Kuby Immunology 7th Edition By Judith A. Owen – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

Sample Questions Posted Below

Chapter 5   Innate Immunity

• Which of the following is NOT entirely a response of the innate immune system?

• • Phagocytosis by macrophages
  • Protection from infection by the skin
  • Low pH in the stomach
  • Antibody mediated complement activation
  • Microbial cell lysis by defensin

Answer: D

Section: Introduction

Difficulty: 2

Hint: What makes antibodies?

• Which of these characteristics are adaptive?

• Response takes several days to develop 
• Responds more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens
• Pathogen receptors are extremely varied
• Recognize broad classes of pathogens
• A, B, and C

Answer: E

Section: Introduction

Difficulty: 1

Hint: Review Table 5-1.

• Which of these characteristics are innate?

• Found in all multicellular plants and animals
• Receptors are encoded in the germline
• Recognize broad classes of pathogens
• Responds more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens
• A, B, and C

Answer: E

Section: Introduction

Difficulty: 1

Hint: Review Table 5-1.

• A mixture of S. aureus and the enteric bacteria E. coli was placed onto the skin of the fingertips of a volunteer.  The volunteer immediately touched one of their inoculated fingertips to nutrient agar plate #1 and then waited 30 minutes and touched a different inoculated finger to nutrient agar plate #2.  After incubating the plates overnight, what pattern of growth would you expect to see on the plates? 

• • Both E. coli and S. aureus grew on both plates.
  • Plate #1 grew both, while plate #2 grew only S. aureus.
  • Plate #1 grew both, while plate #2 grew only E. coli.
  • Plate #1 grew only S. aureus, while plate #2 grew both.
  • Plate #1 grew only E. coli, while plate #2 grew both.

Answer: B

Section: Anatomical Barriers to Infection

Difficulty: 3

Hint: The skin contains psoriasin, an antibacterial protein.

• Where would you be LEAST likely to find significant levels of defensins?

• • The lung
  • The intestine
  • The liver
  • The skin
  • The bladder

Answer: C

Section: Anatomical Barriers to Infection

Difficulty: 2

Hint: Defensins are found in locations where pathogens first contact the host.

• Which of the following is the CORRECT relationship?  _______________ on _____________ recognize _________________ on ____________________.

• • PRRs; macrophages; PAMPs; pathogens
  • PRRs; pathogens; PAMPs; macrophages
  • PAMPs; macrophages; PRRs; pathogens
  • PAMPs; neutrophils; PRR; pathogens
  • PRRs; macrophages; PAMPs; neutrophils

Answer: A

Section: Phagocytosis

Difficulty: 2

Hint: PRRs are found on antigen-presenting cells.

• Why are many opsonins multimeric?

• • Because they are all derived from the same proto-opsonin
  • Because they bind repeating structures on pathogen surfaces
  • So that they can be regulated allosterically
  • Because they have to crosslink receptors on phagocytes in order for phagocytosis to occur
  • Because one subunit binds pathogen and the other has enzymatic activity

Answer: B

Section: Phagocytosis

Difficulty: 2

Hint: Multimeric receptors have several identical binding sites.

• Which of the following are associated with damaged or dead cells?

• • Lysophosphatidic acid
  • Altered carbohydrates
  • Low CD47
  • Cell-surface annexin I
  • All of the above

Answer: E

Section: Phagocytosis

Difficulty: 2

Hint: Cell membranes change radically during apoptosis.

• Which of the following would you predict to result from a mutation in TLR-4 that prevents binding to LPS?

• • Increased susceptibility to infection with gram-positive bacteria
  • Decreased susceptibility to septic shock
  • Failure to develop from an embryo
  • Tighter binding between bacteria and macrophages
  • Increased phagocytosis

Answer: B

Section: Induced Cellular Innate Responses

Difficulty: 3

Hint: Many symptoms of inflammation are initiated by LPS.

• Match the following toll-like receptors with their ligands.

TLR Ligands

TLR3 Flagellin

TLR4 Zymosan

TLR5 dsRNA

TLR6 CpG unmethylated dinucleotides

TLR9 LPS

• TLR3/LPS; TLR4/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR5/dsRNA; TLR6/Zymosan; TLR9/Flagellin
• TLR3/dsRNA; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/Zymosan; TLR9/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides
• TLR3/dsRNA; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR6/Flagellin; TLR9/Zymosan
• TLR3/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR4/Zymosan; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/LPS; TLR9/dsRNA
• TLR3/Zymosan; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/dsRNA; TLR9/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides

Answer: B

Section: Induced Cellular Innate Responses

Difficulty: 1

Hint: Review Table 5-4.

• Which of the following is NOT usually induced in response to TLR signaling?

• • TNF-
  • IL-1 
  • iNOS
  • IL-6
  • IL-4

Answer: E

Section: Induced Cellular Innate Responses

Difficult: 2

Hint: TLR signaling often leads to inflammation.

• Where would you MOST likely find a TLR that recognizes RNA?

• • On the cell surface 
  • In the endosome/lysosome
  • In the nucleus
  • In the mitochondria
  • In the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer: B

Section: Induced Cellular Innate Responses

Difficulty: 2

Hint: RNA receptors are often found where viruses uncoat and disassemble.

• Which of the following adaptor proteins activate the NF-B pathway?

• • MyD88
  • IKK
  • Calmodulin
  • IL-2 receptor
  • SOS

Answer: A

Section: Induced Cellular Innate Responses

Difficulty: 1

Hint: The key to this question is the word “adaptor.”

• Which cytokine is known for its anti-viral properties?

• • IL-2
  • IL-4
  • IFN-
  • TNF-
  • IL-1

Answer: C

Section: Induced Cellular Innate Responses

Difficulty: 1

Hint: This cytokine’s name reflects its function.

• What is the Latin word for pain?

• • Rubor 
  • Calor
  • Dolor
  • Tumor
  • Accio

Answer: C

Section: Inflammatory Responses

Difficulty: 1

Hint: Many Latin words have similar derivatives in English, except the word for pain.

• C-reactive protein is a/an:

• • chemokine.
  • cytokine.
  • acute phase response protein.
  • surfactant.
  • cell-adhesion molecule.

Answer: C

Section: Inflammatory Responses

Difficulty: 1

Hint: C-reactive protein is produced by the liver.

• How do natural killer cells kill their targets?

• • By lysing them
  • By inducing inflammation
  • By inducing apoptosis
  • By causing them to leave the bloodstream and be trapped by the liver
  • By coating them with opsonins

Answer: C

Section: Natural Killer Cells

Difficulty: 2

Hint: NK cells kill by a similar mechanism to CTL

• What types of cells are good targets for natural killer cells and why?

• • Bacterial cells because they contain LPS
  • Gram positive cells because they contain LTA
  • Antigen presenting cells because they have high levels of costimulatory molecules
  • Endothelial cells in inflamed tissues because they have high levels of adhesion molecules
  • Virally infected cells because they have low levels of class I MHC

Answer: E

Section: Natural Killer Cells

Difficulty: 3

Hint: Many viruses try to evade immune responses by blocking antigen presentation.

• Predict the clinical outcome of a genetic defect in IRAK4, a protein required for the MyD88 pathway.

• • Increased rates of cancer
  • Increased rates of autoimmune disease 
  • Decreased muscle tone
  • Increased rates of bacterial infection
  • Increased TLR signaling 

Answer: D

Section: Clinical Focus

Difficulty: 3

Hint: MyD88 is an adaptor for almost all TLRs.

• Activation of dendritic cells with TLR4 or TLR5 results in the production of ________ that induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into __________.

• • IL-12; T_H1
  • IL-12; T_H2
  • IL-10; T_H1
  • IL-10; T_H2
  • IL-4; T_H1

Answer: A

Section: Interactions Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

Difficulty: 1

Hint: T_H1 responses are more protective against gram-negative bacteria.

• Dendritic cells present _____________ antigens on class I MHC through a process known as cross presentation. 

• • endogenous
  • exogenous 
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • complex

Answer: B

Section: Interactions Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

Difficulty: 2

Hint: Cross presentation is different than the usual pathway.

• Activation of B cells with TLR rather than with T-cell help would result in the overall antibody response being:

• • more specific.
  • more long lasting.
  • more polyclonal.
  • reduced.
  • more protective.

Answer: C

Section: Interactions Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

Difficulty: Understanding/Application

Hint: In order for a T cell to help a B cell, it usually recognizes the same antigen. 

• Which type of vaccine would MOST likely require an adjuvant?

• • Killed bacteria
  • Attenuated virus
  • Inactivated virus
  • Purified protein
  • All of the above

Answer: D

Section: Interactions Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

Difficulty: 3

Hint: Adjuvants are required when the vaccine itself does not contain sufficient PAMPs.

• At what point in evolution did adaptive immunity develop?

Answer: Around the same point that fish developed jaws.

Section: Ubiquity of Innate Immunity

Difficulty: 3

Hint: Organisms with adaptive immune systems have antibodies.

• Which of the following defenses is MOST likely to protect a plant from a microbial pathogen?

• • Antibodies
  • CTL
  • Phagocytes
  • Reactive-oxygen species
  • CD4

Answer: D

Section: Ubiquity of Innate Immunity

Difficulty: 2

Hint: Plants do not have adaptive immunity.

• Imagine you are walking barefoot across a pasture when your foot becomes punctured with a dirty splinter.  Describe the physiological and molecular changes that occur in your foot over the next few hours.

Answer: Many potential correct answers. Phagocytes in the area would respond to PAMPs and damaged cells by secreting cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a.  This would result in swelling and redness in the area as chemokines get released and other leukocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue.

Section: All Sections

Difficulty: 3

Hint: How would phagocytes respond to PAMPs?