Window on Humanity A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology 9th Edition by Conrad Kottak – Test Bank

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Chapter 05

The Primates

1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the

origins of culture. Of particular relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:

A. catarrhines and platyrrhines.

B. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.

C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and those most closely related to us, the great apes

(chimpanzees and gorillas).

D. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.

E. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the most analogies.

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Learning Objective: Recall the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Our Place among Primates

2. Which of the following is an example of an analogy?

A. bony eye sockets in chimps and similar structures in gorillas

B. similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans

C. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats

D. dolphin fins and fish fins

E. pentadactyly (having five digits on the hands and feet) among baboons and macaques

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

3. What is the term for traits that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?

A. analogies

B. meiosis

C. homologies

D. alleles

E. phenotypes

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

4. Common ancestry isn’t the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also arise if species experience similar selective forces

and adapt to them in similar ways. This process is known as

A. homology.

B. molecular convergence.

C. convergent evolution.

D. genetic evolution.

E. gene flow.

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Learning Objective: Recall the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

5. What is a taxonomy?

A. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution

B. a trait inherited from a common ancestor

C. a set of selective forces enacted on one lineage

D. a classification scheme where organisms are assigned to categories

E. a way to define an organism’s repertoire of social behaviors

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Our Place among Primates

6. Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?

A. lemurs

B. orangutans

C. humans

D. gibbons

E. siamangs

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McGraw-Hill Education.Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

7. The tribe hominini consists of

A. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.

B. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.

C. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids twenty years ago.

D. all the great apes.

E. all of the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?

A. Homo sapiens

B. orangutan

C. siamang

D. lemur

E. gibbon

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate adaptations discussed in the textbook?

A. aquatic lifestyle

B. small litter size

C. stereoscopic vision

D. five-fingered hands

E. relatively large brain size

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

10. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?

A. larger females and gentle males

B. fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips

C. meat eating and aggression

D. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb

E. fewer offspring and bipedalism

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

11. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?

A. stereoscopic vision

B. increased brain complexity

C. grasping hands and feet

D. decreased sociality

E. enhanced sense of touch

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

12. Which of the following is/are shared by all anthropoids?

A. stereoscopic vision

B. bipedalism; and one offspring born at a time

C. a decrease in the size of canines and an increase in the size of molars

D. prehensile tails

E. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care. What did this select for?

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McGraw-Hill Education.A. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers

B. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day anthropoids

C. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators

D. a greater capacity for brachiation

E. increased social complexity

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

14. Which of the following is NOT considered an anthropoid trend?

A. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of color vision

B. a decrease in litter size

C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size

D. the evolution of a complicated visual system

E. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other primates?

A. a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight

B. improved stereoscopic and color vision

C. increased reliance on smell

D. a tendency toward being active during the day

E. None of these answers are correct, as all were part of anthropoid evolution.

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

16. New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that

A. are capable of brachiation.

B. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks.

C. have orthograde postures.

D. have prehensile tails.

E. exhibit sexual dimorphism.

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?

A. Old World monkey

B. prosimian

C. gibbon

D. New World monkey

E. extinct

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

18. Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as

A. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.

B. terrestrial is to arboreal.

C. prosimians are to anthropoids.

D. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.

E. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

19. Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?

A. As is typical of arboreal species, the orangutan exhibits little sexual dimorphism.

B. Orangutans used to live over much of Asia but now are found only on two islands in Indonesia.

C. The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction.

D. Orangutans are less arboreal than gorillas.

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McGraw-Hill Education.E. Orangutans are the most sociable primates.

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Learning Objective: Classify the different types of apes.

Topic: Apes

20. Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates because of

A. their marked sexual dimorphism.

B. their male-centered communities.

C. their cannibalism.

D. their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.

E. the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance.

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Learning Objective: Classify the different types of apes.

Topic: Apes

21. To what primate suborder do tarsiers belong?

A. Prosimian

B. Haplorrhini

C. Orthograde

D. Prehensile

E. Strepsirrhini

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between and the separation of the Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini primate suborders.

Topic: The Primate Suborders

22. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?

A. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

B. Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian

C. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary

D. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic

E. Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Recent

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Learning Objective: Discuss the chronology of primate evolution.

Topic: Chronology

Topic: Primate Evolution

23. What helped create an ecological niche that enabled primates to spread and diversify?

A. spread of flowering plants

B. separation of the primate suborders

C. long period of global cooling

D. spread of grasslands

E. extinction of primate predators

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Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Primates

24. A tiny complete skeleton found recently in China supports the view that

A. the first primates evolved in Asia.

B. Asian primates were the first primates to live in the Paleozoic.

C. the specimens previously thought to be primates from Europe and North Africa were actually mislabeled.

D. larger primates lived only in Europe.

E. our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.

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Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Primates

25. Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is FALSE?

A. Hominins first appeared during this epoch.

B. It belongs to the Tertiary period.

C. It was a time of major geological and climatic change.

D. This period dates to 34–23 m.y.a.

E. Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the Fayum.

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McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Primates

26. When do the first hominin fossils appear?

A. Miocene

B. Oligocene

C. Pliocene

D. Holocene

E. Pleistocene

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Learning Objective: Recall the hominoids that lived during the Miocene epoch.

Topic: Miocene Hominoids: The Proto-Apes

27. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did proto-monkeys first appear?

A. Oligocene (34–23 m.y.a.)

B. Miocene (23–25 m.y.a.)

C. Eocene (54–34 m.y.a.)

D. Paleocene (65–54 m.y.a.)

E. Pliocene (5–2.6 m.y.a.)

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Learning Objective: Recall the hominoids that lived during the Miocene epoch.

Topic: Miocene Hominoids: The Proto-Apes

28. What species do some think coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?

A. Afropithecus

B. Dryopithecus

C. Pierolapithecus

D. Gigantopithecus

E. Sivapithecus

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Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Primates

29. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps. Rather,

A. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans.

B. they are descended from gorillas.

C. humans and African apes share a common ancestor.

D. they are descended from chimps.

E. humans are descended from Adam and Eve.

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Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Primates

30. The study of terrestrial primates and the great apes is of particular relevance to anthropologists.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Recall the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Our Place among Primates

31. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Classify the different types of apes.

Topic: Apes

FALSE

32. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they used this word 20 years ago.

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

33. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common ancestor.

TRUE

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McGraw-Hill Education.Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

34. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

35. Arboreal primates tend to be smaller and more agile.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

36. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

37. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter period of time.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans.

Topic: Primate Adaptations

38. The primate suborder Haplorrhini is found only in Madagascar.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between and the separation of the Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini primate suborders.

Topic: The Primate Suborders

39. Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

40. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use an orthograde posture.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

41. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

42. Old World monkeys are both terrestrial and arboreal.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

43. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

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McGraw-Hill Education.44. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Classify the different types of apes.

Topic: Apes

45. Chimpanzees’ social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Classify the different types of apes.

Topic: Apes

46. We live in the Cenozoic era.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Discuss the chronology of primate evolution.

Topic: Chronology

Topic: Primate Evolution

47. Primates evolved along with the expansion of flowering plants.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Primates

48. It was during the Oligocene that proto-monkeys became the most numerous of the primates.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys.

Topic: Early Primates

49. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate species, indicating similarities and differences in

natural selective forces and means of adaptation.

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

50. Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this relationship?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies.

Topic: Homologies and Analogies

51. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm they share more recent common ancestry with

each other than they do with New World monkeys and proto-monkeys.

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys.

Topic: Monkeys

52. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth’s creatures, and anthropologists who study them have played key roles in efforts to save them.

What threats do primates face? In terms of expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Describe the ways in which primates are in danger.

Topic: Endangered Primates

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McGraw-Hill Education.53. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid traits appeared during this time?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Recall the hominoids that lived during the Miocene epoch.

Topic: Miocene Hominoids: The Proto-Apes

54. Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that seem to be more commonly found as fossils?

What are the anatomical clues that these fossils provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Recall the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology.

Topic: Our Place among Primates

Category # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 54

Learning Objective: Classify the different types of apes. 5

Learning Objective: Classify the Early Cenozoic primates and the Oligocene proto-monkeys. 7

Learning Objective: Describe the difference between and the separation of the Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini primate suborders. 2

Learning Objective: Describe the ways in which primates are in danger. 1

Learning Objective: Discuss homologies and analogies. 11

Learning Objective: Discuss the chronology of primate evolution. 2

Learning Objective: Recall the hominoids that lived during the Miocene epoch. 3

Learning Objective: Recall the scope and subject matter of primatology and its specific relationship to the discipline of anthropology. 4

Learning Objective: Summarize the differences between New World and Old World monkeys. 10

Learning Objective: Summarize trends in primate adaptation and evolution as exemplified by monkeys, apes, and humans. 9

Topic: Apes 5

Topic: Chronology 2

Topic: Early Primates 7

Topic: Endangered Primates 1

Topic: Homologies and Analogies 11

Topic: Miocene Hominoids: The Proto-Apes 3

Topic: Monkeys 10

Topic: Our Place among Primates 4

Topic: Primate Adaptations 9

Topic: Primate Evolution 2

Topic: The Primate Suborders 2

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McGraw-Hill Education.