Sports in Society Issues And Controversies 12Th Edition By Jay Coakley – Test Bank

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Chapter 05 Deviance in Sports: Is it Out of Control? Answer Key

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT true about norms?

A. They differ from one situation to the

next.

B. They exist only in formal social

situations.

C. They include both written laws and unwritten

customs.

D. They are used to identify

deviance.

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Topic: Defining and Studying Deviance in Sports

2. As the term is used by sociologists, deviance

A. always involves a violation of

a law.

B. is punished only when it occurs in formal social

situations.

C. refers to any action that is seen as

different.

D. can involve a person’s ideas and traits as well

as actions.

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Topic: Defining and Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.3. Studying deviance in sports presents problems in that

A. psychological research shows that athletes have conforming

personalities.

B. coaches enforce rules so strictly that deviance

seldom occurs.

C. actions that are normal in sports may be deviant

outside sports.

D. athletes don’t understand the differences between sports and the

rest of life.

4. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

One of the reasons that it is difficult to study deviance in sports is that much of it

involves actions grounded in

A. accepting and overconforming to norms in sport

cultures.

B. a rejection of norms and expectations in society

and sports.

C. strong feelings of despair and alienation among athletes and

coaches.

D. a strong desire on the part of athletes to avoid

responsibility.

5. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

One of the reasons that it is difficult to study deviance in sports is that

A. athletic training occurs in settings where athletes are difficult

to observe.

B. the types and causes of deviance in sports are

very diverse.

C. people in sport organizations do not care about

ethical issues.

D. there are rules that prohibit arresting athletes in some

communities.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.6. It has become difficult to determine what actions are deviant and what actions are

accepted parts of athletic training today because

A. athletic training occurs in settings where athletes are difficult

to observe.

B. athletes tend to be less moral than other

people.

C. people in sport organizations don’t care about

ethical issues.

D. all training involves surpassing limits that are accepted as

normal in society.

7. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

When a basketball player dribbles the ball out of bounds during a game, she has

A. committed a personal

foul.

B. violated a formal

norm.

C. engaged in informal

deviance.

D. engaged in an immoral

act.

8. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Defining and Studying Deviance in Sports

When two college basketball players turn their back to the U.S. flag during the

playing of the national anthem, they

A. violate an informal

norm.

B. engage in formal

deviance.

C. violate a formal

norm.

D. offend people but violate no

norms.

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Topic: Defining and Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.9. An absolutist approach to deviance in sports is based on the assumption that

A. there are no ideals in

society.

B. humans have inborn tendencies to

be evil.

C. humans have inborn tendencies to be

moral.

D. unchanging moral truths are the foundation for all

norms.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

10. According to an absolutist approach to studying deviance

A. norms vary from one situation to

the next.

B. it does no good to punish people who violate

norms.

C. all deviance is caused by a lack of moral character or a

moral failure.

D. most people engage in little or no deviance during their

lifetimes.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

11. People using an absolutist approach tend to

A. see deviance as located in the person who

engages in it.

B. resist “get tough” strategies for controlling

deviance.

C. argue that we need fewer rules in

sports.

D. see normative boundaries as

changeable.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.12. A social constructionist approach to deviance is based on

A. unchanging ideas about right and

wrong.

B. a combination of cultural, interactionist, and structural

theories.

C. the idea that any departure from moral ideals is a form of

deviance.

D. the assumption that all people who engage in deviance lack moral

character.

13. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

When using a constructionist approach, deviance is defined as ideas, traits, and

actions that

A. harm other people or

property.

B. disrupt the status quo in

society.

C. fall outside of socially determined normative

boundaries.

D. violates unchanging moral truths that exist in all

societies.

14. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

According to a constructionist approach, both norms and deviance are

A. unchangeab

le.

B. determined only by judges and

courts.

C. based on religious

ideals.

D. socially constructed through

interaction.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.15. According to a constructionist approach, the process of negotiating normative

boundaries is influenced by

A. the power dynamics that exist in a society or

social world.

B. the human need to punish all forms of

deviance.

C. the normative ideals of

sociologists.

D. the idea that all deviance is harmful to human

beings.

16. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

A constructionist approach to deviance is based on the assumption that

A. most ideas, traits, and actions fall into a normally

accepted range.

B. the more an action departs from an ideal, the more

deviant it is.

C. all deviance involves overconformity to

norms.

D. all deviance involves underconformity to

norms.

17. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

Deviance may involve underconformity or overconformity to norms. The author

explains that deviance involving overconformity is

A. harmles

s.

B. so rare that it cannot be studied

scientifically.

C. based on unquestioned acceptance of

norms.

D. generally

uncontrollable.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.18. Deviance may involve underconformity or overconformity to norms. The author

explains that deviance involving underconformity consists of ideas, traits, or

actions that

A. are inherently

evil.

B. are

subnormal.

C. can, in extreme cases, lead to

fascism.

D. violate only those norms that are directly based on

religious beliefs.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

19. Anarchy is the social condition that exists when

A. people use an absolutist approach to

deviance.

B. law enforcement officers are

overtrained.

C. supranormal actions are out of

control.

D. widespread underconformity creates general

lawlessness.

20. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

Research on normative overconformity suggests that if we wish to understand this

form of deviance we must

A. study child athletes rather than adult

athletes.

B. avoid studying athletes in sports where injury rates are

relatively high.

C. critically examine the organization and dynamics of elite

sport cultures.

D. try to identify personality defects in athletes who overconform

to norms.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.21. Understanding deviance in sports requires an understanding of “the sport ethic.”

Which of the following beliefs is NOT one of the core norms of the sport ethic?

A. An athlete strives for

distinction.

B. An athlete accepts no obstacles in the pursuit of

success.

C. An athlete accepts pain but avoids

risks.

D. An athlete is dedicated to “the

game.”

22. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

The sport ethic is linked to deviance in sports because athletes

A. are unwilling to accept norms developed by

others.

B. expect each other to overconform to its

norms.

C. tend to be self-

centered.

D. come from families in which parents valued

conformity.

23. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

The sport ethic becomes a source of dangerous deviance in sports when

A. athletes raise too many questions about its

meaning.

B. people in sports don’t set boundaries to limit overconformity to

the ethic.

C. athletes reject the norms of the sport ethic and make up their

own rules.

D. referees do not take the sport ethic seriously when they

enforce rules.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.24. Athletes who engage in deviant underconformity are usually punished or cut from

teams; athletes who engage in deviant overconformity are

A. ridiculed in the

media.

B. rejected by

teammates.

C. seen by fans as having weak

character.

D. likely to experience health problems as

a result.

25. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

A reason that athletes may overconform to the norms of the sport ethic is because

they

A. seek identity reaffirmation from other

athlete.

B. were pressured by their parents to play

sports.

C. want to be seen as normal by people outside of

sports.

D. want to be seen as better than their fellow

athletes.

26. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

The athletes most likely to overconform to the norms of the sport ethic are those

who see achievement as their only way to get ahead and those who have

A. identities based on what they do and who they know outside

of sports.

B. agents who have negotiated special performance clauses in

their contracts.

C. a low physical tolerance for pain and a desire to avoid risks

in sports.

D. a strong need to be accepted as athletes by their peers

in sports.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.27. When athletes collectively dedicate themselves to a goal and willingly endure pain

and make sacrifices to achieve it, they often create a social world in which

A. coaches lose control of

players.

B. players tend to burn out at high

rates.

C. the athletes cannot understand the motivation of

teammates.

D. deviant overconformity becomes

normalized.

28. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

When athletes collectively overconform to the norms of the sport ethic, they may

develop hubris, which leads them to see themselves as separate from and superior

to the rest of the community. The author explains that this hubris

A. provides a strong incentive to do excessive

community service.

B. leads to a sense of entitlement and lack of concern for people outside

their sport.

C. makes athletes uncoachable and destroys a foundation for

teamwork.

D. discourages all forms of deviance on and off

the field.

29. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

When there is a collective sense of hubris on a team, it is likely that some athletes

will

A. feel a sense of entitlement in the general

community.

B. become social activists and community

leaders.

C. feel a special need to follow the law in the general

community.

D. question the loyalty and commitment of their

teammates.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.30. The author suggests that athletes engage in overconformity in sports because of

their desire to

A. win games, meets, and

matches.

B. make money and become

famous.

C. play and be accepted as an athlete by other

athletes.

D. avoid media coverage and excessive attention

from fans.

31. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

Social processes in elite power and performance sports often lead groups of

athletes to develop hubris at the same time that these social processes

A. create hostility between

athletes.

B. lead athletes to reject their

coaches.

C. separate athletes from the rest of the

community.

D. lead people in the community to dislike and disdain

athletes.

32. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

Controlling deviant overconformity in sports requires a close examination of the

A. backgrounds of athletes, coaches, and

spectators.

B. economics of

sport.

C. moral characters of athletes and

coaches.

D. meaning and organization of

sports.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.33. Controlling deviant overconformity in sports presents a unique challenge because

A. people in sports never learn to follow

rules.

B. people in many societies no longer respect any types

of rules.

C. those who enforce team norms may not discourage

overconformity.

D. coaches feel uncomfortable discussing rules for

athletes.

34. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

The most effective way to control deviant overconformity is to

A. help athletes set limits when conforming to the norms of the

sport ethic.

B. teach coaches learn more effective ways to discipline

athletes.

C. establish policies of zero tolerance of any form of

deviance.

D. hire police officers to speak with athletes about the cost

of crime.

35. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

To make changes that would decrease deviant overconformity, sport would have

to be organized around a commitment to

A. the Olympic motto, “higher, stronger,

faster.”

B. the moral standards preferred by most

sports fans.

C. the rules developed by

coaches.

D. the health and well-being of

athletes.

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Topic: Challenges Faced When Studying Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.36. Research on deviance in sports is limited in that it focuses primarily on

A. people with power in spot

organizations.

B. deviant overconformity among athletes and

coaches.

C. the underconformity of

athletes.

D. the institutional corruption of professional

sports.

37. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

Media coverage usually concludes that deviance in sports is the result of

A. weak character and

greed.

B. the social organization of

sports.

C. the influence of

drugs.

D. cultural definitions of

masculinity.

38. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

Research suggests that on-the-field deviance such as cheating and “dirty play”

are

A. definitely more common today than in

the past.

B. probably less common today than in

the past.

C. only found in heavy contact

sports.

D. nonexistent among today’s

athletes.

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Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.39. Athletes today sometimes seem to engage in more sport-related forms of deviance

than athletes in the past because

A. coaches today are less concerned about control than they were

in the past.

B. society is less orderly today than in

the past.

C. sports and sport organizations have more rules today than

in the past.

D. rules in sports are enforced more strictly today than in

the past.

40. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

The author points out that the seemingly endless parade of cheating scandals in

the big-time NCAA sport programs and other sport governing bodies is four factors.

Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

A. A lack of transparency and accountability in sport

organizations.

B. Sport governing bodies are unprepared to investigate

themselves.

C. Self-policing strategies create inherent conflicts of interest

in sports.

D. Sport leaders are so diverse that they cannot agree on social control

strategies.

41. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

Information on institutional corruption in sports is scarce partly because gathering

that information

A. is tedious and

dangerous.

B. does not interest sociologists or investigative

journalists.

C. is not important to the future of

sports.

D. requires research skills that neither sociologists nor

journalists possess.

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Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.42. The author point out that the most effective way to control cheating, corruption,

harassment, and abuse in sports is to

A. turn all rule enforcement over to

athletes.

B. abandon self-enforcement and create an independent

enforcement agency.

C. create a government agency to police all sport

organizations.

D. make sport administrators more accountable for the success

of teams.

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Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

43. Research and media reports shows that gambling on sports

A. has declined due to effective policing by sport

organizations.

B. is connected with match-fixing by emerging gambling cartels

worldwide.

C. is caused by the economic crises that affect families

worldwide.

D. occurs mostly in legal gambling venues in Las Vegas, Hong Kong,

and Monaco.

44. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

There often is confusion when discussing hazing a form of sport-related deviance

because hazing is

A. basically the same as

bullying.

B. a public process that is perceived as offensive by

nonathletes.

C. a problem for professional teams but not for high school or

college teams.

D. not distinguished from related but different

processes.

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Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.45. Research on sport participation and general delinquency rates generally shows

that delinquency rates among athletes are

A. often lower than rates for other students from similar

backgrounds.

B. always higher than rates among other students from similar

backgrounds.

C. lower than rates among other students only for football

players.

D. higher among golfers and tennis players than among

football players.

46. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

Sport programs that are designed as “interventions” for “at risk youth” are seldom

successful because they

A. are managed by people who have no knowledge of crime and

delinquency.

B. do nothing to change the conditions in which these youth live

their lives.

C. attract the young people with the most serious

criminal records.

D. force young people to reject the communities where

they live.

47. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

After reviewing research on academic cheating the author points out that rates of

cheating among athletes

A. are lower than they are for other

students.

B. have declined ever since coaches have established mandatory

study programs.

C. are lower only than the rates among fraternity and sorority

members.

D. have not been studied adequately to make any definite

conclusions.

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Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.48. Research that high rates of alcohol use and binge drinking

A. exist for athletes across all age levels and for males

and females.

B. have caused coaches to test athletes before

practices.

C. exist only are common among athletes only during the

off-season.

D. linked with a culture in which partying and drinking are

expected.

49. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

Data presented in the chapter indicate that felony rates among NFL players are

A. twice as high as they are for comparable men in the society

as a whole.

B. lower than rates in the general population in the case of

property crimes.

C. highest among players who make the minimum salary in

the NFL.

D. so low that they should not be considered as a

problem.

50. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Research on Deviance in Sports

Historical data suggests that most substance use and abuse among athletes is due

to

A. overconformity to the sport ethic among

athletes.

B. a lack of dedication among

athletes.

C. defective socialization among

athletes.

D. a lack of moral character among

athletes.

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Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.51. When Lance Armstrong confessed to using performance enhancing substances,

many of his fans condemned him as the embodiment of evil because they

A. had spent excessive amounts of money on bicycles and cycling

equipment.

B. his actions contradicted their belief in the great

sport myth.

C. felt that he had also lied about having

cancer.

D. had resisted the use of illegal and prescription drugs in their

own lives.

52. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

The author describes a model of a professional athlete’s career to show that

A. cyclists use drugs in order to do their jobs

successfully.

B. medical support staff are trained to discourage drug use

by athletes.

C. very few professional cyclists use performance enhancing

substances.

D. cyclists at all levels of competition feel a need to use drugs

when they race.

53. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

The model of a professional athlete’s career shows that when athletes move from

the amateur level to the professional level in a sport like cycling, they

A. focus exclusively on maintaining their overall health and

well-being.

B. learn that overconformity to the norms of the sport ethic

is deviant.

C. train so intensely that it causes physiological damage to

their bodies.

D. avoid using technologies that their competitors

don’t use.

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Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.54. According to the author, winning is important to long time professional athletes

because they

A. have made commitments to their

coaches.

B. are addicted to their own celebrity

status.

C. don’t want to disappoint their

fans.

D. want to remain in their

sports.

55. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

According to the career model discussed in the chapter, when long time

professional athletes retire from full time, year round training and competition and

re-enter the “ordinary world,” they

A. quickly embrace previously held

identities.

B. find it difficult to become normal in that

world.

C. enjoy the relative peacefulness of

everyday life.

D. usually return to amateur competition in

their sport.

56. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

Information from inside high performance sports suggests that doping is seen as

A. a normal part of the process of training, recovery, and

competition.

B. an indication of moral corruption and weak moral

character.

C. a management driven strategy to control

athletes.

D. something that fans expect and

encourage.

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Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.57. The people most likely to agree with the war on doping as waged by WADA and

USADA are

A. professional

athletes.

B. retired professional

athletes.

C. believers in the great sport

myth.

D. people who believe that sports are for

leisure only.

58. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

The author suggests that doping control will not be successful until

A. the culture and structure of high performance sports are

changed.

B. efforts are made to eliminate sexism and homophobia

in sports.

C. athletes get over their extreme fears of new technology

in sports.

D. local police and the FBI join forces with sport

organizations.

59. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

The author says that the best way to begin to control substance use in sports is to

A. allow sport scientists to take control of elite sport

programs.

B. encourage athletes to be more loyal to their sports and their

fellow athletes.

C. critically examine and eliminate the hypocrisy involved in

elite sports.

D. require all sport teams to hire medical

support staff.

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Topic: Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Case Study of Deviant Overconformity

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.60. The author’s recommendations for controlling substance use in sports call for a

policy that involves

A. teaching athletes to accept the norms of the sport ethic

without question.

B. more effective surveillance and detection

procedures.

C. preventing athletes from competing unless they are certified

as healthy.

D. using sport science to improve performance in

sports.

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Topic: Summary: Is Deviance in Sports Out of Control?

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Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of

McGraw-Hill Education.