Name: The World of Psychology, 7th Edition by Samuel E. Wood - Test Bank
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Complete Test Bank With Answers

Sample Questions Posted Below

5 Learning

Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Type

A=Applied

C=Conceptual

F=Factual

Level

(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult

LO=Learning Objective

p=page

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Classical Conditioning: The Original View

Learning Objective 5.1 – What kind of learning did Pavlov discover?

1. __________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

a) Learning

Correct. Experience or practice that leads to a long-term behavior change is referred to as learning.

b) Adaptation

Incorrect. Adaptation is a sensory effect that describes a perceptual change to a given stimulus level. Perceptual

changes are not behavioral changes and, thus, are not considered to be learning.

c) Memory enhancement

d) Muscle memory

ANS: a, p. 150, F, LO=5.1, (1)

% correct 95 a= 95 b= 3 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21

% correct 96 a= 96 b= 4 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19

2. A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience

is __________

a) graduated coding.

b) learning.

Correct. This is the correct definition of learning.

c) generalization.

Incorrect. Generalization is a concept found within learning, both in terms of operant and classical conditioning.

d) blocking.

ANS: b, p. 150, F, LO=5.1, (1)

3. Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

a) Learning is another word for “maturation.”

Correct. Unlike learning, maturation is a biologically and genetically based process and not an experiential one.

b) Learning is relatively permanent.

d) Learning involves experiences.

Incorrect. Learning does involve experience, and the statement is true. The question asks which statement is NOT

true.

ANS: a, p. 150, C, LO=5.1, (3)

% correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19

4. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in

a white coat that was similar to the doctor’s coat, she started to cry. This is an example of __________

a) instrumental learning.

b) observational learning.

Incorrect. Observational learning involves watching others in a learning experience; in this example, Stephanie

experienced these events herself.

c) classical conditioning.

Correct. Stephanie’s experience is an example of classical conditioning.

d) habituation.

ANS: c, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (3)

% correct 90 a= 3 b= 4 c= 90 d= 3 r = .22

5. In which type of conditioning is an association formed between one stimulus and another?

a) operant conditioning

Incorrect. In operant conditioning, the outcomes of a behavior come to mediate future occurrences of that action.

b) clinical conditioning

c) observational conditioning

d) classical conditioning

Correct. In classical conditioning, an organism learns associations between stimuli.

ANS: d, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (2)

6. Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and

looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys,

immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog’s behavior?

a) classical conditioning

Correct. The dog has come to associate the sound of the keys with the departure of Maricella, and his sadness has

become a conditioned response.

b) innate learning

c) punishment by removal

Incorrect. While the dog may experience the departure of Maricella as a punishment, this does not explain his

association with the sound of her car keys.

d) instinctive drift

ANS: a, p. 151, A, LO=5.1 (1)

7. Which type of conditioning was formulated by Ivan Pavlov, the Russian physiologist who studied the digestive

process in dogs?

a) operant conditioning

Incorrect. Some of the earliest work in operant conditioning was done by Thorndike with rabbits.

b) classical conditioning

Correct. It was Pavlov’s work studying the physiology of canine digestion that led to the theory of classical

conditioning.

c) observational learning

d) vicarious conditioning

ANS: b, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (1)

8. One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a

__________

a) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk.

c) physiologist who was studying digestion.

Correct. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and he was a physiologist.

d) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in

his shows.

Incorrect. Ivan Pavlov, a well-known Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning. Although some dog

trainers may have had a reasonably pragmatic set of training principles, they didn’t scientifically study them or

publish their findings.

ANS: c, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (2)

% correct 74 a= 1 b= 0 c= 74 d= 24 r = .45

9. The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was __________

a) Skinner.

Incorrect. Skinner was a well-known contributor to the study of learning but his work centered on operant or

instrumental conditioning.

b) Tolman.

c) Kohler.

d) Pavlov.

Correct. The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was Pavlov.

ANS: d, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (1)

% correct 96 a= 1 b= 3 c= 0 d= 96 r = .19

10. Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

a) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

Correct. Pavlov was studying digestion, and salivation is one of the initial processes in digestion.

b) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.

c) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize–winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.

d) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog’s feelings toward the food.

Incorrect. Pavlov was not concerned with feelings or any other internal mental states in his initial experiments. He

was studying the physiology of digestion.

ANS: a, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (3)

% correct 64 a= 64 b= 15 c= 7 d= 15 r = .51

11. Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds is a __________

a) consequence.

Incorrect. The consequence, or outcome, of a stimulus is called a response.

b) stimulus.

Correct. This is the definition of a stimulus, and it is the key to both operant and classical conditioning.

c) discriminated variable.

d) conditioned variable.

ANS: b, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (2)

12. Shannon is in the 4th grade. When the 11:30 bell rings, Shannon and her classmates will get up from their seats

and go to the lunchroom. For Shannon and her classmates, the bell is a __________

a) discriminated variable.

b) stimulus.

Correct. A stimulus is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds.

c) conditioner.

Incorrect. An animal or a person can be conditioned to respond to a stimulus, but this is not the correct answer to

the question.

d) neutral prompt.

ANS: b, p. 151, A, LO=5.1, (1)

13. Sean and Meghan like to watch The Simpsons on TV every night at 5:30. Sean’s and Meghan’s parents typically

to congregate in the dining room when The Simpsons is on. The Simpson’s show has become a __________

a) ritual.

b) routine.

c) stimulus.

Correct. The show has come to elicit the response of coming to the dining room. Therefore, the show is a stimulus.

d) habit.

Incorrect. A habit is a response that has been learned so effectively that it becomes almost automatic.

ANS: c, p. 151, A, LO=5.1, (1)

14. Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

a) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.

b) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.

Incorrect. Pavlov was not studying his assistant’s reactions; he was interested in the salivation of the dogs.

c) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.

d) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov’s assistant and before they got the food.

Correct. Pavlov was fascinated with why the dogs learned this connection between the assistant and the food.

ANS: d, p. 151, F, LO=5.1, (2)

% correct 100 a= 0 b=0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00

Learning Objective 5.2 – How is classical conditioning accomplished?

15. Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called __________

a) classical conditioning.

Correct. A classically conditioned response occurs when the subject learns to make a reflexive response to a new

stimulus.

b) operant conditioning.

Incorrect. Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behavior and not reflexive responses that occur automatically.

Classical conditioning entails learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original.

c) memory linkage.

d) adaptation.

ANS: a, p. 152, F, LO=5.1, (2)

% correct 77 a= 77 b= 12 c= 2 d= 8 r = .42

% correct 82 a= 82 b= 11 c= 0 d= 7 r = .39

16. What was the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov’s experiment with the dogs?

a) bright lights

b) food powder

Correct. The food powder elicited a response without learning taking place, so it was the US.

c) bells or buzzers

Incorrect. The bells only elicited a response after learning occurred, so they were a CS.

d) salivation

ANS: b, pp. 152-153, F, LO=5.2, (2)

17. Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with

chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov’s analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as __________

a) an unconditioned response.

Correct. The unconditioned response is a naturally occurring process when the animal is stimulated. Salivation is

such a process in response to food.

b) a voluntary response.

c) a conditioned response.

d) a digestive reflux.

Incorrect. Although salivation is part of digestion, the best answer is the unconditioned response because it is more

specific and part of Pavlov’s conceptualization.

18. This is an involuntary response to a particular stimulus.

a) conditioned stimulus

b) prompt

c) conditioned response

Incorrect. A conditioned response is a reaction to a stimulus that has been learned.

d) reflex

Correct. A reflex is a response to a stimulus that is innate, unlearned, and automatic.

ANS: d, p. 152, F, LO=5.2, (2)

19. Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an)

__________

a) unconditioned response.

b) unconditioned stimulus.

Correct. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked the conditioned response. Food

automatically causes one to salivate.

c) conditioned response.

d) conditioned stimulus.

Incorrect. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked salivation. The conditioned

stimulus is previously neutral and food is not a neutral stimulus.

ANS: b, p. 152, A, LO=5.2, (1)

% correct 86 a= 14 b= 86 c= 0 d= 0 r = .36

20. The abbreviation US stands for __________

a) unconditional statement.

Incorrect. Unconditional statement is not a term associated with learning theory.

b) uniform conditioned subject.

c) unconditional sensation.

d) unconditioned stimulus.

Correct. US stands for unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: d, p. 152, F, LO=5.2, (1)

21. Any stimulus, such as meat powder, that without learning will automatically elicit an unconditioned response is

called a(n) __________

a) conditioned stimulus.

Incorrect. A conditioned stimulus only evokes a response after learning has occurred.

b) conditioned reflex.

c) unconditioned stimulus.

Correct. Unconditioned means unlearned, so the stimulus that evokes a response without learning is called an

unconditioned stimulus.

d) neutral stimulus.

ANS: c, p. 152, F, LO=5.2, (2)

22. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices

that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the

__________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

a) presence of Alan near the aquarium

Incorrect. Alan’s presence is not what brings about a response, either conditioned or unconditioned, in this

example.

b) fish swimming to the top

c) aquarium light

d) fish food

Correct. The fish food is the unconditioned stimulus because by definition food is an unconditioned stimulus.

% correct 49 a= 1 b= 3 c= 46 d= 49 r = .53

23. Any stimulus, such as a bell that requires learning to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n) __________

a) conditioned stimulus.

Incorrect. A conditioned stimulus only evokes a response after learning has occurred.

b) conditioned reflex.

c) unconditioned stimulus.

Correct. Unconditioned means unlearned, so the stimulus that evokes a response without learning is called an

unconditioned stimulus.

d) neutral stimulus.

ANS: a, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (2)

24. The abbreviation UR stands for __________

a) unconditional reinforcement.

Incorrect. UR stands for unconditioned response, which is a part of the classical conditioning paradigm. The

abbreviation is not used for a reinforcement term.

b) uniform conditioned rule.

c) unconditional retention.

d) unconditioned response.

Correct. UR stands for unconditioned response.

ANS: d, p. 152, F, LO=5.2, (1)

25. Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n) __________

a) conditioned response.

Incorrect. If they do not need to be conditioned, then the response cannot be a conditioned response!

b) conditioned reflex.

c) unconditioned response.

Correct. This innate, automatic, reflexive behavior is called an unconditioned response.

d) neutral response.

ANS: c, p. 152, C, LO=5.2, (1)

26. Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eyeblink response to a puff of air, are both

examples of__________

a) unconditioned stimuli.

b) conditioned responses.

Incorrect. Conditioned responses must be learned. Those in this question are unlearned.

c) conditioned stimuli.

d) unconditioned responses.

Correct. Because these responses happen automatically (without learning), they are unconditioned responses.

ANS: d, p. 152, C, LO=5.2, (2)

27. When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The

salivation was a(n) __________

a) unconditioned response

Correct. The salivation was reflexive to the presentation of food and, thus, was an unconditioned response.

b) unconditioned stimulus

c) conditioned response

Incorrect. Because salivation was initially reflexive for food and not to another stimulus, such as a sound, salivation

would be considered an unconditioned response.

d) conditioned stimulus

ANS: a, p. 152, F, LO=5.2, (2)

% correct 83 a= 83 b= 5 c= 11 d= 1 r = .38

% correct 93 a= 93 b= 7 c= 0 d= 0 r = .30

involuntary responses__________

a) unconditioned responses.

b) conditioned reflexes.

Correct. Pavlov realized that the salivation reflex was the result of learning, so he called it a conditioned reflex.

c) unconditioned stimuli.

d) conditioned stimuli.

Incorrect. Because salivation happens automatically, it is a conditioned reflex. The stimulus that elicits the response

is what has to be acquired through learning.

ANS: b, p. 152, C, LO=5.2, (3)

29. Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?

a) The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

b) The conditioned response is an instinctual behavior.

Incorrect. It is the unconditioned response that is an instinctual, innate behavior.

c) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

Correct. In classical conditioning, the only thing that can evoke a CR is the CS.

d) The conditioned response is a reflex.

ANS: c, p. 153, C, LO=5.2, (3)

30. The abbreviation CS stands for __________

a) conditioned stimulus.

Correct. CS stands for conditioned stimulus, which refers to an event that produces a response after learning has

taken place.

b) correlated stimulus.

c) conventional structure.

Incorrect. Conventional structure is not a term that is used in learning theory.

d) conditional situation.

ANS: a, p. 153, C, LO=5.2 (1)

31. Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act

hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the

door had become a(n) __________

a) unconditioned stimulus.

b) conditioned stimulus.

Correct. A conditioned stimulus is one that has been a signal for the US. In this case the door sound signals food.

c) unconditioned response.

d) conditioned response.

Incorrect. The sound cannot be a response because the sound was a stimulus presented to the dog.

ANS: b, p. 153, A, LO=5.2, (2)

% correct 87 a= 7 b= 87 c= 0 d= 6 r = .39

32. For several weeks Allen had to clean the men’s restroom at the restaurant where he worked. The task always

made him nauseated. He has since gone on to better things, but still cannot walk by the door to a men’s restroom

without becoming slightly queasy. For Allen, the door to the men’s room has become__________

a) an unconditioned stimulus.

b) an unconditioned response.

Incorrect. Allen’s aversive reaction to the unpleasant odors in the restroom is reflexive, and thus is an

unconditioned response.

c) a reflexive stimulus.

d) a conditioned stimulus.

Correct. Allen has learned to associate that door with his unpleasant work tasks. Therefore it is a conditioned

stimulus.

33. Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an

electric can opener. In this example, the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.

a) can of cat food

b) sound of the electric can opener

Correct. The sound of the can opener is a stimulus that causes a conditioned response in the cat.

c) dish that Harmony puts the food in

Incorrect. Although the dish might also have become a conditioned stimulus, in this example Harmony noticed that

salivation came in response specifically to the sound of the can opener.

d) cat scurrying into the kitchen

ANS: b, p. 153, A, LO=5.2, (3)

% correct 95 a= 5 b= 95 c= 0 d= 0 r = .20

% correct 97 a=0 b= 97 c= 0 d= 3 r = .20

34. Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In

this example, the sound of the can opener is the __________

a) primary stimulus.

b) positive reinforcer.

c) conditioned stimulus.

Correct. In this example, the sound of the electric can opener is the conditioned stimulus because it causes a

natural, reflexive response of salivation in the cat.

d) secondary reinforcer.

Incorrect. In this example, the sound of the electric can opener is the conditioned stimulus. You might think the cat

enjoys hearing the sound and it takes on reinforcing properties. However, the question focuses on the behavior and,

thus, the sound acts as the conditioned stimulus.

ANS: c, p. 153, A, LO=5.2, (2)

% correct 91 a= 7 b= 1 c= 91 d= 1 r = .18

35. In Pavlov’s original experiment, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which

caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was

presented alone. In this case salivating to the tone is an example of __________

a) a conditioned response.

Correct. The dogs had to learn to respond to the tone, so that makes it a learned, or conditioned, response.

b) a conditioned stimulus.

c) an unconditioned response.

Incorrect. The salivation to the food (the meat powder) was the unconditioned response.

d) an unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: a, p. 153, C, LO=5.2, (2)

36. The abbreviation CR stands for __________

a) conditional reinforcement.

Incorrect. CR stands for conditioned response. The abbreviation is specifically defined as conditioned response even

though conditioned reinforcement is a term used in learning theory.

b) contingent reflex.

c) conditioned response.

Correct. CR stands for conditioned response.

d) contingent reflection.

ANS: c, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (3)

37. Allison is a fashion model, so cameras and flashbulbs are a big part of her life. Her pupils respond to the click of

a camera by constricting slightly, even when a flashbulb is not being used. This constriction of her pupils in the

absence of a flash is an example of __________

a) a conditioned response.

Correct. Allison has learned, even on an unconscious level, that the sound of a camera indicates the coming of a

b) an unconditioned response.

Incorrect. The constriction of Allison’s pupils to the actual camera flash is reflexive and occurs without learning.

That is the unconditioned response.

c) a reflexive response.

d) a discriminatory response.

ANS: a, p. 153, A, LO=5.2, (2)

38. Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov’s student noticed that

after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student’s footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the

footsteps was a __________

a) primary reinforcer.

b) positive reinforcer.

c) conditioned response.

Correct. Since salivation is not a natural reflexive response to footsteps, the situation was one in which salivation

became a response to the sound and, thus, is referred to as a conditioned response.

d) secondary reinforcer.

Incorrect. A reinforcer is a stimulus, whereas the salivation is a response—in this case, a conditioned response.

ANS: c, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (2)

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00

39. After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral

stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called __________

a) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. This process is called higher-order conditioning because another, or higher, layer of associations is being

added.

b) neoclassical conditioning..

c) generalization.

Incorrect. Responding to a similar stimulus is called generalization; in this case, it is not a similar stimulus but an

entirely new stimulus that is paired with the original.

d) operant conditioning.

ANS: a, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (2)

% correct 57 a= 57 b= 6 c= 11 d= 26 r = .45

40. When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as

__________

a) spontaneous recovery.

b) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called higher-order conditioning.

c) extinction.

d) stimulus generalization.

Incorrect. Stimulus generalization doesn’t involve pairing a CS with another different CS. It refers to stimuli that

are similar to the CS evoking a CR without that similar stimulus ever having been used as part of the conditioning

process.

ANS: b, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (1)

% correct 62 a= 3 b= 62 c= 2 d= 32 r = .30

41. Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS–UCS

linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell

sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example

of __________

a) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. This process of using a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus

out of the neutral stimulus is called higher-order conditioning.

b) neoclassical conditioning.

d) operant conditioning.

Incorrect. Operant conditioning refers to voluntary responses, such as bar presses for food, not involuntary

responses, such as salivation.

ANS: a, p. 153, C, LO=5.2, (3)

42. After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral

stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called __________

a) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. This process is called higher-order conditioning because another, or higher, layer of associations is being

added.

b) neoclassical conditioning.

c) generalization.

Incorrect. Responding to a similar stimulus is called generalization; in this case, it is not a similar stimulus but an

entirely new stimulus that is paired with the original.

d) operant conditioning.

ANS: a, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (2)

% correct 57 a= 57 b= 6 c= 11 d= 26 r = .45

43. When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as

__________

a) spontaneous recovery.

b) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called higher-order conditioning.

c) extinction.

d) stimulus generalization.

Incorrect. Stimulus generalization doesn’t involve pairing a CS with another different CS. It refers to stimuli that

are similar to the CS evoking a CR without that similar stimulus ever having been used as part of the conditioning

process.

ANS: b, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (1)

% correct 62 a= 3 b= 62 c= 2 d= 32 r = .30

44. Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS–UCS

linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell

sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example

of __________

a) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. This process of using a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus

out of the neutral stimulus is called higher-order conditioning.

b) neoclassical conditioning.

c) generalization.

d) operant conditioning.

Incorrect. Operant conditioning refers to voluntary responses, such as bar presses for food, not involuntary

responses, such as salivation.

ANS: a, p. 153, C, LO=5.2, (3)

45. When conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals, such as the steps involved in having

one’s blood tested, this process is called __________

a) stimulus chaining.

b) graduated conditioning.

c) operant conditioning.

Incorrect. Operant conditioning, or instrumental learning, occurs when the outcomes of a behavior mediate future

occurrences of that action.

d) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. This is the correct definition of higher-order conditioning.

46. Denny is quite fearful of going to the dentist. Over time he has noticed that he becomes anxious at even the

smell of the dentist’s office. Every step Denny takes right up until the dentist starts to drill a tooth seems to cause

muscle tension and anxiety. Denny is experiencing __________

a) reflexive conditioning.

Incorrect. Denny has had to learn that each stimulus is bringing him closer and closer to the dentist. This is not an

example of reflexive learning (or conditioning).

b) operant conditioning.

c) graduated conditioning.

d) higher-order conditioning.

Correct. Denny is allowing multiple stimuli to become linked, all of which lead to his fearful response.

ANS: d, p. 153, A, LO=5.2, (2)

47. When pairing a tone with the presentation of food, Pavlov found that it generally required pairing __________

times before the tone alone would elicit salivation.

a) 5 or more

b) 20 or more

Correct. Pavlov found that the pairings took several – 20 or more – repetitions to effectively result in classical

conditioning.

c) 50 or more

d) 100 or more

Incorrect. The more often you pair the NS with the US, the more effective learning will be. Pavlov needed only about

20 pairings, however, before the dogs acquired the new response.

ANS: b, p. 153, F, LO=5.2, (1)

Learning Objective 5.3 – What kinds of changes in stimuli and learning conditions lead to changes in conditioned

responses?

48. After having first conditioned an animal to salivate to a tone, Pavlov found that without pairing with the food,

salivation to the tone became weaker and weaker and then finally disappeared. This process is known as

__________

a) spontaneous recovery.

Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.

b) shaping.

c) chaining.

d) extinction.

Correct. When the CS is presented without the US, eventually the CR fades away. This is called extinction.

ANS: d, p. 154, A, LO=5.3, (1)

49. After Pavlov’s dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the

bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the

bell. This represents the process called __________

a) acquisition.

b) testing.

Incorrect. Testing is not a term used in this paradigm.

c) extinction.

Correct. Extinction occurs when the CR no longer predicts the CS and the organism no longer responds to the

stimulus.

d) spontaneous recovery.

ANS: c, p. 154, C, LO=5.3, (2)

50. When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will “die out” in a

process called __________

a) CR fading.

Correct. The CR will fade in a process known as extinction or when a repeated presentation of the CS leads to the

fading of the CR.

c) habituation.

d) generalization fading.

Incorrect. Generalization fading is not a term used in our conditioning models.

ANS: b, p. 154, F, LO=5.3, (1)

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

51. You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don’t

follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell

rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of

this response?

a) counterconditioning

Incorrect. Counterconditioning would have occurred if the animal was conditioned to some other stimuli, but this

was not the case.

b) instinctive drift

c) spontaneous recovery

Correct. Milo’s response spontaneously recovered.

d) stimulus discrimination

ANS: c, p. 154, A, LO=5.3, (3)

52. As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got

older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early-twenties and recently went

strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese gave him a stare and he felt

slightly fearful, though not as afraid as he had been as a child. Blaine’s fear response is an example of __________

a) stimulus discrimination.

b) stimulus generalization.

Incorrect. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to

the conditioned stimulus

c) higher-order conditioning.

d) spontaneous recovery.

Correct. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.

ANS: d, p. 154, A, LO=5.3, (2)

53. The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called __________

a) counterconditioning.

Incorrect. Counterconditioning occurs when the animal is conditioned to some other stimulus.

b) instinctive drift.

c) spontaneous recovery.

Correct. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called spontaneous recovery.

d) stimulus discrimination.

ANS: c, p. 154, F, LO=5.3, (1)

% correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 98 d= 1 r = .19

54. An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established,

the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is

removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen

again. The effect is known as __________

a) spontaneous recovery.

Correct. When a conditioned response briefly reappears after it has been extinguished, this is called spontaneous

recovery.

b) higher-order conditioning.

which is not the situation described here. The reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous

recovery.

c) extinction.

d) stimulus generalization.

ANS: a, p. 154, F, LO=5.3, (1)

% correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 1 d= 2 r = .35

55. After extinguishing the salivating response in his dog, Pavlov allowed the dog to rest and then brought it back to

the laboratory. At this point, Pavlov found that the dog would again salivate, although the response was weaker and

shorter than before. Pavlov called this recurrence __________

a) discrimination.

Incorrect. Discrimination is the organism’s recognition that different stimuli should evoke different responses.

b) spontaneous recovery.

Correct. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.

c) generalization.

d) retrograde conditioning.

ANS: b, p. 154, A, LO=5.3, (1)

56. Julio served in the war in Iraq and was severely traumatized when a rocket propelled grenade exploded next to

his Humvee. Recently, Julio was studying in the library and a large book fell off a high shelf and banged on the

floor. The noise brought Julio instantly to his feet. In terms of classical conditioning, his response can best be

explained by __________

a) spontaneous recovery.

Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.

b) negative reflex.

c) reinforcement.

d) generalization.

Correct. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to

the conditioned stimulus.

ANS: d, pp. 154-155, A, LO=5.3, (2)

57. Mandy, who is five, recently spotted a bee buzzing in circles on the sidewalk. She bent over and picked up the

insect and it stung her. Now whenever Mandy hears an insect buzz, even a housefly buzzing against a screen, her

heart rate increases. Mandy’s fear of houseflies is __________

a) an example of extinction.

b) an example of spontaneous recovery.

Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason

c) an example of generalization.

Correct. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to

the conditioned stimulus.

d) an example of a conditioned response.

ANS: c, pp. 154-155, A, LO=5.3, (2)

58. Jamaal always wears a blue jacket when he takes his dog for a walk. Over time, Jamaal notices that when he

wears other articles of clothing that are blue, his dog gets excited. This is an example of __________

a) extinction.

b) generalization.

Correct. Generalization is when a conditioned response is elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to

the conditioned stimulus.

c) spontaneous recovery.

Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery is when a previously extinguished CR reappears for no apparent reason.

d) discrimination.

ANS: b, pp. 154-155, A, LO=5.3, (2)

a) stimulus generalization.

Correct. Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization.

b) stimulus adaptation.

c) response generalization.

Incorrect. The subject is generalizing to a stimulus and, thus, the process is called stimulus generalization.

d) transfer of habit strength.

ANS: a, p. 154, F, LO=5.3, (1)

Learning Objective 5.4 – How did Watson demonstrate that fear could be classically conditioned?

60. What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert’s conditioned fear?

a) show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat

Incorrect. The toy dog wasn’t a conditioned stimulus because seeing it repeatedly probably wouldn’t have helped

Albert. He needed to see the rat repeatedly.

b) let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly

c) show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following

Correct. Showing Albert a rat without the loud noise would teach Albert that nothing scary coincides with the

presence of the rat.

d) have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present

ANS: c, pp. 155-156, A, LO=5.3-5.4, (3)

61. What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

a) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.

Correct. In spontaneous recovery the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns,

although the response is usually weak and short-lived.

b) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.

c) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.

Incorrect. Although the statement is true, it doesn’t answer the question about spontaneous recovery, which involves

the resurfacing of the fear even after it has seemingly been extinguished.

d) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

ANS: a, p. 155-156, A, LO=5.4, (3)

% correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 13 d= 1 r = .19

62. The subject of the now-famous Watson and Rayner study of how fears might be classically conditioned was

__________

a) a white rat.

b) a young boy named Peter.

Incorrect. Peter was the name of the boy who was the subject of Watson and Jones’s study in 1924.

c) a white rabbit.

d) an 11-month-old named little Albert.

Correct. The case of Little Albert is famous in discussions of classically conditioned fears.

ANS: d, pp. 155-156, F, LO=5.4, (1)

63. In the study done by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner the unconditioned stimulus was__________

a) a bell.

Incorrect. A bell was used in the classic studies done by Pavlov with his salivating dogs.

b) a gong.

c) a steel bar and hammer.

Correct. The bar and hammer were used to frighten the baby when he was exposed to a white rat.

d) a starter’s pistol.

ANS: c, pp. 155-156, F, LO=5.4, (2)

64. After pairing a loud noise with a white rat many times, the sight of the rat would cause little Albert to cry.

a) unconditioned stimulus.

b) conditioned stimulus.

c) unconditioned response.

Incorrect. The unconditioned response, in the case of Little Albert, was the fear of the loud noise.

d) conditioned response.

Correct. Little Albert was not afraid of the rat before the loud noises, but came to fear the rat as an extension of his

fear of the noise. This makes his fear of the rat a conditioned response.

ANS: d, pp. 155-156, A, LO=5.4, (2)

65. After conditioning little Albert to fear white rats, Watson noted similar crying responses to the presentation of a

Santa Claus mask. This is an example of __________

a) discrimination.

Incorrect. Albert’s spreading of his fear to other white, furry stimuli is generalization, which is the opposite of

discrimination.

b) spontaneous recovery.

c) classical conditioning.

d) generalization.

Correct. Albert generalized his fear of the white rat to other white, furry stimuli.

ANS: d, pp. 155-156, A, LO=5.4, (1)

66. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white

rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not __________ had occurred.

a) behavior modification

Incorrect. Behavior modification is a clinical technique that uses conditioning. Stimulus generalization was the

issue.

b) stimulus discrimination

c) extinction

d) stimulus generalization

Correct. Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response spreads to a similar stimulus. In this case, it

was from rat to rabbit.

ANS: d, pp. 155-156, A, LO=5.4, (2)

% correct a= 14 b=0 c= 0 d= 86 r = .49

67. In the “Little Albert” study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the __________

a) white rat.

Incorrect. Albert did not have a reflexive fear response to the rat so it couldn’t be the unconditioned stimulus. He

did have a reflexive fear response to the noise, and that was the unconditioned stimulus.

b) loud noise.

Correct. Noise was the unconditioned stimulus as it automatically evoked fear.

c) fear of the rat.

d) fear of the noise.

ANS: b, pp. 155-156, F, LO=5.4, (1)

% correct 76 a= 21 b= 76 c= 2 d= 1 r = .25

68. John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a

steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

a) discriminative stimulus

b) counterconditioning stimulus

c) conditioned stimulus

Correct. The child was conditioned to respond to this stimulus with fear, even though he was not originally afraid of

the rat.

d) unconditioned stimulus

Incorrect. An unconditioned stimulus is one that the child automatically responds to with fear, such as a loud noise.

% correct 51 a= 3 b= 3 c= 51 d= 43 r = .21

% correct 57 a= 18 b= 0 c= 57 d= 25 r = .19

69. Little Albert’s acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) __________ response.

a) classical counterconditioned

Incorrect. Counterconditioning does not necessarily deal with emotional responses like the one seen in the case of

Little Albert.

b) conditioned emotional

Correct. The case of Little Albert was used to demonstrate conditional emotional responses.

c) positively reinforced

d) negatively reinforced

ANS: b, pp. 155-156, C, LO=5.4 (1)

70. What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert?

a) a rat

Incorrect. The rat was a neutral stimulus that didn’t at first elicit a fear response and, thus, was the CS.

b) a loud noise

Correct. The UCS was a loud noise because it automatically evoked a fear response.

c) a high chair

d) a small enclosed space

ANS: b, pp. 155-156, A, LO=5.4, (1)

% correct 69 a=31 b= 69 c= 0 d= 0 r = .29

% correct 76 a= 24 b= 74 c= 0 d= 0 r = .36

71. What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

a) a white rat

Correct. The white rat was a neutral stimulus that at first didn’t elicit a fear response but that, after conditioning,

became a conditioned stimulus.

b) a loud noise

Incorrect. The US was the loud noise because it automatically evoked a fear response.

c) a high chair

d) a small enclosed space

ANS: a, pp. 155-156, A, LO=5.4, (1)

72. Watson’s experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________

a) based on classical conditioning.

Correct. Watson took a neutral stimulus, the rat, and paired it with a fear-producing noise to make the rat a fear-

inducing stimulus.

b) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants.

Incorrect. There was no focus on the unconscious in Watson’s experiment. He was demonstrating the relationship of

classical conditioning to phobias.

c) based on the principle of observational learning.

d) based on Skinner’s analysis of positive reinforcement.

ANS: a, pp. 155-156, F, LO=5.4, (2)

% correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 9 d= 1 r = .40

73. The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

a) instinctive drift

b) innate learning

Incorrect. While it is possible to learn phobias through innate learning, the best answer is conditioned emotional

response.

c) conditioned taste aversion

d) conditioned emotional response

response.

ANS: d, pp. 155-56, C, LO=5.4 (2)

74. Even though Watson had formulated techniques to remove Albert’s fears, he chose not to even though he knew

Albert would soon be moving away. By today’s APA standards, Watson’s actions were __________

a) appropriate for a case study.

Incorrect. This would (1) not be a case study because of the manipulation of the boy’s fears, and (2) not be an

ethical experiment because of the distress caused to the child.

b) within the framework of time demands.

c) unethical.

Correct. IT would be unethical to expose a child to that amount of discomfort, and even more unethical to not

“undo” the damage after the research was completed.

d) typical of a good researcher.

ANS: c, p. 156, F, LO=5.4, (2)

75. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the results of Watson and Jones’ experimental attempts to

remove Peter’s fear of rabbits?

a) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but not his generalized fear of cotton, fur coats, and other similar stimuli

Incorrect. Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and of other similar stimuli as well.

b) Peter’s fear of the rabbit gradually intensified

c) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and those things to which his fear had generalized

Correct. Through the process of controlled exposure, Peter’s phobia first diminished, and then disappeared. This is

similar to the modern therapy called systematic desensitization.

d) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but began to fear Watson and Jones

ANS: c, p. 156, A, LO=5.4, (2)

Classical Conditioning: The Contemporary View

Learning Objective 5.5 – According to Rescorla, what is the critical element in classical conditioning?

76. Although Ivan Pavlov introduced the concept of classical conditioning, __________ is largely responsible for

changing how psychologists view classical conditioning.

a) John Watson

b) Mary Cover Jones

Incorrect. Jones worked with Watson to show how to eliminate a conditioned fear, but the best answer to this

question is Rescorla.

c) Robert Rescorla

Correct. Rescorla has modernized our thinking on classical conditioning by introducing cognitive components to the

effects discovered by Pavlov.

d) Rosalie Rayner

ANS: c, p. 157, F, LO=5.5, (2)

77. The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the

concept of __________ to conditioning theory.

a) generalization

Incorrect. Generalization, or the spread of the response to various stimuli, isn’t a new addition to the theory.

b) habituation

c) memory loss

d) prediction

Correct. Rescorla explained that animals must make a prediction created by the pairing of a stimulus (or absence of

a stimulus) with an unpleasant experience.

ANS: d, p. 157, C, LO=5.5, (3)

78. Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________

Incorrect. Rescorla theorized that the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US and predict the

latter’s coming. Substitution was an earlier theory of Pavlov’s.

b) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and US.

c) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US.

Correct. The subject has to have some cognitive appreciation of the relationship and ability to make a prediction.

d) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event.

ANS: c, p. 157, C, LO=5.5, (3)

79. Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of

predictions?

a) Pavlov

Incorrect. Pavlov suggested that stimulus substitution, and not expectancy, explained classical conditioning.

b) Garcia

c) Rescorla

Correct. The cognitive explanation of classical conditioning was proposed by Robert Rescorla.

d) Skinner

ANS: c, p. 157, F, LO=5.5 (2)

80. According to Rescorla’s theory, the CS must __________ the US or conditioning does not occur.

a) replace

b) come after

c) appear simultaneously with

Incorrect. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the US for conditioning to take place. A simultaneous

appearance would not give any information useful in prediction.

d) predict

Correct. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the US for conditioning to take place.

ANS: d, p. 157, C, LO=5.5, (3)

Learning Objective 5.6 – What did Garcia and Koelling discover about classical conditioning?

81. A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and

laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes

they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the research of __________ to accomplish

this.

a) Bandura

b) Skinner

Incorrect. Skinner studied operant conditioning, whereas this effect is a classical conditioning phenomenon.

c) Tolman

d) Garcia

Correct. Garcia worked on taste aversion.

ANS: d, p. 158, A, LO=5.6, (3)

82. A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and

laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes

they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of __________ to accomplish

this.

a) observational learning

b) latent learning

Incorrect. Latent learning has occurred when an animal or person seems not to learn something but later

demonstrates the learned behavior in question. In this example, the farmer is attempting to cause a conditioned taste

aversion in local coyotes to protect his sheep.

c) instrumental conditioning

d) taste aversions

Correct. The farmer hopes that the taste of the sheep will evoke a conditioned response.

83. Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has

experienced __________

a) blocking.

b) conditioned taste aversion.

Correct. Taste aversion is the term for a learned aversion to a particular food based on a previous bad experience

with that food.

c) operant taste conditioning.

Incorrect. Operant conditioning relates to voluntary behavior, whereas a taste aversion, such as the one Walter

experienced, is an involuntary response.

d) noncontingent conditioning.

ANS: b, p. 158, A, LO=5.6, (1)

% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 5 d= 0 r = .48

84. What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

a) They will develop an aversion to saccharin.

Incorrect. Taste of food in mammals such as rats is associated with nausea, not shocks.

b) They will refuse to drink any water and die.

c) They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions.

Correct. The rats will not develop an aversion to saccharin because rats are biologically prepared to associate taste

with nausea, not shock.

d) They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.

ANS: c, p. 158, F, LO=5.6, (1)

85. Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti. Later, the parakeet gets ill. What would the research on biological

preparedness predict?

a) The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it smells similar to spaghetti.

Incorrect. Birds respond to sight more than smell, so the parakeet would not pay attention to how a food smells in

deciding whether or not to eat it.

b) The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti.

c) The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and thin and look similar to

spaghetti.

Correct. Birds find food through sight and will avoid anything that looks similar to something that made them sick

in the past—in this case, the long thin pasta.

d) The parakeet will eat spaghetti again.

ANS: c, p. 158, A, LO=5.6, (2)

% correct 86 a= 7 b= 8 c= 86 d= 0 r = .19

Learning Objective 5.7 – What types of everyday responses can be subject to classical conditioning?

86. What would be the worst thing to do if you were a recovering drug addict?

a) move to another city to start a new job

Incorrect. During drug recovery making major life changes is not the best idea, but the worst thing a recovering

addict can do is go back to old partying habits.

b) head out on the town with your old friends

Correct. Drug counselors try to help recovering addicts change the stimuli in their lives so that they will not be

likely to revert back to the same (in this case pathological) responses.

c) take on the challenge of a new job

d) develop a new interest or hobby

ANS: b, p. 159, C, LO=5.7, (2)

Learning Objective 5.8 – Why doesn’t classical conditioning result every time unconditioned and conditioned

stimuli are paired together?

respond to his parents the first time they mention bedtime. Both sets of parents punish their children for

disobedience, but James parents tend to punish much more quickly than do Sarah’s parents. The difference between

Sarah’s and James’ responses to their parents is probably due to __________

a) the temporal relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Correct. Research has found that if consequences follow very shortly after the behaviors to which they are attached,

the behavior changes that are desired are much more likely to occur.

b) the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus.

c) the number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

d) the intensity of the conditioned stimulus.

Incorrect. The time sequence between the behavior and the outcome is the relevant factor in this example.

ANS: a, p. 161, A, LO=5.8, (2)

88. You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. You sound the bell and

then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur.

This is probably because __________

a) the bell was not a distinctive sound.

b) the bell should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit.

Incorrect. The CS occurring after the UCS has been found not to yield strong classical conditioning.

c) you should have had an even longer interval between the bell and the biscuit.

d) the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the bell.

Correct. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation. Longer

intervals were not successful.

ANS: d, p. 161, A, LO=5.8, (3)

% correct 90 a= 0 b= 10 c= 0 d= 90 r = .19

% correct 86 a= 0 b= 11 c= 2 d= 86 r = .24

89. You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. You give the dog a biscuit,

and then a second later you ring the bell. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is

probably because __________

a) the bell was not a distinctive sound.

b) the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit.

Correct. One of the basic principles of classical conditioning is that the CS must come before the UCS.

c) you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit.

d) Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation.

Incorrect. This statement is true but does not explain that the conditioning didn’t work because the CS must precede

the UCS.

ANS: b, p. 161, A, LO=5.8, (3)

Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective 5.9 – What did Thorndike conclude about learning by watching cats try to escape from his

puzzle box?

90. Little Zack will be more likely to keep his school desk clean if his teacher praises his efforts rather than criticizes

his lack of thoroughness. This illustrates the principle behind __________

a) the law of effect.

Correct. The law of effect states that behaviors that are followed by positive outcomes will be likely to be repeated in

the future.

b) trial-and-error learning.

c) the law of successive approximations.

Incorrect. Reinforcing successive approximations is known as shaping.

d) the learning curve.

ANS: a, p. 161, C, LO=5.9, (2)

a) B.F. Skinner

Incorrect. Skinner is credited with the principles of operant conditioning, not the law of effect.

b) John Watson

c) Edward Thorndike

Correct. Edward Thorndike is credited with having posited the “law of effect.”

d) Ivan Pavlov

ANS: c, p. 161, F, LO=5.9, (2)

92. This researcher insisted that it was “unnecessary to invoke reasoning” to explain how learning takes place.

a) Skinner

Incorrect. This quote is attributed to Thorndike, not Skinner.

b) Watson

c) Pavlov

d) Thorndike

Correct. Thorndike is credited with having made this assertion.

ANS: d, p. 161, F, LO=5.9, (3)

93. Edward Thorndike’s best known experiments involved __________

a) a dog placed in a solitary chamber.

Incorrect. Placing a dog in a shuttlebox is the basis of Seligman’s work on learned helplessness.

b) pigeons pecking at keys in a mechanical box.

c) a hungry cat placed in a wooden box with slats.

Correct. Running cats through puzzle boxes is what was the basis for Thorndike’s law of effect.

d) rats pressing bars in a glass box.

ANS: c, pp. 161-162, F, LO=5.9, (2)

94. Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

a) Pavlov

b) Watson

c) Skinner

Incorrect. Thorndike first explored and outlined the laws of voluntary behavior. Skinner later greatly expanded on

his work.

d) Thorndike

Correct. Thorndike was the pioneer of the laws of voluntary behavior.

ANS: d, p. 161, F, LO=5.9, (3)

95. Thorndike was known for his work with ______.

a) a Skinner box

b) a puzzle box

Correct. Thorndike was known for his work with a puzzle box.

c) modeling

Incorrect. Modeling was a much later process proposed for observational learning.

d) monkeys

ANS: b, pp. 161-162, F, LO=5.9, (2)

96. The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is __________

a) Watson.

Incorrect. Watson is best known for work that was done much later than that of Thorndike.

b) Skinner.

c) Pavlov.

d) Thorndike.

Correct. Thorndike proposed the law of effect.

ANS: d, p. 161, F, LO=5.9, (2)

a) cats.

Correct. Thorndike put cats in a puzzle box to demonstrate his law of effect.

b) rabbits.

c) dogs.

Incorrect. Seligman is the theorist most noted for using dogs in his demonstration of learned helplessness.

d) pigeons.

ANS: a, p. 161, F, LO=5.9 (1)

98. “If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by

an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.” This is a statement of __________

a) the law of positive reinforcement.

Incorrect. Although it sounds like a statement of positive reinforcement, it is not. Positive reinforcement is defined

differently.

b) Rescorla’s cognitive perspective.

c) Thorndike’s law of effect.

Correct. Thorndike’s law of effect speaks to both pleasurable and unpleasurable consequences.

d) Garcia’s conditional emotional response.

ANS: c, p. 161, C, LO=5.9, (3)

% correct 89 a= 9 b= 2 c= 89 d= 0 r = .19

99. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect formed the conceptual structure of __________

a) Pavlov’s formulation of classical conditioning.

b) Watson’s research with Little Albert.

Incorrect. Watson’s research with Little Albert involved classical, not operant, conditioning.

c) Skinner’s work in operant conditioning.

Correct. Skinner took the idea that rewarded behaviors would increase and let it be the foundation for his entire

theory.

d) Ader’s research with rats.

ANS: c, p. 162, A, LO=5.9, (1)

Learning Objective 5.10 – What is the process by which behaviors are acquired through operant conditioning?

100. In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These

behaviors are called __________

a) primary reinforcers.

b) successive approximations.

Correct. These behaviors are called successive approximations.

c) secondary reinforcers.

Incorrect. Secondary reinforcers are previously neutral stimuli that have acquired reinforcing qualities by being

paired with primary reinforcers.

d) unconditioned stimuli.

ANS: b, p. 162, F, LO=5.9, (1)

% correct 92 a= 3 b= 92 c= 2 d= 2 r = .41

101. A(n) _________ is anything that strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

a) operant

Incorrect. An operant is a voluntary behavior.

b) reward

c) reinforcer

Correct. A reinforcer can be thought of as a reward, and its goal is to strengthen behaviors.

d) punisher

ANS: c, p. 162, F, LO=5.10, (1)

102. Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?

b) shaping

Correct. This is the definition of shaping.

c) extinction

Incorrect. Extinction occurs in operant conditioning when reinforcement is withheld and the target behavior

decreases.

d) generalization

ANS: b, p. 162, F, LO=5.10, (1)

103. Skinner designed a soundproof apparatus, often equipped with a lever or bar, with which he conducted his

experiments in operant conditioning. This has been called a __________

a) reinforcement chamber.

Incorrect. A Skinner box is sometimes referred to as a reinforcement chamber, but this is not the best answer to the

question.

b) Skinner box.

Correct. It makes sense that it was named after the person who created it, doesn’t it?

c) rodent chamber.

d) respondent behavior unit.

ANS: b, p. 162, F, LO=5.10, (2)

104. Billy taught two rats how to play basketball for his experimental psychology class. What process did he likely

use?

a) operant conditioning

b) shaping

Correct. Billy probably rewarded the rats as they got closer and closer to the target behavior.

c) reinforcement

d) punishment

Incorrect. It is highly unlikely that the use of punishment would effectively teach rats to play basketball.

ANS: b, p. 162, A, LO=5.10, (2)

105. Two-Ton, the circus elephant, can balance his whole weight on one of his front legs. What is the likely way in

which Two-Ton learned his trick?

a) shaping successive approximations

Correct. Two-Ton was probably rewarded as he got closer and closer to the desired behavior.

b) classical conditioning

Incorrect. Because standing on one foot is not an inborn, reflexive behavior, it would not involve classical

conditioning.

c) paired associations

d) negative reinforcement

ANS: a, p. 162, A, LO=5.10, (2)

106. The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________

a) operant conditioning.

Correct. Operant conditioning involves a choice to move and is, thus, voluntary behavior.

b) classical conditioning.

Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, such as salivation.

c) effective based learning.

d) spontaneous recovery.

ANS: a, p. 162, C, LO=5.10, (1)

% correct 89 a= 89 b= 7 c= 4 d= 0 r = .32

107. Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?

a) a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher’s approval for her behavior

b) a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior

c) a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented

operant behavior is voluntary.

d) a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior

Incorrect. The rat’s pressing the bar is operant behavior because it is voluntary.

ANS: c, p. 162, C, LO=5.10, (2)

% correct 80 a= 6 b= 4 c= 80 d= 10 r = .44

108. A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST

explained by __________

a) classical conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

Correct. The child’s voluntary behavior—eating his dinner—is rewarded with the cookie.

c) biofeedback theory.

d) social learning theory.

Incorrect. If this were an example of social learning, the child would have to watch someone else get a reward for

eating dinner.

ANS: b, p. 162, A, LO=5.10, (2)

% correct 83 a= 14 b= 83 c= 0 d= 3 r = .41

109. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________

a) classical conditioning.

Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and Skinner boxes use voluntary responses to study

operant conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

Correct. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on operant conditioning. Skinner developed the box in

his work on operant conditioning.

c) vicarious learning.

d) cognitive learning.

ANS: b, p. 162, C, LO=5.10, (1)

% correct 79 a= 16 b= 79 c= 2 d= 3 r = .39

110. A box used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and, thus, increases the

likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a __________

a) trial box.

Incorrect. The box in question is called a Skinner box. Subjects undergo many trials but the term is not used for the

apparatus.

b) response box.

c) Watson box.

d) Skinner box.

Correct. The box is called a Skinner box.

ANS: d, p. 162, F, LO=5.10, (2)

% correct 91 a= 2 b= 5 c= 2 d= 91 r = .22

% correct 96 a= 0 b= 4 c= 0 d= 96 r = .19

111. In operant conditioning, __________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the

repetition of a voluntary response.

a) reinforcement

Correct. Reinforcement causes the association between the stimulus and the voluntary response to be learned.

b) the law of negative effect

c) conditional emotional linkages

Incorrect. Although principles like the Law of Effect suggest emotional linkages, the correct answer needs to

consider reinforcement as the necessary principle.

d) a long time delay

ANS: a, p. 162, C, LO=5.10, (3)

% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When

she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in

the bookcase. This is an example of __________

a) negative reinforcement.

Incorrect. Negative reinforcement involves terminating an unpleasant stimulus.

b) punishment.

c) extinction.

d) shaping.

Correct. Mary is given praise for every step that gets her closer to the desired behavior, a process called shaping.

ANS: d, p. 162, A, LO=5.10, (2)

113. __________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are

reinforced.

a) Shaping

Correct. Shaping uses approximations of a response to generate a complex behavior.

b) Spontaneous recovery

c) Stimulus generalization

Incorrect. Stimulus generalization refers to a subject’s responding to stimuli that are similar to the original US.

d) Stimulus discrimination

ANS: a, p. 162, F, LO=5.10, (2)

114. Extinction in operant conditioning involves __________

a) negative reinforcement.

Incorrect. The goal of reinforcement is to strengthen, not weaken, a target behavior.

b) positive reinforcement.

c) punishment.

d) withholding reinforcement.

Correct. When reinforcement is withheld, behaviors tend to stop. This is the definition of extinction in operant

conditioning.

ANS: d, p. 163, F, LO=5.10, (1)

115. Susan trained her rat to press a bar in a Skinner box in order to get a food pellet. Susan’s rat pressed the bar a

lot. However, later when Susan ran out of food pellets her rat eventually stopped pressing the bar. What had

happened?

a) conditioned aversion

b) satiation

Incorrect. If the behavior had stopped despite there still being adequate pellets, this would have indicated satiation.

In this case, the lack of reinforcement led to extinction.

c) extinction

Correct. The removal of the reinforcement caused the desired behavior to extinguish.

d) withdrawal

ANS: c, p. 163, A, LO=5.10, (1)

116. Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in

color. This is an example of __________

a) generalization.

Correct. This pigeon is generalizing the response to similar stimuli as the one to which he was initially reinforced.

b) shaping.

c) extinction.

Incorrect. Extinction would be seen if the pigeon got no reinforcement and slowly stopped pecking at the yellow

disk.

d) classical conditioning.

117. After many years of hosting the Today Show on TV, Bryant left to host the Early Show on another network.

His first day at the Early Show Bryant welcomed his viewers to the Today Show. This might be an example of

__________

a) discrimination.

Incorrect. If Bryant had remembered where he was and which show he was hosting, this would have demonstrated

discrimination.

b) generalization.

Correct. Bryant forgot that he should make a clear distinction between the two shows, even though they may have

had similar sets (cameras, dressing rooms, etc).

c) shaping.

d) successive approximations.

ANS: b, p. 163, c, LO=5.10, (2)

118. Pouncer, a hunting dog, gets excited at any opportunity to go hunting. Pouncer’s handlers always wear bright

orange clothes while hunting for safety reasons. However, they have noticed recently that a red sweatshirt that one

of them wears often makes Pouncer get excited and bark. Pouncer’s actions are likely a result of __________

a) negative reinforcement.

b) discriminated learning.

Incorrect. If Pouncer only got excited when he saw an orange shirt or jacket, this would demonstrate

discrimination.

c) generalization.

Correct. Pouncer is starting to assume that any bright color, not just orange, is an indication that he is going to get

to go hunting.

d) feedback.

ANS: c, p. 163, A, LO=5.10, (2)

119. Lori’s dad is in an exceptionally happy mood having just purchased a new car. Seeing this good mood, Lori

asks “can we stop for ice cream on the way home?” Lori’s dad, who generally does not approve of sweet treats says

“sure.” In this situation, the dad’s mood might have served as __________

a) a neutral stimulus.

Incorrect. Neutral stimuli are used in classical conditioning, not in operant conditioning.

b) a generalized stimulus.

c) a reinforcer.

d) a discriminative stimulus.

Correct. Ever the psychologist-in-training, Lori understands that her dad’s good mood is a signal that she can get

what she wants, even if it normally would not have occurred.

ANS: d, p. 163, A, LO=5.10, (3)

120. If we drive through a red traffic light, we might receive a ticket. If the light is green, we will not receive a

ticket. In operant conditioning terms, the red and green lights serve as __________

a) generalized stimuli.

b) negative stimuli.

c) discriminative stimuli.

Correct. These stimuli are designed to let a person/animal “discriminate” which behavior is called for.

d) unconditioned stimuli.

Incorrect. Unless you are born knowing that “red means stop” and “green means go,” these are not unconditioned

stimuli. They must be learned.

ANS: c, p. 163, A, LO=5.10, (2)

121. A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished is

called a __________

a) reinforcer.

b) generalized stimulus.

c) discriminative stimulus.

Correct. This stimulus is designed to let a person/animal “discriminate” which behavior is called for.

d) primary reinforcer.

ANS: c, p. 163, F, LO=5.10, (2)

122. Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One

day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him

and ignores his whining. What will happen?

a) generalization

b) extinction

Correct. The whining will extinguish because the behavior is not being reinforced.

c) spontaneous recovery

Incorrect. The behavior will extinguish. It might show spontaneous recovery later after Bob’s father extinguishes his

behavior but the initial situation as presented will lead to extinction.

d) discrimination

ANS: b, p. 163, A, LO=5.10, (2)

123. The first time José sees a cat, his mother tells him, “That’s a cat. Can you say cat?” He repeats the word

gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He

points at the tiger and says, “Cat!” This is an example of __________

a) generalization.

Correct. This is an example of generalization, the process in which the same response is evoked by similar stimuli.

b) spreading activation.

c) categorization.

d) discrimination.

Incorrect. Discrimination occurs when subjects are trained not to respond to similar stimuli.

ANS: a, p. 163, F, LO=5.10, (2)

124. Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and

would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood

and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a __________ for __________

a) discriminative stimulus; asking questions.

Correct. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus for asking questions because it let

students know what response to make—flee from her wrath or ask her a question.

b) discriminative stimulus; not asking questions.

c) discriminative response; asking questions.

Incorrect. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus and not a discriminative response.

d) discriminative response; not asking questions.

ANS: a, p. 163, A, LO=5.10, (3)

% correct 75 a= 75 b= 5 c= 18 d= 2 r = .20

% correct 74 a= 74 b= 0 c= 21 d= 8 r = .28

125. A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that __________

a) provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

Correct. A discriminative stimulus lets one know whether a particular stimulus will lead to reinforcement.

b) leads a person to discriminate against one group of people based on ethnicity or race.

c) cues the person into which schedule of reinforcement is being used in operant conditioning.

Incorrect. A discriminative stimulus is not a cue for a reinforcement schedule.

d) Watson used to make Little Albert scared of all fuzzy things.

ANS: a, p. 163, C, LO=5.10, (3)

126. An example of a discriminative stimulus might be a __________

a) stop sign.

should elicit when compared to all other signs.

b) the stimulus that acts as a US in classical conditioning.

c) the white rat in Watson’s Little Albert study of producing phobias.

Incorrect. The rat did not have to be picked from a set of other stimuli and, thus, was not a discriminative stimulus.

A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to decide what to do from all the other signs.

d) none of these.

ANS: a, p. 163, C, LO=5.10, (1)

Learning Objective 5.11 – What are the effects of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

127. A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________

a behavior.

a) motivates; stimulates

b) weakens; strengthens

Incorrect. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior while a punisher weakens a behavior.

c) inhibits; motivates

d) strengthens; weakens

Correct. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior while a punisher weakens a behavior.

ANS: d, pp. 163-168, C, LO=5.10-5.13 (1)

128. Any consequence that, if applied after a response, increases the probably of that response is __________

a) negative reinforcement.

Incorrect. Negative reinforcement occurs when an aversive stimulus is removed, not applied, after a response.

b) punishment.

c) positive reinforcement.

Correct. This is the definition of positive reinforcement.

d) a neutral stimulus.

ANS: c, p. 164, F, LO=5.11, (1)

129. If a student studies very hard in order to get good grades, the good grade is an example of __________

a) positive reinforcement.

Correct. The student will be given good grades and this will, hopefully, increase the likelihood that they will study

hard in the future.

b) punishment.

c) negative reinforcement.

Incorrect. If a student studied hard so that they would be taken off of academic probation, this might be an example

of negative reinforcement.

d) partial reinforcement.

ANS: a, p. 164, A, LO=5.11, (1)

130. If a student studies very hard in order to avoid getting bad grades, this is an example of which behavioral

principle?

a) positive reinforcement

b) negative reinforcement

Correct. The action (studying) is rewarded by the removal of an unpleasant outcome (bad grades).

c) punishment

Incorrect. Punishment would serve to decrease the target behavior. In this case the goal is to increase the target

behavior.

d) shaping

ANS: b, p. 164, A, LO=5.11, (2)

131.Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a) b) Marty knocks over his mother’s prize aspidistra so she sends him to his room for the rest of the day.

Peter comes in late from his lunch for the third time in one week and is fired from his job.

Correct. The action (taking the medicine) is rewarded when the aversive stimulus (the pain) is removed.

d) Gwen mows the lawn and her dad takes her out for an ice cream.

Incorrect. This is an example of positive, not negative, reinforcement.

ANS: c, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (3)

132. A __________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

a) primary

Correct. A primary reinforcer satisfies basic, biological needs.

b) negative

c) positive

d) secondary

Incorrect. A secondary reinforcer gains its value through an association with a primary reinforcer.

ANS: a, p. 164, F, LO=5.11 (1)

133. Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to

encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey’s dad might __________

a) offer her money.

b) applaud her appropriate behavior.

c) offer her praise for a job well done.

Incorrect. Praise is not a biologically based necessity, such as food or drink.

d) offer her a piece of candy.

Correct. A primary reinforcer is one that relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, or other biologically based

necessities.

ANS: d, p. 164, A, LO=5.11, (1)

134. __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary

reinforcer.

a) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student

Correct. A cupcake relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, and other biologically based needs, whereas a certificate

does not.

b) A kiss; money

c) Water; food

d) A gold star; cupcake

Incorrect. A gold star is an example of a secondary reinforcer, whereas a cupcake is an example of a primary

reinforcer.

ANS: a, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (3)

% correct 68 a= 68 b= 14 c= 11 d= 8 r = .27

135. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

a) water

b) food

c) shelter

Incorrect. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it is learned to be reinforcing. Shelter meets a basic

biological need for comfort and, therefore, is a primary reinforcer.

d) a gold star

Correct. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it has no intrinsic biological value.

ANS: d, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (1)

136. When a person’s or animal’s behavior is reinforced by the termination or avoidance of an aversive condition,

this is called __________

a) positive reinforcement.

b) negative reinforcement.

Correct. The “negative” part refers to something being removed, and the “reinforcement” part refers to the goal of

c) punishment.

Incorrect. The goal of punishment is to reduce, not increase, a particular behavior.

d) engaging in negative feedback.

ANS: b, p. 164, F, LO=5.11, (2)

137. A __________ fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning.

a) primary reinforcer

Correct. This is the definition of a primary reinforcer.

b) secondary reinforcer

Incorrect. A secondary reinforcer is any reward that is not a primary reinforcer.

c) partial reinforcer

d) discriminative stimulus

ANS: a, p. 164, F, LO=5.11, (1)

138. When Bobby is hungry, tired and thirsty, he resolves this by getting food, water and sleep. These are examples

of __________

a) primary reinforcement.

Correct. Primary reinforcers satisfy basic biological needs.

b) secondary reinforcement.

Incorrect. Bobby is accumulating rewards that are crucial for his survival. This makes them primary reinforcers.

c) partial reinforcement.

d) continuous reinforcement.

ANS: a, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (1)

139. Some __________ can be exchanged at a later time for other reinforcers.

a) primary reinforcers

Incorrect. Generally speaking, most primary reinforcers need to be “enjoyed” pretty quickly if they are to do their

job of preserving survival.

b) secondary reinforcers

Correct. By exchanging secondary reinforcers for rewards that are more personally valuable, an individual can

increase their sense of having been rewarded.

c) tertiary reinforcers

d) delayed reinforcers

ANS: b, p. 164, F, LO=5.11, (1)

140. Praise, awards and good grades are all examples of __________

a) reciprocal reinforcement.

b) primary reinforcement.

Incorrect. Primary reinforcers, such as food, water, and sleep, are tied into our biological survival requirements.

c) partial reinforcement.

d) secondary reinforcement.

Correct. Secondary reinforcers are rewards that do not naturally satisfy one of our basic biological needs.

ANS: d, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (1)

141. A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________and, thus __________ the probability of a response.

a) removed; increases

Correct. Negative reinforcement entails removing a noxious stimulus to get the subject to learn to do a behavior.

b) removed; decreases

c) presented; increases

d) presented; decreases

Incorrect. A negative reinforcer is one that is already present and then is removed in order to increase the

probability of a response. A stimulus whose presentation decreases the probability of a response would be an

example of positive punishment.

ANS: a, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (3)

142. Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he

finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following

statements is most likely TRUE?

a) Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.

b) Bill’s wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Incorrect. Positive reinforcement would occur if Bill’s wife gave him something to reward him for bathing the dog,

but in this case she removed something unpleasant—his having to do the dishes.

c) Bill’s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Correct. Bill’s wife negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog by removing something unpleasant—the task of

cleaning up the kitchen.

d) Bill will never bathe the dog again.

ANS: c, p. 164, A, LO=5.11, (3)

143. Fred is afraid of spiders. He won’t even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a

spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred’s avoidance of

spiders is being __________

a) extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so.

b) recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better.

c) positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.

Incorrect. Positive reinforcement occurs when someone gets something positive as a reward for certain behavior. In

this case, Fred is not getting anything, rather he is having his anxiety removed by his avoidance of spiders.

d) negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.

Correct. The termination of a stimulus, in this case panic, is negative reinforcement.

ANS: d, p. 164, A, LO=5.11, (2)

% correct 83 a= 0 b= 3 c= 14 d= 83 r = .48

% correct 78 a= 0 b= 0 c= 22 d= 78 r = .57

144. A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this

example?

a) punisher

b) positive reinforcer

Correct. The cookie is a positive reinforcer because it increases the probability that the child will clean her room.

c) negative reinforcer

d) conditioned response

Incorrect. A conditioned response is an involuntary behavior in response to a conditioned stimulus.

ANS: b, p. 164, A, LO=5.11, (1)

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

145. Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

a) if it is a primary reinforcer

b) if it is a positive reinforcer

Incorrect. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive

or negative reinforcer.

c) if it is a negative reinforcer

d) regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to

occur.

or negative reinforcer.

ANS: d, p.164, C, LO=5.11, (2)

% correct 50 a= 0 b= 47 c= 3 d= 50 r = .18

Correct. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive

146. Positive reinforcement tends to __________ the probability of a response. Negative reinforcement tends to

__________ the probability of a response.

Correct. Both positive and negative reinforcement seek to increase a particular behavior.

b) increase; decrease

c) decrease; decrease

Incorrect. Punishment is used to decrease behaviors, whether it is positive or negative punishment.

d) decrease; increase

ANS: a, p. 164, C, LO=5.11, (3)

147. Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of

events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his

demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their

lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

a) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son’s screaming.

Incorrect. The parents are not attempting to increase their son’s screaming, but rather to make it stop.

b) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his

parents to remain married.

c) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced

by the cessation of screaming.

Correct. The parents are using punishment, and they are negatively reinforced as cessation of screaming is a classic

negative reinforcer.

d) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.

ANS: c, p. 164,A, LO=5.11, (3)

Learning Objective 5.12 – What are the four types of schedules of reinforcement, and which type is the most

effective?

148. The most efficient way to condition a new response is __________

a) punishment.

b) partial reinforcement.

Incorrect. Partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction, but does not condition behaviors as quickly or

effectively as continuous reinforcement.

c) negative reinforcement.

d) continuous reinforcement.

Correct. Presenting a reinforcement after every instance of a desired response is the best way to condition that

behavior.

ANS: d, p. 164, F, LO=5.12, (2)

149. You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put

in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine does not run out of root beer, which kind of

reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

a) partial reinforcement

Incorrect. Partial reinforcement occurs when the reinforcement is received after some, but not all, responses.

b) interval reinforcement

c) continuous reinforcement

Correct. Each and every response is followed by a reinforcer

d) ratio reinforcement

ANS: c, p. 164, A, LO=5.12 (1)

150. Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

a) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time.

b) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through

partial or intermittent reinforcement.

Incorrect. Continuous reinforcement leads to very quick extinction as the animal or subject quickly learns the

conditioning contingency is no longer operative. Extinction is delayed by partial reinforcement.

reinforcement.

reinforcement.

periods of time.

ANS: c, p. 164, C, LO=5.12, (3)

% correct 35 a= 1 b= 57 c= 35 d= 6 r = .36

Correct. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that persist longer as the subject keeps looking for eventual

d) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long

151. Which type of reinforcement is most reflective of the conditions of real life?

a) negative reinforcement

b) mitigated reinforcement

c) continuous reinforcement

Incorrect. It is rare that we find situations in real life where we “always” get the reward (or punishment) that we

deserve.

d) partial reinforcement

Correct. It is rare that we find situations in real life where we “always” get the reward (or punishment) that we

deserve.

ANS: d, p. 165, C, LO=5.12, (2)

152. Billy often throws tantrums in stores if his mom does not give into his requests for candy. She usually ignores

his tantrums, but every so often she gives in when it is inconvenient to argue. He is being reinforced on which

schedule?

a) variable-ratio reinforcement schedule

Correct. Because Billy does not know how often he’ll have to tantrum to get his way, he is likely to tantrum quite

often.

b) variable-interval reinforcement schedule

c) fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule

Incorrect. Billy is being reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

d) fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

ANS: a, p. 165, A, LO=5.12, (2)

153. Jackie is always buying several packs of baseball cards, but only a fraction of those packs actually add new

cards to her collection. She is likely on a __________

a) fixed-ratio.

Incorrect. If Jackie could somehow be sure that she’d get at least one new card in every third pack she bought, this

would demonstrate fixed-ratio reinforcement.

b) variable-ratio.

Correct. Jackie does not know how many times she’ll have to buy a new pack of cards before she will get a new one

to add to her collection.

c) fixed-interval.

d) variable-interval.

ANS: b, p. 165, A, LO=5.12, (2)

154. What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally’s parents give her $10 every time she

accumulates six As on her tests?

a) gradual reinforcement

Incorrect. Gradual reinforcement is not a term used in the conditioning paradigm.

b) sporadic reinforcement

c) continuous reinforcement

d) partial reinforcement

Correct. Sally is on a partial reinforcement schedule because she is not reinforced for every behavior; she is

reinforced only after a certain number of behaviors.

ANS: d, p. 165, A, LO=5.12, (1)

__________ schedule.

a) ratio

Correct. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on the number of responses made by a subject.

b) interval

Incorrect. Interval schedules are based on the time between responses. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on

the number of responses made by a subject.

c) conditioned

d) time-delayed

ANS: a, p. 165, C, LO=5.12, (1)

% correct 79 a= 79 b= 15 c= 4 d= 3 r = .39

156. Maricella works as a seamstress. Her boss tells her that every time she completes five shirts, she will receive

$5. When done with the five shirts, she dumps them into a bin and gets paid. Her pattern of shirt completion is most

likely to be __________

a) rapid shirt completion with a short break after each five completed.

Correct. In a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, the pattern is rapid response and short breaks after each

reinforcement. In this case, the $5 represents the reinforcement.

b) long pauses after she receives the $5.

Incorrect. Her pattern of shirt completion is most likely to be rapid shirt completion with a short break after each

five completed.

c) a slow, steady rate of shirt-making without pauses.

d) a fast, steady rate of shirt-making without pauses.

ANS: a, p. 165, A, LO=5.12, (3)

157. Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

a) a variable-ratio schedule

b) a fixed-ratio schedule

Correct. A fixed-ratio schedule demands a set number of responses, in this case 25.

c) a fixed-interval schedule

Incorrect. A fixed-interval schedule is based on the time between responses.

d) a continuous schedule

ANS: b, p. 165, A, LO=5.12, (1)

% correct 86 a= 8 b= 86 c= 14 d= 1 r = .27

158. In a __________ schedule, the first response made after a same specific period of time has elapsed brings the

reinforcement.

a) variable-interval

b) fixed-interval

Correct. A specific amount of time must pass for a reinforcement to be received in a fixed-interval schedule.

c) variable-ratio

d) fixed-ratio

Incorrect. In a fixed ratio schedule, the reward would be based on a specific number of behaviors, not the passage

of time.

ANS: b, p. 166, F, LO=5.12, (2)

159. A teacher gives her class at least one unannounced quiz every week. The students never know which day it will

fall on. The teacher is attempting to influence their study habits by using a __________ schedule.

a) variable-ratio

b) fixed-ratio

c) variable- interval

Correct. The students never know how much time will pass before the next quiz (or disaster, depending on whether

you’re an optimist or a pessimist) will occur!

d) fixed-interval

Incorrect. If the teacher gave the exams every Thursday, this would demonstrate fixed interval reinforcement.

160. The owner of a business shows up randomly three or four times a month and inquires about the employee’s

health, their families and how they are getting along at work. He also passes out a few extra dollars. The owner is

reinforcing his employees on a __________

a) variable-interval schedule.

Correct. The employees never know how much time will pass between the visits when they might get rewarded with

some spare cash.

b) fixed-interval schedule.

Incorrect. If the owner made it a point of showing up every other Tuesday, for example, this would be fixed interval

reinforcement.

c) variable-ratio schedule.

d) fixed-ratio schedule.

ANS: a, p. 166, A, LO=5.12, (2)

161. Whenever Angus tries to reach his girlfriend Jean on the phone, he must dial several times because she is quite

the talker and her line is often busy. When Angus finally gets through to Jean, he will be reinforced on which

schedule?

a) fixed ratio

b) variable ratio

Correct. Angus doesn’t know how often he will have to do the behavior (dial the phone) before he gets rewarded

(talks to Jean).

c) fixed interval

d) variable interval

Incorrect. If Angus was waiting to get a phone call from Jean and had no idea how long he’d have to wait, this

would demonstrate variable interval reinforcement.

ANS: b, p. 166, A, LO=5.12, (3)

162. Toya’s young son, Troy, has a habit of nagging and throwing tantrums while in stores. Toya rarely gives in to

Troy’s tantrums, however, they still persist to her great frustration. Troy’s behavior is an example of __________

a) effective punishment.

Incorrect. Toya is not truly using punishment, and the behaviors are not reducing in frequency.

b) the partial-reinforcement effect.

Correct. Behaviors that receive partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than those that receive

continuous reinforcement.

c) the continuous-reinforcement phenomenon.

d) the extinction effect.

ANS: b, p. 167, A, LO=5.12, (2)

163. The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all,

correct responses __________

a) will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer

for each and every correct response).

Correct. The response will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a

reinforcer for each and every correct response).

b) will be less resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer

for each and every correct response).

Incorrect. The response will be more resistant to extinction than when a reinforcer is given for each and every

correct response as in a continuous schedule. The variable schedules teach the animal or subject to persevere at the

behavior in order to get a reward.

c) will be more variable in its resistance to extinction than a response that receives continuous

reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response).

d. will be totally resistant to extinction unlike a response that receives continuous reinforcement (reinforcer

for each and every correct response).

% correct 76 a= 76 b=22 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30

Learning Objective 5.13 – Why don’t consequences always cause changes in behavior?

164. Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors that influence operant conditioning?

a) the magnitude of reinforcement

b) the immediacy of reinforcement

Incorrect. This is one of the factors that influences operant conditioning.

c) the quality of the reinforcement

Correct. Strangely, the quality of the reinforcement is not one of the most crucial factors in determining the

effectiveness of operant conditioning.

d) the level of motivation of the learner

ANS: c, p. 167, C, LO=5.13, (2)

165. Sarah’s parents are trying to use operant conditioning to toilet train her. Sarah is awarded three M&M candies

every time she successfully uses the bathroom. For this technique to work most effectively, Sarah’s parents should

reinforce the desired behavior __________

a) immediately after each successful occasion.

Correct. Reinforcement is most effective if it immediately follows the behavior it is designed to encourage.

b) after a short delay.

c) within thirty minutes of Sarah’s using the bathroom.

d) when Sarah requests the candy.

Incorrect. In order for the reinforcement to effectively encourage toileting behavior, it must only be given when the

correct behavior occurs.

ANS: a, p. 167, A, LO=5.13, (2)

166. Michael’s parents want him to learn to play tennis. Michael has no particular interest in the game. From an

operant conditioning perspective, Michael may learn the game if his parents are insistent, but __________

a) it will take him longer to learn the game than it would if he were interested.

Correct. Motivation plays a large role in the effectiveness and efficiency of operant conditioning.

b) he will not become proficient at the game.

c) he will also learn to resent his parents.

d) he will not enjoy playing tennis with others.

Incorrect. Michael may come to enjoy the social aspects of the game, but it will take longer for him to learn the

skills than a student who is highly motivated to learn tennis.

ANS: a, p. 168, F, LO=5.13, (3)

Learning Objective 5.14 – How does punishment affect behavior?

167. __________ is the opposite of reinforcement.

a) Partial reinforcement

b) Continuous reinforcement

c) Negative reinforcement

Incorrect. Negative reinforcement is a type of reinforcement. Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement.

d) Punishment

Correct. Reinforcement is designed to increase behavior, while punishment is designed to reduce behaviors.

ANS: d, p. 168, C, LO=5.14, (1)

168. Which of the following is most often confused?

a) continuous and partial reinforcement

b) positive and negative reinforcement

Incorrect. People often misunderstand negative reinforcement, but they confuse it with punishment, not with positive

reinforcement.

c) mitigated and partial reinforcement

Correct. People often fail to remember that negative reinforcement is a means to increase behavior, while

punishment is a means to reduce behavior.

ANS: d, p. 168, F, LO=5.14, (2)

169. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

a) punishment

Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior.

b) positive reinforcement

c) negative reinforcement

Incorrect. Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a response.

d) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

ANS: a, p. 168, C, LO=5.14, (2)

170. A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as

__________

a) positive punishment.

Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior, and punishment

involving a stimulus that is presented or applied is punishment by application.

b) negative punishment.

c) negative reinforcement.

Incorrect. Negative reinforcement, which is often mistaken for punishment, increases the probability of response by

removing a noxious stimulus.

d) negative expectation.

ANS: a, p. 168, F, LO=5.14, (1)

% correct 32 a= 32 b= 18 c= 46 d= 4 r = .26

171. When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is

known as __________

a) positive punishment.

b) negative punishment.

Correct. A decrease in response is accomplished by punishment, and when that punishment involves the removal of

some stimulus, it is punishment by removal.

c) negative reinforcement.

Incorrect. Although the term “negative” implies removal, reinforcement always increases the probability of a

response.

d) punishing reinforcement.

ANS: b, p. 168, F, LO=5.14, (2)

172. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with the use of punishment?

a) Punishment generally produces no short-term results.

Correct. This is the opposite of the truth. In general, punishment produces short-term results but no long-term

behavioral changes.

b) Punishment does not extinguish an undesirable behavior, but rather it suppresses that behavior.

c) Punishment can lead to aggression.

Incorrect. The wrong type of punishment can lead to fear, anger, and aggression, particularly in children.

d) Punishment indicates that a behavior is unacceptable but does not help a person develop an appropriate

behavior.

ANS: a, p. 169, C, LO=5.14, (2)

173. Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment?

a) The effect of punishment is often temporary.

Incorrect. This is not the only thing that occurs. All of these statements regarding punishment are true.

b) Severe punishment creates fear and anger.

c) Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement.

Correct. All of these statements regarding punishment are true.

ANS: d, p. 169, C, LO=5.14, (2)

174. Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she

cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines

sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

a) Olivia is correctly applying Skinnerian principles of negative reinforcement to change her dog’s

behavior.

Incorrect. Olivia’s punishment led her to be aggressive. In any case, kicking the dog outside is punishment and not

negative reinforcement.

b) Olivia is using negative punishment on her dog and it will change the dog’s behavior.

c) Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.

Correct. Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior and that is a problem with punishment.

d) Olivia’s parents probably think that the best way to raise kids is “spare the rod, spoil the child.”

ANS: c, p. 169, A, LO=5.14, (2)

% correct 94 a= 1 b= 5 c= 94 d= 0 r = .21

175. An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is

discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?

a) Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.

Correct. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.

b) Punished children tend to do really well in school.

c) Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork.

d) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.

Incorrect. This answer might make sense but increased nightmares haven’t been reported. Aggression has.

ANS: a, p. 169, A, LO=5.14, (2)

% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 7 d= 0 r = .23

176. A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon

goes back to acting badly. This is probably because __________

a) the effects of punishment have habituated.

b) punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior.

Correct. Punishment seems to have temporary effects and, thus, is not recommended as the only method of behavior

change.

c) the bad behavior has spontaneously recovered.

Incorrect. Punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior. Spontaneous recovery refers to

an extinguished response that recovers strength. That is not the case here. We are dealing with punishment and not

extinction. They are different effects.

d) the conditional emotional response to the punishment has generalized to another behavior.

ANS: b, p. 169, F, LO=5.14, (1)

177. Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?

a) making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule

Correct. Making the punishment only occur on a partial, sporadic schedule will not increase its effects.

b) making the punishment consistent

c) using only the minimum level of punishment needed.

Incorrect. Experts recommend that punishment should be used with as little severity as possible.

d) having the punishment immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish

ANS: a, p. 170, C, LO=5.14, (2)

Learning Objective 5.15 – When is avoidance learning desirable, and when is it maladaptive?

178. Many students dread public speaking so they do not give oral presentations or take speech classes. This is an

example of __________

Correct. These students have learned to avoid an unpleasant event before it occurs.

b) learned helplessness.

Incorrect. These students are very much in control of their situations, as they have opted not to place themselves in

classes that would make them uncomfortable.

c) extinction learning.

d) generalized learning.

ANS: a, p. 171, F, LO=5.15, (2)

179. Sammy took two aspirin to treat a pounding headache. This is an example of _________

a) avoidance learning.

Incorrect. Sammy is not “avoiding” a headache before it happens. He is “escaping” it once it already has

happened.

b) extinction learning.

c) escape learning.

Correct. Similar to the effects of negative reinforcement, Sammy has learned that he can escape the unpleasant

situation by engaging in a specific behavior.

d) learned helplessness.

ANS: c, p. 171, C, LO=5.15, (2)

180. Four people are going to go out to a bar and drink and socialize. However, prior to leaving, one of the four is

assigned the job of being the “designated driver.” This process is an example of __________

a) avoidance learning.

Correct. This group of partiers has learned that avoiding the negative outcomes of driving after drinking will be in

their best interest.

b) escape behavior.

c) learned helplessness.

Incorrect. On the contrary, this group is taking active steps to control their circumstances. This is the opposite of

learned helplessness.

d) shaping behavior.

ANS: a, p. 171, A, LO=5.15, (2)

181. People who are exposed repeatedly to unpleasant events over which they have no control may become

passively resigned to those outcomes. This is called __________

a) avoidance learning.

Incorrect. There is a strong relationship between avoidance learning and learned helplessness, but avoidance

learning is not the best answer to this question.

b) learned helplessness.

Correct. Learned helplessness is Seligman’s term for those who come to believe that they have no influence or

control in the events that affect their lives.

c) extinction.

d) cognitive dissonance.

ANS: b, p. 172, C, LO=5.15, (1)

182. The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is __________

a) Thorndike.

b) Wolpe.

c) Seligman.

Correct. Seligman was the discoverer of the important phenomena of learned helplessness.

d) Bandura.

Incorrect. Bandura was most concerned with observational learning.

ANS: c, p. 172, F, LO=5.15, (1)

% correct 25 a= 33 b=2 1 c= 25 d= 21 r = .19

183. A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks

the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just

sit and cower. This is an example of __________

a) learned helplessness.

Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless.

b) avoidance learning.

c) aversive conditioning.

Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in an

aversive conditioning situation.

d) vicarious learning.

ANS: a, p. 172, C, LO=5.15, (2)

% correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19

184. In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by

jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in

situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines,

refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to __________

a) learned helplessness.

Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless.

b) contingency blocking.

c) latent learning.

Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in a

latent learning situation.

d) response generalization.

ANS: a, p. 172, C, LO=5.15, (2)

% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 4 d= 3 r = .38

185. College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to

solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to

__________

a) learned helplessness.

Correct. Students’ lack of success in the past “taught” them to not even bother trying, a phenomenon Seligman

called learned helplessness.

b) contingency blocking.

c) latent learning.

Incorrect. The students did not show that they learned the problems, so it could not be latent learning of the

problem. Because they did not try, it was a case of learned helplessness.

d) response generalization.

ANS: a, p. 172, C, LO=5.15, (2)

186. While watching the evening news you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder “Why would anyone stay

in a relationship where they are being abused?” According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victim’s

staying in abusive relationships is __________

a) observational learning.

b) learned helplessness.

Correct. Because victims may feel helpless to control their situation, this would be an example of learned

helplessness.

c) conditioned emotional response.

Incorrect. Although fear may well play into this situation, Seligman’s work focused on the concept of learned

helplessness.

d) instinctive drift.

ANS: b, p. 172, A, LO=5.15 (3)

Learning Objective 5.16 – What are some applications of operant conditioning?

to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that __________

a) food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn’t occur.

b) when given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in less than ten trials.

c) the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose.

Correct. Despite Skinner’s views, the pig had some built-in behaviors that came to the fore—the principle of

instinctive drift.

d) the pig showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary.

Incorrect. Reinforcement was necessary.

ANS: c, p. 172, F, LO=5.16, (3)

188. A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird

learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around

before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting

the fruit. According to the Brelands’ analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating __________

a) response generalization.

b) that it was reverting to behavior that was instinctual for it.

Correct. The Brelands discovered that animals revert to instinctual behavior in gathering food, a phenomenon they

called instinctive drift.

c) the power of negative reinforcement.

d) the law of effect.

Incorrect. The law of effect was proposed by Thorndike; since the bird isn’t getting the fruit, that principle is not

applicable here.

ANS: b, p. 172, A, LO=5.16, (3)

189. An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological

response is __________

a) biofeedback.

Correct. Biofeedback is an operant conditioning technique that allows someone to control his or her own biological

response.

b) contingency training.

Incorrect. Contingency training is too generic a term. The more specific term is biofeedback as it refers to control of

a biological response.

c) cellular training.

d) social learning.

ANS: a, pp. 172-173, C, LO=5.16, (1)

190. Biofeedback is an application of __________

a) classical conditioning.

Incorrect. Biofeedback is related to operant conditioning because it involves voluntary control. Classical

conditioning is involuntary in nature with no control.

b) operant conditioning.

Correct. Biofeedback utilizes operant conditioning because it involves voluntary control of previously involuntary

processes.

c) social learning.

d) preparedness.

ANS: b, pp. 172-173, F, LO=5.16, (1)

191. Which of the following would biofeedback NOT be an appropriate treatment for?

a) spinal cord injuries

Incorrect. There is promising research that suggests biofeedback can be an important part of treatment for those

with spinal cord injuries.

b) migraine headaches

c) sexual dysfunctions

d) lung cancer

ANS: d, p. 173, F, LO=5.16, (3)

192. Most behavior modification programs use __________

a) the principles of classical conditioning.

b) the principles of observational learning.

Incorrect. While there is a healthy dose of observational learning that may take place in some behavioral

modification systems, the best answer is operant conditioning.

c) the principles of operant conditioning.

Correct. Behavior modifications make primary use of reinforcement, but also punishment to a lesser degree. These

are the foundations of operant conditioning.

d) token economies.

ANS: c, p. 173, C, LO=5.16, (2)

193. This is a program that reinforces socially desirable behavior by administering “prizes” than can be later

exchanged for desired items or privileges.

a) token economy

Correct. The use of a token economy has been found to be an effective form of behavioral modification.

b) social learning process

c) latent learning

Incorrect. The use of prizes for appropriate behavior is a token economy.

d) programming for insight

ANS: a, p. 173, F, LO=5.16, (2)

194. In order to get her 2nd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the

students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize

out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) __________ to modify the children’s behaviors.

a) token economy

Correct. The teacher is using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.

b) applied behavior analysis

c) negative reinforcement

Incorrect. The students are being reinforced for their behaviors, but the reinforcement is positive, not negative.

d) classical conditioning.

ANS: a, p. 173, A, LO=5.16 (1)

195. Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?

a) conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep

b) conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive

c) conditioning children to be on time for school

Incorrect. Getting to school on time is a voluntary response, whereas biofeedback techniques involve involuntary,

biological responses.

d) conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure

Correct. Conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure would be an appropriate use of biofeedback

because they are trying to control a biological process that normally isn’t under voluntary control.

ANS: d, p. 173, A, LO=5.16, (2)

196. A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of __________

a) classical conditioning.

b) instinctive drift.

c) primary reinforcement.

Incorrect. Primary reinforcement satisfies a basic need, such as hunger, which is not the case here; the token is a

secondary reinforcer.

d) behavior modification.

Correct. Behavior modification is the use of operant conditioning to bring about desired behavior, which is exactly

what the school is trying to do.

% correct 86 a= 8 b= 7 c= 0 d= 86 r = .24

Cognitive Learning

Learning Objective 5.17 – What is insight, and how does it affect learning?

197. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive process?

a) knowing

b) thinking

c) reacting

Correct. Reacting is a behavior, not a cognitive function.

d) remembering

Incorrect. Memory is a cognitive process.

ANS: c, p. 175, C, LO=5.17, (2)

198. The abrupt appearance of an answer to a question or puzzle after having contemplated the issue for a period of

time illustrates __________

a) latent learning.

b) observational learning.

Incorrect. Observational learning occurs when a person learns a behavior by watching another individual, called a

model, demonstrate a particular action.

c) insight.

Correct. Insight occurs when you have that wonderful “aha” moment when trying to solve a problem.

d) modeling.

ANS: c, p. 175, C, LO=5.17, (3)

199. The “aha!” experience is known as __________

a) latent learning.

Incorrect. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect studied by Tolman.

b) insight learning.

Correct. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning.

c) thoughtful learning.

d) serial enumeration.

ANS: b, p. 175, F, LO=5.17, (1)

200. Which of the following is true of research on insight?

a) Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning.

Incorrect. Insight was first studied with chimps.

b) Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

Correct. Humans and apes are capable of insight learning. We are very similar genetically and have a common

evolutionary ancestor.

c) Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.

d) Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable

of insight learning.

ANS: b, p. 175, C, LO=5.17, (2)

201. You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on

the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket.

You have just demonstrated __________

a) generalization.

b) discrimination.

c) latent learning.

Incorrect. The “aha!” experience or sudden realization is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect

studied by Tolman.

Correct. You have just demonstrated insight learning similar to Köhler’s chimps.

ANS: d, p. 175, A, LO=5.17, (2)

% correct 61 a= 4 b= 0 c= 34 d= 61 r = .38

202. Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

a) Köhler

Correct. Köhler is best known for studying insight in animals.

b) Tolman

Incorrect. Tolman’s work focused on latent learning.

c) Seligman

d) Skinner

ANS: a, p. 175, F, LO=5.17, (2)

% correct 27 a= 27 b= 23 c= 13 d= 38 r = .27

Learning Objective 5.18 – What did Tolman discover about the necessity of reinforcement?

203. The concept of latent learning was developed by __________

a) Watson.

Incorrect. Watson would have been opposed to studying latent learning because he focused only on observable

behaviors.

b) Skinner.

c) Thorndike.

d) Tolman.

Correct. Tolman, in contrast to the behaviorists of his time, thought that latent learning was important and

demonstrated the role of cognition in learning.

ANS: d, p. 175, F, LO=5.18, (1)

204. The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called __________

a) insight.

b) latent learning.

Correct. Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent.

c) placebo learning.

d) innate learning.

Incorrect. Innate learning would imply a genetically based process. Latent learning referred to the animal not

making a response to a situation but demonstrating that it had retained information about that situation.

ANS: b, p. 175, C, LO=5.18, (1)

205. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________

a) insight.

Incorrect. Insight refers to a sudden realization of a solution in a problem-solving situation.

b) innate learning.

c) vicarious learning.

d) latent learning.

Correct. Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent.

ANS: d, p. 175, F, LO=5.18, (3)

206. Sarah has just received her drivers’ license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she’s never driven to

her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that __________

has occurred.

a) latent learning

Correct. Sarah is demonstrating that she learned this route before she actually used that knowledge. This is the

concept of latent learning.

b) classical conditioning

c) operant conditioning

learning.

d) classical and operant conditioning

ANS: a, p. 175, A, LO=5.18, (2)

207. In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food

reward. The rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates __________

a) latent learning.

Correct. Latent learning is demonstrated when there is a delay between the teaching of a concept or skill and the

actual reproduction of that learned material.

b) classical conditioning.

c) operant conditioning.

Incorrect. Latent learning is a type of operant conditioning, but the best answer is latent learning.

d) observational learning.

ANS: a, p. 175, A, LO=5.18, (2)

208. If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your

roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon __________ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the

apartment that might cause injury or noise.

a) modeling

b) a cognitive map

Correct. A cognitive map, which is a mental representation of objects and images, would be useful in helping you

avoid turning on a light.

c) latent learning

d) insight learning

Incorrect. Insight learning is described as having an “aha” moment when trying to solve a problem. The best

answer to this question is a cognitive map.

ANS: b, p. 176, A, LO=5.18, (2)

209. The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents __________

a) a cognitive map.

Correct. A cognitive map is a mental (or unseen) representation of the layout or location of specific

objects/locations. For example, your ability to get around your own house, even in very dark rooms, is because you

have a cognitive map of your home.

b) latent learning.

c) classical conditioning.

d) observational learning.

Incorrect. There is nothing in this question that demonstrates the ability to learn a concept or skill by observing

another person.

ANS: a, p. 176, F, LO=5.18, (1)

210. You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the

park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven’t

seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are

complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient

passage through the park as an example of __________

a) spontaneous recovery.

b) insight.

Incorrect. Tolman postulated that such an example would be due to the formation of a cognitive map. Cognitive

maps were his explanation of latent learning effects.

c) the formation of a cognitive map.

Correct. Tolman postulated the concept of the cognitive map, which was in marked contrast to the behaviorist views

of the time.

d) unconscious trial-and-error imagery.

Learning Objective 5.19 – How do we learn by observing others?

211. Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

a) insight learning

Incorrect. Insight refers to a rapid problem solution and does not necessarily involve observation of others.

b) operant conditioning

c) classical conditioning

d) observational learning

Correct. Observational learning is based on seeing the actions of others and their consequences.

ANS: d, p. 176, C, LO=5.19, (2)

212. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is __________

a) Watson.

b) Thorndike.

Incorrect. Thorndike was responsible for the law of effect. Observational learning is one of Bandura’s discoveries.

c) Skinner.

d) Bandura.

Correct. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is Bandura, and it has contributed greatly to our

knowledge of media effects on society.

ANS: d, p. 176, F, LO=5.19, (3)

213. Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

a) Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is blowing in so he cancels his trip.

b) After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he

is trying to solve.

Incorrect. This is a demonstration of insight learning, not observational learning.

c) Carey figures out if she doesn’t give her boss a hard time, he’s a lot nicer to be around.

d) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane, now her swimming is

greatly improved.

Correct. This demonstrates the concepts of observational learning, and specifically the modeling effect, because

Ingrid repeated a behavior that she observed in another.

ANS: d, p. 176, C, LO=5.19, (2)

214. A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The

girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl’s

learning to share is an example of __________

a) classical conditioning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) contingency theory.

Incorrect. The girl’s learning to share is an example of observational learning theory. Contingency theory is not

related to the concept.

d) observational learning.

Correct. Learning by watching others is known as observational learning.

ANS: d, pp. 176-177, C, LO=5.19, (3)

% correct 86 a=0 b= 0 c= 15 d= 86 r = .18

215. Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father

yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of

Bandura, what might we predict about Michael’s own relationships when he is older?

a) Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.

Incorrect. Unless there is some sort of intervention where Michael is taught that his father’s actions are

inappropriate, he is more likely to emulate them than to rebel against them.

b) Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his

Correct. Bandura’s concept of observational learning suggests that children tend to repeat the behaviors that they

see in respected authority figures, including their parents.

c) Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships

are not worth having.

d) Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about

anyone but himself.

ANS: b, pp. 176-177, A, LO=5.19 (3)

216. A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the

portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The

work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?

a) Bandura

Correct. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions.

b) Tolman

c) Skinner

Incorrect. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions. Skinner was not concerned with observational

learning, which is the core phenomenon under discussion.

d) Pavlov

ANS: a, pp. 176-179, A, LO=5.19-5.20, (3)

217. Bethany wants to play baseball like her older brothers. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually

learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called __________

a) the modeling effect.

Correct. The modeling effect suggests that we can learn to do a behavior by watching it, without actually doing it

ourselves.

b) the disinhibitory effect.

c) the learning effect.

d) classical conditioning.

Incorrect. In this question, there is no example of a reflexive response that is being spread from one stimulus to

another.

ANS: a, p. 177, A, LO=5.19, (2)

218. Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these

behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously

learned to suppress is called the __________

a) elicitation effect.

b) inhibitory effect.

Incorrect. The inhibitory effect occurs when behaviors do not occur as a result of observational learning. In this

question, the disinhibitory effect is demonstrated.

c) disinhibitory effect.

Correct. A classic example of peer pressure is when one’s friends are doing (and encouraging) a behavior that one

has previously suppressed.

d) vicarious impact effect.

ANS: c, p. 177, C, LO=5.19, (2)

Learning Objective 5.20 – What has research shown regarding learning from various media?

219. Albert Bandura’s experiments involving the inflated “Bobo Doll” indicate__________

a) observational learning plays a very small role in the acquisition of aggressive behavior.

b) children only model aggression if they see it on television.

Incorrect. Children imitated and repeated behaviors that they saw take place in real life, not on television.

c) children will model the aggressive behaviors they see others engage in.

Correct. Children tended to imitate and repeat the aggression that they saw adults direct at the inflatable Bobo doll.

d) children will not model the aggressive behavior they see others engage in.

220. Bandura conducted a classic study known as the “Bobo” doll study. The term Bobo refers to __________

a) Bandura’s pet name for the dog used in the study.

Incorrect. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study.

b) Bandura’s loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study.

c) Bandura’s nickname that his wife had given him.

d) the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.

Correct. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study.

ANS: d, p. 178, F, LO=5.20, (1)

221. A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the

portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today.

What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school

violence?

a) observational learning

Correct. They are worried that children will imitate the aggression they see modeled on TV, which is a process

called observational learning.

b) operant conditioning

c) classical conditioning

d) insight learning

Incorrect. Insight learning concerns rapid problem solving that is not necessarily based on observing others.

ANS: a, p. 178, A, LO=5.20, (2)

% correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 0 d= 11 r = .19

222. Video games can currently be used to __________

a) enhance women’s spatial cognitive skills.

Correct. Research has found that video games can help to enhance the special cognitive skills of women.

b) train dogs to fetch.

c) instruct students in guitar techniques.

Incorrect. Despite the popularity of such games as “Guitar Hero” and “Rock Band,” video games have not (yet)

been effectively used to teach real guitar techniques.

d) test your knowledge of psychological principles.

ANS: a, p. 180, F, LO=5.20, (2)

TRUE OR FALSE

1. A change in behavior that is relatively permanent and brought about by experience is commonly referred to by

psychologists as acquisition behavior.

ANS: F, p. 150, LO=5.1

2. Ivan Pavlov purposefully set out to study learning in dogs when he discovered what is now called classical

conditioning.

ANS: F, p. 151, LO=5.1

3. Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov while he was studying

digestion

ANS: T, p. 151, LO=5.1

4. In Pavlov’s original experiment of classical conditioning, dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell when the

bell was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food. The food is referred to as the unconditioned response.

ANS: F, pp. 152-153, LO=5.2

5. A conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the paired presentation of the US. After time, the subject

no longer makes the conditioned response. This fading of the CR is known as habituation.

6. Albert was a little boy who was shown to be remarkably resistant to having his emotional responses conditioned

by Watson. Watson presented Albert with a cute little furry rat and then rang a loud bell. Later, Albert should have

become scared of the bell, but this never happened.

ANS: F, pp. 155-156, LO =5.4

7. After classically conditioning little Albert’s fear, Watson later counterconditioned his fears.

ANS: F, p. 156, LO=5.4

8. Current views of conditioning by psychologists, such as Rescorla, indicate that learning is completely automatic

and has nothing to do with cognitive processes.

ANS: F, p. 157, LO= 5.5

9. Robert Rescorla showed that classical conditioning works best when the conditioned stimulus allows for a reliable

prediction of the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.

ANS: T, p. 157, LO=5.5

10. The fact that apes are just as afraid of snakes as humans suggests a biological predisposition to develop fearful

responses.

ANS: T, p. 158, LO=5.6

11. The law of effect emphasized that responses were more likely to be made if they were followed by some

pleasing consequence.

ANS: T, p. 161, LO=5.9

12. In operant conditioning, learning occurs when a behavior is modified by the consequences that follow the

behavior.

ANS: T, p. 162, LO=5.10

13. When a young child studies hard in school to avoid getting bad grades, we might say that their behavior is being

maintained by negative reinforcement.

ANS: T, p. 164, LO=5.11

14. Negative reinforcement lowers behavior rates.

ANS: F, p. 164, LO=5.11

15. According to B. F. Skinner, negative reinforcement of a response makes you more likely to continue to make

that response.

ANS: T, p. 164, LO= 5.11

16 Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior, negative reinforcement weakens behavior and punishment

eliminates behavior altogether.

ANS: F, pp. 163-164 & 168-169, LO=5.11 & 5.14

17. Giving a car dealer a bonus after every three cars she/he sells is an example of a fixed interval schedule.

ANS: F, p. 165, LO=5.12

18. After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory as an industrial psychologist. The workers put

together IPODs. They can either be paid by the hour or by the number of IPODs they put together in a day. You

decide that you will do the latter (pay by the number of IPODs put together). According to Skinner, you have put the

workers on a fixed-ratio schedule.

ANS: T, p. 165, LO= 5.12

19. Blake is a retired railroad conductor who lives alone. The highpoint of his day is when the mail truck arrives;

however, this also proves to be a daily frustration. The mail courier does not keep a tight schedule, and is extremely

a variable-interval schedule.

ANS: T, p. 166, LO=5.12

20. Continuous reinforcement results in a greater resistance to extinction than does partial reinforcement.

ANS: F, p. 167, LO=5.12

21. A child is wetting his or her bed. According to our textbook, punishing the child would be the best way to

permanently stop this behavior. You would recommend that the child be given no food on the day after a bedwetting

incident. This is because negative punishment is guaranteed to stop bad behaviors.

ANS: F, pp. 169-170, LO=5.14

22. Punishment is used in every culture to control and suppress people’s behavior.

ANS: T, p. 170, LO=5.14

23. The Brelands tried to condition pigs to work as entertainers. This turned out not to be easy as the pigs tended to

make instinctual responses as compared to the learned responses.

ANS: T, p. 172, LO=5.16

24. The “aha” moment that indicates insight learning was first hypothesized by Tolman.

ANS: F, p. 175, LO=5.17

25. Bandura’s seminal study of observational learning involved watching children and their interactions with Bobo

dolls.

ANS: T, p. 178, LO=5.20

SHORT ANSWER

1. Give an example of an unconditioned stimulus.

p. 152, LO=5.2

2. Give an example of an unconditioned response.

p. 152, LO=5.2

3. Give an example of a conditioned stimulus.

p. 153, LO=5.2

4. Give an example of a conditioned response.

p. 153, LO=5.2

5. Describe what occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented over and over again without the unconditioned

stimulus.

p. 153, LO=5.2

6. What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

p. 154, LO=5.3

7. What important factor in learning is Rescorla best known for?

p. 157, LO=5.6

8. Give an example of a conditioned taste aversion.

p. 158, LO=5.5

9. What is the law of effect and who was responsible for its conceptualization?

p. 161, LO=5.9

p. 164, LO=5.11

11. What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

pp. 164, 168, LO=5.11, 5.14

12. How can you tell the difference between an interval and a ratio schedule of partial reinforcement?

pp. 165-166, LO=5.12

13. Distinguish between the concepts of positive punishment and negative punishment.

pp.168-169, LO=5.14

14. List three potential problem outcomes of misusing punishment with children.

p. 169, LO=5.14

15. What is instinctive drift and how did the Brelands discover it?

p. 172, LO=5.16

16. List 5 medical or psychological conditions that biofeedback has been used to treat.

pp. 172-173, LO=5.16

17. Give an example of latent learning that you might see in your own life.

pp. 175-176, LO=5.18

ESSAY

1. Define learning. Given this definition, what types of behaviors would not be considered learning? What types of

behaviors would be included?

p. 150, LO=5.1

2. One day as your professor is driving to work, another driver runs through a red light and hits his car. The

professor is shaken up but survives the incident. However, the next time he starts to enter the intersection, he

becomes nervous and fearful. Soon, he starts going to work via another route to avoid the intersection even though

this route adds twenty minutes to his commute in each direction.

According to the principles of classical conditioning, why does the professor become scared of the previously

harmless intersection? What can he do about this, as going via the other route is very time consuming? Be specific.

Break down the situation into its parts, and show how the principles of learning apply.

p. 151-156, LO=5.2-5.3

3. Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning studies in terms of the US, UR, CS, CR and his results. Briefly discuss

two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the US, UR, CS, and CR.

pp. 151-153, LO=5.1-5.2

4. In what ways might higher-order conditioning explain why some words trigger emotional responses in us?

(a) Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.

(b) Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.

pp. 153-154, LO=5.2

5. Explain the concept of conditioned taste aversions and how it might be applied to people undergoing

chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer.

pp. 158-159, LO=5.6

6. Think about our prison systems. Many folks think the role of the prison system is to punish people who break the

law, and that we should have more prisons to punish more people. But let’s look at what happens to the average

light sentence. If (s)he does go to prison, (s)he is unlikely to learn any useful skills and will meet other criminals

who will probably not be good role models. Additionally, (s)he may not end up serving his/her entire sentence due

to overcrowding conditions in prisons. Given what you know about operant learning principles, reinforcement, and

punishment, critique the way our current prison system works and suggest some better ideas. Be sure to be specific

about the principles that you have learned from our textbook.

pp. 161-174, LO=5.9-5.16

7. After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory overseas as an industrial psychologist. The

workers put together IPODs. The boss wants to know the best pay schedule to get the maximum number of pieces

made by his workers. The boss wants you to describe various schedules of payment to him and tell which might be

best for the plant. Using the principles of operant conditioning, describe the various pay schedules and what would

be the best one for his goal of getting the most production.

pp. 164-167, LO=5.12

8. Give an example of each of the four schedules of partial reinforcement, and comment on which schedule would

be most likely to result in lasting behavioral change.

pp. 164-167, LO=5.12

9. Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also discuss the effects it has on people and

animals once it is established.

p. 172, LO=5.15

10. Discuss the concept of observational learning as it applies to children and violent media, such as television,

newspapers, movies, the internet and video games. Make sure to cite relevant findings covered in the textbook.

pp. 176-180, LO=5.19-5.20

The World of Psychology, 7th Edition by Samuel E. Wood – Test Bank

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