The Challenge of Democracy Essentials American Government in Global Politics The Essentials, International Edition, 9th Edition by Kenneth Janda – Test Bank

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CHAPTER 5: Participation and Voting

SHORT ANSWER

Please define the following term.

1. political participation

ANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 155

2. conventional participation

ANS:

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REF: 155

3. unconventional participation

ANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 155

4. terrorism

ANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 155

5. direct action

ANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 158

6. supportive behavior

ANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 160

7. influencing behavior

ANS:

Answers will vary.REF: 160

8. voter turnout

ANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 164

9. class-action suit

ANS:

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REF: 163

10. suffrage

ANS:

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REF: 164

11. franchise

ANS:

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REF: 164

12. progressivism

ANS:

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REF: 168

13. direct primary

ANS:

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REF: 169

14. recall

ANS:

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REF: 169

15. referendumANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 169

16. initiative

ANS:

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REF: 169

17. standard socioeconomic model

ANS:

Answers will vary.

REF: 173

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Public demonstrations by Egyptian women in December of 2011 were waged in order to protest

a. their inability to vote.

b. c. d. e. public beatings of women by Egyptian soldiers.

their rights to congregate without men present.

forced virginity tests on female prisoners.

Options B and D are true.

ANS: E REF: 153 NOT: C

2. 3. Before the collapse of communism, the former Soviet Union did not function as a democracy because

a. it did not regularly hold elections.

b. it had no legislature.

c. it permitted no acts of conventional participation.

d. there was only one political party.

e. All of the above are true.

ANS: D REF: 154 |155 NOT: F

The text defines _________ as the actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or

support government politics.

a. direct action

b. political participation

c. unconventional participation

d. conventional participation

e. conventional behavior

ANS: B REF: 155 NOT: F

4. Which of the following is an unconventional form of political participation?

a. Voting

b. d. Writing letters to public officials

c. Campaigning for candidates

Displaying campaign posters in front yards5. 6. 7. 8. 9. e. Chanting slogans outside public officials’ windows

ANS: E REF: 155 NOT: C

While terrorism is an unconventional political action, it is generally not counted as political

participation because

a. b. c. d. e. terrorists do not seek to influence government but to attack it.

the acceptability of terrorism varies from culture to culture.

terrorism uses fear, not persuasion, as its primary tactic.

terrorist acts generally concern international politics, not domestic disputes.

terrorism does not use the established institutions of representative government.

ANS: A REF: 155 NOT: C

Which of the following statements about unconventional participation is not true?

a. b. c. It challenges existing government channels or institutions.

It violates principles or beliefs of the dominant culture.

It consists of relatively routine behavior that uses established institutions of

representative government.

d. e. It is used by disadvantaged groups in lieu of more conventional forms of participation.

It has a long history in the United States.

ANS: C REF: 155 |156 NOT: C

All of the following are regarded in the text as examples of unconventional participation except

a. the 1965 Selma, Alabama civil rights march.

b. the Boston Tea Party.

c. the Montgomery bus boycott.

d. the “occupy” camps in 2011 protesting income inequality.

e. all of these are examples of unconventional participation .

ANS: E REF: 155–158 NOT: C

Which of the following was the first known act of unconventional participation in America?

a. The Revolutionary War

b. The Declaration of Independence

c. The civil rights marches of the 1960s

d. Shays’s Rebellion

e. The Boston Tea Party

ANS: E REF: 156 |157 NOT: F

Political scientists know less about unconventional forms of political participation because

a. b. c. d. e. conventional forms have greater impact.

few people consider unconventional forms legitimate.

it is easier to collect data on conventional practices.

they are biased toward institutionalized, or conventional, politics.

Options C and D are true.

ANS: E REF: 157 NOT: F

10. Direct action includes

a. a contribution to a campaign.

b. legislatures passing laws in response to public demands.

c. increased voter turnout due to negative campaigning.

d. a citizen’s group appearing before the city council seeking change in an ordinance.11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. e. an interest group soliciting members.

ANS: D REF: 158 NOT: F

Some studies show that direct political action appeals most to those who __________ the political

system and have a _________ sense of political efficacy.

a. distrust; strong

b. trust; weak

c. trust; strong

d. distrust; weak

e. support; keen

ANS: A REF: 159 NOT: C

Americans are less likely to __________ than citizens of other countries.

a. vote

b. sign a petition

c. boycott products

d. be interested in politics.

e. join demonstrations

ANS: E REF: 159 NOT: C

A practical test of whether or not a government is democratic is whether

a. b. c. d. people can operate outside government institutions to influence policymaking.

citizens can affect its policies by acting through its institutions.

direct action is necessary for government to hear citizens’ views.

conventional political action consists largely of influencing behaviors and not

supportive behaviors.

e. All of the above are true.

ANS: B REF: 159 |160 NOT: C

Flying the American flag on holidays is an example of _________ behavior.

a. influencing

b. contacting

c. unconventional

d. supportive

e. modeling

ANS: D REF: 160 NOT: F

Petitioning a local government council to rebuild a curb in front of your home is a(n)

a. form of unconventional participation.

b. form of supportive behavior.

c. example of seeking particular benefits.

d. example of seeking broad policy objectives.

e. method of self-interested political behavior.

ANS: C REF: 161 NOT: C

Studies of Americans who engage in “contacting behavior” like complaining to city hall find

a. b. c. d. they are not more likely to engage in other forms of political activity.

they tend to be of low socioeconomic status.

they demand more of the national government than of local government.

they are more focused on elected officials representing their views than on providing17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. e. city services.

they tend to have lower favorable opinions about government.

ANS: A REF: 161 NOT: F

Americans contributing money to a candidate’s campaign is best defined as a form of

a. unconventional participation.

b. supportive behavior.

c. influencing behavior.

d. competitive behavior.

e. elite behavior.

ANS: C REF: 162 NOT: F

Which of the following activities requires the most initiative?

a. Voting

b. Running for office

c. Working on a campaign

d. Contacting an elected official

e. Signing a petition

ANS: B REF: 162 NOT: F

A legal action brought by a person or group on behalf of a number of people in similar circumstances

is also known as a(n)

a. class action suit.

b. initiative.

c. supportive behavior.

d. public act.

e. referendum.

ANS: A REF: 163 NOT: F

The text defines suffrage and franchise as the right to

a. participate.

b. speak.

c. protest.

d. vote.

e. rally.

ANS: D REF: 164 NOT: C

Which country was the first to provide for the general election of representatives through mass

suffrage?

a. France

b. Australia

c. Canada

d. Great Britain

e. United States

ANS: E REF: 165 NOT: F

The framers of the Constitution left the issue of voter enfranchisement to

a. Congress.

b. the Supreme Court.

c. the states.23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. d. the Federalist papers.

e. voting districts.

ANS: C REF: 165 NOT: F

Which of the following qualifications for voting was virtually eliminated in all states by the 1850s?

a. Property ownership

b. Age

c. Race

d. Gender

e. Literacy requirement

ANS: A REF: 165 NOT: F

The __________ to the Constitution prohibits states from denying the right to vote “on account of

race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

a. Tenth Amendment

b. Fourteenth Amendment

c. Fifteenth Amendment

d. Twenty-second Amendment

e. Eighteenth Amendment

ANS: C REF: 165 NOT: F

The purpose of the literacy tests that were used in the southern states after 1870 was to

a. keep schoolteachers employed.

b. keep illegal aliens from voting.

c. void illegally-cast ballots.

d. ensure that only well-informed people voted.

e. discourage African Americans from voting.

ANS: E REF: 165 NOT: F

In Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court found __________ is (are) unconstitutional.

a. preventing blacks from voting in primary elections

b. state poll taxes.

c. literacy tests

d. property requirements for voting

e. Jim Crow laws

ANS: A REF: 166 NOT: F

Women were first given the right to vote in

a. New York.

b. Massachusetts.

c. Ohio.

d. Pennsylvania.

e. Wyoming.

ANS: E REF: 167 NOT: F

The amendment granting women’s suffrage is the

a. Eighteenth Amendment.

b. Nineteenth Amendment.

c. Twentieth Amendment.

d. Twenty-first Amendment.29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. e. Twenty-eighth Amendment.

ANS: B REF: 167 NOT: F

The amendment lowering the voting age to eighteen is the

a. Eighteenth Amendment.

b. Nineteenth Amendment.

c. Twentieth Amendment.

d. Twenty-sixth Amendment.

e. Twenty-seventh Amendment.

ANS: D REF: 168 NOT: F

Compared with other nations in the world in granting suffrage to women, the United States

a. was among the first.

b. ranked about in the middle.

c. lagged far behind.

d. was unique in extending that right without being pressured to do so.

e. was more selective in which women were extended the right.

ANS: A REF: 168 NOT: C

Which nation did not extend the vote on equal terms with men until 1971?

a. Norway

b. The Netherlands

c. Switzerland

d. Kuwait

e. Belgium

ANS: C REF: 168 NOT: F

A direct primary is a

a. b. c. d. e. direct vote on a proposed law.

preliminary election to choose party candidates.

special election initiated by petition.

procedure by which voters can propose a law to be considered by the legislature.

recorded position on an issue by an interest group.

ANS: B REF: 169 NOT: F

Which statement concerning recall is incorrect?

a. b. c. d. e. Twenty-one state governors have been unseated through recall.

It is a special election initiated by a petition signed by a specific number of voters.

It was supported by the Progressive movement.

Eighteen states provide for the recall of state officials.

None of the above is true.

ANS: A REF: 169 NOT: F

Most referenda are placed on the ballot by

a. voters.

b. governors.

c. interest groups.

d. judges.

e. legislatures.35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. ANS: E REF: 169 NOT: F

The typical procedure for an initiative requires petitions to feature the signatures of __________ of the

number of registered voters in a state.

a. 5 to 10 percent

b. 25 to 30 percent

c. 45 to 50 percent

d. more than 50 percent

e. at least 60 percent

ANS: A REF: 169 NOT: F

The last governor recalled from office was Governor

a. Susana Martinez of New Mexico.

b. Terry Branstad of Iowa.

c. Gray Davis of California.

d. Scott Walker of Wisconsin.

e. George Ryan of Illinois.

ANS: C REF: 169 NOT: F

One recent criticism of referenda and initiatives is that

a. they create an expensive “industry” designed around circulating petitions and

spending millions.

b. c. d. e. citizens cannot exercise great power over government policy through these mechanisms.

controversial ballot measures tend to lower voter turnout.

voters increasingly tend to reject all ballot measures.

Options B and D are true.

ANS: A REF: 170 NOT: F

At the local level, voters elect about __________ of 13,800 school districts across the nation.

a. 15 percent

b. 25 percent

c. 50 percent

d. 75 percent

e. 95 percent

ANS: E REF: 171 NOT: F

Although the United States has a much lower voter turnout than do other democracies, Americans may

actually work harder at being good citizens because

a. b. c. d. e. political parties in the United States demand a high level of activity.

people must pass a test of political knowledge to be eligible to vote in the United States.

many American states still impose a poll tax.

the United States has far more elections than do other countries.

they break fewer laws overall.

ANS: D REF: 171 NOT: C

The standard socioeconomic model of participation chiefly refers to

a. age, race, and education.

b. gender, ethnicity, and income.

c. race, income, and religion.

d. age, education, and political interest.41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. e. education, income, and occupation.

ANS: E REF: 172 NOT: C

Voting in the United States decreased during the 1970s and 1980s. Other forms of participation

a. increased or remained stable.

b. also decreased.

c. d. have not been extensively studied.

rose and fell in no particular pattern.

e. dramatically increased.

ANS: A REF: 172 NOT: F

Characteristics frequently associated with nonvoters are

a. b. c. d. e. low education, high income, and being middle-aged.

low education, low income, and being relatively young.

high education, low income, and being relatively old.

low education, low income, and being middle-aged.

low income and general apathy.

ANS: B REF: 172–174 NOT: F

In general today, women politically participate

a. less than men.

b. more than men.

c. less than men if they are married, but more if they are not.

d. about the same as men.

e. There is no consistent pattern across different forms of participation.

ANS: D REF: 173 NOT: F

How does education affect voter turnout?

a. b. Well-educated people are more likely to vote than are their less-educated counterparts.

Educated people are less likely to vote than uneducated people because their education

makes them more cynical about government.

c. d. Educated and uneducated people vote at about the same rates.

Educated people vote more than uneducated people, who are often unable to pass voter

literacy tests.

e. Educated people cast more split ballots on issues.

ANS: A REF: 173 NOT: C

The effect of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which enfranchised eighteen-to-twenty-year-olds, was to

a. b. c. d. e. boost voter turnout in the United States above that of most other democratic nations.

reduce the national voter turnout rate.

increase the national voter turnout rate.

decrease the percentage of the population that distrusts the American political system.

counter the increasing social mobility of this group.

ANS: B REF: 174 |175 NOT: C

Which of the following forms of political participation are Americans least likely to engage in,

according to a 2008 survey?

a. Voting

b. Discussing politics with family or friends

c. Talking with anyone about voting47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. d. Wearing campaign buttons, posting stickers and signs

e. Attending political meetings

ANS: E REF: 174 NOT: F

The country with the lowest voter turnout among eligible voters in national elections is

a. Belgium.

b. Sweden.

c. Germany.

d. Spain.

e. the United States.

ANS: E REF: 176 NOT: F

In nearly every other democratic country, the burden of registration is placed on

a. the individual voters.

b. political parties.

c. community leaders.

d. the government.

e. private interest groups.

ANS: D REF: 177 NOT: F

Today, __________ states allow voters to both register and vote on the day of the election.

a. two

b. nine

c. twenty-two

d. thirty-one

e. forty-six

ANS: B REF: 177 NOT: F

In Oregon, everyone votes by

a. telephone.

b. Internet.

c. electronic devices.

d. mail.

e. None of the above is true.

ANS: D REF: 178 NOT: F

If voter-turnout was computed on the basis of registered voters, about __________ of Americans vote.

a. 45 percent

b. 50 percent

c. 60 percent

d. 70 percent

e. 80 percent

ANS: E REF: 178 NOT: F

In 2001–2002, over 42 percent of registrations for voting were done though

a. mail.

b. motor-voter provisions.

c. the Internet.

d. telephone.

e. party registration drives.53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. ANS: B REF: 178 NOT: F

A 2009 study showed that half of all voters are unaware that they can:

a. switch political parties.

b. vote by mail.

c. register at motor vehicle offices.

d. vote for U.S. Senators.

e. None of the above is true.

ANS: C REF: 178 NOT: C

The American emphasis on freedom over equality in political participation works to the benefit of

a. union members.

b. the poor.

c. those with greater resources.

d. no particular group.

e. nonvoters.

ANS: C REF: 179 NOT: C

During the Vietnam War, protesting students on college campuses

a. stopped traffic.

b. destroyed property.

c. occupied buildings.

d. Options A, B, and C are true.

e. None of the above is true.

ANS: D REF: 180 NOT: F

Which means of political participation serves the ideal of equality better than any other?

a. Running for office

b. Contributing to campaigns

c. Contacting officials

d. Voting in elections

e. E-mailing concerns to elected officials

ANS: D REF: 180 NOT: C

Congress and the states moved quickly to pass the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which lowered the

voting age to eighteen, because they

a. b. c. d. recognized the justice of the student antiwar and civil rights movements.

knew that student voter turnout would be low.

expected the new voters to change the political balance of power drastically.

hoped to channel student energy away from demonstrations and toward more conventional

forms of participation.

e. realized the unfairness of the discrepancy between the military draft age and the

voting age.

ANS: D REF: 181 NOT: C

Someone who asserts that elections “socialize political activity” is contending that elections are

mechanisms that maintain

a. freedom.

b. majoritarianism.

c. equality.59. 60. d. government stability.

e. independence.

ANS: D REF: 181 NOT: C

Elections, as an institutional mechanism:

a. b. c. d. e. have no perceptible effect on policies and actions of governments.

diminish the power and authority of the state.

encourage the citizenry to engage in other kinds of political participation.

bolster the power and authority of the state.

equalize segments of the population.

ANS: D REF: 181 NOT: C

The majoritarian model of democracy favors

a. both conventional and unconventional forms of participation.

b. unconventional forms of participation.

c. resourceful individuals seeking particularized benefits.

d. better-educated, wealthier citizens.

e. voting as the primary means of participation.

ANS: E REF: 182 NOT: C

ESSAY

1. Other than voting, list four specific ways that Americans participate in politics, For each way listed,

indicate whether it is a form of conventional or unconventional participation, and why.

2. 3. 4. 5. ANS:

Answers will vary.

Explain why the 1965 march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama, though an

unconventional form of political participation that led to violence, proved beneficial to the Civil Rights

movement.

ANS:

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Explain the difference between supportive and influencing behavior, and provide examples of each.

ANS:

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Discuss how Americans compare in terms of voter turnout with citizens of other democracies, and one

reason your text offers for why this difference may exist.

ANS:

Answers will vary.

Summarize the expansion of voting rights by describing federal government actions that granted the

franchise to those who had been denied suffrage.

ANS:

Answers will vary.6. Explain the difference between a referendum and an initiative, and give an example of each..

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ANS:

Answers will vary.

What do we know about trends in voter turnout and other forms of political participation from 1946 to

2008?

ANS:

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Describe why people with a higher socioeconomic status engage in conventional

political participation.

ANS:

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What explanations have researchers suggested for decreasing voter turnout in the United States?

ANS:

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Discuss why patterns of American participation are more consistent with the pluralist model than the

majoritarian model.

ANS:

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In addition to their being vehicles that implement democracy, describe the other important purposes of

elections.

ANS:

Answers will vary.