Stars And Galaxies 10th Edition by Michael A. Seeds – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

Chapter 05: Gravity

True / False

1. Newton’s first law of motion is essentially a restatement of Galileo’s law of inertia.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

2. Aristotle believed that objects falling to the ground fall at a constant rate of speed.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

3. Galileo believed that motion stops in the absence of a force.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

4. Newtonian gravity is often called universal mutual gravitation because every particle with mass in the Universe must

attract every other particle.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

5. Changing the direction of a moving body does not impact its velocity.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

6. The escape velocity at a given distance from a planet is less than the circular velocity of an orbit around that planet at

the same distance.

a. True

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1Chapter 05: Gravity

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

7. The Moon pulls more strongly on Earth’s near and far side than on its center.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-4

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How does gravity explain tides?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

8. The apparent positions of stars around the Sun during an eclipse have been used to prove the general theory of

relativity.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

9. The neap tides occur at the new moon and full moon.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-4

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

How does gravity explain tides?

10. Spring tides occur during the new and full lunar phases.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-4

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How does gravity explain tides?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

11. Two objects in orbit around each other orbit their common center of mass.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2Chapter 05: Gravity

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

12. Newton’s third law states that forces occur in pairs acting in the same direction.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

13. If an object’s velocity equals or exceeds the escape velocity, it will follow a closed parabolic or hyperbolic orbit.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

14. The second postulate of special relativity states that the speed of light, when measured in a vacuum, is constant for all

observers.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

15. Special relativity states the relationship between energy and mass as .

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

16. There is no gravity in space.

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: a. True

b. False

5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

Multiple Choice

17. According to Aristotle, an object with no forces acting on it will ____.

a. move faster and faster

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3Chapter 05: Gravity

b. eventually stop moving

c. d. e. move at a constant speed forever

first increase and then decrease in speed

first decrease and then increase in speed

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

18. In contradiction to the teachings of Aristotle, Galileo found that an object with no forces (and no friction) acting on it

will ____.

a. move faster and faster

b. eventually stop moving

c. d. e. move at a constant speed forever

first increase and then decrease in speed

first decrease and then increase in speed

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

19. According to Galileo, the acceleration of a freely falling object due to gravity is ____.

a. larger if the object is dropped from a greater height

b. smaller if the object is dropped from a greater height

c. larger if the mass of the object is larger

d. smaller if the mass of the object is larger

e. the same regardless of the mass and the height from which it is dropped

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

20. According to Aristotle, which scenario illustrates violent motion?

a. b. c. d. e. An apple falling from a tree

A mass of warm air rising above hot pavement

An arrow moving through the air after leaving the bow

A person pushing a car along the street

A barrel rolling down a ramp

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

21. Galileo determined that ____.

a. heavy objects accelerate at a slower speed than lighter objects

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4Chapter 05: Gravity

b. c. d. e. lighter objects accelerate at a slower speed than heavier objects

an object’s acceleration is due to the height from which it is dropped

all objects fall at a constant speed

all objects fall at a constant acceleration

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

22. Mutual gravitation is ____.

a. b. c. d. e. a type of force that acts on an object moving at constant speed

the acceleration of an object in the absence of a force

a property of all matter in the universe

the limit of gravitational force from one object to another

a type of force that repels surrounding particles

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

23. Newton concluded that some force must act on the Moon because ____.

a. b. c. d. e. a force is needed to pull the Moon away from straight-line motion

a force is needed to pull the Moon outward

a force is needed to keep the Moon in motion

the Moon has at a constant velocity

the Moon has a constant acceleration

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

24. When two objects of unequal mass orbit each other, the center of mass is ____.

a. b. c. d. e. at the center of the more massive object

at the center of the least massive object

half way between the centers of each object

always closer to the less massive of the two objects

always closer to the more massive of the two objects

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

25. The

____

force on an object.

of an object is a measure of the amount of matter it contains. The

____

is a measure of the gravitational

a. weight; mass

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5Chapter 05: Gravity

b. mass; weight

c. energy; force

d. force; energy

e. momentum; energy

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

26. Gravity obeys the inverse square law, which implies that the gravitational force of one body on another will be

times stronger at two meters than at six meters apart.

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 9

____

e. 10

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

27. Perigee is the point in ____.

a. the Moon’s orbit when the Moon is farthest from Earth

b. c. d. e. an object’s orbit around Earth when the object is closest to Earth

an object’s orbit around Earth when the object is closest to the Sun

a planet’s orbit when the planet is closest to its sun

a planet’s orbit when the planet is farthest from its sun

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

28. A comet near the Sun whose orbit is

would never be near the Sun again.

____

a. apogee

b. circular

c. elliptical

d. hyperbolic

e. radial

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

29. Newtonian physics tells us that Kepler’s second law is a result of the conservation of ____.

a. angular momentum

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6Chapter 05: Gravity

b. linear acceleration

c. energy

d. mass

e. velocity

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

30. A(n)

____

orbit is one where the orbiting object is always above the same location on Earth’s surface.

a. closed

b. elliptical

c. geosynchronous

d. hyperbolic

e. parabolic

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

31. Spring tides occur ____.

a. only during spring months

b. when high tides are unusually low and low tides are unusually high

c. when high tides and low tides are unusually low

d. when high tides are unusually high and low tides are unusually low

e. simultaneously with neap tides

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-2 How does gravity explain tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

32. The circular velocity of a satellite orbiting Earth is given by a. mass of the satellite, and r its radius

b. mass of the satellite, and r the distance from Earth to the satellite

c. mass of the satellite, and r the distance from Earth’s surface to the satellite

d. mass of Earth, and r the radius of Earth

e. mass of Earth, and r is the distance from Earth to the satellite

ANSWER: e

. In this equation, M represents the ____.

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

33. The apogee of a(n)

orbit does not exist.

____

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7Chapter 05: Gravity

a. closed

b. elliptical

c. geosynchronous

d. hyperbolic

e. parabolic

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

34. The radius of Earth is 6,378 km. The force of gravity on a 1-kg ball at Earth’s surface is 9.8 kg m/s2

. What is the force

of gravity on this same ball when the ball is located 12,756 km from Earth’s center? Hint: G

=

6.67

× 10–11

m

3/s2/kg

a. 2.45 kg m/s2

b. 4.9 kg m/s2

c. 9.8 kg m/s2

d. 19.6 kg m/s2

e. 39.2 kg m/s2

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

35. If the orbital velocity of the Moon is 1.0 km/s, what is the orbital velocity of a satellite that is 1/16th as far from Earth

as the Moon?

Hints: There is a long way and a short way to do this calculation.

; G

=

6.67

× 10–11

m

3/s2/kg

a. 1/16 km/s

b. 1/8 km/s

c. 4 km/s

d. 8 km/s

e. 16 km/s

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

36. What is the escape velocity from the Moon for a lunar landing module sitting on the Moon’s surface?

Hints: ;

The mass of the Moon is 7.2

×

1022

kg; its radius is 1738 km; G

a. 2.3 m/s

=

6.67

× 10–11

m

3/s2/kg

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8Chapter 05: Gravity

b. 23 m/s

c. 2.3 km/s

d. 11 km/s

e. 23 km/s

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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OTHER: Bloom’s:

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

37. What is the circular velocity of an object orbiting Earth at a distance of 100,000 km from Earth’s center?

Hint: ; G

=

6.67

× 10–11

m

3/s2/kg; ME =

a. 0.2 m/s

5.97 ×

1024 kg.

b. 2 m/s

c. 20 m/s

d. 200 m/s

e. 2,000 m/s

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

38. Spring tides occur at ____.

a. new moon and first quarter moon

b. new moon and full moon

c. d. e. first quarter moon and third quarter moon

first quarter moon and full moon

third quarter moon and full moon

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

39. The equivalence principle can be best illustrated by ____.

a. a person riding in an elevator

b. a rocket coasting through space at a constant velocity

c. the change in mass of a moving body

d. the formation of energy by nuclear fusion

e. a car ride on a highway with the windows open

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9Chapter 05: Gravity

40. According to the theory of general relativity, gravity is caused by the ____.

a. linear motion of stars

b. change in mass of a moving body

c. curvature of space-time

d. constant speed of light

e. inertia of a moving body

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

41. One of the first tests of the general theory of relativity was the ____.

a. description of the orbit of the Moon

b. determination of the speed of light as a constant

c. change in mass of a particle moving at a high speed

d. demonstration of a hammer and a feather falling at the same rate on the Moon

e. determination of the rate of advance of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

42. The second postulate of special relativity states that ____.

a. observers cannot detect their uniform motion except relative to other objects

b. observers cannot distinguish locally between inertial forces and uniform gravitational forces due to

acceleration and the presence of a massive body

c. the laws of physics are the same for all observers regardless of their motion as long as their speed is constant

d. the speed of light is constant and will be the same for all observers independent of their motion relative to the

light source

e. the acceleration of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to its mass

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

43. Special relativity predicts that the observed mass of a moving particle depends on its ____.

a. inertia

b. curvature

c. velocity

d. force

e. true position

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10Chapter 05: Gravity

44. According to the inverse square law, the force due to gravity between two masses will ____.

a. increase as the distance between the two masses increases

b. decrease as the square of the distance between the two masses increases

c. cause the two masses to move away from each other

d. cause the two masses to move in a straight line

e. cause the two masses to orbit each other

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

45. Newton’s law of gravitational force states that ____.

a. an object with no force on acting on it continues at rest or moves in uniform motion in a straight line with

constant velocity

b. an object with no force on it moves in a straight line with constant acceleration

c. for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

d. the force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely

proportional to the distance between them squared

e. an object with a force on it is accelerated in the direction of the force an amount inversely proportional to its

mass and directly proportional to the size of the force

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-1

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What were Galileo’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

46. Which statement expresses Newton’s first law of motion?

a. An object with no force on acting on it continues at rest or moves in uniform motion in a straight line with

constant velocity.

b. An object with a force on it is accelerated in the direction of the force an amount inversely proportional to its

mass and directly proportional to the size of the force.

c. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

d. The force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely

proportional to the distance between them squared.

e. The force between two objects is inversely proportional to the product of their masses and directly

proportional to the distance between them squared.

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

47. An object’s momentum is equal to its ____.

a. acceleration multiplied by its mass

b. acceleration divided by its weight

c. velocity multiplied by the gravitational constant

d. velocity multiplied by its mass

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11Chapter 05: Gravity

e. velocity divided by its weight

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

48. The first postulate of special relativity states that ____.

a. observers can always detect their uniform motion relative to other objects

b. observers can never detect their uniform motion except relative to other objects

c. the speed of light is constant regardless of location

d. the speed of light in a vacuum is constant

e. energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light, squared

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

49. The importance of the general theory of relativity lies in its description of ____.

a. acceleration

b. gravity

c. mass

d. space-time

e. velocity

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

50. Einstein revolutionized modern physics by ____.

a. documenting the existence of gravity through experiments on objects in motion

b. proving that Galileo and Newton were fundamentally incorrect about gravity

c. explaining how specific gravity impacts the geometry of curved space-time

d. providing an explanation of gravity based on the geometry of curved space-time

e. defining the difference between violent motion and natural motion

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

51. The force due to the gravity between two objects depends on the ____,

a. b. c. d. combined mass and velocity of both objects

mass of each object and the distance between them

distance of each object from Earth and distance between them

speed of light and the distance of each object from Earth

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12Chapter 05: Gravity

e. mass of each object and the speed of light

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

52. As described by Kepler’s second law, an object in an elliptical orbit reaches its

a. lowest; perigree

b. highest; apogee

c. highest; perigree

d. lowest; apogee

e. escape velocity; perigree

ANSWER: c

____

velocity when it is as at ____.

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

Figure 5-1

53. Consider the accompanying figure (Figure 5-1). Due to the curvature of space-time by the Sun, light from stars that

pass near the edge of the sun will ____.

a. be bent so that the stars appear further from the edge of the Sun

b. be bent so that the stars appear closer to the edge of the Sun

c. be bent so that the stars are no longer visible

d. be bent so that the stars will appear intermittently

e. not be affected by the curvature of space-time

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

PREFACE NAME: Figure 5-1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

54. What is an example of the conservation of angular momentum?

a. b. A volleyball player serves a ball and it follows a parabolic path.

A baseball player strikes the ball with the bat

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13Chapter 05: Gravity

c. d. e. A cross-country skier accelerates as she moves in a straight line

A skateboarder maintains the same velocity in the same direction

A diver brings his arms and legs closer to his body

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

55. Newton’s second law of motion is represented by ____.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

56. Kinetic energy refers to the energy of a(n)____.

a. stationary body

b. moving body

c. moon

d. gravitational field

e. object due to its position

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

57. The energy involved in the gravitational attraction between a planet and the Sun is called

a. potential

b. kinetic

_______

energy.

c. thermal

d. equilibrium

e. orbital

ANSWER: a

58. The escape velocity of a planet which is twice the mass of the Earth is

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. ______

times the escape velocity of the Earth.

Page 14Chapter 05: Gravity

a.

b.

c. 2

d. 4

e. 8

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

59. A satellite orbiting a planet at a distance d above its surface moves

the surface.

________

an object orbiting a distance 2d above

a. more rapidly than

b. at the same rate as

c. slower than

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motions and Tides

Matching

Match the terms below with the appropriate description or definition.

a. Natural motion

b. Inertia

c. Mass

d. Momentum

e. Inverse square law

f. Closed orbit

g. Escape velocity

h. Angular momentum

i. Special theory of relativity

j. General theory of relativity

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJE

CTIVES:

ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

–

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

–

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

–

What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

60. States that a gravitational field is a curvature of space-time caused by the presence of mass

ANSWER: j

61. A measure of an object’s amount of motion

ANSWER: d

62. A measure of an object’s mass along with its speed of rotation

ANSWER: h

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15Chapter 05: Gravity

63. The resistance of matter to changes in motion

ANSWER: b

64. Follows an elliptical path

ANSWER: f

65. Occurs without force

ANSWER: a

66. The amount of matter in a body

ANSWER: c

67. The velocity required to break free of an astronomical body

ANSWER: g

68. States that observers cannot detect their uniform motion through space through internal tests

ANSWER: i

69. States that the force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two masses

ANSWER: e

Completion

70. A ball is dropped from the top of a science building. After falling for three seconds, the speed of the ball would be

m/s.

_______________

ANSWER: 29.4

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

–

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

71. Newton’s first law of motion was very similar to descriptions of motion proposed by _______________.

ANSWER: Galileo

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

72. The

of the Moon’s orbit is the location at which it is farthest from Earth.

______________

ANSWER: apogee

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

–

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

73.

_______________

occur when tides caused by the Sun and Moon partially cancel out.

ANSWER: Neap tides

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-4

–

How does gravity explain tides?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16Chapter 05: Gravity

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

74. The

_______________

states that an observer cannot distinguish locally the difference between inertial forces due to

acceleration and uniform gravitational forces due to the presence of a massive object.

ANSWER: equivalence principle

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

–

What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

75. The term

_______________

refers to a change in velocity.

ANSWER: acceleration

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

–

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

76. The velocity required to escape an astronomical body is known as the _______________.

ANSWER: escape velocity

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

–

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

77. According to __________,

_______________

ANSWER: Aristotle; violent

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

motion occurs when natural motion has to be sustained by a force.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

–

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

78. The resistance of matter to changes in motion is known as _______________.

ANSWER: inertia

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

79. An object in a closed orbit under the influence of an attractive force that follows the inverse square law must behave

a(n)

_______________

path.

ANSWER: elliptical

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

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How does gravity explain orbital motion?

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

Subjective Short Answer

80. How did Aristotle describe gravity and in what context?

ANSWER: Aristotle believed that objects fall downward because they are moving toward their proper place. That

is one reason why Aristotle’s universe had to be geocentric. His explanation of gravity

–

why things

fall down

–

only works if the center of Earth is also the center of the Universe.

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17Chapter 05: Gravity

LEARNING OBJE

CTIVES:

ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

–

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

81. Define and distinguish among the terms speed, velocity, and acceleration.

ANSWER: Speed is the pace at which an object moves through a distance (regardless of direction).Velocity is the

pace at which an object moves through a distance, including a specific direction. Acceleration is the

rate at which an object’s velocity changes. The distinguishing feature between speed and velocity is

that speed does not include a direction, whereas velocity specifies a direction.

5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

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What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJE

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

82. How did Newton clarify prior laws of planetary motion?

ANSWER: Newton’s understanding of gravity allowed him to explain why the planets obey Kepler’s laws of

planetary motion. His work finished the transformation of what were once considered the mysterious

wanderings of the planets into understandable motions that follow simple rules. In fact, his discovery

of gravity explained something else that had mystified philosophers for millennia—the ebb and flow

of ocean tides.

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJE

ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

–

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

83. Why does the circular velocity of an Earth satellite depend on the distance from Earth’s center?

ANSWER: The equation for circular velocity is as follows:

The constant G is the gravitational constant that connects units of mass to units of gravitational force,

M is the mass of the central body and r is the radius of the orbit in meters. Thus, the distance between

the satellite and Earth’s center impacts circular velocity.

5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

ASTR.SEED.16.5-3

–

How does gravity explain orbital motion?

REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJE

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

84. How can tidal forces affect the rotation of celestial bodies and their orbital motion?

ANSWER: Earth rotates eastward, and friction with the ocean beds drags the tidal bulges slightly eastward out of

a direct Earth–Moon line. These tidal bulges are massive, and their gravitational field pulls the Moon

forward in its orbit. As a result, the Moon’s orbit is growing larger by about 3.8 cm a year, an effect

that astronomers can measure by bouncing laser beams off reflectors left on the lunar surface by the

Apollo astronauts.

5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

ASTR.SEED.16.5-4

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How does gravity explain tides?

REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJE

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Analysis

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18Chapter 05: Gravity

Essay

85. Describe two experiments that provide evidence of space-time curvature by the presence of a mass.

ANSWER: Two key experiments confirmed that space-time can be curved the presence of a mass: the advance of

perihelion of Mercury’s orbit and the motion of light near the Sun.

Each time Mercury returns to perihelion, its closest point to the Sun, it is about 29 km (18 mi) past the

position predicted by Newton’s laws. This is such a small distance compared with the planet’s

diameter of 4880 km that it could never have been detected had it not been cumulative. Each orbit,

Mercury gains only 29 km, but in a century it’s ahead by over 12,000 km—more than twice its own

diameter. To remedy this difference, he first calculated how much the Sun’s mass curves space-time

in the region of Mercury’s orbit and then he calculated how Mercury moves through the space-time.

The theory predicted that the curved space-time should cause Mercury’s orbit to advance by 43.03 arc

seconds per century, well within the range of uncertainty in the observed excess. His theory matched

Newton’s observations.

A second test of general relativity was related to the motion of light through the curved space-time

near the Sun. Because light has a limited speed, Newton’s laws predict that the gravity of an object

should slightly bend the paths of light beams passing nearby. The equations of general relativity

indicated that light should have an extra deflection caused by traveling through curved space-time,

just as a rolling golf ball is deflected by undulations in a putting green. Einstein predicted that

starlight grazing the Sun’s surface would be deflected by 1.75 arc seconds, twice the deflection that

Newton’s law of gravity would predict. Starlight passing near the Sun is normally lost in the Sun’s

glare, but during a total solar eclipse, stars beyond the Sun can be seen. During the next solar eclipse,

measurements were taken and they matched his predictions.

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJE

ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

86. Explain why the term acceleration is important to the first postulate of special relativity.

ANSWER: The first postulate states that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, no matter what their

motion, so long as they are not accelerated. The word accelerated is important. If either spaceship

were to fire its rockets, then its velocity would change. The crew of that ship would know it because

they would feel the acceleration pressing them into their couches. Accelerated motion, therefore, is

different—the pilots of the spaceships can always tell which ship is accelerating and which is not. The

postulates of relativity discussed here apply only to the special case of observers in uniform motion,

which means unaccelerated motion. That is why the theory is called the special theory of relativity.

REFERENCES: 5-3 Einstein and Relativity

LEARNING OBJE

ASTR.SEED.16.5-5

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What were Einstein’s insights about motion and gravity?

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Analysis

87. How does gravity explain the presence of the tides we experience on Earth?

ANSWER: Tides are caused by small differences in gravitational forces. For example, Earth’s gravity attracts

your body downward with a force equal to your weight. The Moon is less massive and more distant,

so it attracts your body with a force that is a tiny percent of your weight. You don’t notice that little

force, but Earth’s oceans respond visibly.

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19Chapter 05: Gravity

LEARNING OBJE

ASTR.SEED.16.5-4

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

–

How does gravity explain tides?

88. Explain why the spring and neap tides occur periodically.

ANSWER: Gravity is universal, so the Sun also produces tides on Earth. The Sun is 27 million times more

massive than the Moon, but it lies almost 400 times farther from Earth. Tides on Earth caused by the

Sun are less than half as high as those caused by the Moon. Twice a month, at new moon and at full

moon, the Moon and Sun produce tidal bulges that add together and produce extreme tidal changes:

At those moon phases, high tides are exceptionally high, and low tides are exceptionally low. Such

tides are called spring tides. Here the word spring does not refer to the season of the year but to the

rapid rising up of water. At first- and third-quarter moons, the Sun and Moon pull at right angles to

each other, and the tides caused by the Sun partly cancel out the tides caused by the Moon. These less

extreme tides are called neap tides, and they do not rise very high or fall very low.

REFERENCES: 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides

LEARNING OBJE

ASTR.SEED.16.5-4

–

How does gravity explain tides?

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

89. How did Newton’s Principia impact science?

ANSWER: After the Principia was published, physicists and astronomers understood that the motions of celestial

bodies are governed by simple, universal rules that describe the motions of everything from orbiting

planets to falling apples. Suddenly the Universe was understandable in simple terms, and astronomers

could accurately predict future planetary motions.

The Principia also changed science in general. The works of Copernicus and Kepler had been

mathematical, but no book before the Principia had so clearly demonstrated the power of mathematics

as a language of precision. Newton’s arguments in his book were such powerful illustrations of the

quantitative study of nature that scientists around the world adopted mathematics as their most

powerful tool.

Finally, the Principia changed the way people thought about nature. Newton showed that the rules

that govern the Universe are simple. Particles move according to just three laws of motion, and attract

each other with a force called gravity. These motions are predictable, and that makes the Universe

seem like a vast machine, but one whose operations are based on a few simple rules. The Universe is

complex only in that it contains a vast number of particles. In Newton’s view, if he knew the location

and motion of every particle in the Universe, he could, in principle, derive the past and future of the

Universe in every detail. This idea of mechanical determinism has been modified by modern quantum

mechanics (laws that govern behavior of particles inside atoms), but it dominated science for more

than two centuries. During those years, scientists thought of nature primarily as a beautiful clockwork

that would be perfectly predictable if they knew how all the gears meshed.

REFERENCES: 5-1 Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

LEARNING OBJE

ASTR.SEED.16.5-2

–

What were Newton’s insights about motion and gravity?

CTIVES:

OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 20