WongΓÇÖs Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 10th Edition – Test Bank

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Chapter 05: Pain Assessment and Management in Children

Hockenberry: Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 10th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. 2. 3. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Which

pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain?

a. FACES pain rating tool

b. Numeric scale

c. Oucher scale

d. FLACC tool

ANS: D

A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn’t have the

language skills to express pain. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool

should be used with a 2-year-old child. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-

report pain rating tools. Self-report measures are not sufficiently valid for children younger

than 3 years of age because many are not able to accurately self-report their pain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 115

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl who had surgery 12 hours ago. The child tells the

nurse that she does not have pain, but a few minutes later she tells her parents that she does.

Which should the nurse consider when interpreting this?

a. b. c. d. Truthful reporting of pain should occur by this age.

Inconsistency in pain reporting suggests that pain is not present.

Children use pain experiences to manipulate their parents.

Children may be experiencing pain even though they deny it to the nurse.

ANS: D

Children may deny pain to the nurse because they fear receiving an injectable analgesic or

because they believe they deserve to suffer as a punishment for a misdeed. They may refuse to

admit pain to a stranger but readily tell a parent. Truthfully reporting pain and inconsistency in

pain reporting suggesting that pain is not present are common fallacies about children and

pain. Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, whenever the person says it exists.

Pain would not be questioned in an adult 12 hours after surgery.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 116

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

A nurse is gathering a history on a school-age child admitted for a migraine headache. The

child states, “I have been getting a migraine every 2 or 3 months for the last year.” The nurse

documents this as which type of pain?

a. Acute

b. Chronic

c. Recurrent

d. Subacute4. 5. 6. ANS: C

Pain that is episodic and reoccurs is defined as recurrent pain. The time frame within which

episodes of pain recur is at least 3 months. Recurrent pain in children includes migraine

headache, episodic sickle cell pain, recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), and recurrent limb pain.

Acute pain is pain that lasts for less than 3 months. Chronic pain is pain that lasts, on a daily

basis, for more than 3 months. Subacute is not a term for documenting type of pain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 118

TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

Physiologic measurements in children’s pain assessment are:

a. b. c. d. the best indicator of pain in children of all ages.

essential to determine whether a child is telling the truth about pain.

of most value when children also report having pain.

of limited value as sole indicator of pain.

ANS: D

Physiologic manifestations of pain may vary considerably, not providing a consistent measure

of pain. Heart rate may increase or decrease. The same signs that may suggest fear, anxiety, or

anger also indicate pain. In chronic pain, the body adapts, and these signs decrease or

stabilize. Physiologic measurements are of limited value and must be viewed in the context of

a pain-rating scale, behavioral assessment, and parental report. When the child states that pain

exists, it does. That is the truth.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 119

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

Nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management:

a. may reduce pain perception.

b. make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary.

c. usually take too long to implement.

d. trick children into believing they do not have pain.

ANS: A

Nonpharmacologic techniques provide coping strategies that may help reduce pain perception,

make the pain more tolerable, decrease anxiety, and enhance the effectiveness of analgesics.

Nonpharmacologic techniques should be learned before the pain occurs. With severe pain, it is

best to use both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures for pain control. The

nonpharmacologic strategy should be matched with the child’s pain severity and taught to the

child before the onset of the painful experience. Some of the techniques may facilitate the

child’s experience with mild pain, but the child will still know the discomfort was present.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 124

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

Which drug is usually the best choice for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for a child in the

immediate postoperative period?

a. Codeine7. 8. b. Morphine

c. Methadone

d. Meperidine

ANS: B

The most commonly prescribed medications for PCA are morphine, hydromorphone, and

fentanyl. Parenteral use of codeine is not recommended. Methadone is not available in

parenteral form in the United States. Meperidine is not used for continuous and extended pain

relief.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 129

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

A lumbar puncture is needed on a school-age child. What should the nurse apply to provide

the most appropriate analgesia during this procedure?

a. TAC (tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine) 15 minutes

b. c. d. Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic) patch immediately

EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) 1 hour

EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) 30 minutes

ANS: C

EMLA is an effective analgesic agent when applied to the skin 60 minutes before a procedure.

It eliminates or reduces the pain from most procedures involving skin puncture. TAC provides

skin anesthesia about 15 minutes after application to nonintact skin. The gel can be placed on

the wound for suturing. Transdermal fentanyl patches are useful for continuous pain control,

not rapid pain control. For maximal effectiveness, EMLA must be applied approximately 60

minutes in advance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 143

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

The nurse is caring for a child receiving intravenous (IV) morphine for severe postoperative

pain. The nurse observes a slower respiratory rate, and the child cannot be aroused. What is

the priority nursing action?

a. Administer naloxone (Narcan)

b. Discontinue IV infusion

c. Discontinue morphine until child is fully awake

d. Stimulate child by calling name, shaking gently, and asking to breathe deeply

ANS: A

The management of opioid-induced respiratory depression includes lowering the rate of

infusion and stimulating the child. If the respiratory rate is depressed and the child cannot be

aroused, then IV naloxone should be administered. The child will be in pain because of the

reversal of the morphine. The morphine should be discontinued, but naloxone is indicated if

the child is unresponsive. The child is unresponsive, therefore naloxone is indicated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 143

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity9. The nurse is completing a pain assessment on a 4-year-old child. Which of the depicted pain

scale tools should the nurse use with a child this age?

a.

b.

c.

d.

10. 11. ANS: A

The pain scale appropriate for a 4-year-old child is the FACES pain scale. Numeric pain scales

can be used on children as young as age 5 as long as they can count and have some concept of

numbers and their values in relation to other numbers. Word graphic scales and visual

analogue scales are used preferably for school-age children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 115

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

Fentanyl and midazolam (Versed) are given before débridement of a child’s burn wounds.

Which is the rationale for administration of these medications?

a. Promote healing

b. Prevent infection

c. Provide pain relief

d. Limit amount of débridement that will be necessary

ANS: C

Fentanyl and midazolam provide excellent intravenous sedation and analgesia to control

procedural pain in children with burns. These drugs are for sedation and pain control, not

healing, preventing infection, or limiting the amount of débridement.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 127

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

Nitrous oxide is being administered to a child with extensive burn injuries. Which is the

purpose of this medication?

a. Promote healing

b. Prevent infection

c. Provide anesthesia

d. Improve urinary output

ANS: C

The use of short-acting anesthetic agents, such as propofol and nitrous oxide, has proven

beneficial in eliminating procedural pain. Nitrous oxide is an anesthetic agent.DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 144

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity: Pharmacologic and Parenteral Therapies

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. 2. 3. A nurse recognizes which physiologic responses as a manifestation of pain in a neonate?

(Select all that apply.)

a. Decreased respirations

b. Diaphoresis

c. Decreased SaO2

d. Decreased blood pressure

e. Increased heart rate

ANS: B, C, E

The physiologic responses that indicate pain in neonates are increased heart rate, increased

blood pressure, rapid, shallow respirations, decreased arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), pallor

or flushing, diaphoresis, and palmar sweating.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 120

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

A nurse is monitoring a patient for side effects associated with opioid analgesics. Which side

effects should the nurse expect to monitor for? (Select all that apply.)

a. Diarrhea

b. Respiratory depression

c. Hypertension

d. Pruritus

e. Sweating

ANS: B, D, E

Side effects of opioids include respiratory depression, pruritus, and sweating. Constipation

may occur, not diarrhea, and orthostatic hypotension may occur but not hypertension.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 131

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

Which dietary recommendations should a nurse make to an adolescent patient to manage

constipation related to opioid analgesic administration? (Select all that apply.)

a. Bran cereal

b. Decrease fluid intake

c. Prune juice

d. Cheese

e. Vegetables

ANS: A, C, E4. To manage the side effect of constipation caused by opioids, fluids should be increased, and

bran cereal and vegetables are recommended to increase fiber. Prune juice can act as a

nonpharmacologic laxative. Fluids should be increased, not decreased, and cheese can cause

constipation so it should not be recommended.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 132

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

Surgery has informed a nurse that the patient returning to the floor after spinal surgery has an

opioid epidural catheter for pain management. The nurse should prepare to monitor the patient

for which side effects of an opioid epidural catheter? (Select all that apply.)

a. Urinary frequency

b. Nausea

c. Itching

d. Respiratory depression

ANS: B, C, D

Respiratory depression, nausea, itching, and urinary retention are dose-related side effects

from an epidural opioid. Urinary retention, not urinary frequency, would be seen.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 132

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

SHORT ANSWER

1. 2. A dose of oxycodone (OxyContin) 2 mg/kg has been ordered for a child weighing 33 lb. How

many milligrams of OxyContin should the nurse administer? (Record your answer as a whole

number.)

ANS:

30

The child’s weight is divided by 2.2 to get the weight in kilograms. Kilograms in weight are

then multiplied by the prescribed 2 mg. 33 lb/2.2 = 15 kg. 15 kg  2 mg = 30 mg.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 128

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

A nurse is using the FLACC scale to evaluate pain in a preverbal child. The nurse makes the

following assessment: Face: occasional grimace; Leg: relaxed; Activity: squirming, tense;

Cry: no cry; Consolability: content, relaxed. The nurse records the FLACC assessment as

which number? (Record your answer as a whole number.)

ANS:

2

The FLACC scale is recorded per the following table:

0 1 2Face No particular

expression or

smile

Occasional grimace or

frown, withdrawn,

disinterested

Frequent to constant

frown, clenched jaw,

quivering chin

Legs Normal position

or relaxed

Uneasy, restless, tense Kicking, or legs drawn up

Activity Lying quietly,

normal position,

moves easily

Squirming, shifting back

and forth, tense

Arched, rigid, or jerking

Cry No cry (awake or

asleep)

Moans or whimpers,

occasional complaint

Crying steadily, screams

or sobs, frequent

complaints

Consolability Content, relaxed Reassured by occasional

touching, hugging, or

talking to; distractible

Difficult to console or

comfort

Because the child has a grimace and is squirming and tense, 2 total points are given. Relaxed

legs, no cry, and content and relaxed consolability get 0 points.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 141

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity

OTHER

1. A patient on an intravenous opioid analgesic has become apneic. The nurse should implement

which interventions? Place the interventions in order from the highest priority (first

intervention) to the lowest priority (last intervention). Provide your answer using lowercase

letters separated by commas (e.g., a, b, c, d).

a. Place the patient on continuous pulse oximetry to assess SaO2.

b. Administer the prescribed naloxone (Narcan) dose by slow IV push.

c. Ensure oxygen is available.

d. Prepare to calm the child as analgesia is reversed.

ANS:

b, a, c, d

The Narcan prescribed dose should be given, first by slow IV push every 2 minutes until

effect is obtained. The second intervention should be assessment of the patient’s SaO2 status.

Oxygen should be made available and administered if the SaO2 status indicates hypoxemia.

Last, the child should be calmed as the analgesia is reversed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 135

TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Area of Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity