Anatomy And Physiology 9th Edition by Marieb – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

 

 

 

 

Patton: Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition

 

Chapter 05: Cell Structure

 

Test Bank

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. The fundamental unit of life is the:

 

1. atom.
2. cell.
3. gene.
4. DNA molecule.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Introduction

 

2. Which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells?

 

1. Gland cells
2. Immune cells
3. Nerve cells
4. Red blood cells

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Examples of Cell Types

 

3. Main cell structures include all of the following except:

 

1. organelles.
2. plasma membrane.
3. interstitial fluid.
4. cytoplasm.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Structure

 

4. Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane?

 

1. Self-identification
2. Receptor site for messages
3. Selective barrier
4. Control center of the cell

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Some Major Cell Structures and Their Functions

 

5. The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the:

 

1. lysosome.
2. Golgi apparatus.
3. ribosome.
4. centriole.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Lysosomes

 

6. The major function of ribosomes is to synthesize:

 

1. proteins.
2. carbohydrates.
3. fats.
4. cholesterol.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

7. Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell?

 

1. Peroxisomes
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosomes
4. Lysosomes

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Lysosomes

 

8. Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted?

 

1. Nucleolus
2. Ribosome
3. Mitochondrion
4. Golgi apparatus

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

9. Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called:

 

1. cilia.
2. flagella.
3. microvilli.
4. microtubules.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

10. Granules or threads within the nucleus are called:

 

1. microfilaments.
2. chromatin.
3. nucleotides.
4. microtubules.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

11. Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by:

 

1. gap junctions.
2. desmosomes.
3. tight junctions.
4. adhesions.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

12. The inner membrane of what double-membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae?

 

1. Golgi apparatus
2. Mitochondrion
3. Endoplasmic reticulum
4. Ribosome

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

13. The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called:

 

1. cilia.
2. flagella.
3. microvilli.
4. desmosomes.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

14. A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the:

 

1. flagellum.
2. cilium.
3. microvillus.
4. microtubule.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

15. DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle?

 

1. Lysosome
2. Ribosome
3. Chromosome
4. Nucleus

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

16. An area of cytoplasm that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules is called:

 

1. cytoplasm A.
2. mitochondria.
3. centrosome.
4. ribosomes.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

17. The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as:

 

1. Golgi apparatus.
2. plasma membrane.
3. cytoplasm.
4. centrosome.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

18. Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus?

 

1. Mitochondria
2. Cilia
3. Peroxisomes
4. Lysosomes

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Lysosomes

 

19. Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called:

 

1. mitochondria.
2. caveolae.
3. cisternae.
4. vesicles.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Caveolae

 

20. The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center.

 

1. centrosome
2. cytoskeleton
3. centriole
4. ribosome

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

21. Each of the following is an example of the plasma membrane function except:

 

1. boundary.
2. self-identification.
3. receptor sites.
4. production of proteins.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

22. Which of the following is a functional characteristic of ribosomes?

 

1. Manufacture of mRNA
2. Protein synthesis
3. DNA replication
4. Housing of DNA

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

23. ATP production occurs within which organelle?

 

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Golgi apparatus
3. Flagellum
4. Mitochondrion

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

24. Which organelle consists of separate tiny sacs called cisternae?

 

1. Golgi apparatus
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
4. Mitochondria

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

25. In nondividing cells, DNA appears as threads that are referred to as:

 

1. chromatin.
2. chromosomes.
3. histones.
4. none of the above.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

26. The nucleolus is composed chiefly of:

 

1. mRNA.
2. rRNA.
3. tRNA.
4. DNA.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

27. The largest human cell, measuring about 150 mm, is a:

 

1. white blood cell.
2. female sex cell or ovum.
3. liver cell.
4. male sex cell or sperm.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Functional Anatomy of Cells

 

28. In the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule:

 

1. faces the exterior of the cell.
2. faces the interior of the cell.
3. is in the center of the phospholipid bilayer.
4. both A and B.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

29. In the cell membrane, the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid molecule:

 

1. faces the exterior of the cell.
2. faces the interior of the cell.
3. is in the center of the phospholipid bilayer.
4. both A and B.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

30. The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily?

 

1. Cholesterol
2. Protein
3. Phospholipids
4. Glycoproteins

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

31. The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the:

 

1. cholesterol molecules.
2. phospholipid molecules.
3. glycoprotein molecules.
4. channel proteins.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

32. Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

 

1. Provides a site for ribosome attachment
2. Supplies membrane for use throughout the cell
3. Makes steroid hormones
4. Makes glycoproteins

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

33. Which of the following is not true about ribosomes?

 

1. Contain protein
2. Composed of a large unit and a small unit
3. Surrounded by a membrane structure
4. Contain RNA

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

34. The membranous structure containing substances that protect the cell from harm are:

 

1. ribosomes.
2. lysosomes.
3. peroxisomes.
4. both B and C.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

 

35. Which of the following statements does not describe the nucleolus?

 

1. It is found in the nucleus.
2. It has a membrane similar to the nucleus.
3. It is made of nucleic acids.
4. All of the above are true about the nucleolus.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

36. A list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would read:

 

1. microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments.
2. microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.
3. microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.
4. microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

37. The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called:

 

1. microvilli.
2. flagella.
3. cilia.
4. All cell extensions contain microfilaments.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

38. Which of the following organelles is considered a membranous organelle?

 

1. Lysosome
2. Ribosome
3. Nucleolus
4. Both A and B

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Some Major Cell Structures and Their Functions

 

39. Which of the following organelles is considered a nonmembranous organelle?

 

1. Golgi apparatus
2. Ribosome
3. Mitochondria
4. Both A and B

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Some Major Cell Structures and Their Functions

 

40. The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the:

 

1. receptor proteins.
2. glycoproteins.
3. rafts in the cell membrane.
4. phospholipid bilayer.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

41. Which structures in the cell membrane are a stiff grouping of membrane molecules that are rich in cholesterol?

 

1. Glycoproteins
2. Rafts
3. Phospholipids
4. Receptor proteins

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Membrane Structure

 

42. Which of the following is not true of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

 

1. It makes lipids and carbohydrates.
2. It is made of broad, flattened sacs.
3. It has many ribosomes attached to it.
4. All of the above are true of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

43. The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the:

 

1. mitochondria.
2. proteasomes.
3. peroxisomes.
4. lysosomes.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peroxisomes

 

44. Which of the following structures contains DNA?

 

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosome
4. Both A and B

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria and Nucleus

 

45. Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function?

 

1. Energy production
2. Protein synthesis
3. Cell division
4. Synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

46. Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow?

 

1. Microvilli
2. Primary cilium
3. Cilia
4. Flagella

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

47. Which of the following is not a function of the integral membrane proteins?

 

1. Acting as receptors
2. Signal transduction
3. Identification of “self”
4. All of the above are functions of the integral membrane proteins.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

48. Which of the following does not describe a structure or function of the proteasome?

 

1. Digests proteins down to individual amino acids so they can be recycled by the cell
2. Looks like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits
3. Requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in
4. All of the above are structures or functions of proteasomes.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Proteasomes

 

49. Which cell fiber is called the engine of the cell?

 

1. Centrosome
2. Microfilament
3. Microtubule
4. Intermediate filament

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

50. Which fiber is the smallest of the cell fibers?

 

1. Centrosome
2. Microfilament
3. Microtubule
4. Intermediate filament

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

51. Which cell fiber is made of twisted strands of protein?

 

1. Centrosomes
2. Microfilament
3. Microtubule
4. Intermediate filament

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

52. Which type of cell connection joins heart muscle cells?

 

1. Tight junction
2. Desmosome
3. Macrofilament
4. Gap junction

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

53. Which type of cell connection acts like a “spot weld” to hold cells together?

 

1. Tight junction
2. Desmosome
3. Macrofilament
4. Gap junction

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The longest extension of a nerve cell can be almost a foot long.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Functional Anatomy of Cells

 

2. An important function of the cell membrane is the maintenance of cell integrity.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

3. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peroxisomes

 

4. The outer portion of the cell membrane is hydrophobic, or water loving.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

5. Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for making proteins to be exported out of the cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

6. The functions of the nucleus are regulated by RNA.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

7. The major direct cell connections are tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

8. Tight junctions do not allow molecules to spread through the cracks between cells.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

9. Gap junctions are found in the small intestine. They allow molecules to flow between cells.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF: Page 84

TOP: Cell Connections

 

10. The number of mitochondria in a cell is basically related to its degree of cell activity.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

11. The cell’s internal supporting framework is called the cytoskeleton.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cytoskeleton

 

12. The size of a cell’s nucleolus is indirectly related to the amount of protein the cell produces.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

13. Heart muscle cells are joined by gap junctions to facilitate the movement of electrical impulses.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

14. Cell connections called desmosomes are like Velcro holding cells together.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

15. Cilia are longer and more numerous than flagella.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

16. The nucleolus is made up of tightly coiled DNA.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

17. The thinnest cell fibers are tiny, hollow tubes called microtubules.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

18. The plasma membrane can be described as a double layer of phospholipid molecules.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

19. Generally, the more active a cell is, the fewer mitochondria it will contain.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

20. Cell fibers that are composed of twisted protein strands are microtubules.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

21. The “typical” cell described in this chapter is very similar to most of the cells in the human body.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: The Typical Cell

 

22. The watery fluid in the cell is called cytosol.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Structure

 

23. Water-soluble substances easily pass through the cell membrane.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

24. Glycoproteins on the cell membrane identify the cell as “self.”

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

25. Rough endoplasmic reticulum looks rough because there are mitochondria attached to it.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

26. Proteins in the cell membrane can control the movement of material through the cell membrane.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF: Page 72

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

27. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle that supplies membrane material for use throughout the cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

28. Ribosomes are only found attached to endoplasmic reticulum.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

29. The main function of the ribosome is to provide energy to the cell.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

30. The Golgi apparatus helps to prepare material for export from the cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

31. The protein-processing units of the Golgi apparatus are called cisterna.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

32. Lysosomes can be called the “garbage disposals” of the cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Lysosomes

 

33. The catalase in the peroxisomes reacts to detoxify carbon dioxide.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peroxisomes

 

34. The inner folds of the mitochondria are called cisterna.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

35. It is likely that a muscle cell would have more mitochondria than a fat cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

36. One of the main functions of the mitochondria is to supply the cell with ATP.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

37. The name nucleus comes from the Greek word for color.

 

ANS: F

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

38. Chromosomes and chromatin are both forms of DNA.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

39. Microtubules are sometimes called the engines of the cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

40. The body of a female does not produce cells with flagella.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

41. Schleiden and Schwann were the first scientists to see cells.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Introduction

 

42. The largest human cell is the female ovum or egg cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Functional Anatomy of Cells

 

43. Another term for cytosol is intracellular fluid.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Structure

 

44. The fluid mosaic model describes the chromatin material found in the nucleus.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

45. One function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to help maintain a low Ca⁺⁺ concentration in the cell’s interior.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

46. A major part of ribosomes is deoxyribonucleic acid.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

47. The proteasomes contain enzymes that assist in protein synthesis.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Proteasomes

 

48. Proteasomes only destroy abnormal or misfolded proteins in the cell.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Proteasomes

 

49. Small proteins called ubiquitins assist the proteasomes in accomplishing their function.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Proteasomes

 

50. An organelle called a vault, composed of RNA and protein, functions to shuttle molecules to and from the nucleus.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Vaults

 

51. An angstrom is larger than a nanometer.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Units of Size

 

52. Two types of lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol, are important molecules in the cell membrane.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

53. Rafts are stiff groupings of membrane molecules that are rich in cholesterol.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Membrane Structure

 

54. Hormones attach to special cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Membrane Function

 

55. Three ribosomal subunits must come together to form a functioning ribosome.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

56. Many ribosomes can work on the same mRNA strand at the same time; when this occurs, the structure is called a polyribosome.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

57. A complete ribosome only exists when it is making a protein.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

58. In order for the Golgi apparatus to function correctly, both the ribosomes and the rough endoplasmic reticulum must be functioning also.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

59. Muscular dystrophy is a disease condition that can be linked to the malfunctioning of proteasomes.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Proteasomes

 

60. The nucleus is the only structure in the cell that contains DNA.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

61. Another name for the centrosome is the microtubule organizing center.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

62. The centriole is a single cylindrical structure at the boundary of the centrosome.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

63. Small protein structures called molecular motors pull loads from one part of the cell to another along the cytoskeleton.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Molecular Motors

 

64. All of the cell extensions—microvilli, cilia, and flagella—have basically the same structure. They only differ in number per cell and length.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

65. Primary cilia are unable to move because they lack the central pair of microtubules and motor molecules.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

66. Cytoplasm is another term for cytosol.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Structure

 

67. One important function of integral membrane proteins is signal transduction or carrying messages across the cell membrane.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Membrane Function

 

68. Integral membrane proteins play an important role in pinching off the cell membrane so two new cells can form during cell division.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Membrane Function

 

69. Organelles can be divided into two groups, hydrophobic (water fearing) and hydrophilic (water loving).

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cytoplasm and Organelles

 

70. The only structural difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is that the rough ER has ribosomes attached.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

71. The ribosome is an example of a membranous organelle.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

72. When vesicles from the Golgi apparatus reach the cell membrane, the contents are secreted to outside the cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

73. The usual destination for vesicles released by the Golgi apparatus is the nucleus of the cell.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

74. Lysosomes are vesicles that have been pinched off from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Lysosomes

 

75. Nuclear pore complexes regulate what can enter and leave the nucleus.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

76. Centrioles are made up of cylinders of nine bundles of microtubules with two tubules in each bundle.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

77. Centrosomes play an important role in cell division.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

78. Primary cilia can act as sensory organelles.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

79. One function of the microvilli is to increase the surface area of a membrane to provide for more efficient absorption.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

 

MATCHING

 

Match each cell structure with its corresponding description or function.

 

1. Plasma membrane
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Nucleolus
5. Nucleus
6. Ribosome
7. Lysosome
8. Mitochondria
9. Peroxisomes
10. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
11. Proteasomes

 

1. Tubular network in the cell with no ribosomes that synthesize lipids and carbohydrates

 

2. Outer boundary of the cell made up of phospholipids and proteins

 

3. Functions in processing and packaging of protein molecules to be exported from the cell

 

4. Protein factory made up of two subunits

 

5. Structure in the cell nucleus that makes ribosomes

 

6. Major source of ATP synthesis; the “powerhouse” of the cell

 

7. Vesicles or sacs in the cell that can destroy large molecules or even the cell itself

 

8. Vesicles that contain catalase that are important in metabolic reactions involving hydrogen peroxide

 

9. Structures that destroy improperly folded protein molecules that could possibly harm the cell

 

10. One of the largest structures in the cell; contains DNA

 

11. Broad, flattened sacs that extend from the nucleus and have ribosomes attached to them

 

1. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

2. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

3. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

4. ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Ribosomes

 

5. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

6. ANS: H

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mitochondria

 

7. ANS: G

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Lysosomes

 

8. ANS: I

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peroxisomes

 

9. ANS: K

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Proteasomes

 

10. ANS: E

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

11. ANS: J

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

 

Match each term to the phrase that describes it best.

 

1. Microtubules
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microfilaments
4. Centrosomes
5. Cilia
6. Flagella
7. Microvilli
8. Desmosomes
9. Tight junctions
10. Gap junctions
11. Primary cilium
12. Centrioles

 

12. Cell fiber that can be found in muscle cells

 

13. Cell extension that is found on the sperm cell

 

14. Cell connections that are like small “spot welds”

 

15. Cell extension that increases surface area for more efficient absorption

 

16. Largest of the cell fibers; act like “engines” for the cell

 

17. Microtubule organizing centers that also play a role in cell division

 

18. Cell connections that form tunnels between cells and are found in heart muscles

 

19. Cell fibers that are slightly thicker than microfilaments

 

20. Cell extensions that are shorter than flagella and are found lining the respiratory tract

 

21. Cell connection that forms a “collar” around groups of cells

 

22. Tiny cylinders that can be found near the boundaries of the centrosomes

 

23. Cell extensions that lack the center pair of microtubules and can function as sensory organelles; not found in blood cells, but most other cells have them

 

12. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

13. ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

14. ANS: H

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

15. ANS: G

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

16. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

17. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

18. ANS: J

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

19. ANS: B

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

20. ANS: E

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

21. ANS: I

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

22. ANS: L

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

23. ANS: K

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

 

 

OTHER

 

1. Describe the structure of the cell membrane, and explain what is meant by the fluid mosaic model.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

2. Explain the functions of the cell membrane.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

3. Explain what structure on the cell membrane makes it difficult to transplant an organ from one person into another.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Cell Membrane

 

4. Name and give the functions of the membranous organelles of the cell.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Structure

 

5. Name and give the functions of the nonmembranous organelles of the cell.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Structure

 

6. Name and explain the function of each of the three types of cell fibers in the cell.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Fibers

 

7. What is the function of the centrosome, and by what other name is it known?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Centrosomes

 

8. What are molecular motors, and what is their function in the cell?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Molecular Motors

 

9. Explain the structure and function of the microvilli.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

10. Explain the structure and function of cilia and flagella. What is the only type of human cell that has a flagellum?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

11. Explain the structure and function of the primary cilium in the cell. Which cell type does not have a primary cilium?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Extensions

 

12. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. Include the structure and function of the nucleolus.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nucleus

 

13. Name and describe the three types of cell connections.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

ESSAY

 

1. Joanne, a 75-year-old patient, has an active peptic ulcer. Describe the cellular organelles involved in synthesizing digestive enzymes for the stomach.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Cytoplasm and Organelles

 

2. Rebecca received second-degree sunburn and was very uncomfortable for several days. Her skin began to heal, and some of the epithelial tissue began to peel off in layers. Explain the cell connections that allow the skin cells to hold onto each other in a sheet.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Cell Connections

 

3. Explain the process by which a protein is processed in preparation for being released by the cell, starting at the ribosome and ending at the cell membrane.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Golgi Apparatus

 

 

 

 

Patton: Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition

 

Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation

 

Test Bank

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Endocrine glands can be made up of:

 

1. glandular epithelium.
2. neurosecretory tissue.
3. ducts leading to major arteries
4. both A and B.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

2. In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are:

 

1. rapid to appear but short-lived.
2. slow to appear but long-lasting.
3. rapid to appear and long-lasting.
4. slow to appear and short-lived.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

 

1. Chemical messenger travels a short distance.
2. Effector tissues include virtually all tissues.
3. Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the target cell.
4. All of the above are characteristics of the endocrine system.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

4. Which of the following endocrine glands is located in the neck?

 

1. Pineal
2. Pituitary
3. Thymus
4. Thyroid

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

5. Tropic hormones:

 

1. target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.
2. target reproductive tissues.
3. stimulate anabolism in their target cells.
4. do all of the above.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

6. All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except:

 

1. oxytocin.
2. calcitonin.
3. cortisol.
4. glucagon.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Steroid Hormones

 

7. The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is:

 

1. joining with the G protein on the cell membrane.
2. protein kinases activate other enzymes.
3. adenyl cyclase is activated.
4. cAMP is formed.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

8. Hormones can be:

 

1. steroids.
2. peptides.
3. glycoproteins.
4. all of the above.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

9. Steroids are able to pass easily through a target cell’s plasma membrane because they are:

 

1. synthesized from amino acids.
2. synthesized from carbohydrates.
3. lipid-soluble.
4. synthesized from nucleic acids.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Steroid Hormones

 

10. When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called:

 

1. synergism.
2. permissiveness.
3. antagonism.
4. augmentation.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

11. Which of the following nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors associated with a DNA molecule within the nucleus of the target cell?

 

1. Thyroxine
2. Triiodothyronine
3. Prolactin
4. Both A and B

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: The Nuclear Receptor Mechanism

 

12. The compound that is referred to as a tissue hormone is:

 

1. growth hormone.
2. prostaglandin.
3. adrenocorticotropic hormone.
4. thyroxine.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

13. All of the following are true statements except:

 

1. there are at least 16 different prostaglandins.
2. the first prostaglandin was identified in semen.
3. aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis.
4. PGFs have been used to induce labor and accelerate the delivery of a baby.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

14. The type(s) of prostaglandin that play(s) a role in the development of a fever is(are):

 

1. PGA.
2. PGE.
3. PGF.
4. PGA and PGE.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

15. Which of the following statements is false?

 

1. Both the nervous system and endocrine system use chemicals to send messages.
2. For the nervous and endocrine systems to function, the receiving cells must have the correct type of receptors.
3. Cells can have receptors for hormones or for neurotransmitters but not for both.
4. The nervous and endocrine systems can be seen as one system—the neuroendocrine system.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

16. The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:

 

1. anterior pituitary.
2. posterior pituitary.
3. thyroid gland.
4. parathyroid gland.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Secretion

 

17. The many hormones secreted by endocrine tissues can be classified simply as _____ hormones.

 

1. steroid or nonsteroid
2. anabolic or catabolic
3. sex or nonsex
4. tropic or hypotropic

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

18. Which of the following is not true of steroid hormones?

 

1. They are lipid-soluble.
2. They are derived from a fatty acid molecule.
3. They can pass through the cell membrane.
4. All of the above are true about steroid hormones.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Steroid Hormones

 

19. Which of the following is not a description of hormone interaction explained in the text?

 

1. Suppression
2. Antagonism
3. Synergism
4. Permissiveness

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

20. The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the:

 

1. formation of cAMP.
2. increase of enzyme-controlled intracellular reactions.
3. transcription of RNA.
4. activation of adenyl cyclase.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

21. One of the later effects of steroid hormones on the cell could be the:

 

1. transcription of RNA.
2. making of enzymes.
3. formation of cAMP.
4. activation of kinases.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

22. Which of the following does not act as a second messenger for nonsteroid hormones?

 

1. Inositol triphosphate
2. Guanosine monophosphate
3. Calcium-calmodulin complex
4. All of the above act as second messengers.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

23. Which of the following is not a functional classification of hormones?

 

1. Steroid
2. Tropic
3. Anabolic
4. Neither A nor B is a functional classification of hormones.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

24. Which of the following is not a chemical classification of hormones?

 

1. Steroid
2. Anabolic
3. Tropic
4. Neither B nor C is a chemical classification of hormones.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

25. The common molecule from which all steroid hormones are derived is:

 

1. phospholipids.
2. cholesterol.
3. lecithin.
4. triglycerols.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

26. Which of the following is not a source of nonsteroid hormones?

 

1. Cholesterol
2. Protein
3. Protein joined with a carbohydrate
4. Individual amino acids

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

27. When a hormone attaches to a target cell, which of the following can occur?

 

1. It can initiate protein synthesis.
2. It can open or close ion channels.
3. It can activate certain enzymes in the cell.
4. All of the above can occur.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

28. The term downregulation refers to the:

 

1. decrease in hormone production as we age.
2. negative-feedback system of hormone regulation.
3. reduction of the number of hormone receptors in a cell.
4. movement of regulating hormones from the hypothalamus down to the pituitary gland.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Target Cell Sensitivity

 

29. Synergism in hormone activity can be defined as:

 

1. one hormone causing the opposite effect of another hormone.
2. two hormones working together to enhance each other’s impact on a target cell.
3. a small amount of one hormone allowing another hormone to have its full effect.
4. none of the above; hormones do not work synergistically.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

30. Hormones that regulate activity in the secreting cell itself are called:

 

1. prostaglandins.
2. paracrine hormones.
3. autocrine hormones.
4. leukotriene hormones.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Local Hormones

 

31. Which of the following is not a protein hormone?

 

1. Oxytocin
2. Insulin
3. Parathyroid hormone
4. All of the above are protein hormones.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

32. Which of the following is not a peptide hormone?

 

1. Oxytocin
2. Insulin
3. Antidiuretic hormone
4. All of the above are peptide hormones.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

33. Which of the following is not an amino acid derivative hormone?

 

1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Thyroid hormones
4. All of the above are amino acid derivative hormones.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

34. Which of the following is not true of prostaglandins?

 

1. Contain a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid chain
2. Contain a 5-carbon ring
3. Made from membrane phospholipid molecules
4. All of the above are true of prostaglandins.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Most hormones are highly specific in their action.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

2. Endocrine glands release their hormones into ducts that eventually empty into the circulatory system.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

3. The endocrine system can regulate most cells in the body.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

4. Both the endocrine and nervous systems exhibit control via regulatory feedback loops.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

5. The general effect of hormones is to produce regulatory changes within the target cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

6. All nonsteroid hormones operate according to the second-messenger model.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF: Page 553

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

7. The “lock-and-key” mechanism allows hormones to bind only with target cells that have receptors that “fit” them exactly.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

8. Input from the nervous system influences secretion of some hormones.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Secretion

 

9. Short feedback loops tend to minimize wide fluctuations in hormone secretion rates.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Secretion

 

10. The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are neurotransmitters.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

11. In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are rapidly apparent, but short-lived.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

12. The control of hormone secretion is usually a positive-feedback loop.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Secretion

 

13. The endocrine system functions at a much greater speed than the nervous system.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

14. The most widely used method of hormone classification is by location in the body.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

15. The anterior pituitary gland can be either stimulated to release hormones or inhibited from releasing hormones by secretions from the hypothalamus.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Secretion

 

16. Norepinephrine can be considered a neurotransmitter or a hormone, depending on what releases it and how far it must travel to reach a receptor.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

17. Hormones can be classified based on their chemical structure or their function.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

18. Chemically, steroid hormones are derived from the cholesterol molecule.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Steroid Hormones

 

19. Protein hormones, glycoprotein hormones, and peptide hormones all contain amino acids.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

20. The amino acid tyrosine is used to produce epinephrine and the hormones made in the thymus gland.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

21. Hormones are synergistic if they have opposite effects on the target cell.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

22. Hormones that are antagonistic to each other are able to “fine-tune” the activity of the target cell with great accuracy.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

23. The endocrine system is considered a very efficient system, because virtually every hormone molecule produced finds its target cell receptor.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

24. Steroid hormones frequently travel in the bloodstream attached to soluble plasma proteins.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

25. The specific role of cAMP is to activate kinases.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

26. Both steroid and nonsteroid hormones produce their effects by increasing the number of enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action, Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

27. Prostaglandins are lipid substances derived from cholesterol.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

28. Thromboxanes and leukotrienes can be called tissue hormones.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

29. Upregulating and downregulating hormone receptor proteins on the membrane of a target cell will change its sensitivity to a hormone.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Target Cell Sensitivity

 

30. The target organs for tropic hormones are usually other endocrine glands.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

31. In terms of affecting hormone action, synergism and permissiveness mean the same thing.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

32. Both synergism and permissiveness can increase the effect of a hormone.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

33. The cAMP system, the inositol triphosphate (IP₃) system, and the mobile-receptor system are second-messenger systems used by nonsteroid hormones.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

34. Cells make prostaglandins by breaking apart triglyceride molecules.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

35. The name prostaglandin comes from the prostate gland.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

36. Aspirin and ibuprofen produce some of their effects by inhibiting PGA synthesis.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

37. Two specific prostaglandins are thromboxanes and leukotrienes.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

38. Protein hormones that contain lipid molecules can be classified as glycoprotein hormones.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

39. Most cells in the body can respond to many different types of hormones.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

40. In areas of the body where circulation is poor, hormones are carried by small ducts called hormone channels.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

41. The nuclear-receptor model is used in describing the action of steroid hormones.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

42. If the cellular response to a hormone caused an increase in RNA synthesis, the hormone most likely was a steroid hormone.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

43. The fixed-membrane-receptor model is used in describing the action of nonsteroid hormones.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

44. If a small amount of hormone produced a disproportionately great response in a cell, the hormone was most likely a nonsteroid hormone.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

45. Autocrine hormones have to travel farther to reach their target cell than do paracrine hormones.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Local Hormones

 

46. Both the endocrine system and nervous system are important in regulation of body function.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Introduction

 

47. The target cell in the endocrine system is similar to the postganglionic neuron in the nervous system, because they both have receptors that respond to the presence of a chemical.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

48. The release of a hormone by a gland is called signal transduction.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

49. Cells either have receptors for neurotransmitters and respond to the nervous system or have hormone receptors and respond to the endocrine system, but not both.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

50. A hormone is able to stimulate more cells than a neurotransmitter.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

51. Some cases of hormone deficiency can be traced to an obstruction in the duct through which the hormone must pass.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

52. Some endocrine glands are actually made of nervous tissue.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

53. Many endocrine glands are made of epithelial tissue.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

54. Endocrine glands are located either in the head or the neck.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

55. A hormone that stimulates the salivary glands (exocrine glands) would be a tropic hormone.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

56. Examples of steroid hormones are cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Steroid Hormones

 

57. Examples of nonsteroid hormones are insulin, oxytocin, and epinephrine.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

58. A list of the nonsteroid hormones from largest to smallest would read protein hormones, amino acid derivative hormones, and peptide hormones.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Nonsteroid Hormones

 

59. One outcome of a nonsteroid hormone would be the synthesis of a specific enzyme.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

60. With a steroid hormone, the amount of hormone is directly related to the magnitude of the response in the target cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

61. Steroid hormones tend to generate a rapid response in their target cells.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

62. Thyroid hormones are nonsteroid hormones but act more like steroid hormones when they reach their target cells.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

63. In nonsteroid hormones, the hormone itself is the first messenger.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

64. Some nonsteroid hormones attach to cell membrane sodium channels, causing them to open and allowing an influx of sodium into the cell.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

65. Some nonsteroid hormones do not use a second messenger but are taken into the cell by endocytosis and act directly on their target cells.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

66. Responses that result from endocrine feedback loops are called endocrine reflexes.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Secretion

 

67. Parathyroid hormone reflexively increases secretion of parathyroid hormone in response to an increase in blood calcium levels.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Secretion

 

68. The number of hormone receptors a cell has remains constant throughout the life of the cell.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Hormone Sensitivity

 

69. Because most cells secrete prostaglandins, there is usually a fairly high concentration of prostaglandins in the blood.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

70. There are 16 structural classes of prostaglandins, classes A though P.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

MATCHING

 

Match each chemical classification with a corresponding hormone.

 

1. Steroid
2. Protein
3. Glycoprotein
4. Peptide
5. Amine

 

1. Cortisol

 

2. Melatonin

 

3. Insulin

 

4. Somatostatin

 

5. Luteinizing hormone

 

1. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

2. ANS: E

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

3. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

4. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

5. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

Match each term with its explanation or definition.

 

1. Synergism
2. Steroid hormone
3. Second messenger
4. Target cell
5. Upregulation
6. Antagonism
7. Prostaglandin
8. Tropic hormone
9. Nonsteroid hormone
10. Permissiveness

 

6. A cell with receptors for a specific hormone

 

7. A small amount of hormone allows another hormone to have its full effect

 

8. Usually requires a second messenger to function

 

9. Uses the mobile-receptor model to function

 

10. Sometimes called a tissue hormone

 

11. One hormone has the opposite effect of another hormone

 

12. cAMP is an example of this

 

13. Increasing the number of receptors on a target cell

 

14. Hormone that targets another endocrine gland

 

15. The combination of hormones have a greater effect than the sum of the effects of the two hormones separately

 

6. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Organization of the Endocrine System

 

7. ANS: J

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

8. ANS: I

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

9. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

10. ANS: G

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

11. ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

12. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

13. ANS: E

 

DIF: Memorization

REF: TOP: Regulation of Target Cell Sensitivity

 

14. ANS: H

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Classification of Hormones

 

15. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

OTHER

 

1. Explain how a hormone can act specifically on one type of cell and not on others.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: General Principles of Hormone Action

 

2. Explain how cAMP acts as a second messenger for certain nonsteroid hormones.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Nonsteroid Hormone Action

 

3. How do the actions of prostaglandins differ from the actions of hormones?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

4. Compare and contrast how the endocrine and nervous systems function to maintain homeostasis of the internal environment.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Endocrine System Introduction

 

5. What are prostaglandins? From what substance are they made? Name two effects prostaglandins have on the body.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Prostaglandins

 

6. Explain the mechanism of steroid hormone action. What is the end product of a steroid hormone?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

 

7. Explain how a cell can upregulate or downregulate its response to the presence of a hormone.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Target Cell Sensitivity

 

ESSAY

 

1. Compare and contrast steroid and nonsteroid hormones, and give an example of each.

 

ANS: Answers may vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Hormones

 

 

 

Patton: Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition

 

Chapter 40: Digestion and Absorption

 

Test Bank

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus?

 

1. Oropharynx
2. Nasopharynx
3. Larynx
4. Mouth

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

2. The process of swallowing is known as:

 

1. mastication.
2. deglutition.
3. peristalsis.
4. segmentation.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

3. Which of the following is a true statement?

 

1. The oral stage of swallowing is involuntary and under the control of the cerebral cortex.
2. The pharyngeal stage of deglutition is voluntary.
3. The esophageal stage of swallowing is involuntary.
4. Both B and C are correct.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

4. Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus?

 

1. Deglutition
2. Peristalsis
3. Churning
4. Both A and B

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

5. The enterogastric reflex causes:

 

1. secretion of digestive enzymes in the small intestine.
2. secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach.
3. inhibition of gastric peristalsis.
4. acceleration of gastric peristalsis.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

6. Which of the following is not true of enzymes?

 

1. They accelerate chemical reactions.
2. They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction.
3. They are vital to chemical reactions.
4. Many contain vitamins in their structure.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

7. Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control?

 

1. Oral stage
2. Pharyngeal stage
3. Esophageal stage
4. Gastric phase

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

8. The purpose of peristalsis is to:

 

1. break apart chunks of food and mix it in digestive juices.
2. propel food forward along the GI tract.
3. absorb food.
4. enable swallowing.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

9. The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called:

 

1. gastric inhibitory peptide.
2. enterogastrone.
3. chyme.
4. cholecystokinin.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

10. Structurally, enzymes are:

 

1. lipids.
2. carbohydrates.
3. proteins.
4. inorganic compounds.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

11. When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes.

 

1. oxidation-reduction
2. hydrolyzing
3. phosphorylating
4. hydrase

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

12. Hydrolysis refers to:

 

1. breaking down a molecule of water to hydrogen and oxygen gas.
2. using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones.
3. using water to build larger compounds from smaller ones.
4. none of the above.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

13. Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as:

 

1. lipase.
2. proteases.
3. maltase.
4. amylase.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

14. Which of the following is not a property of enzymes?

 

1. Most enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction in only one direction.
2. Enzymes function optimally at a specific pH.
3. Many enzymes are synthesized as inactive proenzymes or zymogens.
4. Enzyme action can be inhibited or inactivated by various physical and chemical agents that change the shape of enzyme molecules.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

15. The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a:

 

1. disaccharide.
2. monosaccharide.
3. polysaccharide.
4. fatty acid.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

16. Which of the following is a disaccharide?

 

1. Glucose
2. Starch
3. Sucrose
4. Glycogen

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

17. The major final product that results from the digestion of carbohydrates is:

 

1. glucose.
2. sucrose.
3. lactose.
4. maltose.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

18. The process of fat emulsification consists of:

 

1. chemically breaking down fat molecules.
2. the secretion of digestive juices for fat digestion.
3. absorption of fats.
4. breaking fats into small droplets.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

19. The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of:

 

1. carbohydrates.
2. protein.
3. fat.
4. nucleic acids.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Protein Digestion

 

20. An end product of fat digestion is:

 

1. glycerol.
2. glucose.
3. glycogen.
4. galactose.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

21. Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from:

 

1. carbohydrates.
2. meat proteins.
3. undigested fats.
4. undigested connective tissue.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Residues of Digestion

 

22. The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is:

 

1. enterogastrone.
2. secretin.
3. gastrin.
4. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

23. The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is:

 

1. enterogastrone.
2. insulin.
3. gastrin.
4. cholecystokinin.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

24. Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food?

 

1. Intestinal phase
2. Cephalic phase
3. Gastric phase
4. All of the above

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

25. The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the:

 

1. stomach.
2. small intestine.
3. cecum.
4. large intestine.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Process of Absorption

 

26. The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen.

 

1. passively out of
2. passively into
3. actively out of
4. actively into

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

27. The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin:

 

1. causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content.
2. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells.
3. stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder.
4. does all of the above.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

28. Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to:

 

1. neutralize hydrochloric acid.
2. break down fats.
3. activate secretin.
4. activate pepsin.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Intestinal Secretions

 

29. The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is:

 

1. vasoactive intestinal peptide.
2. enterogastrone.
3. secretin.
4. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Intestinal Secretions

 

30. Chylomicrons are formed to facilitate the transport of:

 

1. amino acids.
2. fats.
3. glucose.
4. vitamins.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

31. Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of:

 

1. diffusion.
2. cotransport.
3. facilitated diffusion.
4. filtration.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

32. Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver?

 

1. Hepatic artery
2. Hepatic vein
3. Portal vein
4. Renal artery

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

33. Rotavirus can cause what life-threatening condition in infants?

 

1. Constipation
2. Diarrhea
3. Cholera
4. Pyloric stenosis

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Infant Diarrhea

 

34. The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are:

 

1. glycerol and fatty acids.
2. glucose and glycerol.
3. amino acids and fatty acids.
4. glucose and amino acids.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

35. Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion?

 

1. Moistening the food
2. Changing food from large to small particles
3. Propelling food through the digestive tract
4. All of the above are examples of mechanical digestion.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

36. Which of the following does not cause a decrease in gastric peristalsis?

 

1. The release of GIP
2. Increased deglutition
3. Acid in the duodenum
4. Distention of the duodenum

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Motility

 

37. An end product of the action of the enzyme phospholipase is:

 

1. colipase.
2. a triglyceride.
3. a free fatty acid.
4. both B and C.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

38. Which of the following is not a barrier to the absorption of glucose?

 

1. Size of the molecule
2. The molecule’s hydrophilia
3. The molecule’s hydrophobia
4. Cell membrane’s high concentration of lipids

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

39. Which of the following is not true of segmentation?

 

1. It moves food back and forth in one segment of the GI tract.
2. It moves food through the GI tract.
3. It facilitates absorption.
4. It mixes food with digestive juices.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

40. The enzyme amylase functions best in a _____ pH.

 

1. slightly acid
2. slightly base
3. neutral
4. Both A and C are correct.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

41. Contact digestion occurs in which location in the digestive system?

 

1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small intestine

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

42. The disaccharide maltose is made up of which two saccharide units?

 

1. Glucose and glucose
2. Glucose and fructose
3. Glucose and galactose
4. None of the above

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

43. The disaccharide lactose is made up of which two saccharide units?

 

1. Glucose and glucose
2. Glucose and fructose
3. Glucose and galactose
4. None of the above

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

44. The disaccharide sucrose is made up of which two saccharide units?

 

1. Glucose and glucose
2. Glucose and fructose
3. Glucose and galactose
4. None of the above

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

45. The process of emulsification is important in the digestion of:

 

1. proteins.
2. fats.
3. polysaccharides.
4. disaccharides.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

46. Saliva contains all of the following substances except:

 

1. amylase.
2. lipase.
3. intrinsic factor.
4. mucus.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

47. Gastric juice contains all of the following substances except:

 

1. intrinsic factor.
2. enterokinase.
3. hydrochloric acid.
4. pepsin.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

48. Pancreatic juice contains all of the following substances except:

 

1. amylase.
2. trypsinogen.
3. enterokinase.
4. lipase.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

49. Bile contains all of the following substances except:

 

1. bile salts.
2. lecithin.
3. amylase.
4. bilirubin.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

50. Pancreatic juice contains all of the following substances except:

 

1. chymotrypsin.
2. nucleases.
3. amylase.
4. pepsinogen.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

51. Digestion uses the following methods in which order to accomplish its function?

 

1. Ingestion, absorption, secretion
2. Ingestion, secretion, absorption
3. Absorption, secretion, ingestion
4. Absorption, ingestion, secretion

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Overview of Digestive Functions

 

52. The most important function of the digestive system is:

 

1. elimination.
2. absorption.
3. motility.
4. secretion.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Overview of Digestive Functions

 

53. The first phase of deglutition or swallowing occurs in the:

 

1. pharynx.
2. larynx.
3. esophagus.
4. None of the above are correct.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Deglutition

 

54. Which of the following structures is not used to block an opening during swallowing?

 

1. Glottis
2. Epiglottis
3. Soft palate and uvula
4. Tongue

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Deglutition

 

55. Segmentation is different from peristalsis because:

 

1. segmentation only occurs in the stomach.
2. it is a type of mechanical digestion.
3. it does not move food through the digestive tract.
4. There is no difference between segmentation and peristalsis.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Peristalsis | Segmentation

 

56. Which of the following works with gastric inhibitory peptide to inhibit gastric peristalsis?

 

1. Retropulsion
2. Cholecystokinin
3. The enterogastric reflex
4. Both B and C

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Gastric Motility

 

57. Which monosaccharide is found in all three of the most common disaccharides?

 

1. Fructose
2. Glucose
3. Galactose
4. Levulose

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

58. Which of the following protein-digesting enzymes is made in the stomach?

 

1. Trypsin
2. Chymotrypsin
3. Pepsin
4. Peptidase

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Protein Digestion

 

59. Which of the following is not a digestive enzyme for lipids?

 

1. Bile
2. Lipase
3. Phospholipase
4. All of the above are digestive enzymes for lipids.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

60. Which of the following is not a stage in deglutition?

 

1. Gastric
2. Oral
3. Pharyngeal
4. Esophageal

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Deglutition

 

61. The enzyme amylase is produced by the:

 

1. stomach.
2. pancreas.
3. salivary glands.
4. Both B and C are correct.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

62. The end product of amylase digestion is:

 

1. glucose.
2. maltose.
3. fructose.
4. sucrose.

 

ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

63. The end product of lipase digestion is:

 

1. fatty acids.
2. monoglycerides.
3. glycerol.
4. all of the above.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

64. The parietal cells of the stomach do not produce which of the following?

 

1. Pepsinogen
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Intrinsic factor
4. The parietal cell of the stomach produces all of the above.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Juice

 

65. After the absorption of a large meal, high levels of glucose and amino acids would be found in the:

 

1. lacteals of the villi.
2. blood of the inferior vena cava.
3. blood in the hepatic portal system.
4. Both A and C are correct.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

66. After the absorption of a large meal, high levels of chylomicrons would be found in the:

 

1. lacteals of the villi.
2. blood in the inferior vena cava.
3. blood in the hepatic portal system.
4. Both A and C are correct.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

67. Most enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction in both directions. Which is the best explanation of this statement?

 

1. Chemical reaction in both directions means the direction and rate of the reaction is being governed by gravity; for example, food in the lower digestive tract is moved by peristalsis, whereas food in the upper part of the digestive tract is moved by segmentation.
2. Chemical reaction in both directions means that enzymes are both intracellular and extracellular, depending on whether they act within cells or outside them in the surrounding medium.
3. Chemical reaction in both directions means the direction and rate of the reaction is being governed by the rate law or law of mass action; for example, slowing of digestion when absorption is interfered with and the products of digestion accumulate.
4. Both B and C are accurate explanations.

 

ANS: C

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Properties of Digestive Enzymes

 

68. Which of the following best describes the enzymatic role in carbohydrate digestion?

 

1. Amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.
2. Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidase catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.
3. Amylase, peptidase, sucrase, and chymotrypsin catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.
4. Lecithin mixes with water to catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.

 

1. Amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.
2. Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidase catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.
3. Amylase, peptidase, sucrase, and chymotrypsin catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.
4. Lecithin mixes with water to catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to glucose.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

69. Why can it be said that absorption is the reason for digestion?

 

1. Even though digestion includes the processes of mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested food, the optimum goal of digestion is to absorb nutrients.
2. The absorption process facilitates the emulsification of fats by breaking large fat drops into small droplets.
3. Absorption involves the grinding action of the teeth and the mechanical mixing of food as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, thus allowing regulation of digestion.
4. Fluid balance, maintenance of core body temperature, numerous circadian rhythms, and regulation of pH and metabolic rates are included as parts of the absorption process.

 

1. Even though digestion includes the processes of mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested food, the optimum goal of digestion is to absorb nutrients.
2. The absorption process facilitates the emulsification of fats by breaking large fat drops into small droplets.
3. Absorption involves the grinding action of the teeth and the mechanical mixing of food as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, thus allowing regulation of digestion.
4. Fluid balance, maintenance of core body temperature, numerous circadian rhythms, and regulation of pH and metabolic rates are included as parts of the absorption process.

 

ANS: A

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Overview of Digestive Functions

 

70. Which statement best explains the process of absorption?

 

1. Absorption is the process of taking food into the mouth and starting it on its journey through the digestive tract.
2. Absorption releases digestive juices (containing enzymes, acids, bases, mucus, bile, or other products that facilitate digestion).
3. Absorption is the movement by the muscular components of the digestive tube, including processes of mechanical digestion; examples include peristalsis and segmentation.
4. Absorption is the passage of substances (notably digested foods, water, salts, and vitamins) through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

 

1. Absorption is the process of taking food into the mouth and starting it on its journey through the digestive tract.
2. Absorption releases digestive juices (containing enzymes, acids, bases, mucus, bile, or other products that facilitate digestion).
3. Absorption is the movement by the muscular components of the digestive tube, including processes of mechanical digestion; examples include peristalsis and segmentation.
4. Absorption is the passage of substances (notably digested foods, water, salts, and vitamins) through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

 

ANS: D

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Absorption

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The bolus of food is formed during the pharyngeal stage of deglutition.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

2. Respiration is inhibited for the 1 to 3 seconds required for food to clear the pharynx during each swallowing.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

3. To propel food from the pharynx into the esophagus, three openings must be blocked.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

4. Peristalsis is a back-and-forth action that breaks apart chunks of food and mixes in digestive juices.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

5. The process of emptying the stomach takes about 12 hours after a meal.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Motility

 

6. After leaving the stomach, chyme normally takes about 5 hours to pass all the way through the small intestine.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Motility

 

7. Enzymes are unique in that they can function optimally within a wide range of pH.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

8. Enzymes are usually defined as inorganic catalysts.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

9. Chemical digestion can be defined as all of the changes in chemical composition that food undergoes as it travels through the digestive tract.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

10. Amylases are found in saliva and in pancreatic juice.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

11. Sucrose is an example of a disaccharide.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

12. Most enzymes are able to work on more than one substance.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes

 

13. Drinking large amounts of water works best as a means of replacing fluids quickly during exercise.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Exercise and Fluid Uptake

 

14. Amino acids are the end products of protein digestion.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Protein Digestion

 

15. Bile catalyzes the breakdown of fats.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

16. The main glucose-digesting enzyme is glucase.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

17. Large amounts of cool, dilute, or isotonic fluids are best for replacing fluids quickly during exercise.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Exercise and Fluid Uptake

 

18. The main proteases found in gastric juice are pepsin and trypsin.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Protein Digestion

 

19. Glycogen and sucrose are examples of polysaccharides.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

20. The stimulation of gastric juice secretions occurs in five phases controlled by reflex and chemical mechanisms.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Digestive Gland Secretions

 

21. Sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

22. Secretin causes the production of pancreatic fluid high in enzyme content but low in bicarbonate.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

23. The enterogastric reflex stimulates gastric motility as food enters the duodenum.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Regulation of Motility

 

24. Salivary glands are stimulated only by olfactory and visual stimuli.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Digestive Gland Secretions

 

25. Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract for neutralizing hydrochloric acid.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Pancreatic Juice

 

26. Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits the production of intestinal juice.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Intestinal Secretions

 

27. The only food that can be digested by gastric juice is protein.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

28. One of the functions of cholecystokinin is to enhance the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

29. Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits the production of intestinal juice.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Intestinal Secretions

 

30. The sodium cotransport, which carries both sodium ions and glucose molecules, is an active transport mechanism.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

31. Paracellular absorption is the absorption of nutrients between cells.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

32. Vitamins A, D, E, and K depend on bile salts for their absorption.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

33. Both simple sugars and amino acids are absorbed into the blood in the intestinal capillaries.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

34. Diarrhea occurs when the contents of the lower colon and rectum move at a rate that is slower than normal.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Elimination

 

35. The formation of feces is the primary function of the rectum.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Elimination

 

36. Nucleotidase digests nucleotides.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

37. The process of elimination is simply the expulsion of the residues of digestion from the digestive tract.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Elimination

 

38. Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of infant mortality in developing countries.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Infant Diarrhea

 

39. Oral rehydration therapy can be used to replace fluids lost by way of diarrhea.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Infant Diarrhea

 

40. Chewing and swallowing are both considered mechanical digestion.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mastication | Deglutition

 

41. Peristalsis and segmentation both involve movement of the GI tract.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peristalsis and Segmentation

 

42. An enzyme that is a hydrolase breaks water down into hydrogen and oxygen.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes

 

43. Carbohydrates that are used for food are made up of one or more saccharide groups.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

44. The action of bile on fat would be an example of mechanical digestion.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

45. “Dietary fiber” is a carbohydrate.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Residues of Digestion

 

46. The lipase found in saliva is unable to digest much fat because the fat has not been emulsified.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Saliva

 

47. Zymogenic cells secrete enzymes into the lumen of the small intestines.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Juice

 

48. The blood surrounding the stomach would have a pH slightly higher than blood in other parts of the body.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Gastric Juice

 

49. The blood surrounding the pancreas would have a slightly higher pH than blood in other parts of the body.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Pancreatic Juice

 

50. The pancreatic duct, which connects the pancreas to the small intestines, does not carry the enzyme trypsin.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Pancreatic Juice

 

51. Bile is involved in both secretion and excretion.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Bile

 

52. Chylomicrons are usually not found in the lumen of the small intestine.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

53. The primary function of the digestive system is to bring essential nutrients into the internal environment so that they are available to the cells of the body.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Overview of Digestive Functions

 

54. Mastication is another word for chewing.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

55. During deglutition, the mouth is closed off by the soft palate and the uvula.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

56. During deglutition, the tongue closes off the nasopharynx.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

57. During deglutition, food is denied entry to the larynx by muscle action that causes the epiglottis to block that opening.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

58. The involuntary part of swallowing is regulated by the deglutition center of the medulla.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

59. Segmentation is described as a wavelike muscle contraction in a hollow organ that moves food through the digestive system.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

60. The stomach releases gastric inhibitory peptide to slow down peristalsis in the duodenum.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

61. Intestinal motility includes both peristaltic contractions and segmentation.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

62. Lipase can be called a hydrolase.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

63. Most enzymes in the body are intracellular.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

64. The specificity of enzyme function can be explained by the “key-in-a-lock” mode of action.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

65. Enzymes are pH sensitive because differences in the hydrogen ion concentration can affect the shape of the protein molecule.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

66. Because trypsin works in the small intestine, its optimal pH must be less than that of pepsin, which works in the stomach.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

67. Because enzymes are not changed by the chemical reactions they catalyze, digestive enzymes rarely need to be made.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

68. Substances that activate proenzymes are often called kinases.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

69. The digestion of triglycerides produces monoglycerides and phospholipids.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

70. The hydrophilic portion of lecithin is attracted to the interior fat of the micelle.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

71. The hydrophilic portion of lecithin is attracted to the exterior water of the micelle.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

72. The process of emulsification is important because it facilitates a greater contact area for the digestion of fat.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

73. Lysophosphatide is a possible end product of fat digestion.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

74. Colipase is a substance made by the small intestine, and it functions as a coenzyme in fat digestion.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

75. When fat combines with magnesium, it becomes indigestible.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

76. One important role of the salivary glands is the production of mucus, because they are the only glands that produce it.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

77. Because acid would be harmful to enzymes, the salivary glands produce bicarbonate ions to lower the pH of saliva.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

78. Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

79. Enterokinase converts trypsin into trypsinogen.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

80. Enterokinase is converted to trypsinogen by trypsin.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

81. Lecithin is secreted by the liver.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

82. Bilirubin is found in bile and assists in micelle formation, which assists in the digestion of fats.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

83. In the pancreas, base is secreted into the GI lumen and acid is secreted into the blood. This is the reverse of what happens in the stomach.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

84. Elimination of gray-colored feces is an indication of abnormal bile secretion.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

85. Gastric secretions are inhibited when chyme containing fats, carbohydrates, and a high pH is present in the duodenum.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Digestive Gland Secretions

 

86. The hormones GIP, secretin, and CCK are formed in the intestinal mucosa.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Digestive Gland Secretions

 

87. Micelles are formed in the GI lumen.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Absorption

 

88. Chylomicrons are formed in the epithelial cells lining the small intestine.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Absorption

 

89. Chylomicrons are absorbed by the blood vessels in the villi of the small intestine.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Absorption

 

90. The nutrients absorbed by the lacteals enter the blood by being dumped into the subclavian veins.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Absorption

 

91. A small amount of ingested alcohol is absorbed by the stomach.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Absorption

 

92. The only voluntary activity of the GI tract is swallowing.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Elimination

 

93. Segmentation can be described simply as a mixing movement.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peristalsis and Segmentation

 

94. Retropulsion forces the chime in the stomach to move backwards.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Motility

 

95. Gastric inhibitory peptide and the enterogastric reflex have opposite effects on gastric peristalsis.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Motility

 

96. All digestive enzymes are classified as extracellular hydrolases.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Overview of Digestive Enzymes

 

97. Most digestive enzymes are synthesized and secreted as inactive proenzymes.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Properties of Digestive Enzymes

 

98. Although we eat six types of chemical substances (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, mineral salts, and water), only carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins need to be digested.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Properties of Digestive Enzymes

 

99. Of the four types of protein-digesting enzymes made by the body, only one is made by the small intestines.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Protein Digestion

 

100. Chief cells and zymogenic cells are the same structures. They function to produce digestive enzymes in the stomach.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Juice

 

101. Secretions of the digestive glands are mostly water.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

102. Ingestion, digestion, secretion, and absorption are all necessary for the proper functioning of the digestive system.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Overview of Digestive Functions

 

103. The last stage of deglutition is the pharyngeal stage.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Deglutition

 

104. Although both peristalsis and segmentation require movement of the alimentary canal, only peristalsis moves food through the alimentary canal.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Peristalsis and Segmentation

 

105. To properly regulate the flow of food from the stomach to the small intestine, a balance is maintained between gastric inhibitory peptide that inhibits gastric motility and the enterogastric reflex that stimulates gastric motility.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Motility

 

106. The enzymes amylase and lipase are found in saliva and are equally effective in their digestion of substrates.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Saliva

 

107. Chief cells produce pepsin.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Gastric Juice

 

108. The drug omeprazole (Prilosec) works by stimulating the H-K pumps, thereby reducing the amount of acid in the stomach.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Juice

 

109. Some of the enzymes in pancreatic juice are inactive.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Pancreatic Juice

 

110. Peptidase is a digestive enzyme that can function as an intracellular enzyme.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Protein Digestion

 

111. Gastrin, an enzyme that stimulates gastric secretions, is made by G-cells.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

112. The hormone vasoactive intestinal peptide is released when hydrochloric acid and digested food products are in the small intestine.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Intestinal Secretions

 

113. Although the cotransport of sodium and glucose is a passive process, it would not be possible without the active transport of sodium out of the cell.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

114. Micelles contain mostly triglycerides.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

115. Chylomicrons contain almost all monoglycerides.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

116. The amount of fat being absorbed by the body can be determined by taking a blood sample from the hepatic portal system.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

117. Blood in the hepatic portal system is much more likely to reflect the amount of glucose and amino acid absorbed than is the blood in the inferior vena cava.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

118. Mechanical digestion pushes food against the wall of the small intestine so it can be absorbed.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

119. Mechanical digestion reduces the size of ingested food, which increases the surface area of the food making chemical digestion more efficient.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

120. The three stages of deglutition are the oral stage, the laryngeal stage, and the esophageal stage.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Deglutition

 

121. To increase absorption time, the hormone cholecystokinin slows motility in the small intestine.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Intestinal Motility

 

122. Enzymes can be named based on the substance on which they act.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes

 

123. The names of enzymes are easy to identify because they all end in “ase.”

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes

 

124. Most enzymes are able to catalyze reactions in both directions, but that rarely occurs in digestive enzymes.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes

 

125. Lactose and maltose are examples of disaccharides.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

126. Intestinal amylase is attached to the brush borders of the villi and function in a process called contact digestion.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

127. Contact digestion makes absorption more efficient because the end products are then physically near the point of absorption, not floating around somewhere in the lumen.

 

ANS: T

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

128. Paracellular absorption requires the expenditure of cellular energy.

 

ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

MATCHING

 

Match each primary mechanism of the digestive system with its corresponding definition.

 

1. Motility
2. Ingestion
3. Elimination
4. Secretion
5. Digestion
6. Absorption

 

1. Release of digestive juices; release of endocrine hormones that regulate digestion or metabolism of nutrients

 

2. Excretion of the residues of the digestive process (feces) from the rectum, through the anus; defecation

 

3. Movement by the muscular components of the digestive tube, including processes of mechanical digestion; examples include peristalsis and segmentation

 

4. Movement of digested nutrients through the GI mucosa and into the internal environment

 

5. A group of processes that breaks complex nutrients into simpler ones, thus facilitating their absorption (includes both mechanical and chemical processes)

 

6. Process of taking food into the mouth, starting it on its journey through the digestive tract

 

1. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Secretions

 

2. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Elimination

 

3. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peristalsis | Segmentation

 

4. ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Absorption

 

5. ANS: E

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestion

 

6. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestive Function

 

Match each phase of gastric secretion with its corresponding statement or definition.

 

1. Cephalic phase
2. Gastric phase
3. Intestinal phase

 

7. Phase that responds to taste, smell, thoughts of food, and sensations of chewing and swallowing

 

8. Phase that is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum

 

9. Phase that is initiated by the presence of food in the stomach

 

7. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

8. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

9. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Control of Gastric Secretions

 

Match each of the digestive juices and enzymes with its corresponding description.

 

1. Amylase
2. Bile
3. Lactase
4. Maltase
5. Pepsin
6. Peptidase
7. Sucrase
8. Trypsin
9. Lipase

 

 

10. Enzyme that works on starch

 

11. Converts maltose to glucose

 

12. Major enzyme in stomach associated with protein breakdown

 

13. Enzyme that works on milk sugars

 

14. Enzyme that works on cane sugars

 

15. Pancreatic enzyme that works on proteins

 

16. Enzyme from lining of small intestine whose end products are amino acids

 

17. Enzyme that chemically digests fat

 

18. Substance that emulsifies fat

 

10. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

11. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

12. ANS: E

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

13. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

14. ANS: G

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

15. ANS: H

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

16. ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

17. ANS: I

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

18. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

Match each digestive hormone with its action.

 

1. Secretin
2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
3. Gastrin
4. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

 

19. Stimulates secretion of gastric juice rich in pepsin and hydrochloric acid

 

20. Inhibits gastric secretion; stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice low in enzymes and high in alkalinity; stimulates ejection of bile by the gallbladder

 

21. Stimulates ejection of bile from the gallbladder and secretion of pancreatic juice high in enzymes; opposes the action of gastrin, reducing the pH of gastric juice

 

22. Inhibits gastric secretion and motility

 

19. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Actions of Some Digestive Hormones

 

20. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Actions of Some Digestive Hormones

 

21. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Actions of Some Digestive Hormones

 

22. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Actions of Some Digestive Hormones

 

Match each structure with its function, description, or the enzyme it produces.

 

1. Gallbladder
2. Salivary gland
3. Pancreas
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Liver

 

23. Structure in which villi are located

 

24. Location of lipase production that is ineffective because the ingested lipids are still too large

 

25. Organ in which trypsinogen is made

 

26. Organ in which pepsinogen is made

 

27. Gland that makes and secretes bile

 

28. Organ in which bile is concentrated and stored

 

23. ANS: E

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

24. ANS: B

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Saliva

 

25. ANS: C

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Pancreatic Juice

 

26. ANS: D

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Juice

 

27. ANS: F

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Bile

 

28. ANS: A

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Bile

 

OTHER

 

1. What are the functions of mechanical digestion?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanical Digestion

 

2. Explain the physiological basis for diarrhea and constipation.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Elimination

 

3. What happens in the chemical process of hydrolysis?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Chemical Digestion

 

4. The prefix “amyl” comes from the Latin word for “starch.” How does that explain the name for an enzyme in carbohydrate digestion?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes | Carbohydrate Digestion

 

5. Most enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction in both directions. Explain what this means.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes

 

6. List the kinds of chemical substances that we eat. Which of these need to be digested?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Digestive Enzymes

 

7. Explain why salivary amylase is able to digest such a small amount of carbohydrate.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Saliva

 

8. Explain the process of carbohydrate digestion.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Carbohydrate Digestion

 

9. Explain the process of fat digestion.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Fat Digestion

 

10. Explain the process of protein digestion.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Protein Digestion

 

11. Explain the mechanism of absorption for water-soluble nutrients.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

12. Explain the mechanism of absorption for lipids.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

13. Explain the differences between peristalsis and segmentation.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Peristalsis | Segmentation

 

14. Explain ways in which gastric motility is regulated.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Gastric Motility

 

15. The optimal pH for the functioning of pepsin is 3; the optimal pH for the functioning of trypsin is 7. Explain why this difference would be expected.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Properties of Digestive Enzymes | Protein Digestion

 

16. What is found in the secretions of the salivary glands? Why is the lipase found in saliva ineffective as a digestive enzyme in the mouth?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Saliva

 

17. What substances are found in pancreatic juice? How are the inactive substances in pancreatic juice activated?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Pancreatic Juice

 

18. Explain the difference between transcellular absorption and paracellular absorption. What can be absorbed by means of paracellular absorption?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

ESSAY

 

1. Jeff was a successful country music star, but he worked too hard and was under great stress. His physician cautioned him that if he did not alter his lifestyle, he would be subject to hyperacidity. What could be the resulting condition of hyperacidity? Explain how the hyperacidity develops.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Disorders of the GI Tract

 

2. Allen was an alcoholic. He had a condition known as alcoholic hepatitis. This condition causes inflammation of the liver and results in reduced production and secretion of bile. What digestive complication does this produce?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Disorders of the Liver | Disorder of the Pancreas

 

3. Donna has Crohn disease, which results in inflammation and ulceration of the small intestine. Her physician recommended surgery to help in the management of this autoimmune disease. Could her entire small intestine be removed? Why or why not?

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Memorization

REF:

TOP: The Big Picture: Digestion and the Whole Body

 

4. Explain how the hepatic portal system and liver help maintain the blood homeostasis.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Application

REF:

TOP: Mechanisms of Absorption

 

5. Explain why trypsin and pepsin need to be made in an inactive form.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Pancreatic Juice

 

6. Some drugs cannot be taken orally even if they are well absorbed by the small intestine because they are completely broken down by the liver. Explain why these drugs would never reach the general circulation.

 

ANS: Answers will vary.

 

DIF: Synthesis

REF:

TOP: Absorption