Essentials of Physical Anthropology 3rd Edition By Clark Spencer Larsen – Test bank

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CHAPTER 05: Biology in the Present: Living People

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept:

a.	was first used by Marco Polo as he recorded huge amounts of information during his travels in Asia.
b.	has been present throughout human history.
c.	can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands.
d.	originated in ancient Egypt.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how the concept of race began

TOP: Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? MSC: Remembering

2.Franz Boas:

a.	was a strong supporter of the race concept.
b.	created racial categories based on living populations in the United States.
c.	showed that U.S.-born children had the same head shapes as their immigrant parents.
d.	showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

ANS:DDIF:Easy

OBJ:Identify the discoveries in the twentieth century that led to clines supplanting race as a way of understanding biological variation in humans

TOP: Debunking race concept: Franz Boas MSC: Remembering

3.Johann Friedrich Blumenbach:

a.	discovered the existence of three races.
b.	categorized skulls into five racial types.
c.	used blood types and skin colors to create a racial taxonomy for humans.
d.	showed that skull shape changed over time.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how the concept of race began

TOP: Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? MSC: Remembering

4.R. C. Lewontin found that human “races” have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this through:

a.	research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races.
b.	research indicating that race categories accounted for a very small percentage of variation found across human populations.
c.	the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics.
d.	research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.

ANS:BDIF:Moderate

OBJ:Identify the discoveries in the twentieth century that led to clines supplanting race as a way of understanding biological variation in humans

TOP: So-called racial traits are not concordant MSC: Remembering

5.A cline:

a.	is continuous variation that follows a continuum.
b.	is variation that falls into discrete categories.
c.	describes the pattern of occurrence of trisomy 18.
d.	was used to describe human variation as early as the Renaissance.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ: Explain how the concept of cline is different from the concept of race

TOP: Human variation: geographic clines, not racial categories MSC: Remembering

6.The long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate that the population:

a.	is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen’s rule.
b.	represents the variability that results from Wolff’s law of skeletal replacement.
c.	has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates.
d.	is well adapted for life at high latitudes, as Allen’s rule predicts for pastoralist populations.

ANS:ADIF:Moderate

OBJ: Compare the ways in which the human body adapts to deal with the stresses of heat and hot climates with the ways the body adapts to the stresses of cold and cold climates

TOP: Body shape and adaptation to heat stress MSC: Understanding

7.The American economist David Seckler incorrectly hypothesized that:

a.	growth accelerates and decelerates according to various life stages.
b.	undernourished populations experience accelerated growth and development.
c.	there is a relationship between genes and the environment.
d.	shortness in height is an adaptation to reduced food supplies.

ANS:DDIF:Difficult

OBJ: Compare the causes and effects of overnourishment and undernourishment on the growth, development, and overall health of the human body TOP: Human nutrition today

MSC:Remembering

8.The prenatal stage in humans is divided into:

a.	trimesters.
b.	the neonatal period versus after the end of lactation.
c.	infancy, childhood, the juvenile period, puberty, adolescence, and adulthood.
d.	the neonatal period, infancy, the juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle

TOP: The growth cycle: conception through adulthood MSC: Remembering

9.Which of the following biological processes involves a reduction in homeostasis?

a.	senescence	c.	prenatal development
b.	Wolff’s law	d.	adult stage of development

ANS:ADIF:Moderate

OBJ:Explain what happens to the human body during senescence

TOP: Adult staging: aging and senescence MSC: Understanding

10.Multiple biological traits:

a.	do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications.
b.	are race specific.
c.	help with biological profiling.
d.	do not exist in humans.

ANS:ADIF:Moderate

OBJ:Identify the discoveries in the twentieth century that led to clines supplanting race as a way of understanding biological variation in humans

TOP: So-called racial traits are not concordant MSC: Understanding

11.Stressors during the prenatal stage include:

a.	a vegetarian diet of greens, fruits, and dairy products.
b.	smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
c.	heavy exercise like running and swimming.
d.	lack of exercise.

ANS:BDIF:Moderate

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP: Prenatal stage: sensitive to environmental stress, predictive of adult health

MSC:Remembering

12.Children living at high altitudes develop a larger chest cavity by adulthood than children living at lower altitudes. This is an example of:

a.	environmental adaptations that occur at the individual level.
b.	acclimatization at the individual level.
c.	developmental adaptations that occur at the level of the individual during critical life stages.
d.	inheritance of increases in lung volume by high-altitude populations.

ANS:CDIF:Moderate

OBJ: Describe how people living at high altitudes have adapted to their environment

TOP:High altitudeMSC:Understanding

13.Infancy:

a.	runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.
b.	runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.
c.	is also called the “neonatal” period.
d.	includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP: The growth cycle: conception through adulthood MSC: Remembering

14.Although Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules often explain body shape and morphology, we occasionally see variations from the correct patterns. This sometimes indicates that:

a.	the long-term association between body shape and climate is an example of acclimatization.
b.	body shape and morphology do not reflect both evolutionary and developmental processes.
c.	the association between body shape and morphology does respond to environmental stressors.
d.	the association between body shape, morphology, and the environment is not a result of natural selection.

ANS:CDIF:Difficult

OBJ: Compare the ways in which the human body adapts to deal with the stresses of heat and hot climates with the ways the body adapts to the stresses of cold and cold climates

TOP: Body shape and adaptation to heat stress MSC: Analyzing

15.Allen’s rule indicates that humans will have:

a.	larger lungs in hot environments and smaller lungs in cold environments.
b.	smaller bodies in cold environments and larger bodies in hot environments.
c.	longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments.
d.	taller bodies in cold environments and shorter bodies in hot environments.

ANS:CDIF:Moderate

OBJ: Compare the ways in which the human body adapts to deal with the stresses of heat and hot climates with the ways the body adapts to the stresses of cold and cold climates

TOP: Body shape and adaptation to heat stress MSC: Remembering

16.Sexual maturation or puberty is marked by:

a.	menarche in girls.
b.	similar body size in boys and girls.
c.	a short-term rapid increase in brain growth.
d.	adult social roles.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP:Postnatal stage: the maturing brain, preparing for adulthood

MSC:Remembering

17.The obesity pandemic is primarily due to:

a.	the increased ability to produce and consume inexpensive, high-fat foods.
b.	a lack of physical exercise.
c.	a combination of lower calories and more exercise.
d.	the production of high-calorie, low-fat foods even though people still have a high exercise level.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ:Compare the causes and effects of overnourishment and undernourishment on the growth, development, and overall health of the human body

TOP: Overnutrition and the consequences of dietary excess MSC: Understanding

18.When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:

a.	long bone growth is slowed.
b.	full adult height is attained.
c.	the adolescent growth spurt begins.
d.	the diaphyses continue to grow but the epiphyses stop growing.

ANS:BDIF:Easy

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP:Postnatal stage: the maturing brain, preparing for adulthood

MSC:Remembering

19.The postnatal stage includes:

a.	the first, second, and third trimesters.
b.	menarche and senescence.
c.	the growth or development of the deciduous teeth, motor skills, and cognitive abilities.
d.	the human growth cycle from the embryo stage.

ANS:CDIF:Moderate

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP:Postnatal stage: the maturing brain, preparing for adulthood

MSC:Remembering

20.Genetic adaptation:

a.	occurs at the population level via natural selection.
b.	occurs at the individual level during childhood.
c.	occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
d.	involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ: Distinguish among genetic adaptation, developmental or ontogenetic adaptation, and acclimatization TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living

MSC:Understanding

21.Developmental (or ontogenetic) adaptation:

a.	occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
b.	occurs at the individual level during childhood.
c.	involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
d.	occurs at the population level via natural selection.

ANS:BDIF:Moderate

OBJ: Distinguish among genetic adaptation, developmental or ontogenetic adaptation, and acclimatization TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living

MSC:Understanding

22.Acclimatization:

a.	occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
b.	occurs at the individual level during childhood.
c.	involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
d.	occurs at the population level via natural selection.

ANS:ADIF:Moderate

OBJ: Distinguish among genetic adaptation, developmental or ontogenetic adaptation, and acclimatization TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living

MSC:Understanding

23.Cultural adaptation:

a.	occurs at the population level via natural selection.
b.	occurs at the individual level during childhood.
c.	involves using material culture or learned practices to make living possible in certain settings.
d.	usually occurs in adults, not children.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the ways humans maintain homeostasis

TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living MSC: Understanding

24.Functional adaptations:

a.	are important population-level genetic changes.
b.	occur at the individual level only during childhood.
c.	involve using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
d.	are biological adjustments within an individual’s lifetime, including developmental adaptations and acclimatization.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the ways humans maintain homeostasis

TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living MSC: Understanding

25.The maintenance of homeostasis:

a.	is a key feature of most levels of any organism’s biology.
b.	involves the study of populations in their natural environments.
c.	involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
d.	involves the replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the ways humans maintain homeostasis

TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living MSC: Understanding

26.Homeostasis may be studied indirectly by:

a.	observing living populations as they engage in various activities in various settings.
b.	experimentally manipulating or replicating environmental conditions and observing human responses.
c.	identifying the genome of a given population of humans.
d.	observing differences in such measures as body temperature across human groups.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the ways humans maintain homeostasis

TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living MSC: Understanding

27.Homeostasis may be studied directly by:

a.	observing living populations as they engage in various activities in various settings.
b.	experimentally manipulating or replicating environmental conditions and observing human responses.
c.	identifying the genome of a given population of humans.
d.	observing differences in such measures as body temperature across human groups.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the ways humans maintain homeostasis

TOP: Adaptation: meeting the challenges of living MSC: Understanding

28.Melanin:

a.	is advantageous because it provides protection from solar radiation.
b.	is a chemical that decreases the possibility of a tan.
c.	occurs at high rates in individuals with light skin tone.
d.	develops more with age.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ: Explain how solar radiation is related to skin color, vitamin D synthesis, and folate retention

TOP:Solar radiation and skin colorMSC:Remembering

29.For women with very low body weight, high amounts of exercise can result in:

a.	increased female fertility.
b.	increased ovarian function.
c.	a reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.
d.	higher rates of conception than in women who do not exercise.

ANS:CDIF:Easy

OBJ:Compare the causes and effects of overnourishment and undernourishment on the growth, development, and overall health of the human body

TOP: Workload adaptation: skeletal homeostasis and function MSC: Remembering

30.Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations:

a.	have lower BMRs.
b.	consume more carbohydrates.
c.	reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures.
d.	have short limbs and large bodies.

ANS:DDIF:Moderate

OBJ: Compare the ways in which the human body adapts to deal with the stresses of heat and hot climates with the ways the body adapts to the stresses of cold and cold climates

TOP: Body shape and adaptation to heat stress MSC: Remembering

31.Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause:

a.	skin cancer.	c.	rickets.
b.	hypoxia.	d.	hypothermia.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ: Explain how solar radiation is related to skin color, vitamin D synthesis, and folate retention

TOP:Solar radiation and skin colorMSC:Understanding

32.Sexual dimorphism refers to the:

a.	onset of menarche.
b.	reduction in bone growth rate with the fusion of epiphyses.
c.	difference in sexual characteristics before versus after puberty.
d.	difference in physical attributes of males and females.

ANS:DDIF:Easy

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP:Postnatal stage: the maturing brain, preparing for adulthood

MSC:Remembering

33.Wolff’s law:

a.	is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions.
b.	applies to the maintenance of the entire endocrine system.
c.	states that after puberty there will be almost no further remodeling of bone when it is under stress.
d.	refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.

ANS:DDIF:Easy

OBJ: Define Wolff’s law and provide at least one example of the effects of this law

TOP:Workload adaptationMSC:Remembering

34.Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women:

a.	at high altitudes had fewer surviving children.
b.	with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.
c.	with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had fewer surviving children.
d.	have poor nutrition.

ANS:BDIF:Easy

OBJ: Compare the ways in which the human body adapts to deal with the stresses of heat and hot climates with the ways the body adapts to the stresses of cold and cold climates

TOP:High altitudeMSC:Remembering

35.In the days races were thought to be valid, static categories, Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races:

a.	Negroids, Caucasoids, and Mongoloids.
b.	Mongoloids, Negroids, Inuit, and Caucasoids.
c.	Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
d.	Mongoloids, Negroids, Malays, Europeans, and Caucasoids.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how the concept of race began

TOP:History of race conceptMSC:Remembering

36.Adolescence includes:

a.	stability in physiology, behavior, and cognition.
b.	a decline in function of tissue and many organs.
c.	eruption of dentition and increased brain growth.
d.	the development of secondary sex characteristics and interest in adult social, sexual, and economic behaviors.

ANS:DDIF:Moderate

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP: Life history: growth and development MSC: Remembering

37.Rickets is the result of:

a.	a lack of vitamin D.	c.	high UV exposure.
b.	a lack of melanin.	d.	severe air pollution.

ANS:ADIF:Easy

OBJ: Explain how solar radiation is related to skin color, vitamin D synthesis, and folate protection

TOP: Solar radiation and vitamin D synthesis MSC: Remembering

38.Natural selection favored alleles for light skin in:

a.	Africa.	c.	South America.
b.	Europe.	d.	Australia.

ANS:BDIF:Moderate

OBJ: Explain how solar radiation is related to skin color, vitamin D synthesis, and folate retention

TOP: Solar radiation and vitamin D synthesis MSC: Remembering

39.Which is a major contributor to the success of our species?

a.	high fecundity	c.	human adaptability
b.	body variation	d.	skin tone variation

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain the implications of human adaptability

TOP: Evolution matters: human variation today MSC: Understanding

ESSAY

1.Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not?

ANS:

The classification of human variation into categories is a relatively recent invention. Race concepts emerged in the eighteenth century as scientists were developing taxonomies. Johann Blumenbach, for example, developed a human taxonomy based on both skin colors and skull features. He proposed five races that did not change over time. Blumenbach’s taxonomy was subsequently applied to living populations. In the early 1900s, Franz Boas showed that human biology is not static. He challenged the taxonomic approach to human biological variation by showing that American-born children’s head shapes differed from those of their European-born parents. Boas concluded that the idea of race was invalid. In testing race using genetic variation, Lewontin found that the so-called races account for only 5%–10% of total genetic diversity among humans. Most variation occurs across human populations. These findings have been confirmed by other, more recent studies that focus on a variety of genetic and biological features. Multiple biological traits do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications. Human variation is clinal and cannot be subdivided into racial categories.

DIF:Difficult

OBJ:Identify the discoveries in the twentieth century that led to clines supplanting race as a way of understanding biological variation in humans

TOP: Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? | Debunking race concept: Franz Boas

MSC: Evaluating

2.Discuss how natural selection has likely influenced the evolution of skin color in humans.

ANS:

Functional adaptations during the individual’s lifetime have important implications for natural selection and evolution. The evolution of skin color, for example, has been strongly influenced by individuals’ exposure to UV radiation, which can lead to skin cancer. Light skin has evolved in northern latitudes, areas with reduced UV radiation, while darker skin has been favored near the equator as a protective agent against greater UV radiation.

DIF:Difficult

OBJ: Explain how solar radiation is related to skin color, vitamin D synthesis, and folate retention

TOP: Solar radiation and skin color MSC: Analyzing

3.How does human life history (prenatal stage, infancy, childhood, juvenile stage, adolescence, adulthood, old age) determine the interaction between genes and environment?

ANS:

During the prenatal stage, environmental stress affects birth weight and development and predisposes the individual to disease later in life. The transition from infancy to adulthood involves growth acceleration and deceleration, with individual growth rates and heights reflecting nutrition and other environmental factors. During childhood and adolescence, the timing of growth spurts and of sexual development responds directly to environmental cues and stressors. The length of adulthood and postreproductive life, unique to humans, reflects the complex interaction of genetic tendencies and environmental factors that runs through all the previous life stages.

DIF:Difficult

OBJ:Define the three main stages in the human growth cycle and distinguish among them, with examples of biological milestones within each stage

TOP: Life history: growth and development MSC: Analyzing

4.Discuss the obesity pandemic. Include current studies that demonstrate likely causes.

ANS:

Leslie Sue Lieberman shows that the increased availability of cheap, high-calorie, energy-dense foods and labor-saving technology has produced changes in body weight. The pandemic is best understood in terms of the disconnection between our lifestyles and our evolutionary history. Lieberman also demonstrates that portion size is another important factor in obesity. Grün and Blumberg showed that exposure to industrial chemicals and organic pollutants during pregnancy can contribute to pathological weight gain in a child. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals fed to animals cause the animals to increase their fat storage by increasing the number of fat cells. These chemicals have an epigenetic effect by influencing the gene regulators that turn genes controlling the development of fat cells on and off.

DIF:Moderate

OBJ: Compare the causes of overnourishment and undernourishment on the growth, development, and overall health of the human body TOP: Anthropology matters: obesity

MSC: Analyzing

5.Discuss Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules and how they affect human variation. Include the forces of evolution discussed in previous chapters to support your essay.

ANS:

Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules express the relationship between body shape and temperature. Bergmann’s rule states that heat-adapted species will have smaller bodies and cold-adapted species will have larger bodies. Allen’s rule demonstrates that populations living in cold environments will have short limbs while those living in hot environments have long limbs. This long-term association between body shape and climate demonstrates that body shape is a genetic adaptation. Therefore, body shape and morphology reflect evolutionary and developmental processes.

DIF:Moderate

OBJ: Compare the ways in which the human body adapts to deal with the stresses of heat and hot climates with the ways the body adapts to the stresses of cold and cold climates

TOP: Body shape and adaptation to heat stress MSC: Analyzing

6.Discuss the origins of racism. Include early scientists and their views on human variation.

ANS:

Scientists as far back as Linnaeus have classified humans into different groups. Linnaeus hypothesized that humans devolved from an original source. Thereafter, all biological anthropologists (Blumenbach, Morten, Broca) through the nineteenth century adopted some variation of a declining- race hypothesis. Most designated their own race, always European in origin, as superior. As scientists were held in high regard during this time, their supposed evidence for superior and inferior races became well accepted and was even used to support colonialism and slavery. Only during the twentieth century did some of this change; however, recent “scientific” studies have tried to demonstrate that some groups have superior intelligence and others inferior.

DIF:DifficultOBJ:Explain how the concept of race began

TOP: Brief history of the race concept MSC: Analyzing