

ANS: T REF: 174 TOP: Mod 5.6

61.When ingroup and outgroups share a similar purpose, the potential for conflict exists.

ANS: T REF: 175 TOP: Mod 5.6 MSC: SG

62.Ingroup identity depends on physical and symbolic boundaries.

ANS: T REF: 175 TOP: Mod 5.6 MSC: SG

63.Most people in the United Sates belong to one ingroup.

ANS: F REF: 176 TOP: Mod 5.6

64.In the U.S. the typical person is embroiled in a variety of ingroup-outgroup conflicts.

ANS: T REF: 176 TOP: Mod 5.6

65.The more ingroup-outgroup conflicts in which a person is routinely involved, the greater the likelihood that one conflict will become all-encompassing.

ANS: F REF: 176 TOP: Mod 5.6

66.Phenomenology is a framework that allows us to consider the way people construct reality.

ANS: T REF: 177 TOP: Mod 5.7 MSC: SG

67.The Social Construction of Reality fits within the theoretical tradition of phenomenology.

ANS: T REF: 177 TOP: Mod 5.7

68.Berger and Luckmann are interested in how people construct a reality. It does not matter if that reality is “real”.

ANS: T REF: 178 TOP: Mod 5.7 MSC: SG

69.Typically. people are less interested in zones closest to them.

ANS: F REF: 179 TOP: Mod 5.7

70.As long as a routine is not disrupted, people feel little need to question reality.

ANS: T REF: 179 TOP: Mod 5.7

71.The language we use to order reality makes it difficult to challenge reality.

ANS: T REF: 180 TOP: Mod 5.7

72.Those who are closest to us are in the best position to challenge typifications we apply to them.

ANS: T REF: 180 TOP: Mod 5.7 MSC: SG

73.The knowledge that we will die elicits an anxiety that decreases as we age.

ANS: F REF: 181 TOP: Mod 5.7 MSC: SG