Abnormal or Exceptional Mental Health Literacy for Child and Youth Care Canadian 1st Edition Gural – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

Chapter 2: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Multiple Choice Questions

Learning Objective 2.1 – Distinguish between stress and trauma.

Shannon is concerned about her upcoming presentation in economics class. Her emotional, cognitive, and physical responses to this event are referred to as

stressors

trauma

stress

neglect

Answer: C

Page Reference: 66

Skill: applied; Difficulty: easy

The major difference between a stressor and a traumatic event is that a stressor

is associated with physical symptoms

is more likely to result in mental disorder

is a part of daily life

is outside of everyday experiences

Answer: C

Page Reference: 66

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 2.2 – Distinguish between the three trauma- and stressor-related disorders and the three dissociative disorders summarized in the text, and describe their symptoms.

Disorders in which there is a disruption of normally integrated functions (perception, consciousness, memory, identity) are referred to as

Stressor-related disorders

Dissociative disorders

Trauma-related disorders

Attachment disorders 

Answer: B

Page Reference: 68

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: easy

Bea feels removed from her feelings and environment and has moments where she feels she is seeing herself from across the room. This best illustrates

derealization

delayed expression

depersonalization

amnesia

Answer: C

Page Reference: 68

Skill: applied; Difficulty: moderate

Sally has been diagnosed with PTSD. She continues to experience distressing memories that just pop into her mind and in her dreams no matter how much she doesn’t want to experience these. These experiences BEST illustrate which of the four major areas of symptoms for PTSD?

intrusion symptoms

amnesia

arousal and reactivity

avoidance

Answer: A

Page Reference: 69

Skill: applied; Difficulty: moderate

Phil was in a serious car accident and has suffered with nightmares and avoidance of cars for two weeks. He would BEST be diagnosed with

Adjustment disorder

Dissociative amnesia

PTSD

Acute stress disorder

Answer: D

Page Reference: 70

Skill: applied; Difficulty: challenging

Larry has been writing exams and is experiencing extreme distress, inability to experience positive emotions, and difficulties concentrating and sleeping. These symptoms are now interfering with his performance and relationships. Although his friends are managing exams well, he is having significant difficulty coping with them. Larry would most likely be diagnosed with

Adjustment disorder

Dissociative amnesia

PTSD

Acute stress disorder

Answer: A

Page Reference: 70

Skill: applied; Difficulty: challenging

Fredrica has memory loss for several hours of every day. At times, she talks in a high-pitched child’s voice and is passive and quiet while at other times, she is aggressive, hostile, and claims she is a 40-year-old man. Which diagnosis would be most appropriate for Fredrica?

Depersonalization disorder

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative fugue

Answer: C

Page Reference: 71

Skill: applied; Difficulty: easy

After witnessing her brother get shot in a bank robbery, Philomena cannot recall any details of that day. This best illustrates

Depersonalization disorder

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative fugue

Answer: B

Page Reference: 71

Skill: applied; Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 2.3 – Summarize the concepts of complex trauma, developmental trauma, and relational trauma.

Jen has experienced various forms of maltreatment throughout childhood including sexual and physical abuse and exposure to family violence. She now exhibits self-concept challenges, anxiety, and attachment difficulties as a result. From a CYC perspective, this would best be described as

parental detachment

stress

complex trauma

social neglect

Answer: C

Page Reference: 73

Skill: applied; Difficulty: easy

All of the following are true according to a CYC approach to trauma EXCEPT

after exposure to a traumatic event, a pattern of over-arousal is always observed

youth in the justice and child welfare systems have usually experienced maltreatment

in understanding youth responses to trauma, both risk and resiliency factors must be examined

older youth are likely to self-medicate with various substances to manage symptoms of trauma

Answer: A

Page Reference: 72-77

Skill: factual; Difficulty: challenging

What can we conclude regarding the role of age and developmental stage in trauma?

symptoms of trauma are entirely different from one person to the next

symptoms of trauma can vary significantly across different age groups

developmental stage has little to do with the type of trauma symptoms observed

early trauma-related disturbances are always temporary due to child resilience

Answer: B

Page Reference: 78-79

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: easy

When she was 3-years-old, Amanda was removed from her home because of inadequate care by her biological parents. She was placed in multiple foster homes over the course of her childhood and didn’t always receive the care and nurturance she needed. Amanda’s experience BEST illustrates the concept of

parental detachment

stress

multifinality

social neglect

Answer: D

Page Reference: 79

Skill: applied; Difficulty: moderate

Which of the following diagnostic categories applies primarily to children?

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

Acute stress disorder

PTSD

Adjustment disorder

Answer: A

Page Reference: 79-80

Skill: factual; Difficulty: moderate

What is required in order for a diagnosis of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder to be applied to a child?

dissociative symptoms

psychotic symptoms

experience of social neglect

complex trauma

Answer: C

Page Reference: 79-80

Skill: factual; Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective 2.4 – Compare and contrast primary psychological explanations (biological, behavioural, cognitive, psychodynamic, and sociocultural) for trauma- and stressor-related disorders.

Evidence suggests that trauma- and stressor-related disorders 

can be explained in relation to the inheritance of a specific gene

are completely determined by environmental experience 

run in families and therefore, are genetically influenced 

are unrelated to biological factors

Answer: C

Page Reference: 82-83

Skill: factual; Difficulty: moderate

According to the biological paradigm, trauma- and stressor-related disorders are related to each of the following EXCEPT

altered levels of hormones and neurotransmitters

changes in size and functioning of various brain structures

a sensitization of the nervous system that results from exposure to repeated trauma

changes in brain structure and function but only immediately after the traumatic event

Answer: D

Page Reference: 82-84

Skill: factual; Difficulty: challenging

Repressing one’s fear and pushing painful memories out of one’s awareness summarizes the basic idea behind ________approach to explaining trauma- and stressor-related disorders.

the psychodynamic

Mowrer’s two-factor

the behavioural 

Bowlby’s ethological

Answer: A

Page Reference: 84-85

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: easy

Alan’s mother takes him to the doctor for an immunization shot. Before the shot, the nurse hands him a lollipop. Alan cries after he receives the shot. When they return home, Alan refuses to take another lollipop, crying every time he sees one. From a behavioural approach, Alan’s development of the fear of lollipops is the result of

overgeneralization

operant conditioning

classical conditioning

extinction

Answer: C

Page Reference: 85

Skill: applied; Difficulty: moderate

According to the behavioural paradigm, it is the_______________________that helps explain why traumatic symptoms persist long after exposure to the stressful or traumatic event.

use of defence mechanisms

continued avoidance of cues that remind one of the event

continued use of a fear structure

lack of familial support

Answer: B

Page Reference: 85

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: moderate

According to the cognitive paradigm, symptoms of stressor- and trauma-related disorders are best explained by

use of defence mechanisms

operant conditioning

development and use of a fear structure

lack of familial support

Answer: C

Page Reference: 86

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: moderate

As discussed in your text, which of the following family factors decreases the risk for trauma- and stressor-related disorders?

over-protective parenting

social support

high social standing

emphasis on trying new things

Answer: B

Page Reference: 86-87

Skill: factual; Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective 2.5 – Summarize the NMT model and describe how the brain is affected by trauma.

Perry’s NMT model emphasizes the role of __________as the root cause of troublesome behaviour.

the brain

poor choices

poverty

culture

Answer: A

Page Reference: 95

Skill: factual; Difficulty: easy

Each of the following is consistent with Perry’s neurosequential (NMT) model EXCEPT

therapeutic interventions must create new patterns in the brain

the brain is organized in a hierarchical fashion and is impacted by stressful events

effective treatment approaches should be regimented, focused, and goal-oriented

healthy brain development requires exposure to the ‘right’ stimulation at the right time

Answer: C

Page Reference: 94-96

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: challenging

Learning Objective 2.6 – Describe the psychological treatment approaches used in treating trauma-and stressor-related disorders.

Medications commonly prescribed to treat symptoms of trauma- and stressor-related disorders include all of the following EXCEPT

antipsychotics

SSRI’s

anxiolytics

Ritalin 

Answer: D

Page Reference: 91

Skill: factual; Difficulty: moderate

In the treatment of childhood trauma- and stressor-related disorders, medication

is the best treatment available

is associated with significant decreases in symptoms, particularly for youth

may be effective for adults but does not appear to be helpful for youth

appears to be effective in reducing symptoms for most but not all youth

Answer: C

Page Reference: 91

Skill: factual; Difficulty: challenging

According to the behaviour paradigm, treatments for childhood trauma- and stressor-related disorders need to include

exploration of unconscious fears and conflicts

exposure to what is feared

cognitive restructuring

social support

Answer: B

Page Reference: 92-93

Skill: factual; Difficulty: easy

One approach to intervention for trauma- and stressor related disorders helps youth identify distorted assumptions and schemas associated with the traumatic event, examine their validity, and replace these with more balanced/accurate beliefs. This is referred to as

extinction therapy

cognitive restructuring

exposure therapy

integrative therapy

Answer: B

Page Reference: 92-93

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective 2.7 – Describe the impact of trauma in seven domains of functioning.

According to Cook et al. (2007), each of the following is one of the seven domains of functioning likely to be impaired by exposure to traumatic events EXCEPT

autonomy

self-concept

cognitive processing

biology

Answer: A

Page Reference: 98-99

Skill: factual; Difficulty: challenging

Devon has been diagnosed with a trauma-related disorder. He refuses to modify his schedule, maintains strict control over his intake of food and occasionally has aggressive outbursts. This best illustrates the impact of trauma in the________________domain of functioning.

attachment

self-concept

cognitive processing

behavioural regulation

Answer: D

Page Reference: 98-99

Skill: applied; Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective 2.8 – Describe behaviours associated with a trauma response in youth, including the symptoms of complex trauma.

From a CYC perspective, cutting, burning, and punching oneself are associated with____________________and are generally believed to reflect_________________.

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury; an intention to end one’s life

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury; an intention reduce psychological distress

the hyper-arousal continuum; poor coping resources

the dissociative continuum; an inability to develop reality-based goals

Answer: B

Page Reference: 98-99

Skill: applied; Difficulty: moderate

During assessment of complex trauma, it is most important for CYCPs to consider the_____________ of the youth in order to most accurately identify relevant indicators of distress.

socioeconomic status 

the intellectual functioning 

developmental age and stage 

the goals 

Answer: C

Page Reference: 99-101

Skill: applied; Difficulty: challenging

Learning Objective 2.9 – Explain trauma-informed care and identify CYC strategies to help young people with memories of trauma and those engaged in self-harm behaviour.

When supporting young people who have experienced trauma, a CYC approach emphasizes 

psychotropic medication

trauma-informed care

reality-based counselling

avoidance of painful memories

Answer: B

Page Reference: 101-102

Skill: applied; Difficulty: easy

The core principle of CYC practice is understanding pain-based behaviour in the context of 

the needs underlying the behaviour

the hyper-arousal and dissociative continuum

the policies of the organization in which one is working

the interrelationships between helpers working with the youth

Answer: A

Page Reference: 102

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: challenging

Relational CYC practice requires all of the following EXCEPT

self-awareness

a focus on strengths 

a focus on resiliency

working knowledge of psychotropic medications

Answer: D

Page Reference: 106-107

Skill: conceptual; Difficulty: easy

Short-Answer Questions

Describe the difference between stress and trauma.

Answer: Stress refers to the behavioural, emotional, cognitive, and physical responses that result from exposure to stressors (events that challenge the individual that are a part of daily life for everyone). Trauma refers to the lasting undesirable social, emotional, physical, and cognitive effects that result from exposure to traumatic events (sudden, unexpected, or ongoing events that are extreme in nature and threaten or cause harm to the emotional and physical well-being of the individual or another person).

Page Reference: 66; Objective 2.1

Summarize what is meant by the term complex trauma and how it differs from trauma. 

Answer: Complex trauma refers to the exposure to multiple or prolonged traumatic events and the impact of this exposure on the young person’s development. This is different from trauma which refers to the lasting undesirable social, emotional, physical, and cognitive effects that have traditionally been associated with a single incident.

Page Reference: 72-73; Objective 2.3

Describe dissociation and explain the role it plays in exposure to traumatic events according to the psychodynamic paradigm. 

Answer: From a psychodynamic perspective, dissociation can be considered a defence used to cope with traumatic experiences and includes emotional numbing, substance use, forgetting (repression and other defence mechanisms are relevant here), social withdrawal, and freezing. Short-term use of dissociation is adaptive and makes sense although over the long-term, continued use of this strategy takes one away from expected conscious experience and reality and is associated with lasting negative outcomes. 

Page Reference: 84-85; Objective 2.4

Summarize the primary difference between the DSM approach to understanding trauma responses and that of Perry’s neurosequential model of therapeutics (NMT). 

Answer: The primary difference is one of focus. While the DSM focuses on identifying and categorizing symptoms, Perry’s NMT model focuses on the root cause of troublesome behaviour (i.e., the brain).

Page Reference: 94-95; Objective 2.5

Describe the primary approach a psychologist working from the behavioural paradigm might take to reduce traumatic symptoms. 

Answer: The behavioural paradigm uses exposure therapy which involves presenting feared (and usually avoided) reminders to young people in a safe environment after they’ve been taught relaxation skills. Repeated exposure to feared stimuli followed by relaxation results in extinction of the fear response and can be effective in reducing traumatic symptoms. 

Page Reference: 92; Objective 2.6

Identify two of the seven domains of functioning in which impairment is likely to be observed for children exposed to complex trauma. Provide a specific example for each domain.

Answer: The seven domains include: attachment, biology, affect regulation, dissociation, behavioural regulation, cognitive processing, and self-concept. Specific examples for each domain will vary but should reflect the domain identified.

Page Reference: 98-99; Objectives 2.7

Identify 5 behaviours associated with complex trauma that you would be most likely to notice in your CYC practice. Describe one factor that might impact the behaviours you notice.

Answer: Various responses are acceptable (refer to Table 2.6 for a detailed list of behavioural indicators of complex trauma); students may also mention Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Factors that might impact the behaviours noticed can include the developmental age and stage of the individual, the practitioner’s past experience, the context in which the behaviour occurs, and the time available to observe the youth.

Page Reference: 98-99; Objective 2.8

Identify the three main elements of trauma-informed care and describe how each may be implemented in CYC practice.

Answer: The three main elements of trauma-informed care include challenging cognitions, dealing with emotions, and teaching effective coping skills (behaviour). 

Page Reference: 102; Objective 2.9

Essay Questions

Distinguish between Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders and Dissociative Disorders. Provide one example of a specific disorder from each category. Why do you think the authors of your text decided to include them together in this chapter even though the DSM-5 discusses them in separate chapters?

Suggested answer: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders are a group of psychological disturbances associated with exposure to stressful and traumatic events. Onset of these disorders is clearly associated with exposure to a stressful or traumatic event. Examples of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders include: Reactive Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, PTSD, Acute Stress Disorder, and Adjustment Disorders.

Dissociative Disorders refer to disturbances associated with a disruption in the integration of memory, identity, emotions, behaviour, and other aspects of psychological functioning. Examples of Dissociative Disorders include: Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, and Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder.

Dissociative Disorders were included in this chapter because they are often (but not always) associated with exposure to a traumatic event.

Page Reference: 66-72; Objective 2.2

 Describe the key elements of relational CYC practice that one should be aware of when assisting young complex-trauma survivors. Identify two of the five core components of complex-trauma intervention and describe how you might utilize these in your practice.

Suggested answer: Key elements of relational CYC practice include: a high level of self-awareness and a focus on strengths and resiliency. 

The five core components of complex-trauma intervention and possible examples of how they may be utilized include: (1) safety, establish a safe, nurturing environment; (2) self-regulation, helping the youth regulate arousal; (3) self-reflective information processing, helping the child construct self-narratives, reflect on past experiences, and develop problem solving and planning skills; (4) traumatic experiences integration, using meaning making strategies and developing coping skills, and cultivating present-oriented thinking and behaviour; and (5) relational engagement, teaching the child to form appropriate attachments and develop skills of assertiveness, cooperation, and social skills. (NOTE: students only need identify and describe two of these 5 components). 

Page Reference: 106-107; Objective 2.9