Sensation And Perception 8th Edition by Goldstein – Test Bank

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CHAPTER 5: PERCEIVING OBJECTS

Chapter Outline

Preview Questions / Opening Vignette: The DARPA “Urban Challenge” race  

The Challenge of Object Perception

                  A.  The Stimulus on The Receptors Is Ambiguous

                             1.   Pictorial example

Inverse Projection Problem

                  B. Objects Can Be Hidden or Blurred

                             1.   Humans use context to identify hidden objects

Blurred faces still recognizable to humans, but not computers

                  C. Objects Look Different From Different Viewpoints

                             1.  Viewpoint invariance

The Gestalt Approach to Object Perception

A.  Historical Background

                             1.  Structuralism and “sensations”

     2.  Wertheimer’s stroboscope and apparent movement

Demonstration: Making Illusory Contours Vanish

     a.   Observer perceives edges that don’t physically exit

Difficult for structuralists to explain

Gestalt motto: Whole differs than sum of its parts

Gestalt emphasis on wholes led to interest in perceptual organization

      B. Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization

     1.   Pragnanz: “Good figure”; “simplicity”

                             2.   Similarity: Similar things grouped together

Good continuation: “Smoothest path”

Proximity: Physically near objects grouped together

Common region: Regions grouped together

Uniform connectedness: Connected items grouped

Synchrony: “Similarity” of timing

Common fate: Objects moving in same direction grouped together

Meaningfulness/familiarity

                                         a.   Demonstration: Finding Faces in a Landscape

Dalmatian example

C.  Perceptual Segregation: How Objects Are Separated

   1. Definition of Figure-Ground Segregation

   2. What Are The Properties of Figure and Ground?

                a.   Example: Rubin’s Reversible Faces/Vase

                                         b.   Figure more thing-like and memorable

Figure is perceived as in front of ground

Ground unformed

Figure/ground border “belongs” to figure

                          3. Which Factors Determine Which Area Is Figure?

     a.    Lower area more likely seen as figure

     b.    Left vs. right side not a determinant

     c.    Symmetry

     d.   Size

     e.   Orientation

Meaningfulness

      D. Gestalt “Laws” More Accurately Described As “Heuristics”

                 1.   Algorithms vs. heuristics

                             2.   Heuristics speed processing, but can lead to occasional errors

 “Recognition-by-components” (RBC) Theory

What are geons and how many are there?

View-invariant properties of geons

Demonstration: Non- Accidental properties of geons

Discriminability property of geons

Principle of componential recovery

Challenges for RBC theory

Test Yourself 5.1

Perceiving Scenes and Objects in Scenes

                  A.  Perceiving the Gist of a Scene

1. Potter et al. (1976): 250 msec enough to get gist of a scene

2. Fei –Fei et al. (2006): 

a. Demonstration: Using a mask to achieve brief stimulus presentation

b. Different presentation exposures lead to more detail

3. Oliva and Torralba (2006): Global image features

a. Degree of naturalness

b. Degree of opennnes

c. Degree of roughness

d. Degree of expansion

e. Color

      f. Global image features are holistic and rapidly perceived

Regularities in the environment approach

Physical Regularities

Horizontal and vertical

Oblique effect

Orientation-selective neurons and plasticity

Uniform connectedness

Demonstration: Shape from Shading

“Light-from-above” heuristic

Semantic Regularities

Refers to meaning of scene

Demonstration: Visualizing Scenes and Object

Hollingworth (2005): Knowledge of scene helps locate objects

Palmer (1975): Objects identified better in context

Objects in context identified even if blurred

                    C.   The Role of Inference in Perception

                             1.  Helmholtz (1866): The theory of unconscious inference

                             2. Likelihood principle and Bayesian inference

                     D.  Revisiting the Science Project: Designing a Perceiving Machine

                             1.  Structural-Description models

a.   Volumetric features identified and combined

VII.    The Physiology of Object and Scene Perception

         A. Neurons That Respond To Grouping and Figure-Ground

                             1.   Zapadia et al. (1995) method and results

                             2.   V1 cell firing supports similarity and good continuation

                    B.  How Does the Brain Respond to Objects?

     1. Review of sensory coding

     2. More evidence for distributed activity across the brain

        C. Connecting Neural Activity and Perception 

Identifying an object

                                         a.   Grill-Spector et al. (2004)

                                         b.   Method: Region-of-interest approach

     c.    FFA activation highest when correctly identified Ford’s face

      2.   Perceiving an object

                                         a.  Sheinberg and Logothetis (1997) binocular rivalry study

                                         b.  Perception of the “effective stimulus” increased IT firing

     c.  Tong et al. (1998) found similar results in humans using fMRI

Something to Consider: Brain Activity Models That Predict What a Person is Looking At

Kamitani and Tong (2005)

Created an “orientation decoder” using fMRI voxel patterns

Could identify which grating a person was looking at with the decoder

Kay et al. (2008) also supported effectiveness of the decoder

             

Test Yourself 5.2 

Think About It Exercises

If You Want To Know More

                  A.  Robotic Vehicles

                  B.  Perceiving Figure and Ground

                  C.  When Does Figure and Ground Separate?

      D. Global Precedence

      E. Experience-dependent Plasticity and Object Recognition

      F. Boundary Extension Effect

      G. Identifying Cognitive States Associated with Perceptions

Key Terms

Media Resources: Companion Website/ CengageNOW/ Virtual Lab

Learning Objectives

At the end of the chapter, the student should be able to:

Discuss the challenges to designing a machine to do object recognition.

Discuss three reasons why object perception is challenging.

Discuss the historical beginning of Gestalt psychology.

State, describe, and give examples of the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization.

Define figure-ground segregation, and identify the properties of figure-ground.

Discuss why the Gestalt “laws” would be more appropriately called heuristics.

Describe research that identifies factors that determine figure-ground.

Discuss the basic principles of and research support for the “recognition-by-components” model of object recognition.

Summarize research that shows the relationship between stimulus presentation and getting the “gist” of a scene.

Describe what the “oblique effect” is, and discuss how this exemplifies the relationship between environmental regularities, physiology, and perception.

Discuss how the effect of context and the light-from-above heuristic demonstrate physical regularities.

Discuss research on semantic regularities in scenes.

Discuss Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference.

Describe research that shows the physiological basis of figure-ground.

Discuss the method, results, and conclusions of two experiments that demonstrate the physiological basis of object recognition and identification.

Understand the methodological issues of region-of-interest, masking stimuli, morphing, and delayed matching-to-sample.

 Describe what the “orientation decoder’ is, and summarize two studies that use the decoder.

Chapter Overview/ Summary

Chapter 5 introduces the topic of object perception by discussing how robotic vehicles need to have the ability to “recognize” objects to go through a course with various obstacles, and how difficult it is for computers to do object recognition tasks that humans can easily accomplish.  There are three major reasons that object perception is challenging: (1) the stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous, as demonstrated by the inverse projection problem; (2) objects can be hidden or blurred; and (3) objects look different from different viewpoints. So, given these challenges, how do humans perceive objects? The first psychologists to formally study this were the Gestalt psychologists. Arising as a reaction to the structuralism approach of analyzing sensations, the Gestaltists believed that “the whole was different than the sum of its parts.”  Wertheimer based this on observations of apparent movement, illusory contours, and bistable stimuli. Gestaltists expanded on this theory by identifying laws of perceptual organization, such as Pragnanz, similarity, good continuation, proximity, meaningfulness, common region, uniform connectedness, and symmetry as grouping laws. Although the early Gestaltists labeled these principles as “laws,” a better term would be “heuristics,” which are “best-guess” rules that help perception, even though they may occasionally lead to perceptual errors. Another important Gestaltist issue was perceptual, or “figure-ground,” segregation: how do we segregate objects from the background. The basic properties of figure-ground are that the figure appears more “thing-like,” memorable, closer, and it “owns” the border between the figure and ground.   Factors that determine what is seen as the figure are: size, orientation, symmetry, upper vs. lower region, and meaningfulnessA major model is then reviewed to answer how humans can accomplish object recognition: Biederman’s recognition-by-components (RBC) theory. RBC theory posits that volumetric features (called geons by Biederman) are extracted. According to RBC, geons have view-invariant properties, which allow for recognition from various viewpoints, and identification occurs through the principle of componential recovery. Perceiving scenes and objects in scenes has been investigated by using brief presentations of a scene to see if the observer can get the “gist” of the scene. “Global image features” have been identified that enable the observer to get the gist of the scene. Researchers have also studied what regularities occur in the environment that our visual system would most likely respond to. There are physical regularites and semantic regularities. The importance of horizontal and vertical orientations as physical regularities has been shown by research by Copolla et al. (1998), and by studies of the oblique effect. The relationship between physical regularities, physiology, and perception are most likely created through evolution and experience-dependent plasticity. Human’s use of the “light-from-above” heuristic, to disambiguate changes in lightness and darkness, also exemplifies physical regularities. Semantic regularities are supported by research that shows the effect of context on object perception and expectations about the scene. Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference is then cited to discuss the role of inference in perception. The physiology of object perception has been studied by Zapadia et al. (1995), who investigated neurons that responf to figure/ground segregation; Grill-Spector et al. (2004), who showed that brain activity increased when Harrison Ford’s face was identified (vs. incorrectly identifying the face): and  Sheinberg and Logothetis, who showed that an IT cell in the monkey would fire if the monkey perceived one stimulus or another, presented using binocular rivalry; and Tong et al. (1998), who showed that the PPA or FFA would fire differentially depending which stimulus was perceived (also using binocular rivalry). Lastly, “orientation decoders” and “scene decoders” have been created to predict how the brain will respond to different stimuli.   

Demonstrations, Activities, and Lecture Topics

Figure/ Ground and Logos: A common application of figure/ground reversals is in many company logos. For example, the FedEx logo contains an arrow between the last “E” and the “x.” Most students are unaware of this, even though they have seen the logo numerous times. Other logos that have arrows in figure/ground patterns are the logos for McLane Food Distribution ( HYPERLINK “http://www.jpaulco.com/images/client_logos9.gif” http://www.jpaulco.com/images/client_logos9.gif ); and Equal Exchange ( HYPERLINK “http://www.equalexchange.com” http://www.equalexchange.com). Ravenswood Wine ( HYPERLINK “http://www.ravenswood-wine.com” http://www.ravenswood-wine.com) also has a reversible figure/ground stimulus as its logo: the ravens are actually less likely to be seen as the figure at first glimpse. One of the most clever examples is the Big Ten Conference logo ( HYPERLINK “http://www.bigten.org” http://www.bigten.org ). When Penn State was added to the Big Ten conference, there were now 11 teams in the Big Ten: The logo reflects this by having the white area between the letter “T” as an “11” when seen as the figure.

Meaningfulness on Gestalt laws and Perceptual Segregation: Two other examples of how meaningfulness and familiarity affect object perception can be presented. One is to show students an example of flame-painting techniques, used most often on cars. Students with more familiarity with these techniques will easily see the “flames” as the figure; less car-oriented students will most likely see “tadpole” shapes as the figure. For examples of flame-painting, go to:

 HYPERLINK “http://www.customflamepainting.com” http://www.customflamepainting.com. A second example is to present the numbers “25” and/or “52” using an LCD font (available at  HYPERLINK “http://www.linotype.com/917/lcd-family.html” http://www.linotype.com/917/lcd-family.html ). No matter how close you get the numbers, students will still recognize the number, showing that meaningfulness outweighs closure. You can make the point that humans before being familiar with LCD displays might have been more likely to perceive the stimulus as a unitary figure (like a vase in the case of “25”).

Figure/ Ground “Transposition” and Cognitive Therapy:  Rian McMullin, a clinical psychologist, has proposed that seeing the different percepts in figure-ground stimuli and other bi-stable stimuli can generalize to more flexible and adaptive thinking patterns.  Beyond some anecdotal evidence, actual research support is not provided, but it is still an interesting application, especially for students who may have interest in counseling or clinical psychology.

McMullin, R. E. (2000). The new handbook of cognitive therapy techniques. New

York: Norton.

Book suggestions: Chapter 4 in Block and Yuker’s “Can You Believe Your Eyes?” is a great resource for examples of figure-ground reversible figures.“The Mediterranean Sea” (Figure 4.1) example is a great way to introduce object perception to your class. Block and Yuker also devote a chapter to illusory contours, and another to perceptual organization, providing examples for many Gestalt laws. Roger Shepard’s “Mind Sights” is also an excellent reference for figure-ground stimuli. 

            Block, J. R., & Yuker, H. (1989). Can you believe your eyes? Bristol, PA:

            Brunner/Mazel.

Shepard, R. N. (1990). Mind sights. New York: Freeman.

Portmanteaus: For a diversion, and to release your “inner English teacher”, as you talk about geons, you can mention that “geon” is an example of a portmanteau (or blended) word (geometric ions). The word “portmanteau” is believed to have been coined by Lewis Carroll (Alice in Wonderland), and is credited with “chortle” (“chuckle” and “snort”). More recent examples are smog (“smoke” and “fog”); emoticon (“emotion icon”); blog (“web log”) and rapper Lil Jon’s use of “crunk” (“crazy drunk”). For more information, see  HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau. 

“DISNEP” and Other Context/Priming Effects: One of the last topics in the chapter discusses context effects in relation to perceptual intelligence. You can present some additional, classic examples of context effects, such as the “13”/”B” figure and “THE CAT” figure (Figures 15.1  and 15.3, respectively) in Block and Yuker (1989). A similar effect can be accomplished by downloading the “Disney font” at  HYPERLINK “http://www.1001fonts.com/font_details.html?font_id=2272” http://www.1001fonts.com/font_details.html?font_id=2272. The “Y” will be perceived as a “P” if the context is appropriate. For example, if you type “DEEY” in Disney font, students will read it as “DEEP,” and  “SNIY” will be read as “SNIP.” If you then present “DISNEY,” most students will read it as “DISNEY,” but occasionally a priming effect will occur, and read it as “DISNEP.” Shepard (1990) also has the unambiguous versions of the “woman’s face” and “saxophone player” that can be used to prime the ambiguous version of “Sara Nader” (Figures III-4 and III-5) to show the top-down effects on figure-ground. 

Regions and Figure/Ground: Vecera’s discovery of the lower vs. upper region determinant of figure-ground is discussed in the textbook. If you want to expand on the text material, Vecera (2004) describes an interesting follow-up study.  Vercera tested  the influence of reference frame in determining figure-ground by manipulating the observer’s head position. The article also highlights the differences between theories of figure-ground.

Vecera, S. P. (2004). The reference frame of figure-ground assignment.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11 (5), 909-915. 

Recognition-by-components Theory: Biederman (1995) is a thorough, but still mostly readable, summary of RBC. He addresses the problem of object recognition, theories of object recognition, and research evidence for RBC, including his work on recognition of degraded objects and scenes.

Biederman, I. (1995). Visual object perception. In Kosslyn, S. M.,  & 

Osherson, D. N. (eds.), An invitation to cognitive science (2 ed): Visual

cognition: Volume 2, 121-166.

Virtual Lab CD-ROM

Many examples of stimuli that exemplify the principles in Chapter 5 include illusory contours, context and perception illusions, figure-ground stimuli, shape from shading, and an experiment that demonstrates global precedence.

Suggested Websites

 HYPERLINK “http://www.sandlotscience.com” http://www.sandlotscience.com: This website contains numerous illusions. The easiest way to get stimuli that are relevant to object perception is to click on “Search for illusions,” and enter “figure-ground” and “ambiguous figures.”

 HYPERLINK “http://www.michaelbach.de/ot” http://www.michaelbach.de/ot: This is another great website for illusions that will be cited for multiple chapters. Go to the heading of “Gestalt”, and find examples of the Dalmatian hidden figure, the effect of context on viewing the Kanisza triangle, and the effect of blur on perception of a figure-ground hidden message.

 HYPERLINK “http://www.mcescher.com” http://www.mcescher.com: The official Escher website has a gallery of works that show Escher’s use of reversible figure-ground. Click on the “Symmetry” gallery for numerous examples.

 HYPERLINK “http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/~tolis/toli/research/morph.html” http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/~tolis/toli/research/morph.html: This website has more examples of morphing stimuli. You can see a dart morph into a jet; a human skull morph into an orangutan skull; and a leopard-to-horse morph.

 HYPERLINK “http://www.photomosaic.com” http://www.photomosaic.com: If you address “global precedence” in the “If You Want to Know More” section, you might want to mention to students that this concept is related to the familiar “photomosaics,” which are global pictures of a face (for example) that are created from numerous smaller pictures.

“PsyCinema: Perception” Clip

The X-Files: Clyde Bruckman’s Final Repose (16:24-17:10): In this scene from an episode from Season 3 (and one of the finest episodes of the series), FBI agents Mulder and Scully are by a lake, when Mulder sees a propane tank, and says it looks like a “Nazi stormtrooper,” and asks Scully if she concurs. Scully, always the rational scientist, gives a brief description of how top-down processing affects object perception. Mulder asks Scully if she answered his question, though. Scully admits “Yes, it does look like a stormtrooper,” but that supports her explanation. No description of the scene is needed, as long as students have some familiarity with the series.

 

Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes 

Multiple Choice Questions (40) (Numbers 2, 5, 9, 10, 17, 24, 26, 30, 36 and 38 are on the companion website.)

1. Computers are better than humans at perceiving objects because

      a.   computers can process information faster than humans.

      b.   computers have higher storage capacity than humans.

      c.   computers can more easily determine the reasons for changes in lightness.

      d.   none of these; humans are better than computers at object perception.** (pages 100-101; conceptual)

2. The ___________ problem shows that numerous physical stimuli can create exactly the same image on the retina.

correspondence

inverse projection ** (page 101; factual, WWW)

occlusion

Xeon-Darpa

3. Jimmy looks at a moderately blurred picture of Princess Diana’s face. Melvin will most likely

not be able to identify the face.

identify the face as male rather than female. 

be able to correctly identify the face. ** (page 102-103; applied)

need a computer to scan the image to correctly identify it.

4. “Viewpoint invariance” means

children can only represent one perceptual viewpoint at a time.

computers can invert images to easily perform object recognition.

humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints. ** (page 103; factual)

monkeys can only recognize other monkey faces from a frontal view.  

5.  Wundt: _________ :: Wertheimer: _____________.

structuralism; Gestalt psychology ** (page 104; conceptual, WWW)

Gestalt psychology; structuralism

functionalism; structuralism

psychophysics; metaphysics

6. Gestalt psychologists used the example of illusory contours to support the claim that

perceptions are formed by combining sensations.

vision can be modeled on computer processing. 

the whole is different than the sum of its parts. ** (pages 104-105; conceptual)

it is best to look before you leap.

7. The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt law of

a. proximity.

Pragnanz. ** (page 105; applied)

common fate.

synchrony.

8. The law of similarity can account for grouping of stimuli that are similar in

orientation.

shape.

auditory pitch.

orientation, shape, and auditory pitch. ** (page 106; factual)

9. The Bev Doolittle print of “The Forest Has Eyes” exemplifies the Gestalt law of

proximity.

uniform connectedness.

meaningfulness. ** (page 107; applied, WWW)

common fate.

10. Corey looks at a flock of seagulls flying in one direction, when suddenly five of the seagulls start flying in another direction. He now perceives two groups of birds, because of the Gestalt law of

a. common fate. ** (pages 106-107; applied, WWW)

b. uniform connectedness.

c. synchrony.

d. Pragnanz.

11. Alyson looks at a picture of arrows and sees white arrows pointing to the right against a black background. She looks at the picture longer, and then sees black arrows pointing to the left against a white background. Her perception of the this stimulus is an example of

perceptual segregation. ** (page 108; applied)

synchrony.

view invariance.

orientation invariance.

12. Border ownership means that when figure-ground segregation occurs, the border between the figure and background

seems to change color.

is perceived to be associated with the background.

is perceived to be associated with the figure. ** (page 108; factual)

seems to disappear.

13. Which of the following is a general determinant of figure-ground segregation?

An area on the right side is more likely to be perceived as a figure than a stimulus on the left.

An area on the left side is more likely to be perceived as a figure than a stimulus on the right.

Diagonal orientations are more likely perceived as figure than ground.

A lower region is more likely to be perceived as figure than an upper region. ** (page 109; factual)

14. The “cross-plus” figure is used to measure the effect of _____ on figure-ground determination.

a. symmetry

synchrony

good continuation

size ** (page 109; conceptual)

15. Gestalt “laws” are more accurately described as heuristics because they

guarantee accurate perceptions.

provide a “best-guess” as to perception of an object. ** (page 109; conceptual)

describe the physiological mechanisms of object perception.

are universally accepted by contemporary psychologists.

16.  According to recognition-by-components theory, the volumetric features are called

amorphic primitives.

isomorphic solids.

geons. ** (page 110; factual)

metrons.

17.   Jada looks at a picture of a horse that was taken from directly above the horse, and has difficulty recognizing the horse. According to Biederman’s RBC theory, this difficulty would be explained by

image-description modeling.

the accidental viewpoint. ** (page 111; applied, WWW)

too many geons being present in the picture.

perspective convergence.

 

18.  Which of the following is NOT a property of geons?

the non-accidental property

discriminability

uniform connectedness property ** (pages 110-112; factual)

view-invariance properties

19. One criticism of recognition-by-components theory is

it cannot explain how we recognize objects from different viewpoints.

its supporting research does not generalize from animals to humans.

geons do not usually provide enough information to discriminate between different objects that have the same basic components. ** (page 113; conceptual)

geons need to be moving in order to recognize an object.

20. Humans need approximately ____ to perceive the gist of a scene.

a.  250 milliseconds ** (page 114; factual)

b.  2 seconds

c.  5 seconds 

d. 10 seconds

21. A masking stimulus is used to

stop persistence of vision.** (page 114; factual)

increase the duration of persistence of vision.

increase the area of the “region-of-interest”.

decrease the area of the “region-of-interest”.

22. Which of the following is a global image feature, according to Oliva and Torralba?

a. degree of naturalness

b. degree of openness

c. color

d. All of these are global image features. ** (page 115; factual)

23. Copolla et al. (1998) gave students at Duke University digital cameras and told them to go to different areas on campus and take picture every two minutes. Base on the information on physical regularities, you would predict that the results would be that

horizontal and vertical orientations were the major physical regularities. ** (page 116; conceptual)

diagonal orientations were the major environmental regularities.

Gestalt laws are incompatible with the major environmental regularities.

environmental irregularities are more salient than environmental regularities.

24. The _______ effect is that humans perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.

Turing

oblique ** (page 116; factual, WWW)

spreading

visual persistence

25. The relationship between environmental regularities, physiology, and perception is most likely established by

ablation.

experience-dependent plasticity. ** (page 116; conceptual)

semantic algorithms. 

surgical techniques.

26. Jimmy looks at a picture of a side of a submarine that has dents and bumps on it.  When he turns the picture upside-down, what he originally perceived as bumps, now look like dents, and vice versa. This is due to the

a. Pragnanz effect.

b. oblique effect.

c. accidental properties of light.

d.the “light-from-above” heuristic. ** (page 117; applied, WWW)

27. When Palmer (1975) showed observers a kitchen scene and then a target picture, which picture was identified correctly 80% of the time?

a loaf of bread, because it matches the context of the scene ** (page 118; conceptual)

a mailbox, because it seems so out-of-context, that it “pops-out”

a drum, because participants were music majors

a cell phone, because they were so popular in 1975

28. The theory of unconscious inference

was developed by Treisman in the 1990’.

is closely related to the “likelihood principle.” ** (page 119; conceptual)

describes the use of algortithms in perception.

is incompatible with Gestalt psychology.

29. Humans use the _____________ to determine shape from shading.

light-from-below heuristic

light-from-above heuristic ** (page 117; factual)

Mach algorithm

delayed-matching principle

30. One of the reason that the robotic vehicles crashed (as described in the opening vignette) is because computers

lacked the knowledge that humans have about object perception. ** (page 120; conceptual, WWW)

made use of the “likelihood principle.

overused morphing programs in recognizing objects.

did not have enough illumination to “see” objects clearly.

31. _____________ is the proposed reason why V1 neurons can make figure-ground discriminations.

Contextual modulation ** (page 120; conceptual)

Feedback from the LGN

Microstimulation

Cortical magnification

32. A cell in area V1 of a monkey is shown to fire when a vertical bar is presented.  When bars of random orientation are added around the vertical bar, the firing rate of the cell _______; when bars of some of the surrounding bars are changed to a vertical orientation, the firing rate of the cell _________.

increases; decreases

decreases; increases ** (pages 120-121; conceptual)

increases; remains the same

remains the same; decreases

33. Perceiving the emotional aspects of a face are reflected by activation in the brian structure called

a.  the amydala. ** (page 121; factual(

b.  the medulla.

c.  the pituitary.

d.  the corpus callosum.

34. An important aspect of the “region-of-interest” approach is to

only use pictures of celebrities in recognition studies.

only use pictures of attractive people in microstimulation studies.

pre-test stimuli for each individual participant. ** (page 122; factual)

record only from cortical areas of “interest” to the researcher.

35. The importance of the Sheinberg and Logothetis research on monkeys that presented a butterfly to one eye and a sunburst pattern to the other eye is that it showed

binocular rivalry does not occur in monkeys.

monkeys use binocular rivalry as a depth cue.

“ineffective” and “effective” stimuli are processed the same way in the cortex.

changes in perception are linked to cortical neural firing. ** (conceptual; page 123)

36. Grill-Spector et al.’s (2004) “Harrison Ford” study showed that object recognition is associated with _________, and detection is associated with ______________.

a small response from the FFA; a larger response from the FFA

a large response from the FFA; a smaller response from the FFA ** (page 122; factual, WWW)

a high “Q”-rating; a low “Q”-rating

a low “Q”-rating; a high “Q”-rating

37. Tong used binocular rivalry to test brain response when the person perceived a house or a face. When the person perceived the house, activity in the _____ increased.

a. PPA ** (page 124; factual)

b. FFA

c. CBA

d. MLB

 

38. Kamitani and Tong’s “orientation decoder” was able to correctly predict what orientation a person was looking at on _____% of the trials.

a.  10%

b.  25%

c.  40%

d. 100% ** (page 124; factual, WWW)

39. A voxel is

a.  a small cube-shaped area of the brain about 2 mm on each side. ** (page 124; factual)

b.  a small member of the rodent family with large rods and small cones.

c.  the basic unit of speech.

d.  a type of surgical procedure in which the pigment epithelium is restored.

40.  Although a “decoder” has been created for predicting orientations, no decoder has been created for scene perception since this is much more complex.

a. True

b. False ** (page 125; factual)

Essay Questions (8) 

Discuss three reasons why object perception is difficult for computer vision.

State, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) of five Gestalt Laws of perceptual organization.

Describe five factors that determine what area is seen as “figure”, and draw an example that demonstrates each factor. 

Discuss why the Gestalt laws are more accurately described as heuristics.

(a) Describe the main principles of the Recognition-by-components theory.

      (b) Respond to the critique that vision is too complex to be reduced to geon recovery.

Name and describe five “global image features”.

Summarize two research studies that show that semantic regularities occur.

(a) What is an “orientation decoder’?

      (b)  Describe research by Kamitani and Tong tests this decoder.