Statistics for Management And Economics 11th Edition By Keller -Test Bank

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Sample Questions Posted Below

 

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

1. An observational study involves collecting data about persons or objects by recording information about their selected

characteristics of interest.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

2. Self-administered surveys usually have a high response rate.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

3. In designing a survey, demographic questions must be avoided.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

4. The response rate of a survey is the proportion of all people who were selected but did not complete the survey.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

5. A self-selected sample is the group of individuals who were randomly selected to be in the sample, then agreed to

participate in the study.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

6. Experimental data tend to be more reliable, or “stronger,” than survey data.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

7. An experiment involves collecting data about persons or objects by deliberately exposing them to some kind of change

and comparing the results.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

8. A question on a survey that was not answered is an example of an open-ended question.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

9. A self-selected sample is one in which the individuals choose themselves to be in the sample.

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

10. “Wouldn’t you agree that foreign cars are better than American cars?” is an example of a well-worded survey question.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

11. Which method of data collection is involved when a researcher counts and records the number of students wearing

backpacks on campus in a given day?

a. An experiment. b. A survey.

c. Direct observation. d. None of these choices.

ANSWER: c

12. Which of the following statements is true regarding the design of a good survey?

a. b. c. The questions should be kept as short as possible.

A mixture of dichotomous, multiple-choice, and open-ended questions may be used.

Leading questions must be avoided.

d. All of these choices are true.

ANSWER: d

13. A marketing research firm selects a random sample of adults and asks them a list of questions regarding their beverage

preferences.

What type of data collection is involved here?

a. An experiment. b. A survey.

c. Direct observation. d. None of these choices.

ANSWER: b

14. Which of the following must be avoided in designing a survey?

a. Dichotomous questions. b. Leading questions.

c. Demographic questions. d. All of these choices are true.

ANSWER: b

15. A researcher conducts a study where she divides subjects into two groups, gives each group a certain treatment,

and records their responses. What type of data collection is being used here?

a. An experiment. b. Direct observation.

c. A survey. d. A census.

ANSWER: a

16. The personnel director at a large company studied the eating habits of the company’s employees. The

director watched and recorded whether each employee brought his/her own lunch to work,

ate at the company cafeteria, or went out to lunch. What method of data collection was used here?

a. Direct observation. b. An experiment.

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

c. A survey. d. A personal interview.

ANSWER: a

17. Which of the following data collection methods is not observational?

a. A personal interview. b. A telephone interview.

c. A self-administered questionnaire. d. An experiment.

ANSWER: d

18. In a(n) ____________________ study, there is no attempt to control factors that might influence the variable of

interest.

ANSWER: observational

19. The ____________________ rate is the proportion of people in the sample who completed the survey.

ANSWER: response

20. In a(n) ____________________ study, individuals are randomly assigned to different treatments and the results are

compared.

ANSWER: experimental

21. A survey is an example of a(n) ____________________ study.

ANSWER: observational

22. Two types of interviews that are used to collect data are ____________________ interviews and

____________________ interviews.

ANSWER: personal; telephone

telephone; personal

23. In a self-administered survey, the individuals in the sample are typically contacted by ____________________.

ANSWER: mail

24. Gender, occupation, and age are all examples of ____________________ variables.

ANSWER: demographic

25. Describe the difference between an observational study and an experimental study.

ANSWER: In an observational study, there is no attempt to control factors that might influence the variable of interest.

In an experimental study, a factor (such as regular use of fitness center) is controlled by randomly selecting

who is exposed to that factor, thereby reducing the influence of other factors on the variable of interest.

26. Briefly discuss three methods of conducting a survey of people.

ANSWER:

a. b. c. Personal interview: involves an interviewer soliciting information from a respondent by asking

prepared questions; it has a higher expected response rate but is typically expensive.

Telephone interview: involves soliciting information by calling people. This is usually less expensive,

but it is also less personal and has a lower expected response rate.

Self-administered survey: this is an inexpensive method of conducting a survey which is usually mailed

to a sample of people; it usually has a very low response rate.

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

27. Give three important points to consider when designing a questionnaire.

ANSWER: Any three of the following are acceptable:

a. b. c. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible.

Design the questions to be short, simple, and clearly worded.

Consider beginning with simple demographic questions to help respondents get started and become

comfortable quickly.

d. Consider using a combination of dichotomous questions, multiple-choice questions, and open-ended

questions.

e. Avoid using leading questions.

f. When preparing the questions, think about how you intend to tabulate and analyze the responses.

28. List one advantage and one disadvantage of a telephone interview as a method of data collection.

ANSWER: Advantage: It is usually less expensive than other methods of data collection.

Disadvantages: It is less personal, has a lower expected response rate, and many people will refuse to

respond to telephone surveys unless the issue is of interest to them.

29. List one advantage and one disadvantage of a personal interview as a method of data collection.

ANSWER: Advantages: It has a higher expected response rate than other methods of data collection. In addition, there

will probably be fewer incorrect responses resulting from respondents misunderstanding some questions,

because the interviewer, if asked, can clarify misunderstandings.

Disadvantages: It has the potential for bias if the interviewer says too much whenever asked to clarify

misunderstandings of some questions. The main disadvantage of personal interviews is that they are

expensive, especially when travel is involved.

30. Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of a self-administered survey as a method of data collection.

ANSWER: Advantages: It is an inexpensive method of conducting a survey, since it is usually mailed to a sample of

people, and is therefore attractive when the number of people to be surveyed is large.

Disadvantages: Self-administered surveys usually have low response rates and may have a relatively high

number of incorrect responses due to respondents misunderstanding some questions.

Soft Drinks

A soft drink manufacturer has been supplying its products in bottles to grocery stores and in cans to small convenience

stores. The company is analyzing sales of this product to determine which type of packaging is preferred by customers.

31. {Soft Drink Narrative} Is this study observational or experimental? Explain.

ANSWER: The study is observational. The statistics practitioner did not randomly assign stores to selling bottles or cans.

Type of store and type of packaging cannot be separated here.

32. {Soft Drink Narrative} Outline a better method for designing this study, so the same types of stores don’t get the same

types of packaging.

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

ANSWER: Randomly assign some grocery stores to receive bottles and the other grocery stores to receive cans.

Randomly assign some convenience stores to receive bottles and the other convenience stores to receive

cans. Or, have each store (convenience or grocery) carry both bottles and cans.

Smoking and Heart Attacks

A medical researcher is interested in investigating the relationship between smoking and heart attacks

33. {Smoking and Heart Attacks Narrative} Briefly describe how the researcher might design an observational study to

investigate the relationship between smoking and heart attacks

ANSWER: Randomly sample a group of smokers and randomly sample a group of nonsmokers. Follow these individuals

and find the proportion of each group that has a heart attack. Or, sample a group of individuals that had a

heart attack and find out what proportion of them smoked and what proportion did not smoke.

34. {Smoking and Heart Attacks Narrative} What type of studies are plausible in this particular scenario, observational

studies or experiments?

ANSWER: Observational studies are the only choice here. Experimental data would require the medical researcher to

randomly assign some people to smoke and others not to smoke. This of course is not ethical.

35. {Smoking and Heart Attacks Narrative} How can you show that smoking causes heart attacks without being able to

do a designed experiment?

ANSWER: Instead of conducting one simple observational study, conduct many observational studies, each looking at

smoking and heart attacks from a different angle, for all different populations. Once the entire body of

evidence from all these studies is examined, the connection can be seen between smoking and heart attacks.

36. A person receives a mail survey and shreds it without opening it. This causes nonresponse error.

ANSWER: T

37. Self-selected samples have no bias because they are chosen by the people themselves.

ANSWER: F

38. A cluster sample occurs when you randomly select groups, and for each group selected, you sample every single

member of that group.

ANSWER: T

39. The larger the sample size is, the more accurate we can expect our sample estimates to be.

ANSWER: T

40. Selection bias occurs when researchers select biased questions to include on a survey.

ANSWER: F

41. The target population is the population about which we want to draw inferences and conclusions, while the sampled

population is the actual population from which the sample has been taken.

ANSWER: T

42. A target population and a sampled population mean the same thing.

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

ANSWER: F

43. A self-selected sample represents the sampled population but not the target population.

ANSWER: T

44. A nonsampling error can be caused by the wording of a question.

ANSWER: T

45. When responses are not obtained from some members of the sample, bias is introduced.

ANSWER: T

46. A sampling error can be reduced by taking a larger sample size.

ANSWER: T

47. Sampling error refers to the difference between the sample and the population that exists only because of the

observations that happened to be selected for the sample.

ANSWER: T

48. Sampling error is the result of a mistake made during the sampling process.

ANSWER: F

49. Cluster samples typically cost less but they also increase sampling error.

ANSWER: T

50. A simple random sample is chosen in such a fashion that every possible subset of the same size has an equal chance of

being selected.

ANSWER: T

51. Nonresponse error occurs when responses are not obtained from some members of the sample.

ANSWER: T

52. Nonresponse error occurs when someone was not selected to participate in the survey.

ANSWER: F

53. Selection bias is a systematic tendency to favor including individuals with particular characteristics, while excluding

individuals with other characteristics.

ANSWER: T

54. To reduce sampling error, minimize the chance for bias to occur during sampling.

ANSWER: F

55. When every possible sample with the same number of observations is equally likely to be chosen, the result is called a:

a. simple random sample.

b. stratified random sample.

c. cluster sample.

d. biased sample.

ANSWER: A

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

56. The manager of the customer service division of a major consumer electronics company is interested in determining

whether the customers who have purchased a videocassette recorder over the past 12 months are satisfied with their

products. If there are 4 different brands of videocassette recorders made by the company, the best sampling strategy would

be to use a:

a. simple random sample.

b. stratified random sample.

c. cluster sample.

d. self-selected sample.

ANSWER: B

57. Which of the following causes sampling error?

a. b. d. Taking a random sample from a population instead of studying the entire population.

Making a mistake in the process of collecting the data.

c. Nonresponse bias.

All of these choices are true.

ANSWER: A

58. A pharmaceutical company interested in measuring how often physicians prescribe a certain drug has selected a

simple random sample from each of two groups: M.D. (Medical Doctors) and D.O. (Osteopaths). What is this type of

sampling called?

a. Simple random sampling.

b. Cluster sampling.

c. Stratified random sampling.

d. None of these choices.

ANSWER: C

59. When the population is divided into mutually exclusive sets, and then a simple random sample is drawn from each set,

this is called:

a. simple random sampling.

b. stratified random sampling.

c. cluster sampling.

d. selection bias.

ANSWER: B

60. Which of the following types of samples is almost always biased?

a. Simple random samples.

b. Stratified random samples.

c. Cluster samples.

d. Self-selected samples.

ANSWER: D

61. The difference between a sample mean and the population mean is called:

a. nonresponse error.

b. selection bias.

c. sampling error.

d. nonsampling error.

ANSWER: C

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

62. Which of the following types of samples should not be used to make good statistical inferences from a sample to a

population?

a. Stratified random samples.

b. Self-selected samples.

c. Cluster samples.

d. All of these choices are true.

ANSWER: D

63. Which of the following is an example of a nonsampling error?

a. b. c. d. Some incorrect responses are recorded.

Responses are not obtained from all members of the sample.

Some members of the target population cannot possibly be selected for the sample.

All of these choices are true.

ANSWER: D

64. The Admissions Officer from a large university mailed a survey to 600 students selected at random. The sample was

designed to include 150 students randomly selected from each of the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior classes on

campus. What sampling method was used?

a. Simple random sample

b. Systematic sample

c. Stratified random sample

d. Cluster sample

ANSWER: C

65. Which of the following situations lends itself to cluster samples?

a. b. c. d. When it is difficult to develop a complete list of the population members.

When the population members are widely dispersed.

When selecting and collecting data from a simple random sample is too costly.

All of these choices are true.

ANSWER: D

66. To give away a door prize, the hostess of a Tupperware party put each person’s name into a hat, mixed them up, and

selected one name. What sampling method was used?

a. Simple random sample

b. Systematic sample

c. Stratified random sample

d. Cluster sample

ANSWER: A

67. Which of the following describes selection bias?

a. b. c. d. A leading question is selected for inclusion in the survey.

Some members of the target population are excluded from possible selection for the sample.

A person selected for the sample has a biased opinion about the survey.

All of these choices are true.

ANSWER: B

68. Proper interviewer training helps to reduce ____________________ error.

ANSWER: nonsampling

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Chapter 05 – Data Collection and Sampling

69. Excluding some members of the target population results in ____________________ bias.

ANSWER: selection

70. ____________________ error results from the failure to collect data from all subjects in the sample.

ANSWER: Nonresponse

71. ____________________ error refers to differences between the sample and the population.

ANSWER: Sampling

72. ____________________ error is due to mistakes made in the acquisition of data.

ANSWER: Nonsampling

73. A(n) ____________________ sample is obtained by separating the population into groups and taking a simple random

sample from each group.

ANSWER: stratified random

74. ____________________ sampling is particularly useful when it is difficult or costly to develop a complete list of the

population members.

ANSWER: Cluster

75. What is meant by a self-selected sample? Why are self-selected samples not desirable?

ANSWER: A self-selected sample is a sample formed primarily on the basis of voluntary inclusion, with little control by

the designer of the survey. Self-selected samples are usually biased, because those who participate are more

interested in the issue than those who don’t, and therefore probably have a different opinion.

76. A senator wants to estimate the mean age of registered voters in her state. Unfortunately, she does not have a complete

list of households in her state. Describe a sampling plan that would be suitable for her purposes.

ANSWER: Use cluster sampling, where each city block is a cluster. Select a certain number of state counties at random,

then for each city block selected, sample each household in that county.

77. The Chairman of a College of Business with five departments wants to estimate the average number of student-hours

lost per month due to illness of their professors. Describe a sampling plan that will help the Dean compare the average

student-loss hours for the five departments.

ANSWER: The Chairman can take one simple random sample from each department for comparison purposes. That

means he is taking a stratified random sample, where the strata are the five departments.

78. Briefly describe three types of nonsampling errors.

ANSWER:

a. b. c. Errors in data acquisition: Errors that arise from the recording of incorrect responses.

Nonresponse error: Errors that arise when responses are not obtained from some members of the

sample.

Selection bias: Errors that arise when some members of the target population cannot possibly be

selected for the sample.

79. Pollsters want to know what percentage of all registered voters in Missoula, Montana, intend to vote in the next

election. They visit with 350 people at the downtown shopping mall during one afternoon and ask each person whether or

not they intend to vote. Are the target population and the sampled population the same in this case? Explain.

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ANSWER: In this situation, the target population and the sampled population are not the same. The target population

consists of all registered voters in Missoula, Montana. The sampled population, however, consists of anyone

in Missoula who was at that mall that afternoon (registered voters or not), thereby excluding a very large

portion of the Missoula, Montana, registered voters.

80. Give an example of a poll that involves a self-selected sample.

ANSWER: Choose any recent radio or television poll based on responses of listeners who phone in on a volunteer basis.

Another example is a survey that appears on an Internet website.

81. Is it possible for a sample to yield better results than a census, from a practical standpoint? Explain.

ANSWER: Yes. In any case where the population is large in size, a census will likely contain significantly more

nonsampling errors than a carefully conducted sample survey.

82. A regular feature in many newspapers asks readers to respond via e-mail to a survey question. The percentages of yes

and no responses are usually reported the following day. Should we ignore the results of these surveys? Explain.

ANSWER: Yes, we should ignore the results because this is an example of a self-selected sample. Self-selected samples

are almost always biased because they tend to only represent those with strong opinions.

83. Experimental data tend to be more expensive than observational data.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

84. Direct observation is a better way to collect information than Experimental designs.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

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