Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz – Test Bank

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Chapter 5—Karen Horney: Neurotic Needs and Trends

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. 2. 3. Horney strongly disagreed with Freud about:

a. free association. b. the importance of the superego. c. penis envy.

d. the nature of the unconscious.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Introduction

REF: 135–136

FEEDBACK: An early feminist, Horney argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s

development than on women’s. To counter Freud’s contention that women are driven by penis envy,

she proposed that men are envious of women for their ability to give birth.

Which of the following is true of Horney’s theory on personality?

a. b. c. d. It relates only to an adult’s personality development.

It focuses on aggression as the core of personality.

It reflects a feminist viewpoint of psychoanalysis.

It stresses biological determinants of personality.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Introduction

REF: 135, 136

FEEDBACK: An early feminist, Horney argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s

development than on women’s. To Horney, people are motivated not by sexual or aggressive forces but

rather by the needs for security and love, which clearly reflected her life experiences.

Horney’s theory was influenced by her:

a. close association with Jung. b. personal experiences. c. work with Anna Freud.

d. experience with Allport.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Introduction

REF: 136

FEEDBACK: Horney’s theory was strongly influenced by her personal experiences in childhood and

adolescence, as well as by social and cultural forces that were different from those that had influenced

Freud.

4. Karen Horney incorporated her own childhood experience of _____ into her theory.

a. sexual abuse b. physical abuse c. racial discrimination

d. neglect and want for love

ANS: D5. 6. 7. PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

FEEDBACK: Horney’s personality theory is rooted in her childhood experiences. For most of her

youth, she doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved Berndt, her older brother, more

than they loved her.

What factor in Horney’s childhood is reflected in her personality theory?

a. b. c. d. Her sufferance of sexual conflict

Her loneliness as an only child

Her fear of being unwanted by her parents

Her exhibition of perfectionist tendencies

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

FEEDBACK: For most of her youth, Horney doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they

loved her older brother Berndt more than they loved her. At 16, she wrote in her diary, “Why is

everything beautiful on earth given to me, only not the highest thing, not love!”

As a child, Horney was:

a. excessively pampered.

b. interested in sports.

c. ambitious and rebellious.

d. severely punished.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 137

FEEDBACK: Until the age of 8, Horney was a model child, clinging and compliant. Despite her

efforts, however, she did not think she was getting sufficient love and security. Her self-sacrifice and

good behavior were not working, so she changed tactics and deliberately became ambitious and

rebellious, deciding that if she could not have love and security, she would take revenge for her

feelings of unattractiveness and inadequacy.

Horney decided to undergo psychoanalysis after:

a. b. c. d. failing to secure admission into a law school.

realizing her inability to alleviate her depression and emotional problems otherwise.

realizing that despite her happiness, she did not have fulfillment in life.

facing verbal and physical racial discrimination.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 137–138

FEEDBACK: During and after her marriage, Horney had a number of love affairs. When she realized8. 9. 10. these attachments were not helping to alleviate her depression and other emotional problems, she

decided to undergo psychoanalysis.

Which of the following is the reason for the breakdown of Horney’s relationship with Erich Fromm?

a. b. Horney felt rejected when Fromm made disparaging comments about her appearance.

Fromm gave Horney’s daughter, Marriane, the confidence to confront her mother for the

first time.

c. d. Horney did not feel any attachment to Fromm who was 15 years older than her.

Horney suffered from loneliness in Fromm’s absence, who travelled extensively on

business.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 138

FEEDBACK: Horney’s most intense love affair was with another analyst, Erich Fromm, who was 15

years younger. When it ended after 20 years, she was deeply hurt. One event that led to the breakdown

of the relationship was that she persuaded Fromm to analyze her daughter Marriane, and he helped the

woman to understand her hostility toward her mother, giving Marriane the confidence to confront

Horney for the first time.

Horney agreed with Freud about the:

a. importance of the early childhood years in shaping the adult personality.

b. primacy of instincts.

c. dominant role of the unconscious.

d. greater impact of biological forces as compared to social factors on personality.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 139

FEEDBACK: Horney agreed with Freud on one major point—the importance of the early years of

childhood in shaping the adult personality. However, she differed from him on the specifics of how

personality is formed.

Which statement does not reflect Horney’s views about childhood?

a. b. c. d. The fulfillment of safety needs of children can ensure their endurance to traumatic events.

Biological forces are more important than social forces in shaping personality.

There should be no discrimination based on gender.

A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 139

FEEDBACK: An early feminist, she argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development

than on women’s. Horney believed that social forces in childhood, not biological forces, influence

personality development. Horney believed that childhood was dominated by the safety need, by which11. 12. 13. 14. she meant the need for security and freedom from fear. A child’s security depends entirely on how the

parents treat the child.

According to Horney, children can develop feelings of security in spite of traumatic events when:

a. b. c. d. they are provided with a structured routine.

parents show warmth and affection.

parents treat them like adults.

they are provided with unrestricted freedom.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 139

FEEDBACK: The major way parents weaken or prevent security is by displaying a lack of warmth and

affection. Horney believed that childhood was dominated by the safety need, by which she meant the

need for security and freedom from fear. She believed children could withstand much that is usually

considered traumatic, such as abrupt weaning, occasional beatings, or even premature sexual

experiences, as long as they feel wanted and loved and, therefore, secure.

In Horney’s view, the more afraid a child is of his or her parents, _____.

a. the more the child represses hostility c. the lesser the child’s guilt

b. the lesser the child represses hostility d. the greater the child’s guilt

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Children can easily be made to feel fearful of their parents through punishment, physical

abuse, or more subtle forms of intimidation. The more frightened children become, the more they will

repress their hostility.

In Horney’s view, the more _____ a child feels, the more the child represses his or her hostility toward

the parents.

a. protected

b. secure

c. ambitious

d. guilt

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, guilt is a reason why children repress hostility. The more guilt the

child feels, the more deeply repressed will be the hostility. They may be made to feel unworthy,

wicked, or sinful for expressing or even harboring resentments toward their parents.

Helplessness, fear, and hostility create what Horney called _____.

a. basic negativism c. cognitive complexity15. 16. 17. b. basic anxiety d. conditions of worth

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of

being lonely and helpless in a hostile world” (Horney, 1937, p. 89). It is the foundation on which all

later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear (see

Hjertass, 2009).

To Horney, basic anxiety is:

a. the foundation of neurosis. b. the fear of the unknown. c. a latent trait.

d. a cardinal trait.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, basic anxiety is the foundation on which all later neuroses

develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear. Regardless of how we

express basic anxiety, the feeling is similar for all of us.

In Horney’s view, in which of the following ways do children strive to protect against basic anxiety?

a. By seeking affection or love c. By withdrawing from people

b. By attaining power d. All of these are correct.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140–141

FEEDBACK: In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different

ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing.

Horney believed that _____ people must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against

abuse.

a. powerful c. indifferent

b. submissive d. affectionate

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: Being submissive as a means of self-protection involves complying with the wishes of

either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment. Submissive people must repress

their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse for fear that such defensiveness will antagonize

the abuser.18. 19. 20. 21. Horney compensated for her feelings of helplessness as a child by:

a. giving in to her parents’ demands.

b. using rage and retribution toward everyone.

c. striving for academic success.

d. avoiding members of the opposite sex.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: Horney compensated for her feelings of helplessness as a child by striving for academic

success. By attaining power over others, a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve

security through success or through a sense of superiority.

According to Horney, one of the self-protective devices used to cope with basic anxiety involves:

a. creating feelings of loss and regret. c. withdrawing from people psychologically.

b. manifesting physical symptoms of pain. d. acting out sexually.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different

ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing. The fourth way

of protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from other people, not physically but

psychologically. Such a person attempts to become independent of others, not relying on anyone else

for the satisfaction of internal or external needs.

In Horney’s view, a child who isolates himself and refuses to play with others may be experiencing:

a. the castration anxiety. c. withdrawal.

b. self-actualization. d. the Oedipus complex.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: A child who isolates himself and refuses to play with others may be experiencing

withdrawal. The withdrawn person achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological

needs by becoming aloof from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs.

The four self-protective mechanisms that were proposed by Horney:

a. indicate a person’s drive for perfection.

b. defend against basic anxiety.

c. provide happiness and pleasure.

d. guarantee food, shelter, warmth, and love.

ANS: B

PTS: 122. 23. 24. A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: The four self-protective mechanisms Horney proposed have a single goal: to defend

against basic anxiety. They motivate the person to seek security and reassurance rather than happiness

or pleasure.

According to Horney, neurotic needs are:

a. irrational defenses against anxiety.

b. c. d. spontaneous and seemingly purposeless behaviors.

the innate needs to understand and overcome difficulties.

consciously planned aspects of behavior.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: Horney listed 10 needs that she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational

solutions to one’s problems. She believed that any of the self-protective mechanisms could become so

permanent a part of the personality that it assumes the characteristics of a drive or need in determining

the individual’s behavior.

All of the following are neurotic needs according to Horney except:

a. safety. c. admiration.

b. power. d. exploitation.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 141–142

FEEDBACK: The 10 neurotic needs as listed by Horney are affection and approval, a dominant

partner, power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, achievement or ambition, self-sufficiency,

perfection, and narrow limits of life. Horney termed these needs neurotic needs because they are

irrational solutions to one’s problems.

The neurotic needs, as proposed by Horney, should become a cause for concern if a person:

a. b. c. d. manifests any of them, even in a transient sense.

is found to pursue one of them compulsively.

experiences more than three of them.

exhibits all of the neurotic needs.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: Horney noted that we all manifest these needs to some degree. None of the needs is

abnormal or neurotic in an everyday, transient sense. What makes them neurotic is the person’s

intensive and compulsive pursuit of their satisfaction as the “only” way to resolve basic anxiety.25. 26. 27. 28. In Horney’s view, _____ includes the neurotic needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits

to life.

a. gaining affection c. attaining power

b. withdrawing d. being submissive

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: Among the four ways to protect ourselves against basic anxiety, encompassed by the

neurotic needs, withdrawing includes the needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to

life.

According to Horney, individuals of the aggressive personality type try to protect themselves against

anxiety by expressing the neurotic need for _____.

a. perfection c. admiration

b. self-sufficiency d. affection

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: The neurotic needs encompass the four ways of protecting ourselves against anxiety:

gaining affection, being submissive, attaining power, and withdrawing. Attaining power relates to the

needs for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement or ambition. Horney noted that

we all manifest neurotic needs to some extent.

Which of the following is true of neurotic trends as described by Horney?

a. b. c. d. They are elaborations of the self-protective mechanisms.

They are displayed indiscriminately in any and all situations.

They are compulsive attitudes and behaviors.

All of these are correct.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142–143

FEEDBACK: Neurotic trends evolve from and elaborate on the self-protective mechanisms and

involve compulsive attitudes and behavior. They are also displayed indiscriminately, in any and all

situations.

According to Horney, the neurotic trend of moving toward other people is associated with the:

a. compliant personality. c. detached personality.

b. aggressive personality. d. intuitive personality.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic NeedsREF: 143

FEEDBACK: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move

toward other people. Such a person has an intense and continuous need for affection and approval, an

urge to be loved, wanted, and protected. Compliant personalities display these needs toward everyone,

although they usually have a need for one dominant person, such as a friend or spouse, who will take

charge of their lives and offer protection and guidance.

29. 30. 31. 32. As noted by Horney, individuals who manipulate others to achieve their own ends represent the

neurotic trend of moving _____ people.

a. toward c. with

b. against d. away from

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 143

FEEDBACK: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move

toward other people. Compliant personalities manipulate other people, particularly their partners, to

achieve their goals.

According to Horney, people with a compliant personality:

a. are insensitive to the needs of others. c. regard themselves as superior to others.

b. are incapable of manipulating others. d. feel helpless and weak about themselves.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 143

FEEDBACK: The attitude of compliant people toward themselves is consistently one of helplessness

and weakness. They are willing to assume blame and defer to others, never being assertive, critical, or

demanding.

To Horney, a person who is excessively dependent on others belongs to the _____ personality type.

a. aggressive c. detached

b. compliant d. withdrawing

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 143

FEEDBACK: Because the security of compliant personalities depends on the attitudes and behavior of

other people toward them, they become excessively dependent, needing constant approval and

reassurance. Any sign of rejection, whether actual or imagined, is terrifying to them, leading to

increased efforts to regain the affection of the person they believe has rejected them.

Horney believed that people with a(n) _____ personality type may become highly successful in their

careers, although the work itself will not provide them any intrinsic satisfaction.33. 34. 35. a. detached c. compliant

b. withdrawing d. aggressive

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: People with an aggressive personality type drive themselves hard to become the best. As

a result, they may actually become highly successful in their careers, although the work itself will not

provide intrinsic satisfaction.

According to Horney, people who rely on their own resources, have a great need for privacy and deny

feelings for others represent the _____ personality type.

a. psychotic c. aggressive

b. detached d. compliant

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: Detached personalities have an almost desperate desire for privacy. They suppress or

deny all feelings toward other people, particularly feelings of love and hate. If they are to function as

detached personalities, they must rely on their own resources, which must be well developed.

In Horney’ view, a person with a(n) _____ personality type would need to feel superior to others by

automatic recognition of his or her uniqueness without struggle or involvement with others.

a. aggressive c. dominant

b. compliant d. detached

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: Individuals with a detached personality type need to feel superior, but not in the same

way aggressive personalities do. Because detached people cannot actively compete with other people

for superiority—that would mean becoming involved with others—they believe their greatness should

be recognized automatically, without struggle or effort on their part.

Horney’s compliant personality is similar to Adler’s:

a. avoiding type. b. defying type. c. getting type.

d. ruling type.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: Similarities exist between the three personality types proposed by Horney and the styles

of life in Adler’s personality theory. Horney’s compliant personality is similar to Adler’s getting type,36. 37. 38. 39. the aggressive personality is like the dominant or ruling type, and the detached personality is similar to

the avoiding type.

In Horney’s system, conflict in personality:

a. b. c. d. derives from incompatibility among the three neurotic trends.

decreases in intensity when one neurotic trend prevails over the others.

decides the outcome of determinism versus free will for an individual.

occurs between the anima and the animus archetype.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: In Horney’s system, conflict is defined as the basic incompatibility of the three neurotic

trends; this conflict is the core of neurosis. All of us, whether neurotic or normal, suffer some conflict

among these basically irreconcilable modes.

According to Horney, a normal person differs from a neurotic in that a normal person:

a. b. c. d. experiences no conflict among the neurotic trends.

expresses all neurotic trends as circumstances warrant.

experiences only one of the neurotic trends.

shows complete absence of neurotic trends.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144–145

FEEDBACK: Horney found that in the neurotic person, one of these three trends is dominant, whereas

the other two are present to a lesser degree. In the person who is not neurotic, all three trends can be

expressed as circumstances warrant.

Horney believed that a self-image is constructed by a(n) _____ person built on a realistic appraisal of

their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.

a. normal c. detached

b. neurotic d. introverted

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: In normal people, the self-image is built on a realistic appraisal of our abilities,

potentials, weaknesses, goals, and relations with other people. This image provides a sense of unity

and integration to the personality and a framework within which to approach others and ourselves.

The idealized self-image of the neurotic person leads to a problem Horney called the:

a. Jonah complex. c. realistic self-image.

b. midlife crisis. d. tyranny of the shoulds.40. 41. 42. ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: In attempting to realize their unattainable idealized self-image, neurotics engage in what

Horney called the tyranny of the shoulds. Because they find their real self-image so undesirable, they

believe they must live up to their illusory, idealized self-image, in which they see themselves in a

highly positive light, for example, being virtuous, honest, generous, considerate, and courageous.

In Horney’s view, the self-image of a neurotic:

a. b. c. d. does not develop until he or she reaches middle age.

is based on an unrealistic self-appraisal.

does not differ from that of the normal person.

is formed due to the predominance of the shadow archetype.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: For normal people, the self-image is an idealized picture of oneself built on a flexible,

realistic assessment of one’s abilities. For neurotics, the self-image is based on an inflexible, unrealistic

self-appraisal.

Identify a true statement about Horney’s belief regarding the construction of an idealized self-image.

a. It leads to a state of self-regret. c. It is based on perfection.

b. It is doomed to failure. d. All of these are correct.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: In attempting to realize an unattainable ideal, neurotics engage in what Horney called

the tyranny of the shoulds. Their attempt is doomed to failure because their self-image is not based on

a realistic appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses. Instead, it is based on an illusion, an

unattainable ideal of absolute perfection. They can never achieve their unrealistic self-image and end

up in a state of self-hatred with no ability to forgive themselves or others.

Horney’s idea that men envy women because of a woman’s capacity for motherhood:

a. b. c. d. showed that men desire to be women.

was later accepted by Freud.

was based on the pleasure of experiencing childbirth.

was not displayed by most of her male patients.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 146

FEEDBACK: Horney countered the idea of penis envy by arguing that men envied women because of43. 44. 45. 46. their capacity for motherhood. Her position on this issue was based on the pleasure she said she had

experienced in childbirth.

Horney believed that men often express and compensate for womb envy:

a. by undergoing sex-change surgeries.

b. c. d. with feelings of depression and inferiority.

by seeking achievement in their work.

through the mechanism of reaction formation.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 147

FEEDBACK: Men have such a small part to play in the act of creating new life that they must

sublimate their womb envy and overcompensate for it by seeking achievement in their work. Womb

envy and the resentment that accompanies it are manifested unconsciously in behaviors designed to

disparage and belittle women and to reinforce their inferior status.

According to Horney, a woman’s sense of inferiority is:

a. b. realistic and true for all women.

a consequence of penis envy.

c. biologically based.

d. socially and culturally based.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 147

FEEDBACK: Horney did not deny that many women believed themselves to be inferior to men. After

generations of social, economic, and cultural discrimination, it is understandable that many women

saw themselves in that light.

Identify a true statement about the flight from womanhood as proposed by Horney.

a. It leads to the denial of femininity.

b. It inhibits sexual desire.

c. It results in distrusting and resenting men.

d. All of these are correct.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 147

FEEDBACK: As a result of the feelings of inferiority, women may choose to deny their femininity and

to wish, unconsciously, that they were men. These women distrust and resent men and reject their

sexual advances.

In Horney’s view, the Oedipus complex in boys:

a. develops when parents act to undermine a child’s security.47. 48. 49. b. does not exist.

c. is biologically based.

d. results from the envy of the female capacity for motherhood.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 148

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, Oedipal feelings develop only when parents act to undermine their

child’s security. By removing sex from the Oedipus complex, she reinterpreted the situation as a

conflict between dependence on one’s parents and hostility toward them.

In context of defining roles, Horney believes that modern women experience psychological conflict

between:

a. adolescence and middle age.

b. love and work.

c. love for their children and love for their parents.

d. the ego and the superego.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 148

FEEDBACK: Modern women are torn between love and work and are consequently dissatisfied in

both. It remains as troublesome for some women in the 21st century to combine marriage,

motherhood, and career as it was for Karen Horney in the 1930s.

Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided when children are raised:

a. b

with love, acceptance, and trust.

with independence and discipline.

.

d

c. to compromise with others.

to become power oriented.

.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature

REF: 149

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided if children are raised with

love, acceptance, and trust. Parent–child relationships will either satisfy or frustrate the child’s need for

safety.

According to Horney, the urge toward self-realization derives from:

a. b. c. d. an innate potential to fulfill life’s ultimate goal.

the impact of social forces in adolescence.

our need to become self-sufficient.

a continuous conflict among the neurotic trends.ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature

REF: 149

FEEDBACK: Horney’s image of human nature is considerably more optimistic than Freud’s. Each of

us has the innate potential for self-realization, and this is our ultimate and necessary goal in life. Our

intrinsic abilities and potential will blossom as inevitably and naturally as an acorn grows into an oak

tree.

50. 51. In Horney’s view, although childhood influences are important, _____.

a. b. c. d. middle age is the phase of transformation from extraversion to introversion

later experiences also shape personality due to the flexibility of human nature

adolescent experiences are more important than the earliest childhood experiences

the idealized self-image of a person will be the greatest influence throughout his or her life

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature

REF: 149

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that we have the capacity to consciously shape and change our

personality. Because human nature is flexible, it is not formed into immutable shapes in childhood.

Each of us possesses the capacity to grow.

Horney used _____ to assess the functioning of the human personality.

a. hypnosis b. neurological evaluation c. projective tests and self-report inventories

d. free association and dream analysis

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: The methods Horney used to assess the functioning of the human personality were

essentially those favored by Freud—free association and dream analysis—but with some modification.

The most basic difference in technique between Horney and Freud was in the relationship between

analyst and patient.

52. Unlike Freud, Horney:

a. believed in a cooperative therapist–client working relationship.

b. was too passive and distant with her patients.

c. delved into presumed infantile sexual fantasies.

d. placed more emphasis on the ego than on the id.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: The most basic difference in technique between Horney and Freud was in the53. 54. 55. relationship between analyst and patient. Horney believed that Freud played too passive a role and was

too distant and intellectual. She suggested that analysis should be an “exquisitely cooperative

enterprise” between patient and therapist.

In the context of the free association method used by Horney to assess the functioning of her patients’

personality, which of the following statements is true?

a. b. c. d. She followed Freud’s lead in trying to probe their unconscious mind.

She delved into their presumed infantile sexual fantasies.

She focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her.

She believed that patients would always be truthful about their feelings about the events

they remembered.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: Horney focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her, believing that

these could explain her patients’ attitudes toward other people. She did not delve into presumed

infantile sexual fantasies but inquired about the early years of patients’ life only after evaluating their

present attitudes, defenses, and conflicts.

Horney believed that dreams were:

a. reliable sources of true memories. b. nothing more than reflections of the past. c. prospective in nature.

d. actual attempts to resolve problems.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that dream analysis could reveal a person’s true self, and that dreams

represented attempts to solve problems, in either a constructive or a neurotic way. Dreams can show us

a set of attitudes that may differ from those of our self-image.

Horney’s actual research approach relied mainly on:

a. b. c. experimental observations to measure response to stimuli.

correlational research involving self-report inventories.

behavioral assessment through case studies.

d. hypnosis and neurological assessments.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: Horney used the case study method. Horney focused on her patients’ visible emotional

reactions toward her, believing that these could explain her patients’ attitudes toward other people.

56. Horney was opposed to:

a. taking verbatim notes of her sessions.57. 58. b. formulating hypotheses.

c. d. testing her hypotheses in therapeutic situations.

making clinical observations of her patients.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: Horney was opposed to taking verbatim notes of her patients’ recollections. However,

she tried to be rigorous and scientific in her clinical observations, formulating hypotheses, testing them

in therapeutic situations, and maintaining that her data were tested the same way scientists in other

fields test theirs.

Which of the following has been found to be true according to research on the neurotic trends as

proposed by Horney?

a. College students preparing for careers in helping professions such as nursing and social

work scored higher in compliance.

b. Children who scored highest on the detached scale were found to be low in school

achievement and have psychiatric problems.

c. Shy girls with the neurotic trend of moving away from people became aloof adults with

marital and job instability.

d. Aggressive and ill-tempered children with the neurotic trend of moving against people

were found to have inaccurate and negative self-images.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: A 35-item self-report inventory, the CAD, was devised to measure Horney’s three

neurotic trends, the Compliant, Aggressive, and Detached personality types. Research using the CAD

inventory found that college students preparing for careers in helping professions such as nursing and

social work scored higher in compliance than did students considering careers in business or science.

Those high in aggressiveness were found to be low in school achievement and to have psychiatric

problems.

In the context of neurotic competitiveness as proposed by Horney, hyper-competitive men:

a. b. scored high in self-esteem. were obsessed in competing only with

c. d. were likely to be found across all cultures.

believed women to be unworthy of respect

themselves.

or consideration.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 152

FEEDBACK: Hyper-competitive men were found to be hyper-masculine or macho, who believe that

women are sex objects who deserved neither respect nor consideration. People who scored high on

competitiveness were also high in narcissism, neuroticism, authoritarianism, dogmatism, and mistrust,

and low in self-esteem and psychological health.59. 60. 61. 62. Between the two types of competitiveness identified by researchers, competing to excel (CE):

a. b. is linked to feelings of loneliness. deals with a need to dominate others. c. d. is linked to having a low self-esteem.

deals with surpassing one’s personal goals.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 152

FEEDBACK: CE competing was linked to high self-esteem and low depression among high school

students. Researchers identified two types of competitiveness: competing to win (CW) in order to

dominate others, and competing to excel (CE) to surpass one’s personal goals.

Horney’ concept of the real self and self-realization were used by _____.

a. Frederick Taylor c. Sigmund Freud

b. Abraham Maslow d. Carl Jung

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory

REF: 153

FEEDBACK: Horney’s work had a significant impact on the personality theories developed by Erik

Erikson and Abraham Maslow. Maslow used her concept of the real self and self-realization, and her

notion of basic anxiety is similar to Erikson’s concept of basic mistrust.

A valid criticism of Horney’s personality theory by Freudians is that her theory:

a. emphasizes excessively on sexuality.

b. c. d. does not address trauma in childhood.

denies the importance of biological instincts.

is greatly influenced by rural European culture.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory

REF: 154

FEEDBACK: To the Freudians, Horney’s denial of the importance of biological instincts and her

reduced emphasis on sexuality and the unconscious were obvious weaknesses. Horney’s personality

theory has also been criticized on the grounds that it is not as completely or consistently developed as

Freud’s.

Today, there is a renewed interest in Horney’s ideas:

a. b. c. d. primarily due to her opposition to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality inventory.

primarily due to the women’s movement that began in the 1960s.

since Horney believed only biological contributions affect personality.

since Horney made much use of research data from sociology and anthropology.

ANS: B

PTS: 1A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory

REF: 154

FEEDBACK: Primarily due to the women’s movement that began in the 1960s, Horney’s books again

attracted attention. Her writings on feminine psychology and sexuality may constitute the most

influential of her contributions, of value to scholars on the role of women in society well more than 50

years after Horney’s death.

TRUE/FALSE

1. Horney suffered from an inferiority complex from events that occurred when she was a young girl.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

FEEDBACK: Horney envied her older brother, Berndt, because he was a boy, and girls were

considered inferior. She also felt belittled and rejected when her father often made disparaging

comments about her intelligence and appearance.

2. Although Karen Horney was married, she was constantly looking for other relationships.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 137

FEEDBACK: During and after her marriage, Horney had a number of love affairs. A biographer wrote:

“When she did not have a lover, or a relationship was breaking down, she felt lost, lonely, desperate,

and sometimes suicidal.”

3. According to Horney, basic anxiety is the “all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a

hostile world.”

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of

being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.” It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop,

and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear.

4. In Horney’s view, neurotic needs were actual rational solutions to one’s problems.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 1415. 6. 7. 8. FEEDBACK: Horney listed 10 such needs, which she termed neurotic needs because they are

irrational solutions to one’s problems. Horney believed that any of the self-protective mechanisms

could become so permanent a part of the personality that it assumes the characteristics of a drive or

need in determining the individual’s behavior.

According to Horney, neurotic needs become less severe and are likely be overcome in late childhood

even with no intervention on the part of the parents.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs, Questions about Human Nature

REF: 141, 149

FEEDBACK: Neurotic needs are 10 irrational defenses against anxiety that become a permanent part

of personality and that affect behavior. Parent–child relationships will either satisfy or frustrate the

child’s need for safety. If that need is frustrated, the outcome is neurotic behavior.

A person, according to Horney, will manifest all 10 neurotic needs to some degree.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: Horney noted that we all manifest 10 neurotic needs to some degree. None of the needs

is abnormal or neurotic in an everyday, transient sense.

According to Horney, there are three categories of behaviors and attitudes toward oneself and others

that express a person’s needs.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: From her work with patients, Horney concluded that the needs could be presented in

three groups, each indicating a person’s attitudes toward the self and others. She called these three

categories of directional movement the neurotic trends.

According to Horney, a person exhibiting a neurotic trend of moving against other people is most

likely to have a neurotic need for perfection.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, a person exhibiting a neurotic trend of moving against other

people is most likely to have a neurotic need for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and

achievement.9. 10. Horney proposed the concept of the idealized self-image that helps us to improve and control their

personality.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: Neurotics, who experience conflict between incompatible modes of behavior, have

personalities characterized by disunity and disharmony. They construct an idealized self-image for the

same purpose as normal people do: to unify the personality. But their attempt is doomed to failure

because their self-image is not based on a realistic appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses.

According to Horney, neurotics tend to look for a problem in other people but blame themselves for it.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 146

FEEDBACK: One way in which neurotics attempt to defend themselves against the inner conflicts

caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self-images is by externalization, projecting the

conflicts onto the outside world. This process may temporarily alleviate the anxiety caused by the

conflict but will do nothing to reduce the gap between the idealized self-image and reality.

11. 12. 13. Karen Horney was influenced by Freud, but she argued that men envied women because of their

capacity for motherhood.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 146

FEEDBACK: Horney countered Freud’s ideas that women were forever envious and resentful of men

for possessing a penis by arguing that men envied women because of their capacity for motherhood.

She uncovered in her male patients what she called womb envy.

Karen Horney was against the use of self-analysis, free association, and dream analysis.

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 149–150

FEEDBACK: Horney was so confident of our capacity for self-growth that she emphasized self-

analysis in her therapeutic work as well as in her own life. The methods Horney used to assess the

functioning of the human personality were essentially those favored by Freud—free association and

dream analysis—but with some modification.

Horney agreed with Freud’s belief that therapy should be passive and intellectual.14. 15. ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that Freud played too passive a role and was too distant and

intellectual. She suggested that analysis should be an “exquisitely cooperative enterprise” between

patient and therapist.

Horney selected the case study method that is similar to the method used by Freud, Jung, and Adler

while working with their patients.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: Horney used the case study method. Therefore, her approach, data, and interpretations

are subject to the same criticisms made earlier of the work of Freud, Jung, and Adler.

Horney considered neurotic competitiveness as an indiscriminate need to win at all costs.

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 152

FEEDBACK: Horney defined it as an indiscriminate need to win at all costs. The attitude of the person

manifesting this need can be “compared to that of a jockey in a race, for whom only one thing matters

—whether he is ahead of the others.”

ESSAY

1. Describe the change in Horney’s attitude and behavior toward her parents after the age of eight.

Mention how this affected her adult personality.

ANS: As a way of retaining her mother’s affection, she acted the part of the adoring, obedient daughter.

Until the age of eight, she was a model child, clinging and compliant. Despite her efforts, however, she

did not think she was getting sufficient love and security. Her self-sacrifice and good behavior were

not working, so she changed tactics and deliberately became ambitious and rebellious, deciding that if

she could not have love and security, she would take revenge for her feelings of unattractiveness and

inadequacy.

For most of her youth, she doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved her older

brother Berndt more than they loved her. Although she desperately wanted her father’s love and

attention, he intimidated her with his fierce eyes and stern, demanding manner. She felt belittled and

rejected when he often made disparaging comments about her intelligence and appearance.

As an adult, she realized how much hostility she had developed as a child. Her personality theory

describes how a lack of love in childhood fosters anxiety and hostility. A biographer concluded, “In all2. 3. her psychoanalytic writings Karen Horney was struggling to make sense of herself and to obtain relief

from her own difficulties.

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

Define basic anxiety. Describe the different ways in which we try to protect ourselves against basic

anxiety in our childhood.

ANS: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely

and helpless in a hostile world.” It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is

inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear. In childhood, we try to protect ourselves

against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: securing affection and love, being submissive,

attaining power, or withdrawing.

Securing Affection: By securing affection and love from other people, the person is saying, in effect,

“If you love me, you will not hurt me.” There are several ways by which we may gain affection, such

as trying to do whatever the other person wants, trying to bribe others, or threatening others into

providing the desired affection.

Being Submissive: Being submissive as a means of self-protection involves complying with the wishes

of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment. Submissive people avoid

doing anything that might antagonize others. They must repress their personal desires and cannot

defend against abuse for fear that such defensiveness will antagonize the abuser. Most people who act

submissive believe they are unselfish and self-sacrificing.

Attaining Power: By attaining power over others, a person can compensate for helplessness and

achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority. Such people seem to believe that if

they have power, no one will harm them.

Withdrawing: The fourth way of protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from

other people, not physically but psychologically. Such a person attempts to become independent of

others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs. The withdrawn

person achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof from

others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs. The process involves a blunting, or

minimizing, of emotional needs.

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140–141

List the 10 neurotic needs identified by Horney, and classify them on the four ways in which an

individual protects himself or herself against basic anxiety.

ANS: Horney listed 10 needs that she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to

one’s problems. The 10 neurotic needs are as follows:1. Affection and approval

2. A dominant partner

3. Power

4. Exploitation

5. Prestige

6. Admiration

7. Achievement or ambition

8. Self-sufficiency

9. Perfection

10. Narrow limits to life

The neurotic needs encompass the four ways of protecting ourselves against anxiety.

 Gaining affection is expressed in the neurotic need for affection and approval.

 Being submissive includes the neurotic need for a dominant partner.

 Attaining power relates to the needs for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and

achievement or ambition.

 Withdrawing includes the needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to life.

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 141–142

4. What are neurotic trends? Mention how Horney’s earlier list of needs is reformulated under neurotic

trends. Describe in detail the compliant personality.

ANS: In her later writings, Horney reformulated the list of needs. From her work with patients, she

concluded that the needs could be presented in three groups, each indicating a person’s attitudes toward

the self and others. She called these three categories of directional movement the neurotic trends. The

neurotic trends are as follows:

 Movement toward other people—the compliant personality

 Movement against other people—the aggressive personality

 Movement away from other people—the detached personality

The neurotic needs for affection and approval and for having a dominant partner are categorized under

the compliant personality. The needs for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement are

categorized under the aggressive personality. The needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow

limits to life are categorized under the detached personality.

The Compliant Personality: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a

desire to move toward other people. Such a person has an intense and continuous need for affection

and approval, an urge to be loved, wanted, and protected. Compliant personalities display these needs

toward everyone, although they usually have a need for one dominant person, such as a friend or

spouse, who will take charge of their lives and offer protection and guidance.

Compliant personalities manipulate other people, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals.

They often behave in ways others find attractive or endearing. Compliant people are concerned with

living up to others’ ideals and expectations, and they act in ways others perceive as unselfish and

generous.5. In dealing with other people, compliant personalities are conciliatory. They subordinate their personal

desires to those of other people. They are willing to assume blame and defer to others, never being

assertive, critical, or demanding. Their attitude toward themselves is consistently one of helplessness

and weakness.

Consequently, they regard other people as superior, and even in situations in which they are competent,

they see themselves as inferior. Because the security of compliant personalities depends on the

attitudes and behavior of other people toward them, they become excessively dependent, needing

constant approval and reassurance.

The source of these behaviors is the person’s repressed hostility. Horney found that compliant persons

have repressed profound feelings of defiance and vindictiveness. They have a desire to control, exploit,

and manipulate others, the opposite of what their behaviors and attitudes express.

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142–143

In the context of the idealized self-image, describe the tyranny of the shoulds.

ANS: Horney argued that all of us, normal or neurotic, construct a picture of our selves that may or

may not be based on reality. Neurotics, who experience conflict between incompatible modes of

behavior, have personalities characterized by disunity and disharmony. They construct an idealized

self-image for the same purpose as normal people do: to unify the personality. But their attempt is

doomed to failure because their self-image is based on an illusion, an unattainable ideal of absolute

perfection.

In attempting to realize this unattainable ideal, neurotics engage in what Horney called the tyranny of

the shoulds. They tell themselves they should be the best or most perfect student, spouse, parent, lover,

employee, friend, or child. Because they find their real self-image so undesirable, they believe they

must live up to their illusory, idealized self-image, in which they see themselves in a highly positive

light, for example, being virtuous, honest, generous, considerate, and courageous.

In doing so, they deny their real selves and try to become what they think they should be, or what they

need to be to match their idealized self-image. However, their efforts are doomed to failure. They can

never achieve their unrealistic self-image and end up in a state of self-hatred with no ability to forgive

themselves or others.

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145