| 1. |
Answer would ideally include:
Political Motivations: Kings often supported the foundation of colonies for political reasons. The anti-Puritan Charles I, for example, dissolved Parliament, where Puritans were well represented, and then supported the Massachusetts Bay colony because it provided a way to get Puritans to leave England.
Gifts: Some colonies—New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania among them—were established after a king rewarded a friend with a proprietary North American land grant.
Economic Motivations: Kings also supported the colonies for economic reasons, because eventually the colonies exported and imported products that provided customs revenue for the monarchy and became important parts of English markets. |
| 2. |
Answer would ideally include:
Separatism: The Pilgrims sought to separate from the Church of England, which they considered hopelessly corrupt. With the belief that America would better protect their community, Separatists obtained permission to settle in the territory granted to the Virginia Company. They departed aboard the Mayflower in 1620.
Settlement: Half the settlers died during the first winter in Plymouth. In the spring, Indians rescued the settlement. With the Indians’ guidance, the Pilgrims harvested enough food to guarantee their survival, an occasion they celebrated in 1621 with a feast of thanksgiving attended by Wampanoag Indians. The Pilgrims lived in peace with the Indians, but Plymouth failed to attract many other English settlers. |
| 3. |
Answer would ideally include:
Arbella Sermon: The “city upon a hill” sermon was given in 1630 by John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony. The sermon showed the Puritans’ belief that they had a covenant with God to live out their religious principles, and their desire to serve as a model of the godly society that they hoped England would eventually follow. |
| 4. |
Answer would ideally include:
Massachusetts Bay Colony: Massachusetts Bay colony was settled by families who came to set an example of a godly society in New England. The Puritans—who were generally tradesmen or farmers—settled in towns that were organized around family, church, and community.
Chesapeake Bay Society: The Chesapeake colony was settled primarily by men who came to Virginia in search of land and economic gain. Indentured servants constituted the majority of settlers in the Chesapeake, while in New England they accounted for only about a fifth. In contrast to the organized society of the Puritans, Chesapeake society was decentralized and solely focused on tobacco production. |
| 5. |
Answer would ideally include:
Evidence: By the end of the seventeenth century, various developments indicated that Puritan zeal had begun to cool in New England. As many of the children of the colony’s founders failed to experience the conversion that qualified them for church membership—meaning that they could not baptize their own children—attendance rates dropped. In order to recapture the religious zeal of previous years, Massachusetts ministers enacted the Halfway Covenant in 1662, which allowed the unconverted children of the Puritan elect to become “halfway” church members who could baptize their infants but not participate in communion or have voting privileges. By the 1680s, women were the majority of church members throughout New England; in some towns, only 15 percent of adult men were members. |
| 6. |
Answer would ideally include:
Tenants of Quakerism: Quakers believed that God spoke directly to each individual through an “inner light,” and that individuals needed neither a preacher nor the Bible to discover God’s Word. They believed that all individuals (including women) were equal in God’s eyes and refused to conform to laws and governments unless God requested otherwise. Quaker leaders were ordinary men and women.
Quakers and the Puritans: Quaker ideas threatened Puritan ideas about God and predestination, the belief that salvation was predetermined by God at one’s birth. Quaker ideals also threatened Puritan ideals about social hierarchy. |
| 7. |
Answer would ideally include:
Diversity in the Middle Colonies: The middle colonies were populated by a variety of groups, such as Quakers and other religious dissenters, and immigrants from Holland, Sweden, France, Germany, and elsewhere, including artisans, farmers, and laborers. Pennsylvania’s Quaker ideals meant that that colony had peaceful relations with the Indians and made a visible critique of social hierarchy.
Development of the Middle Colonies: Colonial governments in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey recognized the heterogeneity of the population by allowing religious toleration, and these colonies were economically prosperous. The ideals of toleration and diversity were appealing to many new immigrants, ensuring a strong labor force and consumer base to stimulate the economy. Despite allowing religious toleration throughout, Pennsylvania was, at its roots, a Quaker colony. |
| 8. |
Answer would ideally include:
Trade Regulations: The Navigation Acts set forth two fundamental rules governing colonial trade. First, goods shipped to and from the colonies had to be transported in English ships using primarily English crews. Second, the acts listed specific colonial products that could be shipped only to England or to other English colonies. Tobacco was the main product regulated by these acts. |
| 9. |
Answer would ideally include:
Cause: The New England colonists’ steady encroachment on Indian lands caused King Philip’s War. The war began when the Wampanoags, led by their chief, Metacomet—whom the colonists called King Philip—struck back with attacks on settlements in Western Massachusetts and the colonial militias counterattacked the Wampanoags, Nipmucs, and Narragansetts, causing thousands of deaths on both sides.
Results: The war left the New England colonists with an enduring hatred of Indians, a large war debt, and a devastated frontier. |
| 10. |
Answer would ideally include:
Voting Before and After 1691: Before 1691, only church members could vote in colony-wide elections. After 1691, only property owners could vote in those elections.
Significance: The new voting qualifications signified that wealth replaced God’s grace as the defining characteristic of Massachusetts citizenship.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
| 1. |
How did the population of the colonies change during the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
The colonies’ population was eight times higher in 1770 than it was in 1700. |
| B) |
The population became increasingly homogenous. |
| C) |
The colonial English population increased more than other ethnic groups by 1770. |
| D) |
The African population experienced a rapid decline. |
| 2. |
In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were Scots-Irish or |
| A) |
English. |
| B) |
German. |
| C) |
African. |
| D) |
Dutch. |
| 3. |
About what percentage of colonists in 1770 traced their ancestry to England? |
| A) |
10 percent |
| B) |
50 percent |
| C) |
75 percent |
| D) |
90 percent |
| 4. |
Why was the colonial economy in the eighteenth century unique? |
| A) |
A few colonists held the overwhelming majority of the wealth. |
| B) |
The free population enjoyed a relatively high standard of living. |
| C) |
Almost all British colonists considered themselves wealthy. |
| D) |
The majority of colonists were worse off than they had been in Europe. |
| 5. |
Why did New England’s population lag behind the growth in other colonies? |
| A) |
Most immigrants chose other destinations. |
| B) |
The towns were slow to divide land among prospective residents. |
| C) |
The weather was too cold in New England. |
| D) |
New England merchants did not encourage settlement. |
| 6. |
In the seventeenth century, how did New England families subdivide land under the policy of partible inheritance? |
| A) |
About equally among all the children |
| B) |
About equally among all the sons |
| C) |
Between the eldest and youngest males |
| D) |
Among the wife and three oldest children |
| 7. |
Why did New Englanders have only a quarter of the wealth the free colonists in the South had in 1770? |
| A) |
Farms did not produce huge surpluses of cash crops. |
| B) |
The New England growing season was too short. |
| C) |
The craggy, rocky soil could not support cash crops. |
| D) |
A lack of rainfall kept farm produce from growing. |
| 8. |
What was the dominant feature of the eighteenth-century New England economy? |
| A) |
It was an agriculture-based economy, with large farms producing most of the marketable goods. |
| B) |
It was based on trade that depended on material imports from Asia. |
| C) |
It was dependent on intercolonial trade within North America. |
| D) |
It was a diversified, worldwide commercial economy focused on the Atlantic world. |
| 9. |
Which group dominated the commercial economy of New England in the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
Artisans |
| B) |
Farmers |
| C) |
Printers |
| D) |
Merchants |
| 10. |
About what percentage of New Englanders qualified for poor relief throughout the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
5 percent |
| B) |
25 percent |
| C) |
50 percent |
| D) |
75 percent |
| 11. |
Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
New England’s family farming was not suited for slave labor. |
| B) |
New Englanders did not have the money to buy slaves. |
| C) |
The slave trade was prohibited in New England. |
| D) |
Slaveholding violated Puritan beliefs. |
| 12. |
The largest number of immigrants to the Middle Colonies were |
| A) |
Dutch. |
| B) |
Catholic. |
| C) |
German. |
| D) |
Yankees. |
| 13. |
Most of the Scots-Irish who came to the colonies were farm laborers or tenant farmers who were leaving behind |
| A) |
lush green farmland seized by the British. |
| B) |
crop failures caused by numerous droughts. |
| C) |
small farms that had been in their families for decades. |
| D) |
farmlands that were flooded from the great rains of Ireland. |
| 14. |
How did most redemptioners pay for their voyage across the Atlantic? |
| A) |
By selling themselves as servants once they arrived |
| B) |
By redeeming their possessions with a ship’s captain |
| C) |
By working aboard the ship in exchange for a ticket |
| D) |
By working a year in the colonies to pay back the captain |
| 15. |
Which colony was known as “the best poor Man’s Country in the World”? |
| A) |
New York |
| B) |
Massachusetts |
| C) |
Pennsylvania |
| D) |
Rhode Island |
| 16. |
Which statement characterizes slaves in the middle colonies in the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
They were not really needed on wheat farms. |
| B) |
The population grew to staff new tobacco farms. |
| C) |
They were treated exactly like white redemptioners. |
| D) |
The middle colonies’ slaves were mostly of Indian descent. |
| 17. |
What was an early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement? |
| A) |
The colony gave away land to adult white males. |
| B) |
Pennsylvania paid settlers to farm Indian lands. |
| C) |
Pennsylvania levied a very low property tax. |
| D) |
The colony negotiated with Indians to purchase land. |
| 18. |
What industry produced the most economic growth in the Middle Colonies, particularly in Pennsylvania? |
| A) |
Timber |
| B) |
Flour milling |
| C) |
Fishing |
| D) |
Shipbuilding |
| 19. |
What was a result for the comparatively high standard of living in rural Pennsylvania and the surrounding Middle Colonies between 1720 and 1770? |
| A) |
The consumption of imported goods doubled. |
| B) |
Pennsylvanians began buying more land. |
| C) |
Colonists increased the size of their families. |
| D) |
Daughters of colonists were sent to English schools. |
| 20. |
What was the dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society in terms of wealth and political power? |
| A) |
Fishermen |
| B) |
Quaker merchants |
| C) |
Skilled artisans |
| D) |
Wheat farmers |
| 21. |
Poor Richard’s Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of |
| A) |
Puritan religious values. |
| B) |
the small subsistence farmer. |
| C) |
economic profit. |
| D) |
the slave as a “noble savage.” |
| 22. |
What was the defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
Small cotton farms |
| B) |
The intense heat |
| C) |
Slave labor |
| D) |
Sugarcane farming |
| 23. |
By 1770, blacks made up what percentage of the southern population? |
| A) |
15 percent |
| B) |
40 percent |
| C) |
75 percent |
| D) |
90 percent |
| 24. |
In which southern colony did the black population outnumber the white population almost two to one? |
| A) |
South Carolina |
| B) |
Georgia |
| C) |
Virginia |
| D) |
North Carolina |
| 25. |
The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to natural increase and |
| A) |
the increasing number of Indian slaves. |
| B) |
slave immigration from the West Indies. |
| C) |
slaves leaving New England to come South. |
| D) |
the Atlantic slave trade. |
| 26. |
Who kidnapped Olaudah Equiano and sold him into slavery? |
| A) |
Other Africans |
| B) |
Portuguese traders |
| C) |
British merchants |
| D) |
American planters |
| 27. |
Most slaves brought to the southern colonies were |
| A) |
young women from the West Indies. |
| B) |
older women from Africa. |
| C) |
older men from the West Indies. |
| D) |
young men from Africa. |
| 28. |
Why did Thomas Jefferson state that “a [slave] child raised every 2 years is of more profit than the crop of the best laboring [slave] man”? |
| A) |
Children complained less than adult slaves. |
| B) |
Natural increase would grow his slave holdings. |
| C) |
Children ate less than a laboring slave man did. |
| D) |
The mortality rate of adult male slaves was high. |
| 29. |
What made the southern colonies unique compared to other New World slave societies? |
| A) |
Southern slaves had a high rate of natural increase. |
| B) |
Southern colonists freed many slave children. |
| C) |
Deaths in the southern colonies exceeded births. |
| D) |
Southern colonists allowed their slaves to vote. |
| 30. |
Why did masters in the southern colonies prefer black slaves over white indentured servants? |
| A) |
Masters had to pay indentured servants a small sum each year. |
| B) |
Indentured servants would not work as many hours as slaves. |
| C) |
Indentured servants were surly and talked back. |
| D) |
Slaves served for life with no legal way to gain freedom. |
| 31. |
What did the Stono Rebellion prove about eighteenth-century slaves? |
| A) |
They were dangerous in large, organized numbers. |
| B) |
They could arm themselves and achieve freedom. |
| C) |
They could not win a firefight for freedom. |
| D) |
They could not organize against their armed masters. |
| 32. |
How did slave labor in the lower South differ from slave labor in the Chesapeake? |
| A) |
Slaves in the Chesapeake could control the pace of their work. |
| B) |
The task system allowed slaves in the lower South some discretion in the use of their time. |
| C) |
Whites did not closely supervise slave workers in the Chesapeake tobacco fields. |
| D) |
Lower South slaves could earn their freedom if they completed certain tasks. |
| 33. |
How did newly imported African slaves develop kinship relationships in the existing slave communities? |
| A) |
Established slave families often adopted new arrivals as fictive kin. |
| B) |
New arrivals used sign language because they did not speak the same dialect. |
| C) |
White women and children helped slaves feel comfortable in their new home. |
| D) |
The plantation owner assigned new arrivals to seasoned slaves in kinship units. |
| 34. |
As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies |
| A) |
as rich as New England merchants. |
| B) |
the richest in North America. |
| C) |
dependent on the West Indies for trade. |
| D) |
a colonial appendage of the Middle Colonies. |
| 35. |
While the eighteenth-century southern gentry privately looked down on poor whites, they publicly acknowledged them as |
| A) |
necessary to the growth of the southern economy. |
| B) |
their equals by virtue of belonging to the white race. |
| C) |
a contemptible group of lost souls. |
| D) |
the future heirs of the gentry. |
| 36. |
How did the slaveholding gentry dominate eighteenth-century Virginia politics? |
| A) |
They paid poor whites for their vote. |
| B) |
They violently intimidated their opponents. |
| C) |
Slaves voted according to their masters. |
| D) |
Voting requirements favored the wealthy. |
| 37. |
Members of the eighteenth-century southern gentry set a cultural standard of |
| A) |
idleness. |
| B) |
religious piety. |
| C) |
extravagant leisure. |
| D) |
racial tolerance. |
| 38. |
Although the three regions of British North America became more distinct in the latter part of the eighteenth century, they still shared what unifying experience? |
| A) |
A lessening reliance on religion |
| B) |
Declining opportunities to buy land |
| C) |
Growing concern over the slavery issue |
| D) |
Decreasing interest in world affairs |
| 39. |
What was a consequence of the increased supply of items such as tobacco and sugar in eighteenth-century North America? |
| A) |
Colonists adopted a more sedentary lifestyle. |
| B) |
Southerners bought fewer slaves as tobacco prices fell. |
| C) |
Ordinary people purchased more luxury goods. |
| D) |
The colonies cut back on exports to England. |
| 40. |
The increasing presence of English goods in the colonial market in the eighteenth century |
| A) |
caused the colonists to rebel and concentrate on home manufacture of goods. |
| B) |
improved the colonial standard of living but increased resentment toward the British. |
| C) |
spurred competition with goods imported from Europe. |
| D) |
built a certain material uniformity across region, religion, class, and status. |
| 41. |
What was the largest group of non-Christians in eighteenth-century North America? |
| A) |
Hurons |
| B) |
Slaves |
| C) |
Southerners |
| D) |
Indentured servants |
| 42. |
Which New England church was supported by taxes paid by all residents in the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
Catholic Church |
| B) |
Anglican Church |
| C) |
Congregational Church |
| D) |
Deist Church |
| 43. |
Prominent colonists in the plantation South and in cities such as Charleston, New York, and Philadelphia belonged to which church? |
| A) |
Presbyterian Church |
| B) |
Anglican Church |
| C) |
Catholic Church |
| D) |
Congregational Church |
| 44. |
Which statement characterizes colonial deists? |
| A) |
They questioned the existence of God. |
| B) |
They believed in predestination and a vengeful god. |
| C) |
They sought to find gods in natural phenomena. |
| D) |
They looked for God’s laws with science and reason. |
| 45. |
How often did most eighteenth-century colonists go to church? |
| A) |
Daily |
| B) |
Two to three times per week |
| C) |
Each Sunday |
| D) |
Seldom or not at all |
| 46. |
What was the Great Awakening? |
| A) |
A movement to convert Catholics |
| B) |
A religious revival movement |
| C) |
An appeal to reason, not emotion |
| D) |
An appeal to Protestants to unite |
| 47. |
In addition to their competition for land, colonial settlers and Indians engaged in conflicts over |
| A) |
fishing rights. |
| B) |
French protection. |
| C) |
the fur trade. |
| D) |
access to British imports. |
| 48. |
Why did Spanish officials decide to build forts and missions on New Spain’s northern frontier during the eighteenth century? |
| A) |
To improve relations with Indians in the region |
| B) |
To convert California Indians to Protestantism |
| C) |
To disrupt competition from French fur traders |
| D) |
To block Russian access to present-day California |
| 49. |
Why did colonial governors have difficulty gaining the trust and respect of influential colonists? |
| A) |
Their terms of office averaged just five years. |
| B) |
They lived in England and rarely came to the colonies. |
| C) |
They were poorly paid and accepted bribes. |
| D) |
The colonists believed that they should not be tied to England. |
| 50. |
What was the status of colonial assemblies by 1720? |
| A) |
They were constantly overruled by the crown. |
| B) |
They lost the people’s trust. |
| C) |
Colonial governors disbanded most of them. |
| D) |
They won the power to initiate important legislation. |
Answer Key
| 1. |
A |
| 2. |
C |
| 3. |
B |
| 4. |
B |
| 5. |
A |
| 6. |
B |
| 7. |
A |
| 8. |
D |
| 9. |
D |
| 10. |
A |
| 11. |
A |
| 12. |
C |
| 13. |
B |
| 14. |
A |
| 15. |
C |
| 16. |
A |
| 17. |
D |
| 18. |
B |
| 19. |
A |
| 20. |
B |
| 21. |
C |
| 22. |
C |
| 23. |
B |
| 24. |
A |
| 25. |
D |
| 26. |
A |
| 27. |
D |
| 28. |
B |
| 29. |
A |
| 30. |
D |
| 31. |
C |
| 32. |
B |
| 33. |
A |
| 34. |
B |
| 35. |
B |
| 36. |
D |
| 37. |
C |
| 38. |
A |
| 39. |
C |
| 40. |
D |
| 41. |
B |
| 42. |
C |
| 43. |
B |
| 44. |
D |
| 45. |
D |
| 46. |
B |
| 47. |
C |
| 48. |
D |
| 49. |
A |
| 50. |
D |
|
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