Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Posted Below
Chapter 05
Histology
True / False Questions
| 1. |
Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood.
True False |
| 2. |
Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface.
True False |
| 3. |
Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin.
True False |
| 4. |
In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix.
True False |
| 5. |
The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid.
True False |
| 6. |
Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs.
True False |
| 7. |
Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements.
True False |
| 8. |
Plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissues.
True False |
| 9. |
Excitable cells respond to outside stimuli by means of changes in plasma membrane shape.
True False |
| 10. |
Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control.
True False |
| 11. |
Dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells.
True False |
| 12. |
Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells.
True False |
| 13. |
The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface.
True False |
| 14. |
The secretory product of a gland is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma.
True False |
| 15. |
Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
| 16. |
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________ tissue.
|
| 17. |
The __________ gives rise to the __________.
| A. |
mesoderm; digestive glands |
| B. |
endoderm; muscular system and skeletal system |
| C. |
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis |
|
| 18. |
The clear gel inside a cell is called __________.
|
| 19. |
A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a __________.
|
| 20. |
The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n) __________ section.
|
| 21. |
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue.
|
| 22. |
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called __________ epithelium.
| E. |
pseudostratified columnar |
|
| 23. |
The basement membrane is found between __________ and __________.
| A. |
epithelium; connective tissue |
| B. |
epithelium; extracellular material |
| C. |
epithelium; intracellular material |
| D. |
extracellular material; intracellular material |
| E. |
interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid |
|
| 24. |
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium.
| D. |
keratinized stratified squamous |
| E. |
nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
|
| 25. |
Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
| C. |
pseudostratified columnar |
|
| 26. |
__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare.
| A. |
Simple columnar; stratified columnar |
| B. |
Stratified squamous; stratified columnar |
| C. |
Pseudostratified; stratified squamous |
| D. |
Simple cuboidal; stratified squamous |
| E. |
Stratified squamous; simple squamous |
|
| 27. |
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _________ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.
|
| 28. |
A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________.
| A. |
pseudostratified; nasal cavity |
| B. |
simple cuboidal; esophagus |
| C. |
simple columnar; small intestine |
| D. |
stratified squamous; anal canal |
| E. |
stratified squamous; esophagus |
|
| 29. |
All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
| A. |
pseudostratified columnar |
|
| 30. |
Found in the urinary bladder, __________ epithelium resembles __________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.
| A. |
transitional; stratified squamous |
| B. |
stratified squamous; pseudostratified |
| C. |
stratified squamous; stratified columnar |
| D. |
simple columnar; pseudostratified |
| E. |
transitional; simple cuboidal |
|
| 31. |
__________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the __________.
| E. |
Nonkeratinized; vagina |
|
| 32. |
__________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas __________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.
| A. |
Simple columnar; transitional |
| B. |
Simple squamous; stratified squamous |
| C. |
Simple cuboidal; pseudostratified |
| D. |
Pseudostratified; simple squamous |
| E. |
Pseudostratified; simple cuboidal |
|
| 33. |
Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?
| A. |
Most cells are not in direct contact with each other. |
| B. |
Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope. |
| C. |
Cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material. |
| D. |
Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance. |
| E. |
Most connective tissues are highly vascular. |
|
| 34. |
An example of a highly vascular tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is __________.
| B. |
muscular; osseous tissue |
| C. |
dense regular connective; dense irregular connective tissue |
| E. |
nervous; osseous tissue |
|
| 35. |
Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?
| A. |
Very conspicuous fibers |
| B. |
The presence of fibroblasts |
| C. |
The presence of collagen |
| D. |
Ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency |
|
| 36. |
The shape of a person’s external ear is due to the presence of __________.
| A. |
dense regular connective tissue |
| B. |
dense irregular connective tissue |
|
| 37. |
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?
| C. |
Dense regular connective tissue |
| D. |
Dense irregular connective tissue |
|
| 38. |
New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________.
| B. |
fibrous connective tissue |
|
| 39. |
The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.
| A. |
chondroblasts; plasma cells |
| B. |
mast cells; fibroblasts |
| C. |
osteocytes; chondroblasts |
| D. |
chondroblasts; fibroblasts |
| E. |
adipocytes; plasma cells |
|
| 40. |
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have __________.
| A. |
hyperextensible joints |
|
| 41. |
Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?
| A. |
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
|
| 42. |
Collagenous fibers are very abundant in __________.
| A. |
blood and hyaline cartilage |
| B. |
blood, adipose tissue, and osseous tissue |
| C. |
ligaments, bones, and the most superficial portion of the skin |
| D. |
tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin |
| E. |
areolar tissue, tongue, and bones |
|
| 43. |
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________.
| A. |
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues |
| B. |
plasma; formed elements |
| C. |
elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage |
| D. |
spongy bone; compact (dense) bone |
| E. |
adipose tissue; reticular tissue |
|
| 44. |
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including _________.
| A. |
helping to transfer charges in the nervous system |
| B. |
holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance |
| C. |
giving bone its brittle, inorganic structure |
| D. |
providing the major structural support of tendons and ligaments |
| E. |
acting as an energy reserve for muscle contraction |
|
| 45. |
Blood functions to __________________.
| A. |
allow for heart contraction and relaxation |
| B. |
store energy for the heart |
| C. |
provide support to the heart |
| D. |
line the heart chambers |
| E. |
transport nutrients to the tissues |
|
| 46. |
__________________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.
| D. |
Dense irregular connective tissue |
|
| 47. |
__________________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.
|
| 48. |
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __________.
|
| 49. |
Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because __________.
| A. |
smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract |
| B. |
skeletal muscle puts pressure on the digestive tract |
| C. |
cardiac muscle maintains a high pressure that moves material through the digestive tract |
| D. |
striated muscle creates a pressure gradient that forces material from one end of the digestive tract to the other |
| E. |
skeletal muscle sphincters contract and allow materials to move through the digestive tract |
|
| 50. |
Skeletal muscle is described as __________.
| A. |
striated and voluntary |
| B. |
striated and involuntary |
| C. |
nonstriated and voluntary |
| D. |
nonstriated and involuntary |
| E. |
fibrous and containing ground substance |
|
| 51. |
A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) __________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________.
| A. |
entire cell; organelle; tissue |
| B. |
organelle; entire cell; part of a cell |
| C. |
organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules |
| D. |
complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell |
| E. |
complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell |
|
| 52. |
In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.
| D. |
gap (communicating) junctions |
|
| 53. |
__________ secrete __________ into __________.
| A. |
Goblet cells; mucus; the blood |
| B. |
Endocrine glands; hormones; ducts |
| C. |
Exocrine glands; hormones; ducts |
| D. |
Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood |
| E. |
Exocrine glands; mucus; the blood |
|
| 54. |
Mucin is secreted by__________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid.
|
| 55. |
__________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. __________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.
|
| 56. |
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.
|
| 57. |
The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of _________.
| A. |
simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue |
| B. |
areolar and dense irregular connective tissue |
| C. |
epithelium and lamina propria |
| D. |
areolar tissue and lamina propria |
| E. |
simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue |
|
| 58. |
Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the ___________ membrane.
|
| 59. |
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called __________.
| D. |
a serous membrane (serosa) |
| E. |
a mucous membrane (mucosa) |
|
| 60. |
After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells.
|
| 61. |
The middle primary germ layer is called __________, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called __________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood.
|
| 62. |
Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are __________ stem cells.
|
| 63. |
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.
|
| 64. |
With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.
| A. |
release histamine to increase blood flow to the area |
| B. |
produce and secrete collagenous fibers |
| C. |
phagocytize and digest tissue debris |
| D. |
stimulate epithelial cells to multiply |
| E. |
make capillaries more permeable allowing white blood cells to migrate into the area |
|
| 65. |
It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of __________ in human breast cells.
|
| 66. |
The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called _________.
|
True / False Questions
| 67. |
Connective tissues contain abundant cells that are on contact with one another.
True False |
| 68. |
Neurons are a major type of cell found in nervous tissue.
True False |
| 69. |
Most growth in childhood is the result of hyperplasia.
True False |
| 70. |
Adult stem cells are usually pluripotent.
True False |
| 71. |
The process of a cell changing types to respond to its environment is called neoplasia.
True False |
| 72. |
Rapid cell death caused by a complete cutting off of blood supply is called gangrene.
True False |
Chapter 18
The Circulatory System: Blood
True / False Questions
| 1. |
Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.
True False |
| 2. |
Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma.
True False |
| 3. |
Lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow.
True False |
| 4. |
Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin.
True False |
| 5. |
The liver stores excess iron in ferritin.
True False |
| 6. |
The most important components in the cytoplasm of RBCs are hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase.
True False |
| 7. |
A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A, and anti-B antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen B.
True False |
| 8. |
Incompatibility of one person’s blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs’ antigens.
True False |
| 9. |
Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh– fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
True False |
| 10. |
Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream.
True False |
| 11. |
Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory.
True False |
| 12. |
Monocytes differentiate into large phagocytic cells.
True False |
| 13. |
Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug.
True False |
| 14. |
Clotting deficiency can result from thrombocytopenia or hemophilia.
True False |
| 15. |
After a wound is sealed, tissue repair is followed by fibrinolysis.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
| 16. |
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
| A. |
Transports a variety of nutrients |
| B. |
Helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids |
| C. |
Participates in the initiation of blood clotting |
| D. |
Produces plasma hormones |
| E. |
Helps to regulate body temperature |
|
| 17. |
Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?
|
| 18. |
A normal hematocrit is __________ of the total blood volume.
|
| 19. |
Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?
|
| 20. |
Which of the following proteins is not normally found in plasma?
|
| 21. |
What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
|
| 22. |
Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?
| B. |
A diet predominantly based on red meat |
| D. |
An extremely low-protein diet |
|
| 23. |
Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of __________.
|
| 24. |
Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when which of the following occurs?
| A. |
Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is high. |
| B. |
There is hyperproteinemia. |
| C. |
The concentration of sodium and proteins in blood is high. |
| D. |
The hematocrit is high. |
| E. |
There is a dietary protein deficiency. |
|
| 25. |
Where does myeloid hemopoiesis take place in adults?
|
| 26. |
The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of __________ than to any other factor.
|
| 27. |
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and __________.
| A. |
defend the body against pathogens |
| B. |
initiate blood clotting |
| C. |
regulate erythropoiesis |
| E. |
transport some carbon dioxide |
|
| 28. |
Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to __________.
| A. |
the plasma membrane of erythrocytes |
| B. |
alpha chains in hemoglobin |
| C. |
beta chains in hemoglobin |
| D. |
delta chains in hemoglobin |
| E. |
heme groups in hemoglobin |
|
| 29. |
What would happen if all of the hemoglobin contained within the RBCs became free in the plasma?
| A. |
It would considerably increase blood oxygen carrying capacity. |
| B. |
It would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues supplied by small capillaries. |
| C. |
It would facilitate oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries. |
| D. |
It would significantly increase blood osmolarity. |
| E. |
It would drastically increase osmotic colloid pressure. |
|
| 30. |
An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except __________.
| B. |
increased blood osmolarity |
| C. |
increased RBC production |
| D. |
increased blood viscosity |
|
| 31. |
Where do most RBCs die?
| A. |
Stomach and small intestine |
| D. |
Lymph nodes and thymus |
|
| 32. |
Which of the following would not lead to polycythemia?
| A. |
Cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow |
| E. |
Excessive aerobic exercise |
|
| 33. |
Which of the following is most likely to cause anemia?
| B. |
Air pollution other than by carbon monoxide |
| E. |
Any factor that creates a state of hypoxemia |
|
| 34. |
Which of the following is not true of a patient with anemia?
| A. |
Their blood viscosity is increased. |
| C. |
Their blood osmolarity is reduced. |
| D. |
Their resistance to blood flow is reduced. |
| E. |
More fluid transfers from their bloodstream into their intercellular spaces. |
|
| 35. |
What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?
|
| 36. |
Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by __________.
| A. |
a self-amplifying mechanism |
| B. |
an enzymatic amplification |
| C. |
a positive feedback loop |
| D. |
a negative feedback loop |
|
| 37. |
A deficiency of __________ can cause pernicious anemia.
|
| 38. |
Which of the following is not true regarding sickle-cell disease?
| A. |
It is caused by a recessive allele that modifies the structure of hemoglobin. |
| B. |
It is due to a hereditary hemoglobin defect. |
| C. |
It is advantageous in that it can protect carriers against malaria. |
| D. |
It is a cause of malaria. |
| E. |
It is a cause of anemia. |
|
| 39. |
The ABO blood group is determined by __________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.
| D. |
antigen-antibody complexes |
|
| 40. |
A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type __________ and can receive RBCs from someone of type __________.
|
| 41. |
A person with type AB blood has __________ RBC antigen(s).
|
| 42. |
Why are pregnant Rh– women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?
| A. |
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies. |
| B. |
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies. |
| C. |
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A antibodies. |
| D. |
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-O antibodies. |
| E. |
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-B antibodies. |
|
| 43. |
The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type __________.
|
| 44. |
An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has __________ antigen(s) and can produce anti-__________ antibodies.
|
| 45. |
The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh-positive blood is because __________.
| A. |
anti-A antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient |
| B. |
anti-A antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor |
| C. |
anti-B antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient |
| D. |
anti-D antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBC of the recipient |
| E. |
anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor |
|
| 46. |
A woman’s first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type __________ and both children are most likely __________.
| A. |
A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive |
| B. |
A, Rh-positive; B, Rh-negative |
| C. |
O, Rh-negative; AB, Rh-negative |
| D. |
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-negative |
| E. |
AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-positive |
|
| 47. |
What are the least abundant of the formed elements?
|
| 48. |
What are the most abundant agranulocytes?
|
| 49. |
The number of __________ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
|
| 50. |
Which cells aid in the body’s defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?
|
| 51. |
Leukopoiesis begins with the differentiation of __________.
| A. |
pluripotent stem cells |
|
| 52. |
Some lymphocytes can survive as long as __________.
|
| 53. |
A patient is diagnosed with leukocytosis if they have more than __________ WBCs/μL.
|
| 54. Which of the following has not been implicated in causing leukopenia?
| A. |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
| E. |
Immunosuppressant drugs |
| |
|
|
| 55. |
What is the largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus?
|
| 56. |
Which of the following are not secreted by platelets?
| E. |
Chemicals that attract neutrophils |
|
| 57. |
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called __________.
| D. |
platelet plug formation |
|
| 58. |
What is the function of thromboplastin in hemostasis?
| A. |
It initiates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. |
| B. |
It initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. |
| C. |
It converts prothrombin into thrombin. |
| D. |
It acts as a potent vasoconstrictor to reduce blood loss. |
| E. |
It dissolves the clot after the tissue has healed. |
|
| 59. |
When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by __________.
| E. |
platelet-derived growth factor |
|
| 60. |
Which of these does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot?
| A. |
The presence of tissue thromboplastin |
| B. |
The smooth prostacyclin-coated endothelium of blood vessels |
| C. |
The dilution of thrombin when blood flows at a normal rate |
| D. |
The presence of antithrombin in plasma |
| E. |
The presence of heparin in plasma |
|
| 61. |
Platelets release __________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.
|
| 62. |
The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by __________.
|
| 63. |
Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the __________ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a(n) __________.
|
| 64. |
During coagulation, which of the following is found in the extrinsic mechanism only?
|
| 65. |
Where are most clotting factors synthesized in the body?
|
| 66. |
A patient is suffering from ketoacidosis caused by an unregulated high protein diet. Which function of the blood has been compromised?
| A. |
Stabilizing fluid distribution in the body |
| B. |
Stabilizing the body’s pH |
| C. |
Protecting against microorganisms |
| D. |
Transporting nutrients |
|
| 67. |
Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found?
|
| 68. |
Which of the following might be injected into a patient who is prone to forming blood clots and therefore at risk of a heart attack or stroke?
|
| 69. |
Blood clots in the limbs put a patient most at risk for __________.
| D. |
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
|
True / False Questions
| 70. |
Blood groups are made up of any surface antigen on formed elements, not just ABO and Rh, and include over 500 known antigens.
True False |
| 71. |
Blood groups are used for legal purposes and in anthropology.
True False |
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