Theories of Personality 9Th Edition By Jess Feist – Test Bank

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Chapter 05

Klein: Object Relations Theory

1. Compare and contrast Melanie Klein’s object relations theory and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

Answer:

A. In contrast to Freud’s emphasis on the first 4 to 6 years of life, object relations theory stresses the first 4 to 6 months.

B. Klein believed that an infant’s drives are directed to an object such as a breast, penis, or vagina. These early childhood drives give an infant’s

experiences an unrealistic, fantasy-like quality that affects later interpersonal relations.

C. Compared with Freud, Klein placed more emphasis on interpersonal relations and less emphasis on biology.

D. Whereas Freud’s theory emphasized the importance of the father during the male Oedipus complex, Klein’s theory is built on the importance of

the mother.

E. Object relations theory holds that human contact and relatedness—not sexual pleasure—are the principal motivators of human behavior.

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2. Discuss Klein’s concept of the paranoid-schizoid position.

Answer:

A. During the first few months of life, an infant experiences both a good breast (one that offers nourishment and contentment) and a bad breast (one

that frustrates the infant).

B. When these opposing experiences threaten the existence of the infant’s vulnerable ego, the infant tries to gain control of the breast by harboring

the breast and destroying it.

C. To tolerate these opposing feelings, the ego splits itself and deflecting parts of both the life and death instincts onto the breast.

D. The infant wishes to retain and control the good breast as a defense against annihilation by persecutors.

E. This paranoid-schizoid position allows the infant to organize experiences into both good and bad experiences.

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3. List and discuss Klein’s psychic defense mechanisms.

Answer:

A. According to Klein, infants adopt several psychic defense mechanisms to protect their ego against anxiety aroused by their own destructive

fantasies.

B. Introjection refers to the infants’ fantasizing about incorporating external objects (such as their mother’s breast) into their own body.

C. Projection is the fantasy that one’s own impulses are within another person rather than within one’s own body. By projecting destructive urges

onto external objects or other people, infants protect themselves from unpleasant anxiety.

D. Splitting allows infants to keep apart the good and bad aspects of themselves or of external objects.

E. Projective identification is a means of reducing anxiety by splitting off unacceptable parts of one’s self and projecting them onto another object,

and then introjecting them back into the self in a disguised form.

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4. Klein extended Freud’s psychoanalysis by emphasizing

A. adolescence.

B. young adulthood.

C. old age.

D. very early infancy.

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5. According to Melanie Klein, the child’s first model for interpersonal relations is the

A. breast.

B. mother.

C. father.

D. self.

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6. Among the people that Melanie Klein psychoanalyzed was

A. Anna Freud.

B. her son Erich.

C. Erich Fromm.

D. Albert Ellis.

E. Erik Erikson.

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7. Object relations theory differs from Freud’s theory in that it

A. places more emphasis on interpersonal relations.

B. stresses the importance of a nurturing mother.

C. places less emphasis on sexual pleasure.

D. All of the answers are correct.

E. None of the answers is correct.

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8. In the context of the psychic life of infants, which of the following statements is true about infant phantasies?

A. They are of little importance.

B. They are mostly conscious.

C. They are unconscious.

D. None of the answers is correct.

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9. Melanie Klein believed that children introject their mother into their psychic structure. This means that they

A. believe that they are inside their mother.

B. believe that their mother is inside their own body.

C. reject their mother’s authority.

D. adopt their mother’s standards of morality.

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10. Melanie Klein assumed that infants come into the world with

A. an active phantasy life.

B. a desire to have sexual relations with their mother.

C. a desire to have sexual relations with their father.

D. a blank slate.

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11. If a hungry infant cries and kicks, Melanie Klein would say that it is

A. motivated by the death instinct.

B. inventing a sign language to communicate distress with its mother.

C. fantasizing about kicking or destroying the “bad” breast.

D. engaging in random behavior.

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12. Melanie Klein agreed with Freud that people can be motivated by

A. phylogenetic endowment.

B. a life instinct.

C. a death instinct.

D. All of the answers are correct.

E. None of the answers is correct.

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13. Which of the following statements is true about an introjected object according to Melanie Klein?

A. It is an internal thought about an external object.

B. It is a phantasy of internalizing the object in a physical form.

C. It desires to escape from an infant’s mind.

D. It loses its dynamic power to influence an infant’s psychic life.

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14. According to Melanie Klein, the two basic positions are

A. introjection and projection.

B. paranoid-schizoid and depressive.

C. the ego and the superego.

D. the mature and the immature.

E. the ideal and the real.

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15. Melanie Klein’s conception of a “position” is different from “stage of development” in that “positions” are

A. completely psychological.

B. due largely to social influences.

C. determined by chronological age.

D. not referring to periods of time.

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16. Melanie Klein claimed that infants use the paranoid-schizoid position to

A. strengthen their attachments with their mothers.

B. escape from reality.

C. fight off threats from older siblings.

D. control the good breast and fight off its persecutors.

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17. According to Melanie Klein, which of the following statements is true about the infantile paranoid-schizoid position?

A. An infant develops this position because of the alternating experiences of gratification and frustration that threaten its ego.

B. This position leads an infant’s ego to perceive the external world as objective and real.

C. Infants in this position use language to identify the good and bad breast, which the infant comes into contact with during the earliest months of

life.

D. In this position, infants view external objects as whole and see that good and bad can exist in the same person.

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18. Identify a true statement about children in the depressive position.

A. They fail to recognize that their mother is an independent person who can be both good and bad.

B. They desire to control their mother’s breast by devouring and harboring it.

C. They recognize that their loved object and the hated object are the same.

D. They desire to keep the mother’s ideal breast inside themselves as a protection against annihilation by persecutors.

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19. Which of the following statements is true about the depressive position according to Melanie Klein?

A. It includes anxiety over losing a loved object and guilt for wanting to destroy it.

B. It includes feelings of fear and persecution for wanting to destroy the bad breast.

C. It includes a desire to devour and harbor the good breast.

D. It includes a fear of being bitten by animals.

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McGraw-Hill Education.20. Melanie Klein suggested that psychic defense mechanisms

A. protect the child against public ridicule.

B. protect the ego against anxiety aroused by destructive phantasies.

C. safeguard the superego against uncontrollable id impulses.

D. prevent unconscious fantasies from reaching consciousness.

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21. Which of the following is a psychic defense mechanism used by an infant who fantasizes taking into its body those perceptions and experiences

that it has had with an external object, originally the mother’s breast?

A. projection

B. introjection

C. splitting

D. projective identification

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22. Melanie Klein contended that when introjected, dangerous objects

A. lose their danger.

B. increase their danger.

C. become internal persecutors.

D. are projected onto the father.

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23. _____ is the fantasy that one’s own feelings and impulses actually reside in another person and not within one’s body.

A. Projection

B. Introjection

C. Splitting

D. Rejection

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24. Which of the following is a defense mechanism used by an infant who feels good about its mother’s nurturing breast and attributes its own

feelings of goodness onto the breast and imagines that the breast is good?

A. rejection

B. introjection

C. splitting

D. projection

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25. In the context of the defense mechanisms used by infants, which of the following statements is true about splitting?

A. Splitting, even when inflexible, rarely ever leads to pathological repression.

B. Splitting enables people to see both positive and negative aspects of themselves and to evaluate their behavior as good or bad.

C. Splitting, when extreme and rigid, is a positive and useful mechanism for infants.

D. Splitting begins with an infant’s first feeding, when there is an attempt to incorporate the mother’s breast into the infant’s body.

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26. According to Melanie Klein, infants use splitting as a means of

A. controlling conscious fantasies.

B. destroying the bad breast.

C. gaining control over their parents by pitting them against one another.

D. controlling good and bad aspects of themselves.

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27. Which of the following statements is true about Melanie Klein’s view of the development of the ego at birth?

A. She believed that it is mostly organized.

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McGraw-Hill Education.B. She believed that it is too weak to feel anxiety.

C. She believed that it is too weak to form early object relations.

D. She believed that it is strong enough to use defense mechanisms.

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28. Which of the following is a psychic defense mechanism in which infants split off unacceptable parts of themselves, project these parts onto

another object, and finally introject these parts back into themselves in a changed or distorted form?

A. splitting

B. projective identification

C. introjection

D. incorporation

E. regression

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29. Melanie Klein believed that before a unified ego can emerge, it must first

A. assimilate the id.

B. learn syntax language.

C. split into the “good me” and the “bad me.”

D. attain control over the repressive superego.

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30. In contrast to Freud, Melanie Klein believed that the superego

A. emerges during adolescence.

B. grows out of the Oedipus complex.

C. precedes the development of the ego.

D. is much more harsh and cruel.

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31. Which of the following is a Freudian notion about the superego that was rejected by Melanie Klein?

A. Superego produces feelings of inferiority when it is mature.

B. Superego consists of two subsystems: an ego-ideal and a conscience.

C. Superego is a consequence of the Oedipus complex.

D. Superego produces terror in its early stages.

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32. In the context of the Oedipus complex, which of the following is a view shared by both Freud and Melanie Klein?

A. Both held that the Oedipus complex took place during the phallic stage, when children are about 4 or 5 years old.

B. Both assumed that girls and boys eventually come to experience the Oedipus complex differently.

C. Both stressed the importance of children retaining positive feelings toward both parents.

D. Both believed that the Oedipus complex overlaps with the oral and anal stages, and reaches its climax during the genital stage.

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33. Melanie Klein’s notion of the Oedipus complex differs from Freud’s in that it

A. includes fear of parents’ retaliation for phantasies of emptying their bodies.

B. takes place at a later time period during the individual’s life than Freud said.

C. includes hostile feelings only.

D. includes sexual feelings only.

E. is the origin of the development of the superego.

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34. Melanie Klein believed that the male Oedipus complex is resolved mostly when the boy

A. identifies with his father and adopts a feminine position with his mother.

B. identifies with his mother and adopts a feminine position with his father.

C. adopts a masculine position toward both parents.

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McGraw-Hill Education.D. establishes positive relationships toward both parents.

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35. Melanie Klein believed that during the female Oedipus complex, the girl

A. sees only the positive, not negative, aspects of the mother’s breast.

B. phantasizes that the father’s penis feeds the mother with babies.

C. sees only the negative, not positive, aspects of the mother’s breast.

D. adopts a masculine position toward both parents.

E. holds her mother responsible for her lack of a penis.

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36. According to Melanie Klein, when the female Oedipus complex is successfully resolved, the little girl will

A. see her mother as a rival.

B. fantasize about robbing her mother of the father’s penis and of her babies.

C. adopt a homosexual attitude toward her mother.

D. develop positive feelings toward both parents.

E. develop negative feelings toward her mother and neutral feelings toward her father.

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37. Which object relations theorist spent much time observing normal babies as they bonded with their mothers during the first 3 years of life?

A. Melanie Klein

B. Margaret Mahler

C. Otto Kernberg

D. Heinz Kohut

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38. Margaret Mahler’s principal concern was with

A. the psychological birth of the child.

B. the effects of the Oedipus complex on psychological health.

C. the child’s symbiotic relationship with the father.

D. narcissistic needs of infants.

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39. Margaret Mahler believed that when infants realize that they cannot satisfy their own basic needs, they

A. reject those needs and introject a new set of learned needs.

B. become autistic.

C. seek a symbiotic relationship with their mother.

D. merge their ego with their superego.

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40. Mahler believed that children begin to develop feelings of personal identity during which developmental stage?

A. normal symbiosis

B. separation-individuation

C. normal autism

D. preadolescence

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41. Which object relations theorist strongly emphasized the process by which the self evolves?

A. Sigmund Freud

B. Melanie Klein

C. Margaret Mahler

D. Heinz Kohut

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42. Heinz Kohut’s narcissistic needs include

A. the need to exhibit the grandiose self.

B. the need to be first in the eyes of one’s parents.

C. the need to acquire a sense of self-identity.

D. the needs for power and authority.

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43. John Bowlby’s attachment theory was based on studies of

A. infants and primates.

B. adolescents.

C. middle-aged adults.

D. elderly adults.

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44. According to John Bowlby, both humans and other primates experience separation anxiety. The stage unique to humans is the _____ stage.

A. detachment

B. protest

C. attachment

D. despair

E. anal

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45. An infant remains calm when her mother exits the room, leaving her with a stranger. When the mother returns, the infant ignores her. According

to Mary Ainsworth, this infant is displaying the _____ attachment style.

A. anxious-resistant

B. anxious-avoidant

C. secure

D. insecure

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46. Which issue became part of a bitter debate between Melanie Klein and Anna Freud during the 1920s and 1930s?

A. the male Oedipus complex

B. the idea of childhood psychoanalysis

C. the notion of unconscious defense mechanisms

D. the importance of symbolic language in young children

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47. The aim of Kleinian therapy is to

A. resolve the Oedipus complex.

B. uncover repressed sexual feelings toward one’s parents.

C. mitigate the harshness of internalized objects.

D. foster negative transference and aggressive fantasies.

E. enhance feelings of self-esteem and self-worth.

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48. The assessment used by Bedi, Muller, and Thornack (2012) to research the impact of childhood trauma and abuse on adult object relational

functioning was the

A. Rorschach ink blot test.

B. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

C. Szondi test.

D. Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System.

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McGraw-Hill Education.49. In the context of relationships, partners with anxious attachment styles are most likely to

A. have lesser autonomic nervous system reactivity compared with securely attached partners.

B. avoid using stalemating as a conflict resolution style.

C. perceive less destructive conflict tactics being directed at them by their partners during stressful times.

D. escalate emotional severity of conflicts.

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50. Attachment is a construct in personality psychology that continues to generate a substantial amount of research. Attachment theory, as originally

conceptualized by _____, emphasized the relationship between parent and child.

A. Rollo May

B. John Bowlby

C. Karen Horney

D. Eric Fromm

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51. Research by Cindy Hazan and Phil Shaver found that people whose adult love relationships include trust, closeness, and positive emotions had

_____ attachment style during early childhood.

A. neurotic symbiotic

B. insecure

C. secure

D. anxious-avoidant

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52. Object relations theory continues to be more popular in _____ than it is in the United States.

A. the United Kingdom

B. China

C. Germany

D. Sweden

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