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Chapter 5: Theories of Development
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.The theorist who proposed a psychosocial theory that human development occurs as a result of interactions among the environment, culture, and the individual was:
| a. | Erik Erikson. |
| b. | Daniel Levinson. |
| c. | Carl Jung. |
| d. | Robert Keegan. |
ANS: B
Daniel Levinson proposed that a person’s interactions with the environment and culture form the “fabric of life.”
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 62 OBJ: 3
TOP: Daniel Levinson KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA
MSC:NCLEX: NA
2.The characteristic common to all developmental models is that:
| a. | chronological age is the most important factor. |
| b. | development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan. |
| c. | development depends on physical growth. |
| d. | developmental progress continues regardless of environment. |
ANS: B
The study of growth and development begins with conception and continues throughout the lifespan. Developmental theories are designed to explain the occurrence of specific behaviors and to suggest relationships of behavior to other developing skills.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 58 OBJ: 7
TOP: Developmental theories KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
3.When the health-care worker praises a child for eating all of the meal and expresses disappointment when the child does not eat, the health-care worker is following the behavioral theory of:
| a. | Skinner. |
| b. | Erikson. |
| c. | Freud. |
| d. | Havighurst. |
ANS: A
Skinner attributed learning to operant conditioning, which involves the use of rewards or punishment for certain behaviors. Reinforcing positive behavior with a reward will eventually lead to regular practice of that behavior.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 66 OBJ: 2
TOP:Selected theories of development (Skinner)
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
4.The function of Freud’s defense mechanism is to:
| a. | foster learning, growth, and adaptation. |
| b. | inflate the self-image. |
| c. | resolve interpersonal conflicts. |
| d. | relieve anxiety. |
ANS: D
Freud described defense mechanisms that protect the ego by hiding unpleasant feelings or memories from a person’s awareness and serve as a defense against anxiety. Defense mechanisms may provide time for the person to develop or mobilize coping strategies to deal with the situation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 59 OBJ: 1
TOP: Defense mechanisms KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
5.A school-age child who is helping his father wash the car is told by his father that he is leaving “streaks all over the windows.” The child feels his father thinks he’s stupid for not being able to wash windows correctly. This incorporation of “being stupid” into the child’s self-concept illustrates an example of:
| a. | moral reasoning (Kohlberg). |
| b. | information processing (Piaget). |
| c. | looking-glass self (Cooley and Mead). |
| d. | imitation of behavior (Bandura and Mischel). |
ANS: C
Cooley and Mead’s theory of development of self-image includes a combination of imagining how we portray ourselves to others and imagining how others evaluate us to form a self concept.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 67 OBJ: 2
TOP: Looking-glass self KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA
MSC:NCLEX: NA
6.A 73-year-old man scheduled for surgery tells the health-care worker that if things do not go well during surgery, he has lived a full life and has no regrets. The health-care worker recognizes that this statement is consistent with:
| a. | the changes and redirected goals characteristic of Levinson’s theory of late adulthood. |
| b. | achievement of the developmental task of integrity described by Erikson. |
| c. | the wisdom and judgment that maintains self-esteem in Peck’s theory of development. |
| d. | unsuccessful achievement of earlier developmental tasks described by Havighurst. |
ANS: B
A sense of a life well lived and an acceptance of death are characteristic of Erikson’s task of ego-integrity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 60 OBJ: 3
TOP: Ego-integrity KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
7.When the driver who is stopped for speeding tells the officer that he was rushing to an important appointment, this is an example of the defense mechanism of:
| a. | identification. |
| b. | rationalization. |
| c. | sublimation. |
| d. | repression. |
ANS: B
Developing a plausible excuse to explain problematic behavior is considered rationalization.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ApplicationREF:p. 59, Box 5-1
OBJ: 7 TOP: Defense mechanism KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA
MSC:NCLEX: NA
8.To promote a sense of industry in a hospitalized school-age child, the health-care worker should:
| a. | encourage the child to read a book. |
| b. | ask the parents of the child to bring a favorite toy from home. |
| c. | encourage the child to telephone friends and family members. |
| d. | ask the child to help pick up all the stuffed toys in the playroom. |
ANS: D
Erikson’s stage of industry in the school-age child involves developing a sense of achievement.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ApplicationREF:p. 61, Table 5-2
OBJ:7TOP:Erikson’s stages
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
9.According to the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, the health-care worker can anticipate that the moral development of a 2-year-old will follow the preconventional pattern by:
| a. | obeying rules to avoid punishment. |
| b. | conforming to rules to gain reward. |
| c. | following rules to be thought of as “good.” |
| d. | desiring to do the “right” thing. |
ANS: A
Rationale The preconventional pattern of behavior would lead the toddler to obey rules to avoid punishment.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ComprehensionREF:p. 67, Table 5-7
OBJ:7TOP:Moral development
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
10.The behavior most characteristic of the concrete operations stage of cognitive development is:
| a. | progression from reflex activity to imitative behavior. |
| b. | inability to put oneself in another’s place. |
| c. | thought processes become increasingly logical and coherent. |
| d. | ability to think in abstract terms and draw logical conclusions. |
ANS: C
According to Piaget, during the concrete operations stage of development, there is understanding of more than one piece of information at a time. There is a realistic understanding of the world, and thought processes become more logical.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ComprehensionREF:p. 62, Table 5-4
OBJ:5TOP:Concrete operations
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
11.Behavior modification is basically designed to:
| a. | probe the unconscious motives of behavior. |
| b. | alter current behavior patterns. |
| c. | produce basic changes in personality. |
| d. | relieve conflicts in behavior. |
ANS: B
Behavior modification is based on Skinner’s operant conditioning method of learning. Reinforcing positive behavior with a reward will eventually lead to regular practice of that behavior.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 66 OBJ: 2
TOP: Behavior modification KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA
MSC:NCLEX: NA
12.According to the language/culture developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky, preschool-age children guide their own behavior by the use of:
| a. | avoidance of punishment. |
| b. | imitating older children. |
| c. | relying on their autonomy. |
| d. | inner language. |
ANS: D
The theory of Vygotsky proposes that children as young as 4 years old can guide their own behavior by heeding an inner language.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ComprehensionREF:p. 64, Table 5-5
OBJ: 2 TOP: Inner language KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA
MSC:NCLEX: NA
13.A woman whose husband retired 6 months ago says that he is “driving me crazy” and is “underfoot all the time.” These complaints indicate that the wife is in the retirement developmental stage of:
| a. | honeymoon. |
| b. | terminal. |
| c. | disenchantment. |
| d. | freedom. |
ANS: C
Robert Atchley described the disenchantment stage of retirement as a time when new priorities are developed as a result of boredom.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ApplicationREF:p. 69, Table 5-8
OBJ:9TOP:Disenchantment stage
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
14.The best advice to parents who want to encourage autonomy in their toddler would be to:
| a. | provide opportunities for the toddler to play with other children. |
| b. | help the toddler learn right from wrong. |
| c. | help the toddler to complete tasks. |
| d. | encourage the toddler to do things for himself. |
ANS: D
This is the “me do” stage of development. Encouraging independence in the toddler will foster a sense of confidence, autonomy, and well-being.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ApplicationREF:p. 61, Table 5-2
OBJ:3TOP:Supporting autonomy
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
15.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states that basic physiological needs must be met before the individual can reach full potential. An example of a physiological need being met is:
| a. | the need to be well thought of by oneself as well as by others. |
| b. | obtaining prenatal care early in pregnancy. |
| c. | drinking eight glasses of water a day and following a well-balanced diet. |
| d. | building an extra room for an elder onto a small house. |
ANS: C
Examples of Maslow’s basic physiological needs are air, water, food, elimination, and rest.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 65 OBJ: 8
TOP: Theories of development KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
16.According to Kohlberg, children develop moral reasoning as they mature. Which action is most characteristic of a school-age child’s stage of moral development?
| a. | Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment. |
| b. | Rules are followed to gain recognition. |
| c. | Behavior that pleases others is considered good. |
| d. | Showing respect for authority is important behavior. |
ANS: B
During the school childhood stage of development, the child seeks to conform to rules to gain recognition.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ComprehensionREF:p. 67, Table 5-7
OBJ:2TOP:School-age moral development (Kohlberg)
KEY:Nursing Process Step: NAMSC:NCLEX: NA
17.When the father of a 12-year-old says, “I must find some way to get my son to become serious about school. He just seems to want to play all the time.” The parent is in the __________ stage of parenting behaviors described by Erik Erikson.
| a. | parental image |
| b. | authority |
| c. | integrative |
| d. | independent |
ANS: C
The need a parent feels to motivate the child who is experiencing early independence is part of Erik Erikson’s stages of parenting, Stage 3: Integrative.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ApplicationREF:p. 61, Table 5-3
OBJ:9TOP:Integrative stage of parenting
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
18.A 10-year-old child has demonstrated exceptional spelling ability in several school and community contests and is recognized in his school by teachers and peers for his ability. He believes he can win the state championship. This situation is representative of the concept of:
| a. | latency; achievement of skills (Freud). |
| b. | mastery of environment; match between ideal and actual self (Rogers). |
| c. | initiative; following rules (Erikson). |
| d. | academic recognition; value of the less aggressive child (Bronfenbrenner). |
ANS: B
Rogers believed that mastery of environment helped form the self concept and that a person has an idea of the type of person he or she would like to be. If the ideal self shares much in common with the actual self, that person will achieve full potential.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: p. 65 OBJ: 4
TOP: Mastery (Rogers) KEY: Nursing Process Step: NA
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
19.Psychodynamic developmental theories focus on resolution or development of: (Select all that apply.)
| a. | thinking/reasoning skills. |
| b. | love/attachment. |
| c. | personality traits. |
| d. | cultural adjustment. |
| e. | psychological challenges. |
ANS: C, E
Psychodynamic theories focus on the development of personality traits and the resolution of psychological challenges.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 57 OBJ: 3
TOP: Psychodynamic theories KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
20.What are major characteristic(s) of a self-actualized person? (Select all that apply.)
| a. | Understands reality |
| b. | Makes judgments based on evidence |
| c. | Is reliant on significant others |
| d. | Is creative |
| e. | Has values that are constantly changing |
ANS: A, B, D
The self-actualized person understands reality, uses evidence for judgments, is self-reliant and creative, and has a sound set of values.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: p. 65 OBJ: 9
TOP: Self actualization KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
COMPLETION
21.The school nurse recognizes the defense mechanism of _____________when the 7-year-old first grader throws his crayons on the floor after he has been reprimanded by the teacher for boisterous behavior.
ANS:
displacement
Displacement is the defense mechanism in which an individual expresses feelings (usually anger) he has about one person again another person or object.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ApplicationREF:p. 59, Box 5-1
OBJ:7TOP:Defense mechanism: Displacement
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
22.According to Piaget, children typically solve problems by trial and error during the ____________ stage of development.
ANS:
sensorimotor
Piaget’s theory involves sensory and motor interactions with the environment, leading to information processing. This information processing is believed to be the basis of problem-solving and critical thinking skills.
DIF:Cognitive Level: ApplicationREF:p. 62, Table 5-4
OBJ:5TOP:Cognitive theories
KEY:Nursing Process Step: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: growth and development
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