SOC Plus 2nd Canadian Edition – Test Bank

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Chapter 5—Deviance and Crime

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.Why does the textbook assert that “everyone” is deviant?

a.	because most people break rules and admit that they are deviant
b.	because most people are not as good or law abiding as they would have us believe
c.	because what is considered deviant varies across cultures
d.	because definitions of deviance are not well understood by people

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2.Today, Nelson Mandela is hailed as a hero. This suggests that the social definition of which of the following has changed over time?

a.	ethnicity
b.	social justice
c.	race
d.	crime or deviance

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3.Which of the following illustrates committing a crime?

a.	Bob burns the Canadian flag on his lawn.
b.	Bob parks his car too long at a parking meter downtown.
c.	Bob lets the door slam in the face of the person behind him.
d.	Bob has a prescription for and uses marijuana for medical purposes.

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4.According to the textbook, which of the following is best characterizes the sociological view of deviance and crime?

a.	They are only deviance and crime in the eye of the beholder.
b.	They are defined differently in different historical periods.
c.	They are easy to define.
d.	They are easy to understand because people act in the same ways.

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5.Whether or not a particular act is considered deviant depends upon which of the following?

a.	criminal intent
b.	the legal definition of the act
c.	social context
d.	the morality of the behaviour

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6.Seth and all of his close friends are fans of country music, and in part their sense of identity is tied to being fans of that kind of music. When Seth’s friends came over to his apartment to visit, they found him listening to one of his mother’s jazz albums. They teased him for days afterward. What is the treatment that Seth’s friends subjected him to an example of?

a.	deviance
b.	stigmatization
c.	informal punishment
d.	criminalization

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7.Glynnis watches Scott dump a day’s worth of tree seedlings straight into a ravine instead of planting them. The company that employs Glynnis and Scott has a strict policy about this action, which is viewed as theft, so Glynnis tells the supervisor what she witnessed. Scott is immediately fired and sent home. Which of the following did Scott receive?

a.	an informal sanction
b.	a norm enhancement
c.	a formal punishment
d.	a sanction retribution

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8.Negatively assessing a person and labelling the person as undesirable based on visible characteristics that distinguish them from others is characteristic of which of the following?

a.	punishment
b.	sanctioning
c.	public agreement
d.	stigmatizing

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9.Carl is often picked on at school because he has openly acknowledges that he is gay. Some of the boys in his school taunt him with names intended to hurt his feelings, and he was even assaulted once after school waiting for the bus. Which of the following most accurately characterizes the treatment that Carl is being subjected to?

a.	informal punishment
b.	formal punishment
c.	stigmatization
d.	retribution

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10.Whether an act is considered deviant or criminal depends not only on the perceived harmfulness of the act, but also on which of the following?

a.	whether the deviance was committed by a person of the upper class
b.	the degree of public agreement that the act is deviant
c.	whether there was police surveillance of the deviant behaviour
d.	whether humour was intended in the deviance

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11.Formal punishment is imposed on people who do which of the following?

a.	break the law
b.	take responsibility for deviant behaviour
c.	look guilty
d.	behave eccentrically and are unlikeable

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12.Which of the following do people receive when being penalized for breaking a law?

a.	social sanctions
b.	shunning behaviour
c.	formal punishment
d.	stigmatization

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13.Steven and Jeff, two high school students, have been picking on Tony, a classmate of theirs. Tony is openly gay. Steven and Jeff regularly taunt him, and they painted derogatory words on his school locker. After Tony complained to the school, Steven and Jeff were both suspended. Jeff retaliated by assaulting Tony on his way home from school one day. Criminal charges were laid and Jeff was sentenced to three months of community service. What do sociologists call the sanction imposed on Jeff for his assault?

a.	formal punishment
b.	government sanction
c.	illegal acts of revenge
d.	prosecution in the courts

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14.Among some Inuit communities at the beginning of the twentieth century, allowing newborns to freeze to death was not considered a deviant act. According to the textbook, what does this say about deviance?

a.	that it varies over time and across cultures and societies
b.	that there are always exceptions to norms
c.	that isolated people have different sanctions than modern people
d.	that in some societies and cultures immoral behaviour is not always sanctioned

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15.Some acts, such as rape, are generally seen as very harmful and are severely punished. Others, such as tattooing, are commonly regarded as harmless and are not punished. This demonstrates which of the following dimensions of deviance?

a.	the importance of the perceived prevalence of the deviant or criminal act in deciding on the severity of the sanction associated with the deviant act
b.	the importance of the perceived harm to social solidarity in determining whether a given act is a crime or merely deviant
c.	the importance of the actual harm to social solidarity in determining whether a given act is a crime or merely deviant
d.	the importance of the degree of public agreement about whether an act should be considered deviant in deciding on the severity of the sanction associated with the deviant act

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16.In the early 1900s, even though Coca-Cola contained a derivative of cocaine it was perfectly legal and quickly became a very popular beverage. Why is cocaine now an illegal drug?

a.	because social definitions depend on what is profitable
b.	because it is controlled by off-shore criminal organizations
c.	because the perceived harmfulness of cocaine has changed
d.	because it is no longer an ingredient in Coca-Cola

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17.There is public debate about whether smoking marijuana should be considered a crime. Some advocates claim it may have therapeutic value in treating cancer or pain associated with cancer, while others consider using marijuana immoral. This highlights which dimension of the nature of deviance and crime?

a.	the invariability of social definitions of deviance and crime
b.	the invariability of the severity of the social response to deviance and crime
c.	the importance of the degree of public agreement about whether an act should be considered deviant or criminal
d.	the importance of the perceived prevalence of the deviant or criminal act

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18.Which of the following best describes the sociological explanation of deviance and crime?

a.	Certain acts are the result of the lack of moral conscience.
b.	Certain acts are socially identified and defined as deviant or criminal.
c.	Certain acts are deemed socially tolerable, although deviant or illegal, within a society.
d.	Certain acts are a result of family breakdown among the working class.

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19.Arivarasan has been assigned a research project for his sociology class. The topic for his project is the history of crime statistics in Canada. Which of the following sources would be able to provide him with the widest range of data?

a.	provincial governments
b.	criminologists
c.	the federal government
d.	the police

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20.Which of the following types of crimes is least likely to be reported to the police?

a.	victimless crimes
b.	street crimes
c.	corporate crimes
d.	legislative crimes

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21.Brittany is victimized by a crime and reports the crime to the local police right away. Which of the following crimes is she most likely to have been victimized by?

a.	Someone sexually assaulted her.
b.	Someone yelled racist slurs at her.
c.	Someone stole her car.
d.	Someone stole property from her car.

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22.According to the textbook, which of the following best describes crimes such as prostitution and illegal drug use?

a.	They are caseload crimes.
b.	They are major parts of the crime index.
c.	They are victimless crimes.
d.	They are frequently included in the major crime indexes.

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23.What is the term used for crimes that involve violations of the law in which no victim is identified?

a.	state crimes
b.	victimless crimes
c.	street crimes
d.	public crimes

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24.Which of the following is a shortcoming of official crime statistics?

a.	Authorities and the public decide which crime acts to report and which to ignore.
b.	The reporting template is out of date, so modern crimes like Internet fraud are missed.
c.	Only crimes that exceed a certain level of damage are considered in statistics.
d.	Statistical reports are out of date and therefore irrelevant once they are finally published.

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25.Sociologists studying crime and criminality must rely on different sources for the work. Self-report surveys compensate for the many faults inherent in which of the following?

a.	media reports
b.	official statistics
c.	internet sources
d.	victimization surveys

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26.In comparison to official crime statistics, how much “less serious crime” is reported using self-report measures?

a.	at last twice as much
b.	at least ten times as much
c.	approximately half as much
d.	approximately the same amount

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27.Martin is a crime researcher who is interested in creating an accurate picture of sexual assault in Canada, and he is concerned about the inaccuracy of official crime statistics. Which of the following is the best resource for him to use to get a more accurate picture of sexual assault in Canada?

a.	the Juristat Reporting Survey
b.	the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey
c.	a Health Canada research survey
d.	a self-report survey

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28.The process of officially becoming a criminal has been likened to a funnel. In this analogy, which of the following groups is represented by the bottom of the funnel?

a.	those who are sentenced by the courts
b.	those who are convicted of a crime
c.	those who are reported to police after committing an offence
d.	those who are involved in criminal incidents

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29.When was the first national victimization survey in Canada conducted?

a.	1908
b.	1958
c.	1988
d.	1998

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30.According to the data reported for 2008, which of the following category of crimes accounted for the majority of Criminal Code incidents in Canada?

a.	victimless crimes
b.	violent crimes
c.	property crimes
d.	sexual harassment crimes

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31.What happened to Canadian crime rates in the 1960s and 1970s?

a.	They increased significantly.
b.	They increased more than the U.S. crime rate.
c.	They levelled off.
d.	They declined dramatically.

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32.When did crime rates in Canada peak and then begin to fall?

a.	the last decade of the nineteenth century
b.	the mid-twentieth century
c.	the last decade of the twentieth century
d.	the early twentieth century

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33.Which of the following statements best reflects the impact of Canada’s aging population on crime rates?

a.	Crime rates are down because young people today are controlled more than young people were in the past.
b.	Crime is a young person’s pursuit generally, and there are fewer young people.
c.	The definitions of crime have changed so that acts that are committed by youth today and thought of as criminal are not thought of as crimes by older people.
d.	Older people get away with more crimes than younger people do because they are suspected less often of committing crimes.

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34.Which of the following was identified in the textbook as one possible explanation for the recent decline in Canada’s crime rate?

a.	a resurgence of family values
b.	the involvement of the media in on-the-spot reporting
c.	the increase of aging men in the population
d.	an increase of personnel and technologies used to fight crime

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35.Which of the following most correctly completes the sentence, “The larger the proportion of young males you have in a population, ___________________”?

a.	the higher the rate of street crime.
b.	the higher the rate of white-collar crime.
c.	the higher the rate of overall crime.
d.	the higher the homicide rate.

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36.According to the textbook, sociologists have identified several possible factors to account for the decline in the crime rate in Canada. If these explanations are correct, what impact on the crime rate should Canadians expect if the unemployment rate increased significantly for an extended period of time?

a.	Initially an increase in the crime rate, followed by stabilization as society adjusts to the new economic reality.
b.	Initially a decrease in the crime rate, as older workers are more impacted by unemployment, followed by an increase as society adjusts to the new economic reality.
c.	They decline.
d.	They increase overall.

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37.The majority of criminal prosecutions in Canada involve a male accused. Which of the following is closest to the percentage reported in the textbook?

a.	60%
b.	70%
c.	80%
d.	90%

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38.Which term is used by sociologists to refer to the social mechanisms of ensuring conformity to norms and laws?

a.	punishment
b.	social control
c.	criminal profiles
d.	control theory

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39.For which crime do women account for close to three of ten cases?

a.	fraud and theft
b.	violent crime
c.	prostitution
d.	alcohol-related offences

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40.What is the most common crime committed by females?

a.	fraud
b.	drug dealing
c.	shoplifting
d.	prostitution

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41.Which of the following best characterizes the comparison of female and male criminals?

a.	Female criminals are just as violent as male criminals.
b.	Women are more likely to engage in prostitution.
c.	Women are more likely to engage in white-collar crime.
d.	Male criminals are less violent than female criminals.

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42.Which age cohort commits the most crimes?

a.	15- to 24-year olds
b.	25- to 34-year olds
c.	35- to 44-year olds
d.	45- to 55-year olds

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43.Why, with every passing year, do women make up a slightly bigger percentage of arrests?

a.	Women are more likely media consumers, so they engage in copycat crimes.
b.	More women work, so they have more opportunity to get into trouble.
c.	Traditional social controls and definitions of femininity are less often imposed.
d.	There is an increasing divorce rate and girls are being affected more by family breakdown.

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44.Which of the following people is most likely to be stopped and searched by police while driving in a Canadian city?

a.	Ted, a 35-year-old white executive
b.	Blanche, a 45-year-old Asian housewife
c.	Carl, a 25-year-old black Ph.D. student
d.	Dmitri, an 18-year-old Russian immigrant store clerk

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45.Based on incarceration data, who is most likely to be sentenced to custody in a prison in Canada?

a.	Seth, a 47-year-old Aboriginal male
b.	Robert, a 26-year-old white male
c.	Ravina, a 25-year-old Punjabi female
d.	Delores, a 19-year-old white female

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46.Martha Stewart was convicted in 2004 of conspiracy and obstruction of justice. Her crime was dumping 3900 shares of ImClone stock based on a tip that stock prices were about to plummet. What type of crime was Martha Stewart found guilty of?

a.	a street crime
b.	a victimless crime
c.	a white-collar crime
d.	an office crime

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47.“Zorro,” a local dealer, cooks meth and deals it and other drugs from the basement of his mother’s home. What type of crime is he guilty of committing?

a.	a victimless crime
b.	a street crime
c.	an act of terrorism
d.	a crime of passion

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48.What are crimes such as embezzlement, false advertising, tax evasion, insider stock trading, fraud, copyright infringement, and price fixing examples of?

a.	state crime
b.	white-collar crime
c.	public-order crime
d.	victimless crime

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49.Which type of crime is committed disproportionately by people from lower social classes?

a.	victimless crime
b.	public-order crime
c.	white-collar crime
d.	street crime

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50.Which theory argues that people can come to see deviant behaviour as normal and acceptable?

a.	biosocial theory
b.	learning theory
c.	control theory
d.	strain theory

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51.John’s father is a drug user and a drug dealer. Because of John’s exposure to his father’s using and dealing behaviours, John has come to see these behaviours as normal. Which of the following theories best explains John’s attitude toward deviant behaviour?

a.	learning theory
b.	strain theory
c.	labelling theory
d.	subcultural theory

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52.According to Becker’s study of marijuana use, which of the following is the most important factor in learning a deviant behaviour?

a.	lack of morality
b.	opportunity
c.	socialization
d.	motivation

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53.Proponents of learning theory claim it accounts for deviance in all social classes. Which of the following is true of white-collar criminals, supporting the learning theorists’ claim that their theory holds for people of all social classes?

a.	They commonly use their power to impose their will over law-abiding peers.
b.	They are as violent and cruel as street criminals.
c.	They share a culture that views law breaking as normal and acceptable.
d.	They began their criminal careers on the streets.

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54.In Becker’s three stages of becoming a regular marijuana user, what did failure to pass any stage mean?

a.	ostracism from deviant cohorts
b.	increased aggression to achieve the next stage
c.	failure to learn and assume the deviant role
d.	lowered self-esteem in the novice user

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55.Consider the story of the brutal murder of Pamela George by Alex Ternowetsky and Steven Kummerfield. What does this case demonstrate?

a.	It demonstrates that most people who commit a crime are labelled appropriately, according to the crime committed.
b.	It demonstrates that that people who commit serious crimes, such as murder, are labelled according to their actions, regardless of their social status.
c.	It demonstrates that that social status plays a significant role in whether one is labelled a deviant or not.
d.	It demonstrates that that the justice system is almost never skewed in favour of the victim of a serious crime.

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56.Which theorist developed the strain theory of deviance?

a.	Karl Marx
b.	Talcott Parsons
c.	Robert Merton
d.	Howard Becker

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57.When people come together with distinctive norms and values in an effort to adapt collectively to social conditions, what is the result?

a.	a family collective
b.	a subculture
c.	a primary group
d.	a rebellion

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58.In 2003, former British Columbia Premier Gordon Campbell pled guilty to the misdemeanour of drinking and driving in Hawaii and was fined $913. Despite pleading guilty to the offence, Campbell did not have to step down as Premier, although Canadian laws state that a person convicted of a criminal offence may not hold political office. What does this story demonstrate?

a.	It demonstrates that people who commit crimes are labelled as criminals.
b.	It demonstrates that people who commit serious crimes, like murder, are labelled as criminals but people who commit less serious crimes are not.
c.	It demonstrates that Campbell is not a criminal.
d.	It demonstrates that social status plays a significant role in whether the label of criminal is applied.

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59.A central insight of labelling theory states that deviance occurs because of a deviant’s actions. Which of the following does labelling theory identify as an important factor in deviance?

a.	the existence of role models
b.	powerful people in society controlling the rule- and law-making process
c.	the social response that defines deviance
d.	insufficient checks and balances in society to prevent crime

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60.Émile Durkheim, the earliest sociologist to defend a functional account of crime defended which of the following positions?

a.	Properly understood crime and its punishment are beneficial to society.
b.	Crime is partly the result of historical forces.
c.	Punishment should be directed primarily at eliminating the material incentives to the criminal behaviour.
d.	Crime and punishment are defined by, and controlled in the interests of, the powerful groups in society.

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61.What theory assumes that people are basically “bad,” and that special circumstances are required to make them “good?”

a.	labelling theory
b.	control theory
c.	authoritarian theory
d.	subcultural theory

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62.In a class discussion, Fatima insists that crime is not inherent in certain actions, but exists because some are in a position to establish norms and pass laws that stigmatize others. What theory is her view compatible with?

a.	social control theory
b.	subcultural theory
c.	strain theory
d.	conflict theory

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63.Willie is from a poor home and dreams of becoming a doctor. He wins a full scholarship and is able to afford university; he graduates at the top of his class. In strain theory terms, what is Willie?

a.	a ritualist
b.	a conformist
c.	a retreatist
d.	an innovator

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64.Which of the following groups of Canadian youth form the largest percentage of gang members?

a.	rural youth
b.	disaffected privileged youth
c.	Latino and Asian youth
d.	Black and Aboriginal youth

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65.Scott and Brendan are both part of a gang. They have just received a text from another gang member informing them that Scott’s cousin, Martin, has been very badly beaten by several of the fellow gang members. They learn that Martin had given the police information that led to the arrest of several other members of the gang. Scott tells Brendan that even though Martin was his cousin, and he was a good guy, in his view, Martin got what he had coming since loyalty to the gang is the most important loyalty. According to the work of Sykes and Matza, how can Scott’s attitude best be described?

a.	as social bonding
b.	as social adaptation
c.	as subcultural adaptation
d.	as a justification technique

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66.What does creating justifications and rationalizations, such as appealing to higher loyalties or condemning those who pass judgment on them, enable criminals to do?

a.	forge new criminal alliances
b.	differentially associate
c.	clear their conscience
d.	conform to broad societal norms

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67.One critique of functionalist theories is that they exaggerate the connection between crime and which of the following?

a.	ethnicity
b.	class
c.	religion
d.	gender

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68.Currently, which type of crime results in relatively few prosecutions and even fewer convictions?

a.	white-collar crime
b.	state crime
c.	victimless crime
d.	legislative crime

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69.Why does white-collar crime result in few prosecutions and still fewer convictions?

a.	It produces little harm.
b.	Police are often employed by those who commit the crime.
c.	Much of it takes place in private and is difficult to detect.
d.	Because white-collar officials bribe governments.

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70.According to conflict theories, which of the following groups of people benefits the most from the way crime is generally defined by society?

a.	marginalized people
b.	less powerful people
c.	more powerful people
d.	political people

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71.In monetary terms, which of the following types of crime likely costs society the most?

a.	drug trafficking and other drug-related offences
b.	violent crime
c.	street crime
d.	white-collar crime

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72.According to conflict theorists, what determines the definitions of crime and deviance and the distribution of punishment?

a.	the social controls in place
b.	the interests of the powerful
c.	the pace of social change
d.	the strength of religion as a constraining force

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73.According to conflict theories, of the following types of people, which would be most likely to be criminalized?

a.	those who engage in anti-globalization protests
b.	those who engage in insider trading
c.	those who engage in cutting corners regarding worker safety
d.	those who engage in bribing politicians

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74.Until recently, what types of crimes were largely ignored in Canada and most other parts of the world?

a.	crimes against corporations
b.	crimes against men
c.	crimes against children
d.	crimes against women

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75.Which theory tells us that adolescents are more prone to deviance and crime than adults because adolescents have weaker social attachments?

a.	control theory
b.	differential association theory
c.	cultural-transmission theory
d.	strain theory

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76.Which theory contends that criminals are those who are likely to have few social attachments, few legitimate opportunities, weak conventional beliefs, and little involvement in their community?

a.	structural-strain theory
b.	labelling theory
c.	differential association theory
d.	control theory

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77.Monique is preparing to give a presentation on Hirschi’s control theory of crime and deviance. For her assignment Monique is required to make up scenarios to illustrate the sources of social control that Hirschi’s theory describes. Her first example is of three close brothers whose father, a seemingly respectable lawyer, has made a large fortune engaging in extensive white-collar crime. In terms of Hirschi’s theory, what is it about their upbringing that makes them more likely to commit crimes?

a.	a lack of social attachments to respectable role models
b.	a lack of availability of legitimate opportunities
c.	they are disconnected from conventional institutions
d.	they are isolated from social contacts

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78.Until the 1970s, social scientists rarely collected data on a type of violence that is widely researched today. What is that type of violence?

a.	white-collar crime
b.	crimes committed by females
c.	sexual assault
d.	street crimes

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79.Until Canada’s laws on sexual assault changed in 1983, which of the following was not a crime?

a.	a husband forcing his wife to have sex with him
b.	a father having sex with his daughter
c.	employees having consensual sex
d.	child rape

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 106 BLM: REMEMBER

80.Why is rape is prosecuted more often today than in the past?

a.	Women have become more athletic.
b.	Women have become more marginalized in society.
c.	Women have become more intelligent.
d.	Women have become more powerful in society.

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 106 BLM: REMEMBER

81.A heroin addict is more likely to enter a methadone program now than in the past. What process does this reflect?

a.	wilful deviance
b.	normalization of deviance
c.	medicalization of deviance
d.	formalization of social control

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 108 BLM: REMEMBER

82.Karl, Steve, and Caroline were back at their old high school for a high school reunion. They had not been to their school in over fifteen years. One of the first things they noticed was that security cameras had been installed at all the entrances and throughout the halls of the school, and that there was now a metal detector at the main doors. What do sociologists claim these changes indicate?

a.	the Orwellian consummation
b.	the surveillance society
c.	the eye-in-the-sky syndrome
d.	the “Big Brother” society

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 108 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

83.What term is used for the increasing trend in Canada and other modern cultures to treat deviance with drug therapies and surgeries?

a.	the medicalization of deviance
b.	alternative strategies for treating deviance
c.	alternative measures of control
d.	postmodernist deviance treatment

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 108 BLM: REMEMBER

84.Which disorder was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a result of lobbying by Vietnam War veterans?

a.	self-defeating personality disorder
b.	posttraumatic stress disorder
c.	attention deficit disorder
d.	neurosis

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 108 BLM: REMEMBER

85.The number and scope of mental illnesses recognized today is growing at a significant rate. Which of the following does the textbook identify as associated with this growth?

a.	the use of euphemisms for deviance
b.	an increase in the amount of stress in people’s lives
c.	the stigmatizing of mental illness
d.	the decrease in the importance of interpersonal relationships

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 108 BLM: REMEMBER

86.What conclusion does the textbook draw from Roger Caron’s autobiographical book Go-Boy?

a.	About two of three of those convicted of fraud go to prison.
b.	Prisons are agents of socialization.
c.	Prisons sometimes do a good job of rehabilitation.
d.	Many are unjustly convicted of a crime.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 110 BLM: REMEMBER

87.What form of punishment was sometimes used on criminals in preindustrial societies?

a.	public humiliation and torture
b.	public confession and apology
c.	religious repentance
d.	incarceration

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 111 BLM: REMEMBER

88.New prison inmates often become more serious offenders as they adapt to the culture of the hardened long-term prisoners. This is because prisons are which of the following?

a.	agents of socialization
b.	sources of deterrence
c.	formal organizations
d.	social organizations

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 108 BLM: REMEMBER

89.Rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation are among the several posited goals of incarceration. Which of the following is also put forward by some sociologists as a goal of incarceration?

a.	resocialization of morality
b.	social security
c.	revenge
d.	moral recovery

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 111 BLM: REMEMBER

90.In a heated class discussion on crime and punishment, Sean was vigorously defending the importance of prisons for a safe society. In support of his position he pointed to recent federal elections in which several parties advocated mandatory minimum sentences as part of a “get tough on crime” approach to public safety. What view of prisons best supports the view Sean was endorsing?

a.	Prison is a means of deterrence.
b.	Prison is a means of incapacitation.
c.	Prison is a means of moral recovery.
d.	Prison is a means of rehabilitation.

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 111 BLM: REMEMBER

91.What is the main function of prison according to people who see imprisonment as a means of preventing criminals from imposing further harm on society?

a.	deterrence
b.	social security
c.	incapacitation
d.	rehabilitation

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 111 BLM: REMEMBER

92.Tommy is a young man who has been caught breaking into a home in order to steal electronics. According to the textbook, in which country does he have the highest probability of being incarcerated for his actions?

a.	Canada
b.	United States
c.	China
d.	Russia

ANS:BPTS:1REF:Page 111-112

BLM:HIGHER ORDER

93.When the Canadian public, lawmakers, and officials in the criminal justice system become motivated by media-generated heightened fears that crime poses a grave and immediate danger to society, what are they gripped by?

a.	moral panic
b.	self-fulfilling prophecy
c.	crowd psychology
d.	electoral fever

ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 111 BLM: REMEMBER

94.What is ironic about the fact that a moral panic about crime is occurring in Canada?

a.	Most criminals do not prey on people randomly.
b.	Criminals are becoming increasingly selective about who their targets will be.
c.	The overall crime rate has been decreasing.
d.	Violent crimes have been increasing, while property crimes have been decreasing.

ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 112 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

95.Given what is known about capital punishment in the United States, which of the following would be most likely to receive this sentence if Canada reintroduced the death penalty?

a.	a white man who murders a white man
b.	a white man who murders an Aboriginal man
c.	an Aboriginal man who murders an Aboriginal man
d.	an Aboriginal man who murders a white man

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 113 BLM: HIGHER ORDER

96.According to advocates for the rehabilitation of offenders, what will be reduced if education and therapy programs for prisoners are offered?

a.	decarceration
b.	crime
c.	recidivism
d.	medicalization

ANS:CPTS:1REF:Page 113-114

BLM:REMEMBER

97.Some critics argue that the existing prison system does little to help inmates develop pro-social behaviour. They recommend programs to keep criminals, especially young offenders, out of jail. What are these programs known as?

a.	deterrence programs
b.	resocialization programs
c.	social justice programs
d.	diversion programs

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 114 BLM: REMEMBER

98.What alternative model to crime and punishment emphasizes individual and social healing, communication, and joint problem-solving between victims and their offenders?

a.	ideal justice
b.	restorative justice
c.	compensatory justice
d.	civil justice

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 114 BLM: REMEMBER

99.Analysts suggest that different groups in society are lobbying for legislative reforms that would decriminalize certain categories of conduct. What fact about crime and deviance does this illustrate?

a.	They are ephemeral.
b.	They are social constructs.
c.	They must be controlled through formal state measures.
d.	They exist universally.

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 114 BLM: REMEMBER

100.Which of the following is an alternative punishment for prison?

a.	stigmatization
b.	public shame
c.	recidivism
d.	decarceration

ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 117

TRUE/FALSE

1.Those who participated in the planned extermination of the Jews, Romani, and homosexuals in Nazi Germany were behaving as law-abiding citizens at that time.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 96

2.Types of deviance and crime vary independently of the social response given to the deviance.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 96

3.Crime statistics have two main shortcomings: much crime is not reported and victimless crimes are under-represented.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 97

4.The main source of data on crime in Canada is collected through the agencies of the federal government.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 97

5.Self-report surveys show that a majority of Canadians have committed an unlawful act. Evidently, commission of an unlawful act does not automatically result in being labelled as a criminal.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 98

6.Canada’s crime rate of 2.2million Criminal Code violations in 2008 is alarming because it shows how vulnerable Canadians are to being victimized by violent and depraved individuals.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 98

7.One reason that Canada’s crime rate is gradually falling is because Canada’s population is aging.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 99

8.Typically, improved economic conditions across a country tend to decrease the crime rate.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 99

9.Most crimes are committed by men between the ages of 24-35

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 99

10.Becoming deviant requires a social context and socialization.

ANS:TPTS:1REF:Page 100-101

11.Strain theory explains that deviance results not simply from the actions of the deviant, but also from the responses of others who define the action as deviant.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 103

12.The labelling process can act as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 102

13.Although white-collar crime costs society more than street crime, white-collar criminals are infrequently prosecuted or convicted.

ANS:TPTS:1REF:Page 105-106

14.Although Aboriginals are over-represented in the incarcerated population in Canada, they are relatively under-represented in gangs in Canada.

ANS:FPTS:1REF:Page 104-109

15.Deviants and criminals are equally likely to deviate from both mainstream culture and the norms of their own subcultures.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 105

16.Social definitions of crimes against women have changed with the shift in the distribution of power between men and women.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 116

17.The medicalization of deviance means that behaviours that were previously defined as “badness” are now defined as “sickness.”

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 108

18.According to conflict theorists, the changes in the dynamics of conflicts in society, in particular class conflict leads to changing definitions of crime. For this reason, all classes across society are equally affected by crime.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 105

19.Every year, Canada spends billions on prisons, and Canada’s incarceration rate is near the highest in the world, second only to France.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 111

20.Crime statistics for areas where capital punishment is practised support the belief that the threat of capital punishment is a significant deterrent, preventing murder and other serious crimes.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 113

21.Capital punishment is an attractive method of social control, if only because it would cost the taxpayers far less than imprisoning criminals for life.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 113

22.Restorative justice adopts an alternative perspective on crime and punishment. It proponents hold that crime is behaviour that violates people and relationships; a conventional perspective is that crime is a behaviour that violates the state and its laws.

ANS:TPTS:1REF:Page 113-114

23.According to strain theory, crime and deviance can partly be accounted for the strain caused by the discrepancy between cultural ideals and social reality.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 103

24.Labelling theory is a variant of conflict theory.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 101

25.The term surveillance society was introduced to denote the changes in North American society since the widespread introduction of electronic technology like video cameras. According to the textbook, sociologists argue that this has led to a decrease in some forms of crime.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 108

SHORT ANSWER

1.Define deviance and crime with reference to norms, laws, and sanctions. Provide an example of each.

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2.Define the following types of sanctions and describe when they are used: informal punishment, formal punishment, and stigmatization.

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3.Identify the factors that shape what is deviant and what is criminal, and how each is sanctioned.

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4.Explain the role of power in the social construction of crime and deviance. Use the trends of crimes against women to illustrate the relationship between power and deviance.

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5.Define white-collar crime and street crime. Explain why, even though the social, safety, and economic costs of white-collar crime are greater, street crime has a higher prosecution and incarceration rate.

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6.Explain how crime rates are determined. Identify some of the shortcomings and biases in crime statistics.

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7.Explain how self-report surveys and victimization surveys differ. How do they minimize some of the bias inherent in conventional crime statistics?

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8.Describe recent and current crime trends in Canada.

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9.Identify the factors that are helping reduce the crime rate in Canada.

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10.Identify who is likely to be an offender and who is likely to be incarcerated, and why.

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11.Explain the incarceration rates of Aboriginal people in Canada.

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12.Outline what Becker’s study of marijuana use among jazz musicians teaches us about becoming deviant.

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13.Describe strain theory and distinguish it from subcultural theory. Identify the shortcomings of each of these theories.

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14.Describe the four different responses to the discrepancy between cultural ideals and structural realities according to Merton’s strain theory.

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15.Briefly describe labelling theory, its advantages, and its shortcomings.

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16.Adopt a conflict perspective and identify all the resources that insulate the rich and powerful from being apprehended by the law.

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17.Define and provide examples of the medicalization of deviance.

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18.Explain the increase in the number and scope of mental disorders since the mid-1900s.

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19.List and briefly describe the goals of incarceration. Identify which goal has the greatest public support today.

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20.Outline the argument against capital punishment.

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21.Choose an example of a behaviour that is no longer sanctioned but that once was. Using this example, describe what sociologists mean when they claim that deviance is socially relative.

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22.Briefly describe the three-stage learning process that Becker observed in his study of marijuana use among jazz musicians.

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23.Describe the four reasons that sociologists have given for the overrepresentation of Aboriginal people in Canadian prisons.

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24.Briefly describe how the film The Easy A can be used to illustrate the functionalist interpretation of norms and norm-breaking.

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25.Briefly describe some of the current alternatives to incarceration.

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ESSAY

1.Research a biography of a famous person who was a deviant in his/her time, but who is remembered as a hero today. Cite events of that person’s life to illustrate the claim that deviance is a social construct shaped by a specific social and cultural context.

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2.A recent trend in incarceration, especially in the United States, involves the privatization of prisons. Research the expansion of privatized prisons in the United States and the efforts to introduce it in Canada. What light does your research shed on the changes in public perception of crime and punishment?

ANS:

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3.Explain the role of public perception and the role of crime reporting in the tracking of crime and the mobilization of resources to fight crime.

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4.Explain the reasons why “getting tough on crime” appears to do little to lower the crime rate.

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5.Select any criminal case of white-collar crime that is high-profile and controversial in Canada. Explain how justice has been “derailed” or “steered” in the case.

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6.Research the racism experienced by Canada’s Aboriginal peoples in relation to their interactions with the Canadian legal system.

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7.You have been elected Prime Minister. Your first campaign pledge was to reduce crime. Using the information from the text, explain what policy initiatives you would favour to reduce crime levels.

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8.Critique control theorist Hirschi’s argument that adolescents are incompletely socialized and are therefore more likely to become deviant. Investigate the relationship of such premises with the structure of the Youth Criminal Justice Act.

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9.Research any high-profile criminal case involving rich or powerful people. Explain the crime and justice interactions through a conflict theory perspective.

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10.Choose any deviance, such as alcohol abuse, and trace its evolution from being described as a normal behaviour, then as deviance and possibly a crime, then as an illness.

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11.Research the goals and arguments of the “no prison” advocates. Predict their success in achieving their goals given the current public perception of crime and incarceration.

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12.Investigate the role of media in shaping both the characteristics of deviance and the public response to deviance and crime.

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13.Research the various positions on capital punishment. Be sure to distinguish between purely philosophical arguments and sociological treatments. What are the pros and cons of reinstating capital punishment in Canada?

ANS:

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14.Research the different stances on crime that the major political parties in Canada took in the most recent federal election. How different are the parties from one another with respect to the issue of crime and punishment. Are there any connections between their positions on crime and their positions on other social issues?

ANS:

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15.Research strategies for treating offenders, other than imprisonment. Identify what problems in the current prison system would be resolved by alternative strategies and expose problems that might arise from these alternatives.

ANS:

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PTS: 1