Social Psychology International Edition 9th Edition by Saul Kassin – Test Bank

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CHAPTER 5: STEREOTYPES, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural

practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, is known as

a. racism.

b. implicit racism.

c. modern racism.

d. ambivalent racism.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that

promote the domination of one gender over another, are known as

a. sexism.

b. implicit sexism.

c. hostile sexism.

d. ambivalent sexism.

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual NOT: New

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of

Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

a. Stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination

b. Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping

c. Discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping

d. Stereotyping, discrimination, prejudice

ANS: B REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Conceptual

Which of the following is not discrimination?

a. Believing that baby-faced men are harmless

b. Giving a pink toy to a girl and a blue toy to a boy

c. Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood

d. Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Conceptual

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club.

Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

a. discrimination; prejudice

b. stereotyping; discrimination

c. prejudice; stereotyping

d. prejudice; discrimination

ANS: B REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Applied

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good

dancers. This is an example of

a. prejudice.

b. discrimination.

c. social categorization.7. 8. 9. 10. 11. d. a stereotype.

ANS: D REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Applied

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers. This is an example of

a. prejudice.

b. discrimination.

c. social categorization.

d. a stereotype.

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Applied

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social

category is called

a. discrimination.

b. prejudice.

c. the outgroup homogeneity effect.

d. the ingroup homogeneity effect.

ANS: B OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual

REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

a. b. c. d. positive feelings about a social group.

negative feelings about a social group.

positive or negative beliefs about a social group.

negative behavior directed at members of a social group.

ANS: C REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Conceptual

A set of beliefs about a group cannot be considered a stereotype if it is

a. positive.

b. negative.

c. true.

d. None of these

ANS: D REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Conceptual

Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates

modern racism?

a. b. Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger.

Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this,

Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved.

c. Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team. The social norm of the team is for everyone

to be friendly and personable to one another. Jane never talks to Jean.

d. Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club. Jane is looking for a piano player who

will play jazz. Jean plays classical music. Jane doesn’t hire Jean for the job.

ANS: B REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change12. 13. 14. 15. 16. OBJ: 1 KEY: Applied

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to

rationalize is called

a. modern racism.

b. relative deprivation.

c. illusory correlation.

d. reverse discrimination.

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called

a. modern racism.

b. implicit racism.

c. benevolent racism.

d. ambivalent racism.

ANS: B REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as

Caucasian/African-American names. If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit

associations related to age, and more specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which

pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism?

a. Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g., Dylan, Carter) more than

older-sounding names (e.g., Gladys, Sydney).

b. Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative

words with younger-sounding names than vice versa.

c. Participants primed with words related to old age (e.g., “Florida,” “Bingo,” “wheelchair”)

internalize stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the

categorization tasks.

d. Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of

older faces.

ANS: B OBJ: 1 KEY: Applied

REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

Research by Jennifer Richeson, Nicole Shelton, and colleagues demonstrates that Caucasian

individuals who score high on a measure of implicit racism

a. must exert a great deal of cognitive effort in order to avoid prejudice when interacting

with African Americans.

b. are usually good at hiding their biases and therefore tend to have comfortable interactions

with African Americans.

c. have relatively low levels of amygdala activation when presented with photos of African-

American faces.

d. All of these

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual

Implicit racism is correlated with _____ for interactions with a minority group member.

a. reduced eye gazeb. increased eye gaze

c. increased warmth

d. better communication

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 2 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

17. Research indicates that Caucasian individuals’ concern about appearing prejudiced during interracial

interactions can

a. b. lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether.

lead them to sit closer to African-American conversation partners in the effort to make a

good impression.

c. lead them to go out of their way to demonstrate how often they think about and notice

race-related issues.

d. All of these

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 2 KEY: Conceptual

18. A metastereotype refers to

a. a person’s thoughts about the stereotypes outgroup members might hold about their own

group.

b. c. d. a stereotype that applies to a large number of outgroups.

a stereotype that is positive, rather than negative, in nature.

a stereotype that is widely held.

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual NOT: New

19. 20. Research by Apfelbaum and colleagues (2008) indicates that when it comes to norms regarding the

acknowledgment of race

a. b. the older Caucasian kids get, the more comfortable they are discussing race.

8- and 9-year-old kids are even more concerned about political correctness than 10- and

11-year-olds.

c. it is not until early adulthood that people start to develop concerns about race-related

norms.

d. unlike younger children, older children are sometimes willing to sacrifice task

performance for the goal of avoiding uncomfortable race-related conversation.

ANS: D REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 2 KEY: Conceptual

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

a. b. identify what men and women should be like.

can be used to predict when men and women are likely to behave in stereotype-consistent

ways.

c. d. are more accurate than other kinds of stereotypes.

are less influenced by cultural standards than other stereotypes.21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 3 KEY: Conceptual

Ambivalent sexism consists of _____ elements.

a. two

b. three

c. four

d. five

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Negative feelings directed at women’s abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are

referred to as

a. ambivalent sexism.

b. modern sexism.

c. benevolent sexism.

d. hostile sexism.

ANS: D OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual

REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

Affectionate feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to

as _____ sexism.

a. ambivalent

b. patronizing

c. benevolent

d. hostile

ANS: C OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual

REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

In their study of sexism in 19 different countries, Glick et al. (2000) found that countries with the

greatest degree of political and economic inequality exhibited

a. b. c. d. the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.

the lowest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.

high levels of hostile sexism but low levels of benevolent sexism.

low levels of hostile sexism but high levels of benevolent sexism.

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual

Stankiewicz and Rosselli (2008) found that about ____ percent of advertisements depicting women

featured them as sex objects.

a. 25

b. 50

c. 67

d. 75

ANS: B REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual NOT: New

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a

managerial position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized

their independence and leadership ability were rated as

a. b. c. lower in competence and in social skills.

lower in both competence but higher in social skills.

higher in competence but lower in social skills.27. 28. 29. 30. 31. d. higher in both competence and social skills.

ANS: C REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual

Tilcsik (2011) sent pairs of resumes in response to 1,800 job postings. The resumes were nearly

identical, except that one mentioned the job candidate volunteered for a gay campus organization.

The results of this study showed

a. the two resumes were equally likely to receive interview invitations.

b. the resume with gay campus organization experience was 15 percent less likely to receive

an interview invitation.

c. the resume with gay campus organization experience was 40 percent less likely to receive

an interview invitation.

d. the resume with the gay campus organization experience was 15 percent more likely to

receive an interview invitation.

ANS: C REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 4 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, or devalued in society because of membership

in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

a. subliminally presented.

b. ambivalent.

c. threatened.

d. stigmatized.

ANS: D REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual NOT: New

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), African-American students who positive

interpersonal feedback from a Caucasian student experienced

a. an increase in level of anger.

b. no change in self-esteem.

c. a reduction in self-esteem.

d. an increase in self-esteem.

ANS: C REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Which of the following is a risk for stigmatized targets?

a. Increased risk for short-term mental health problems

b. Increased risk for long-term mental health problems

c. Increased risk for short-term physical health problems

d. Increased risk for long-term physical and mental health problems

ANS: D REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 5 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramya is about to take a

diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which of the

following conditions is Ramya most likely to perform poorly on the test?

a. b. c. d. Ramya does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of math ability.

Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test.

Ramya does not include math as an important part of her identity.

Ramya has been raised in a cave by a mathematical genius and is unaware of the cultural

stereotype concerning gender and math.

ANS: B OBJ: 6 KEY: Applied

REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic

settings may be due to

a. b. c. d. a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.

an overemphasis on superordinate goals in instruction.

receiving negative feedback based on racist motives.

the desegregation that tends to occur even in so-called integrated schools.

ANS: A REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 6 KEY: Conceptual

Which of the following experimental procedures would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be

least likely to use?

a. b. c. d. Having women complete a math test

Having non-English-speaking students complete a verbal skills test in English

Having African Americans complete an athletic task

Having individuals with a history of mental illness complete a logical reasoning task

ANS: C OBJ: 6 KEY: Applied

REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

Which of the following is an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?

a. b. c. The individual in question must be a member of a minority group.

The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.

The individual in question must have below-average ability for the task in question.

d. All of these

ANS: B REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

OBJ: 6 KEY: Conceptual

Social categorization is advantageous because it

a. b. d. leads to more accurate social perception.

encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others.

c. frees up cognitive resources.

is generally based on realistic assumptions.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual

Social categorization leads people to

a. perceive group members more accurately.

b. perceive others as individuals rather than group members.

c. overestimate differences between groups.

d. overestimate differences within groups.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual

All of the following result from social categorization except

a. b. c. d. overestimation of differences between groups.

underestimation of differences within groups.

increased confidence that differences between groups are biologically based.

increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype.38. ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are

called _____.

a. ingroups; outgroups

b. social categories; self categories

c. implicit categories; explicit categories

d. self-groups; social-groups

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual

39. 40. 41. 42. The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another,

than members of the ingroup is called the

a. minimal group effect.

b. outgroup homogeneity effect.

c. ingroup homogeneity effect.

d. contrast effect.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual

The belief “they’re all the same” best epitomizes which of the following concepts?

a. Minimal group effect

b. Outgroup homogeneity effect

c. Ingroup heterogeneity effect

d. Contrast effect

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Applied

Buffy is a member of a sorority. She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross

overgeneralizations, but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of

truth. Buffy’s thinking best illustrates

a. the outgroup homogeneity effect.

b. realistic conflict.

c. reverse discrimination.

d. social-role theory.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Applied

Ingroup members display the outgroup homogeneity effect because

a. b. c. d. ingroups and outgroups always compete for shared resources.

they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.

they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group.

they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.43. 44. 45. 46. 47. ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual

Which of the following does not contribute to the outgroup homogeneity effect?

a. b. c. d. Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members.

Ingroup members are unlikely to have frequent contact with outgroup members.

Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.

Ingroup members interact with a non-representative sample of outgroup members.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements

that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

a. “Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries… if you’ve seen one Yankees fan,

you’ve seen them all.”

b. “I knew one Yankees fan who wasn’t bad, but his wife was a Red Sox fan, so he doesn’t

count.”

c. “The thing about Yankees fans is that some of them just jump on the bandwagon and root

for their team through good times and bad times.”

d. “My two favorite teams are the Red Sox and anyone who’s playing against the Yankees.”

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Applied

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn’t know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at

the football games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to

a. b. c. d. think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype.

notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.

be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.

think that all cheerleaders are happy.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Applied

Hugenberg and Corneille (2009) exposed Caucasian participants to the faces of unfamiliar people.

They found that compared to faces of outgroup members, faces of ingroup members were processed

more

a. slowly.

b. holistically.

c. sequentially.

d. reluctantly.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

a. people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman

objects.

b. c. dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy.

only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between

racial minority group members and particular animal characteristics.d. All of these

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual

48. Being asked to think about one’s mortality tends to

a. decrease ingroup bias.

b. increase ingroup bias.

c. have no impact on ingroup bias.

d. promote intergroup harmony.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

49. Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to

a. b. c. d. prefer to live in an egalitarian society.

strongly identify with their ingroup.

want their ingroup to be of higher status than other groups.

endorse government policies that oppress outgroups.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual

50. System-justifying beliefs are

a. more likely to be held by groups in power.

b. rarely if ever found in collectivist cultures.

c. associated with decreased levels of ingroup/outgroup bias

d. more common among women than men in most cultures.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual

51. The stereotype content model of Cuddy, Fiske, and colleagues groups stereotypes along the two

dimensions of

a. intelligence and morality.

b. competence and warmth.

c. directness and indirectness.

d. dehumanization and impulsivity.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual

52. According to the stereotype content model, migrant farm workers who move to an area with a

shortage of farming jobs would likely be viewed as

a. b. c. high in warmth and low in competence.

low in warmth and high in competence.

low in warmth and low in competence.

d. None of these53. 54. 55. 56. ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 7 KEY: Applied

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is

a. subordinate.

b. superordinate.

c. competitive.

d. a jigsaw.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Which of the following is an example of a superordinate goal?

a. A girl trying to set a new school record for running the mile

b. Two friends playing tennis against each other

c. A man trying to pick up a woman at a bar

d. Athletes who normally compete against each who are now on the same relay team

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Applied NOT: New

Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities. Students at the two schools only interact when the

athletic teams they play for compete against each other. Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment suggests

that the students will

a. b. limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field.

only change their negative stereotypes of one another once they have interacted on the

playing field.

c. d. develop positive views of one another and behave in a friendly manner.

develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Applied

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team. These two

teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and

use of the new basketballs. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach’s new

arrangement is likely to

a. promote team unity.

b. lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.

c. encourage the development of leadership skills.

d. lead to less vigorous practices.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Applied57. 58. 59. 60. 61. The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

a. ingroup favoritism is inevitable.

b. group categorization is automatic.

c. prejudice is a function of social class.

d. prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Conceptual

The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly—and belligerently—compete

against each other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift

between these groups is to

a. b. c. d. allow the youths to date each other.

encourage them to “air” their differences.

have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.

have each group note the good qualities of the other group.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Applied

One conclusion that can be drawn from the Robbers Cave study is that

a. b. c. propaganda is not a particularly effective means of eliminating group conflict.

imaginary competition does not lead to group conflict.

the best way to reduce intergroup conflict is simply to bring group members together

under noncompetitive circumstances, even if they do not get the chance to interact with

each other.

d. young boys exhibit greater aggressive tendencies than young girls.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Conceptual

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice between

groups can be increased when the groups are placed in a situation where

a. b. c. d. they compete against one another.

appropriate ways of interacting are unclear.

the groups communicate with one another.

groups must jointly carry out multiple tasks.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

a. The conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East62. 63. 64. 65. b. c. d. The conflict between Protestants and the Catholics in Ireland due to religious differences

The conflict between Democrats and Republicans regarding U.S. political ideology

The conflict between those who support “Pro-Choice” and those who support “Right to

Life” on the issue of abortion

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Applied

Realistic conflict theory proposes that

a. b. c. d. conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility.

intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.

intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another.

realistic groups do not have to worry about intergroup conflict.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take

jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by

a. social-role theory.

b. social identity theory.

c. social categorization theory.

d. realistic conflict theory.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Applied

Latrell is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars

are paid far more money. Latrell’s dissatisfaction is most likely the result of

a. realistic conflict theory.

b. ingroup favoritism.

c. outgroup homogeneity.

d. relative deprivation.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Applied

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is

false?

a. Imagined competition can lead to prejudice just as much as actual competition.

b. The perception that one is not doing as well as outgroup members is sufficient to produce

prejudice.

c. Prejudice can result from competitive threat to the ingroup as well as the individual.d. Superordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children, but not adults.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 8 KEY: Conceptual

66. Minimal groups are groups

a. consisting of only two people.

b. that occupy low-status positions in society.

c. based on trivial, often arbitrary, distinctions.

d. with a long history of competition and antagonism.

67. 68. ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 9 KEY: Factual

Which of the following has been demonstrated through the use of minimal groups?

a. b. c. d. Competition for limited resources is necessary for ingroup favoritism.

Ingroup favoritism will not occur in trivial laboratory groups.

Ingroup cohesion is necessary to produce ingroup favoritism.

Mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 9 KEY: Conceptual

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

a. b. c. d. as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup.

as a means of increasing self-esteem.

because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members.

because intergroup competition demands it.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 9 KEY: Conceptual

69. Fein and Spencer (1997) conducted a study in which participants evaluated a job applicant whom they

believed to be either Jewish or Italian. Which of the following statements about this study is false?

a. Participants were more likely to discriminate against the Jewish applicant when they had

previously been given negative feedback about their own abilities.

b. Participants who were able to avoid discriminating against the Jewish applicant

demonstrated the biggest boost to their own self-esteem.

c. The study was conducted on a campus where negative stereotypes about Jewish women

were pervasive.

d. Their results provide supporting evidence for one of the basic predictions of social identity

theory.70. 71. 72. 73. 74. ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 9 KEY: Conceptual

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

a. b. c. d. Self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations.

Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.

Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem.

Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the ingroup is perceived as better than the

outgroup.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 9 KEY: Conceptual

Zena just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice. She comes upon Alec, a resident

of a nearby neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful. It is likely that the news Zena

just received will cause her to judge Alec more _____, making her feel _____ about herself.

a. positively; worse

b. negatively; worse

c. positively; better

d. negatively; better

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 9 KEY: Applied

Cross-cultural research indicates that people from collectivist cultures are ________ likely to boost

their self-esteem through overt ingroup bias and ________ likely to draw sharp distinctions between

ingroup and outgroup members than are people from individualist cultures.

a. more; more

b. more; less

c. less; more

d. less; less

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 10 KEY: Factual

Which of the following best epitomizes the role of socialization in explaining stereotypes?

a. Larry tends to sort objects into groups rather than thinking of each item as unique, and he

does the same thing when perceiving other people.

b. c. Cheryl relies on stereotypes because it saves her cognitive effort and energy.

Jeff thinks that all Italians are loud and easily excited because he has heard his father

describe them in this manner.

d. Susie responds to threats to her self-esteem by stereotyping other groups to make herself

feel better.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 11 KEY: Applied

Sociocultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following except

a. the effects of priming.75. 76. 77. 78. b. popular images of groups in the media.

c. group norms.

d. social roles.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 11 KEY: Factual

Which of the following does not demonstrate the influence of gender stereotypes?

a. b. Parents see their newborn sons as stronger and more alert than their newborn daughters.

Parents underestimate the crawling ability of their infant girls and overestimate that of

their infant boys.

c. When a baby boy cries in response to a toy, he is thought to be angry. When a baby girl

exhibits the same response, she is thought to be afraid.

d. Newborn boys tend to be taller and weigh more than newborn girls.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 11 KEY: Conceptual

Gerianne Alexander’s (2003) research on children’s sex-based preferences for toys indicates that such

preferences are due to

a. peer socialization.

b. prenatal exposure to sex hormones.

c. parent socialization.

d. media exposure to stereotypes.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 11 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

According to social-role theory, gender differences in social behavior are the result of

a. b. c. d. the unequal gender-based division of labor.

unrealistic expectations about how men and women should behave.

biologically based differences in social dominance.

the forces of natural selection.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 11 KEY: Conceptual

According to social-role theory, gender differences that arise from social roles provide a continuing

basis for

a. minimal groups.

b. jigsaw classrooms.

c. old-fashioned racism.

d. gender stereotypes.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors79. 80. 81. 82. OBJ: 11 KEY: Conceptual

Both Jorge and Jocelyn are applying for two residencies after medical school: orthopedic surgery (a

traditionally male-dominated residency) and pediatrics (a traditionally female-dominated residency).

If Jorge and Jocelyn have similar academic records, it is likely that

a. b. c. Jorge will get more interviews for both types of residencies.

Jocelyn will get more interviews for both types of residencies.

Jorge will get more orthopedic surgery interviews and Jocelyn will get more pediatric

interviews.

d. Jocelyn will get more orthopedic surgery interviews and Jorge will get more pediatric

interviews.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 11 KEY: Applied

Adelheid was watching a series of commercials in which women were portrayed as having relatively

low self-confidence, less independence, and fewer career aspirations than men do. As a result,

Adelheid will probably _______ than women who watched commercials portraying women in

counter-stereotypical fashion.

a. perform better on a math test

b. perform worse on a math test

c. feel more powerful

d. feel less powerful

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 11 KEY: Applied NOT: New

All of the following are mechanisms that perpetuate stereotypes except

a. illusory correlations.

b. the jigsaw classroom.

c. subtyping.

d. self-fulfilling prophecies.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 12 KEY: Conceptual

You think all professors are a bit nerdy and have esoteric interests. You find out that your social

psychology professor can sing the theme song to any television show that aired in the 1970s or 1980s,

and is also fluent in the Star Trek language of Klingon. You believe that your stereotype has been

confirmed by this professor. This is an example of

a. confirmation bias.

b. implicit personality theory.

c. self-fulfilling prophecy.

d. None of these

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 12 KEY: Applied83. 84. 85. 86. Allport and Postman’s (1947) study using a photograph of a subway car demonstrated how racial

stereotypes

a. evolve over generations.

b. facilitate memory accuracy and conserve cognitive energy.

c. can be controlled.

d. distort social perception and memory.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual

Lyons and Kashima (2001) had Australian participants transmit a story about a football player from

one person to the next. Their results indicated that

a. as the story went from person to person, the stereotype-inconsistent information was

eventually weeded out.

b. as the story went from person to person, the stereotype-inconsistent information was

eventually exaggerated.

c. as the story went from person to person, the stereotype-consistent information was often

distorted.

d. as the story went from person to person, its content remained relatively consistent.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual

Self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes by

a. increasing the likelihood that perceivers create subtypes.

b. eliciting stereotype-confirming behavior from targets.

c. threatening individual self-esteem.

d. reducing ingroup favoritism.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 12 KEY: Conceptual

Word and colleagues (1974) conducted a study examining the influence of racial stereotyping on job

interview performance. This study demonstrated that

a. a job interviewer’s nonverbal behavior is not influenced by an applicant’s race, though

verbal behavior shows signs of self-fulfilling prophecy.

b. job interviewers who are trained with explicit instructions to treat job applicants the same

way regardless of race are able to avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy.

c. a job interviewer’s behavior can create a self-fulfilling prophecy that leads applicants of a

particular race to objectively perform more poorly than other applicants.

d. job applicants who are negatively stereotyped are more sensitive to nonverbal cues during

the course of an interview and therefore more likely to fall victim to the self-fulfilling

prophecy than are other applicants.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 12 KEY: Conceptual87. 88. 89. 90. 91. Gunner thinks that Jews are particularly funny. He overestimates the association between being a

stand-up comedian and being Jewish because both characteristics are very distinctive from the

normal population. This demonstrates

a. a contrast effect.

b. the outgroup homogeneity effect.

c. an illusory correlation.

d. social-role theory.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 13 KEY: Applied

Participants in an experiment learn about eight positive and four negative behaviors performed by

members of group A. They also learn about four positive and two negative behaviors performed by

members of group B. Which pattern of results is most likely?

a. Group B will be liked more because they performed the fewest number of negative

behaviors.

b. Group A and B will be liked equally well because the ratio of positive to negative

behaviors is the same.

c. Group A will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of

membership in the larger group and performing more negative behaviors.

d. Group B will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of

membership in the smaller group and performing fewer negative behaviors.

ANS: D REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural

Factors OBJ: 13 KEY: Conceptual

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes

and perform behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from

a. subtyping.

b. illusory correlations.

c. stereotype threat.

d. ingroup favoritism.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 13 KEY: Conceptual

Subtyping is least likely when confronted with a group member who

a. b. c. d. is dramatically different from the group.

causes observers to bring to mind others who confirm the stereotype.

is perceived to have violated a stereotype for situational reasons.

deviates from the stereotype on only a few dimensions.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 13 KEY: Conceptual

The fundamental attribution error may promote stereotypes because

a. observers see stereotype-consistent behavior as dispositional.

b. it is so prevalent that it is unaffected by personal motivations.

c. the more a stereotype is violated, the more observers cling to that stereotype.

d. we often perceive members of outgroups as having ulterior motives.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 13 KEY: Conceptual92. 93. 94. 95. 96. Paloma thinks that all gay men have a superior fashion sense. She knows that her chemistry professor

is gay, and notices that he is not a particularly snappy dresser. She rationalizes this by saying, “Well,

he’s a gay professor—they don’t know how to dress that well.” This is an example of how

a. b. c. d. subtyping can lead to stereotype perpetuation.

social identity can influence stereotyping.

intergroup contact can alter stereotype exceptions.

social categorization can color stereotype formation.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 13 KEY: Applied

Forming subtypes for individuals who do not conform to a group stereotype

a. makes it easier to change the content of the stereotype.

b. serves to protect the stereotype from change.

c. prevents the stereotype from being applied to other group members.

d. has the greatest impact on atypical group members.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 13 KEY: Conceptual

You think all professors are uncoordinated, but then you see your social psychology professor make a

diving catch down the left-field line at an intramural softball game against the Arts Department team.

You also notice that your professor hits lead-off for the team and is able to score from second base

on a ground-out. You maintain your original stereotype of professors as uncoordinated by deciding

that this one individual is an exception to the rule because he is a “young professor.” This is an

example of

a. social identity theory.

b. implicit personality theory.

c. subtyping.

d. None of these

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 13 KEY: Applied

A method of presenting material so faintly and rapidly that people do not have any conscious

awareness of having been exposed to it is called _____ presentation.

a. subliminal

b. supraliminal

c. superordinate

d. subordinate

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Which of the following was not an argument of Devine’s (1989) early work on the automatic

activation of stereotypes?

a. b. Exposure to a member of a stereotyped group is sufficient to activate the stereotype.

Stereotype activation is automatic, but stereotypes cannot influence judgments without

conscious intent.

c. d. Exposure to some content of the stereotype will activate the general stereotype.

Automatic stereotype activation biases subsequent judgments in the direction of the

activated stereotype.97. ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual

Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on the automatic nature of stereotypes?

a. Exposure to stereotype content influences subsequent judgments for both high and low

prejudiced individuals.

b. Exposure to category labels influences subsequent judgments for both high and low

prejudiced individuals.

c. d. Automatic activation effects are less likely to occur if self-esteem is threatened.

Stereotypes influence subsequent judgment only when people are aware that the

stereotype has been activated.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 14 KEY: Conceptual

98. 99. 100. 101. Whose judgments are least likely to be influenced by automatic stereotype activation?

a. b. c. A highly sexist person exposed to the label “woman.”

A non-sexist person exposed to the label “woman.”

A highly sexist person exposed to information consistent with negative stereotypes

regarding women.

d. A non-sexist person exposed to information consistent with negative stereotypes regarding

women.

ANS: B

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 14 KEY: Conceptual

Which of these factors increases the probability of automatic activation of stereotypes?

a. b. c. Exposure to neutral information about a group or target

A personal motivation to avoid prejudice

A low prevalence of the stereotype in the culture

d. None of these

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 14 KEY: Applied NOT: New

Stereotypes appear to bias perceptions

a. b. c. d. even when we don’t endorse them.

for outgroup members, but not for ingroup members.

only when we are aware that the stereotype was activated.

only when the stereotype was unconsciously activated.

ANS: A

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual

In the aftermath of the Amadou Diallo shooting, several psychologists have investigated the influence

that a suspect’s race might play in police decisions to shoot or not shoot. The results of these studies

suggest that

a. race does not influence police officers who have been trained to look past a suspect’s skin

color.102. 103. 104. 105. b. c. d. race can influence the thought processes of police officers, but very rarely their actual

behavior.

police will react differently to an African-American suspect depending on their own level

of racial prejudice.

mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the

officers do not endorse these stereotypes.

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 15 KEY: Conceptual

Hightower is a new recruit in the police academy, and is about to begin his very first day of training

with a computer simulation task in which Caucasian and African-American men are portrayed holding

ambiguous, weapon-like objects. Research on race and the perceptions of police officers would

predict that Hightower

a. would have little trouble distinguishing between Caucasian and African-American targets

in such a simulation.

b. would respond differently to the simulation depending on his personal endorsement of

race-related stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes.

c. demonstrate more and more bias in his responses the longer his training went on.

d. None of these

ANS: D

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 15 KEY: Applied

Research on the impact of race on the decisions of undergraduates playing the role of a police officer

to shoot or not shoot shows that

a. racial bias pervasively affects this decision.

b. racial bias affects decisions on early trials more than later trials.

c. racial bias affects decisions on later trials more than early trials.

d. racial bias does not affect this decision at all.

ANS: C

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual NOT: New

The idea that, under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups can reduce prejudice is

most consistent with

a. the theory of minimal groups.

b. contrast effects.

c. illusory correlation.

d. the contact hypothesis.

ANS: D REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 17 KEY: Conceptual

Which of the following is not one of the conditions deemed ideal for contact to serve as a treatment

for racism?

a. Equal status

b. Cooperative activities

c. Personal interaction

d. Pleasant environmental conditionsANS: D REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 17 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

106. 107. 108. 109. Linley is trying to reduce racism by having children of different races work on projects together. Each

student is given information critical to the project and has to collaborate with their different-race

group members by sharing that information to earn a good grade on the project. The classroom

norms are supportive of cross-race interaction. Which condition essential to the success of the

contact hypothesis is missing?

a. Equal status

b. Social norms

c. Cooperative activities

d. Personal interaction

ANS: D REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 17 KEY: Applied NOT: New

Two neighboring high schools have been feuding since the annual football game ended in a tie. The

principals of the schools decide that the tension may subside if the two schools participate in joint

activities, such as assemblies that would allow the students to hear a local band. The strategy is likely

to be ineffective, however, because the

a. b. c. d. two groups have equal status.

students at the two schools know each other too well.

students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact.

principals have established the wrong social norm.

ANS: C OBJ: 17 KEY: Applied

REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

One possible explanation for the failure of school desegregation to promote better racial relations is

that it was

a. b. c. d. a simplistic idea with no chance of working.

carried out on too large a scale.

often carried out without supportive social norms.

a strategy that provided too much racial contact.

ANS: C OBJ: 17 KEY: Applied

REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Mr. Belding wants to reduce prejudice toward incoming minority students at his elementary school.

Before the minority students arrive, Mr. Belding puts up posters showing children of all nationalities

holding hands. Next, he plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current

students and divided into small groups. Each student receives a secret clue critical to his or her

group’s success in finding the treasure. Mr. Belding’s actions reflect his understanding of

a. primacy effects.

b. social identity theory.

c. social-role theory.

d. the contact hypothesis.

ANS: D OBJ: 17 KEY: Applied

REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. Imagine a person high in implicit prejudice having to interact with a person of a different race in a

laboratory setting over several meetings. Research by Page-Gould and others (2008) suggests that for

this individual, cortisol levels will

a. b. c. d. be highest at the first meeting and decrease over time.

be lowest at the first meeting and increase over time.

remain level across all meetins.

wax and wane over the course of all meetings.

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 17 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Knowing that an ingroup friend has a close relationship with a member of the outgroup can produce

positive intergroup benefits. This is called the _____ effect.

a. contact

b. extended contact

c. self-fulfilling prophecy

d. illusory correlation

ANS: B REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 17 KEY: Factual NOT: New

A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts is

called the

a. jigsaw classroom.

b. self-affirmation group.

c. indirect contact method.

d. Robbers Cave strategy.

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 18 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Research on the jigsaw method has found that jigsaw classrooms saw a(n)

a. improvement in minority group test scores.

b. decline in majority group test scores.

c. decline in minority group test scores.

d. improvement in minority group and maintenance of test scores for the majority group.

ANS: D REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 18 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

Aronson’s jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment because both

illustrated how

a. b. c. d. social roles can influence the use of stereotypes.

superordinate goals can reduce prejudice.

social identification with a group can increase ingroup favoritism.

overcoming feelings of relative deprivation can decrease prejudice.

ANS: B REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 18 KEY: Conceptual

What process does the Common Ingroup Identity Model emphasize?116. 117. 118. 119. 120. a. Re-categorization

b. Self-affirmation

c. Thought suppression

d. Stigmatization

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 18 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

Shortly after 9/11/01, even though a bitterly contested election had recently occurred, many

Americans put aside their political differences in reaction to the national tragedy that occurred that

day, viewing “American” as their primary identity rather than Republican or Democrat. This change is

consistent with what the ____ proposes is necessary to reduce prejudice.

a. Common Ingroup Identity Model

b. social identity theory

c. Social Categorization Model

d. realistic conflict theory

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 18 KEY: Applied NOT: New

Research on stereotype threat indicates that

a. b. c. d. only a handful of minority groups experience such threats.

such threats can be attenuated by giving targets the opportunity to self-affirm.

stereotypes are just as likely to lift the math scores of women as they are to threaten them.

it is an exclusively American phenomenon.

ANS: B REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 19 KEY: Conceptual

Research on stereotype threat implies that females at an all-girls school may _____ in mathematics

than females at a mixed-sex school.

a. perform better

b. perform worse

c. perform similarly

d. be less confident, but perform better

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 19 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

LaShon is an African-Amercian student who believes intelligence is fixed. Persuading him that

intelligence is malleable may

a. decrease his tendency to experience stereotype threat.

b. make him less prejudiced against outgroup members.

c. reduce his performance on an academic task.

d. increase the probability of him dropping out of school.

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 19 KEY: Applied NOT: New

Research on age and stereotype suppression indicates that

a. b. c. younger and older individuals are equally successful at suppressing stereotypes.

younger individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than older individuals.

older individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than younger individuals.

d. None of these121. 122. 123. 124. 125. ANS: C OBJ: 19 KEY: Factual

REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Research by Bodenhausen (1990) on the cognitive functioning of “morning people” vs. “night people”

demonstrates that the influence of stereotypes depends on the

a. personal information a perceiver has about a target.

b. motivation of the perceiver.

c. age of the perceiver.

d. cognitive resources available to the perceiver.

ANS: D REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 20 KEY: Conceptual

People can counter the potentially negative effects of stereotype activation by

a. b. c. d. taking the perspective of a member of the stereotyped group.

trying very hard not to think about the stereotype.

thinking about the stereotyped group as a whole.

thinking about recent instances in which they made fair judgments.

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual

Not wanting to appear prejudiced to others is an _____ motivation to control prejudiced responses

and behaviors.

a. externally driven

b. internally driven

c. relative

d. modern

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 21 KEY: Conceptual NOT: New

According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, _____ motivated individuals may

learn to control their prejudices _____ effectively over time.

a. internally; more

b. internally; less

c. externally; more

d. externally; evenly

ANS: A REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual NOT: New

Paluck’s (2009) field experiment in Rwanda in which civilians listened to a radio soap opera

demonstrates

a. b. c. d. the intractability of many intergroup conflicts.

the cross-cultural differences in how prejudice manifests itself.

the potential influence of media on shaping norms related to intergroup relations.

the automaticity of many stereotypical beliefs.

ANS: C REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

OBJ: 21 KEY: ConceptualESSAY

1. 2. 3. Describe two ways in which gender stereotypes are strengthened and maintained.

ANS:

Gender stereotypes are strengthened and maintained through cultural institutions and social roles,

among other mechanisms. Cultural institutions, particularly the media, portray women (as well as

members of others groups) in a stereotypic fashion. These portrayals can have a cumulative effect on

people’s views of women. Although social roles may have begun as a division of labor based in part

on biology and in part on social factors, over time, many people act in ways that are consistent with

their roles. In turn, the behaviors that result from these roles often come to justify the original division

of labor.

REF: The Nature of the Problem: Persistence and Change

Describe the Robbers Cave experiment, and explain how it relates to realistic conflict theory.

ANS:

The Robbers Cave experiment, conducted at several summer camps, investigated the interactions

among adolescent boys who were divided into two groups. Sherif found that competition between the

two groups led to hostility and intense dislike that even propaganda could not eliminate. Peace was

restored to some extent when the two groups worked together on tasks with superordinate goals that

could be achieved only through cooperation from both groups. Simply bringing the two groups

together under noncompetitive circumstances or exposing them to positive propaganda concerning the

other group did not alleviate the conflict. The study suggests that group animosity can grow out of

competition—the main tenet of realistic conflict theory.

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

Explain how social identity theory accounts for ingroup favoritism.

ANS:

Social identity theory proposes that people favor their own group over others in order to maintain a

positive image of their group. The theory further argues that people seek to have a positive image of

their group in order to promote positive self-esteem. When their self-esteem is challenged, people are

more likely to be prejudiced toward others, a tendency that then restores positive self-regard.

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

4. 5. Describe three mechanisms that help explain why stereotypes persist even when people are presented

with stereotype-inconsistent information.

ANS:

Illusory correlation is one mechanism that can lead to the maintenance of stereotypes even in the

presence of disconfirming information. It results from the tendency of people to see a relationship

between infrequent events and negative events. People tend to think that groups that are in the minority

are more likely to engage in infrequent acts. Because stereotypes are often about minority groups and

because negative events are usually infrequent, illusory correlation can lead to the maintenance of

negative evaluations of minority groups. A second mechanism is subtyping, the process whereby

people refine a stereotype to include inconsistent individual members of a group while maintaining the

overall negative evaluation of the group. Throughout this process, although evaluations of an

individual member may not be consistent with the stereotype, evaluations of the group remain the

same. A third mechanism is the confirmation bias, which causes people to seek out and pay more

attention to stereotype-consistent information than to stereotype-inconsistent information.

Confirmation biases lead people to discount information that is inconsistent with the stereotype, to

interpret ambiguous information in an expectation-consistent manner, and even to elicit behavior that

confirms their expectations.

REF: Causes of the Problem: Intergroup, Motivational, Cognitive, and Cultural Factors

Name at least three strategies that can be employed to reduce stereotype threat.ANS:

Stereotype threat can be reduced with a number of situational changes, some of which are very minor.

First, simply telling a test-taker that the task is not indicative of his or her intellectual abilities can

reduce stereotype threat. Second, encouraging students to think of intelligence as malleable rather than

fixed can make those students less vulnerable to stereotype threat. Finally, simply asking students to

think about the values and interests that are very important to them (and that are not under threat) can

reduce the risk of them falling prey to stereotype threat on an assessment.

REF: Reducing Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination NOT: New