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Graziano and Raulin Research Methods Test Bank
Chapter 5 Statistical Analysis of Data
5.1 Individuals Differences
1) Statistics are research tools for
A) generating experimental hypotheses.
B) organizing and understanding large sets of data.
C) identifying participants.
D) generating hypotheses, but only at the experimental level.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Factual
2) Which of the following tasks do statistics NOT accomplish?
A) summarize results
B) evaluate data
C) evaluate results
D) represent and describe groups
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98 (PQ)
Skill: Interpretive
3) Decisions concerning which statistical procedure(s) to use are made in the
A) procedures-design phase.
B) observation phase.
C) data-analysis phase.
D) problem-definition phase.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Factual
4) Which type of statistics simplify and organize data?
A) inferential statistics
B) univariate statistics
C) descriptive statistics
D) multivariate statistics
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98 (PQ)
Skill: Interpretive
5) Virtually all organismic variables studied in psychology show
A) improvement after practice.
B) decline under stress.
C) individual differences.
D) group differences.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Skill: Applied
6) Which type of statistics help us draw conclusions about the data?
A) inferential statistics
B) interpretational statistics
C) descriptive statistics
D) None of the above
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Interpretive
7) The two major classes of statistical procedures are
A) summary and inferential statistics.
B) univariate and inferential statistics.
C) univariate and descriptive statistics.
D) inferential and descriptive statistics.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Factual
8) Most variables manipulated in psychology make
A) large differences in how people behave compared with preexisting differences.
B) individual differences larger.
C) large differences in how people behave and increase preexisting individual differences.
D) small differences in how people perform compared with preexisting individual differences.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Factual
9) The goal in psychological experimentation is to show that differences on dependent measures are due
to
A) preexisting individual differences.
B) research manipulations.
C) research manipulations and measurement error.
D) individual differences that were manipulated by the researcher.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Interpretive
10) The two major types of statistical procedures are
A) descriptive and prescriptive.
B) descriptive and inferential.
C) parametric and nonparametric.
D) pure and applied.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Factual
11) Statistics used to summarize, simplify, and represent large numbers of measurements are called
A) prescriptive statistics.
B) parametric statistics.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.C) inferential statistics.
D) descriptive statistics.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Interpretive
12) Which of the following tasks do descriptive statistics NOT accomplish?
A) summarize
B) simplify
C) evaluate
D) describe
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98 (SG)
Skill: Applied
13) Inferential statistics are used to
A) summarize and simplify data.
B) summarize and describe data.
C) interpret and describe data.
D) interpret data.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
14) Statistics used to help interpret what the data mean are called
A) inferential statistics.
B) descriptive statistics.
C) heuristics.
D) nonparametric statistics.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Factual
15) The purpose of descriptive statistics is to
A) determine if the sample data accurately describe the population.
B) simplify and organize large sets of data.
C) help us decide whether population means are equal.
D) All of the above
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Interpretive
16) What type of data is generated by measures of annual income in dollars?
A) nominal
B) ordered
C) interval
D) ratio
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 98
Skill: Applied
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.5.2 Organizing Data
1) Which of the following is NOT an important group of descriptive statistics?
A) frequency distributions
B) graphical representation of data
C) summary statistics
D) tests for mean differences
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 99-105
Skill: Applied
2) Statistical simplification for nominal or ordinal data is often done by using
A) a t-test.
B) frequency distributions.
C) means.
D) standard deviations.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 101
Skill: Applied
3) Which of the following is often computed with ordinal and nominal data?
A) frequencies
B) means
C) t-tests
D) random number tables
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 101
Skill: Applied
4) All of the following belong to the realm of descriptive statistics EXCEPT
A) frequency counts and distributions.
B) the null hypothesis.
C) summary statistics.
D) graphical representations of data.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 101-105
Skill: Applied
5) The variables of age, income, and number of visits to a hospital emergency room are all measured on
________ scales.
A) ratio
B) internal
C) non-psychometric
D) nominal
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Applied
6) Categorizing participants on the basis of more than one variable at a time is called
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.A) multivariate tabulation.
B) algorithmic tabulation.
C) cross-tabulation.
D) multi-matrix tabulation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Factual
7) Cross-tabulation is the method used to help elucidate the relationships between
A) ordinal measures.
B) ratio measures.
C) interval measures.
D) nominal measures.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Interpretive
8) If a researcher wishes to categorize participants on the variables of sex and psychiatric diagnosis, he
or she would arrange the data in a matrix called
A) a graph.
B) a cross-tabulation.
C) a frequency distribution.
D) a cross-linear matrix.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Applied
9) Cross-tabulation is used to
A) categorize participants on the basis of two or more variables at one time.
B) categorize participants on the basis of only two variables at one time.
C) tabulate across different participants on one variable.
D) tabulate across three variables for different participants.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 101-102
Skill: Interpretive
10) Suppose a researcher wanted to classify college participants according to both where they live (dorm,
apartment, at home) and type of high school they attend (public, Catholic, other private). The best way to
do this would be using a(n)
A) univariate count.
B) univariate distribution.
C) cross-tabulation.
D) grouped frequency distribution.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Applied
11) The row totals in a cross-tabulation represent
A) univariate frequency distributions.
B) multivariate frequency distributions.
C) means of the variable.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.D) the modes of the variable.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Interpretive
12) Cross-tabulation can be used with
A) ordinal measures.
B) ratio measures.
C) nominal measures.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Interpretive
13) In a cross-tabulation of religious affiliation and race, the frequency totals for the variable race
represent
A) a multivariate frequency distribution.
B) a univariate frequency distribution.
C) the mean of race variable.
D) the mode of the race variable.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Applied
14) The simplest way to organize score data is with a
A) cross-tabulation.
B) t-test.
C) multivariate count.
D) frequency distribution.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Interpretive
15) A grouped frequency distribution is required with
A) all variables.
B) a small number of possible scores.
C) continuous variables.
D) multivariate studies.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102
Skill: Interpretive
16) To summarize a large number of different scores it is best to use a
A) cross-tabulation.
B) multivariate frequency distribution.
C) continuous frequency distribution.
D) grouped frequency distribution.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Interpretive
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.17) In a study on bruxism (grinding of the teeth), participants recorded for six months the number of times
per day they experienced facial pain. The scores ranged from zero to over 200. The best way for a
researcher to organize the large number of scores on this variable would be to employ
A) an assistant.
B) a frequency table.
C) a grouped frequency distribution.
D) a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Applied
18) The sale price for a house is an example of a(n)
A) intermittent variable.
B) continuous variable.
C) multi-intermittent variable.
D) contingent variable.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Applied
19) Which of the following descriptive statistical procedures CANNOT be used with a continuous
variable?
A) a frequency distribution
B) a grouped frequency distribution
C) a median
D) a mean
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 101-103 (SG)
Skill: Applied
20) In order to organize a large number of scores based on a continuous variable, it is necessary to use
A) a grouped frequency distribution.
B) a frequency distribution.
C) a graph.
D) a cross-tabulation.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 102
Skill: Applied
21) In a study on bruxism (grinding of the teeth), participants recorded for six months the number of times
per day they experienced facial pain. The data described above can be represented pictorially by a graph
called
A) a frequency parabola.
B) a biaxial distribution.
C) a frequency tetrahedron.
D) a frequency polygon.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Applied
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.22) The ordinate is another name for the
A) abscissa.
B) x-axis.
C) z-axis.
D) y-axis.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
23) Frequency or grouped frequency distributions can be represented graphically by
A) frequency polygons.
B) histograms.
C) abscissas and ordinates.
D) both A and B.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
24) Another name for the horizontal axis of a graph is the
A) y-axis.
B) x-axis.
C) ordinate.
D) halidome.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
25) The vertical axis of a graph is also known as the
A) x-axis.
B) halidome.
C) abscissa.
D) y-axis.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
26) In histograms or frequency polygons, the horizontal axis
A) is also known as the ordinate.
B) is also known as the abscess.
C) represents the range of scores for the variable.
D) represents the frequency of scores.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Interpretive
27) In histograms or frequency polygons, the vertical axis
A) represents the range of scores for the variable.
B) represents the frequency of the scores.
C) is also known as the x-axis.
D) is also known as the abscissa.
Answer: B
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Interpretive
28) The horizontal axis of a frequency polygon is also referred to as
A) the abscissa.
B) the ordinate.
C) the intersect.
D) the slope.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
29) The vertical axis of a frequency polygon is also referred to as
A) the slope.
B) the ordinate.
C) the intersect.
D) the abscissa.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
30) The horizontal axis of a frequency polygon is also referred to as
A) the y-axis.
B) the x-axis.
C) the ordinate.
D) the kurtotic axis.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
31) The vertical axis of a frequency polygon is also referred to as
A) the x-axis.
B) the abscissa.
C) the y-axis.
D) the slope.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
32) The two dimensions of a frequency polygon are represented by
A) height and length.
B) length and width.
C) the amygdala and the ordinate.
D) the ordinate and the abscissa.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Factual
33) In a histogram, the frequency of each score is represented by the height of a
A) point above that score on the abscissa.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.B) point above that score on the ordinate.
C) bar above that score on the ordinate.
D) bar above that score on the abscissa.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Interpretive
34) In a frequency polygon, the frequency of a score is represented by the height of a
A) bar above that score on the ordinate.
B) point above that score on the abscissa.
C) point above that score on the ordinate.
D) bar above that score on the abscissa.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Interpretive
35) One of the advantages of a frequency polygon is that
A) with a small number of participants, it looks like a smooth curve.
B) it primarily produces bell-shaped curves.
C) two frequency distributions can be compared easily.
D) it produces a more attractive representation of data.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Applied
36) An advantage of a frequency polygon is that
A) two frequency distributions can be compared on the same graph.
B) only one frequency distribution can be plotted on one graph.
C) no further statistical analysis is necessary.
D) the data need no explanation or interpretation.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Applied
37) Frequency polygons with jagged edges usually represent
A) incomplete data.
B) small data sets.
C) large data sets.
D) bad artistry.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103
Skill: Interpretive
38) Distributions with bell-shaped, symmetric curves are referred to as
A) skewed distributions.
B) curvilinear distributions.
C) normal distributions.
D) Poisson distributions.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Skill: Interpretive
39) As group size increases
A) frequency polygons appear more jagged.
B) histograms will look like normal curves.
C) frequency polygons appear more smooth.
D) frequency polygons will look like normal curves.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103-104 (PQ)
Skill: Interpretive
40) Distributions with bell-shaped curves are also referred to as
A) rectilinear distributions.
B) skewed distributions.
C) asymmetric distributions.
D) normal or near normal distributions.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Factual
41) In a distribution with a bell-shaped curve,
A) most scores fall at the ends of the distribution.
B) most scores fall at the top of the distribution.
C) most scores fall in the middle of the distribution.
D) all scores fall in the middle of the distribution.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Interpretive
42) In a symmetric bell-shaped distribution,
A) most scores fall in the middle, with fewer scores in the tails.
B) most scores fall in the top end, with few scores in the middle.
C) most scores fall in the bottom end, with few scores in the middle.
D) None of the above
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Interpretive
43) A normal curve is
A) positively skewed.
B) negatively skewed.
C) symmetric.
D) bimodal.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
44) As the group size increases, the frequency polygon
A) tends to look negatively skewed.
B) tends to look positively skewed.
C) tends to look more like a smooth curve.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.D) tends to look more jagged in appearance.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 103-104
Skill: Interpretive
45) In a skewed distribution, the scores
A) primarily cluster in the center of the distribution.
B) primarily cluster at both ends of the distribution.
C) fall equally throughout the distribution.
D) primarily cluster on one end of the distribution.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Interpretive
46) In a skewed distribution, the direction of the skew is indicated by
A) the height of the curve.
B) the section where the most scores lie.
C) the tail of the curve.
D) the point where the most scores lie.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Factual
47) A distribution in which most of the scores cluster near the bottom is a
A) symmetric distribution.
B) rectilinear distribution.
C) negatively skewed distribution.
D) positively skewed distribution.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Interpretive
48) A distribution in which most of the scores cluster at the top or high end of the scale is a
A) symmetric distribution.
B) rectilinear distribution.
C) positively skewed distribution.
D) negatively skewed distribution.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Interpretive
49) A difficult test in which most of the class did badly would form a
A) symmetric distribution.
B) negatively skewed distribution.
C) positively skewed distribution.
D) rectilinear distribution.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Applied
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.50) In a classroom for gifted students, we would expect the distribution of IQ scores to be
A) rectilinear.
B) identical.
C) skewed.
D) symmetric.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Applied
51) In a large classroom, a distribution of the weights of the students would be expected to be
A) positively skewed.
B) negatively skewed.
C) symmetric.
D) rectilinear.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104
Skill: Applied
52) If a frequency polygon showed a distinctive bunching of scores near the bottom of the scale with few
scores in the middle and upper parts of a scale, we would say that the data were
A) normally distributed.
B) positively skewed.
C) negatively skewed.
D) symmetric.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 104 (SG)
Skill: Applied
53) The horizontal spread of a distribution is known as its
A) central tendency.
B) variability.
C) frequency distribution.
D) symmetry.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
54) A distribution’s average location on the x-axis is known as its
A) variability.
B) symmetry.
C) central tendency.
D) frequency distribution.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
5.3 Descriptive Statistics
1) Which of the following do descriptive statistics NOT accomplish?
A) describe the data with one or two numbers
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.B) evaluate the data to compare groups
C) make it easier to compare groups
D) provide a basis for later analyses
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Interpretive
2) Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
A) mean
B) mode
C) range
D) median
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Interpretive
3) Measures of central tendency describe
A) the variability of scores.
B) the typical or average score.
C) the range of scores in the distribution.
D) the most important scores in a distribution.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Factual
4) The mode is
A) the largest score.
B) the average score.
C) the middle score.
D) the most frequently occurring score.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105-106
Skill: Factual
5) The three measures of central tendency used in describing psychological data are the mean, the
median, and
A) the mode.
B) the variance.
C) the centrum.
D) the norm.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Factual
6) The most frequently occurring score in the distribution is
A) the mean.
B) the median.
C) the meridian.
D) the mode.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Page Ref: 105 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
7) A distribution can have more than one
A) mode.
B) mean.
C) median.
D) standard deviation.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Applied
8) A mode can be appropriately used with which type(s) of measurement?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) ratio
D) All of the above
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Interpretive
9) Students receive the following scores on an exam: 80, 85, 95, 80, 90. The median would be
A) 80
B) 95
C) 85
D) 88
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Applied
10) A researcher is doing a study on type of high school attended and grades in college. To show the
central tendency of the type of high school the researcher would use a
A) mean.
B) mode.
C) median.
D) standard deviation.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Applied
11) Which of the following would researchers generally try to avoid using because it can be unstable?
A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) variance
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Applied
12) The median is the
A) most frequently occurring score.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.B) average score.
C) middle score.
D) highest score.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Factual
13) Which of the following measures of central tendency can have more than one value in a single
sample?
A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) None of the above
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
14) Which of the following measures of central tendency could be computed on a variable that is
measured on a nominal scale of measurement?
A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) All of the above
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105 (SG)
Skill: Applied
15) A distribution may have more than one
A) mean.
B) mode.
C) median.
D) average.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Interpretive
16) If a distribution has two modes, the distribution is said to be
A) invalid.
B) bivalent.
C) bimodal.
D) unequivocal.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Factual
17) If a distribution has three modes, it is said to be
A) unstable.
B) unequal.
C) trimodal.
D) trifocal.
Answer: C
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Factual
18) A disadvantage of relying on the mode is that it is
A) unstable.
B) difficult to compute.
C) not affected by a change in one or two scores.
D) not able to be used with all scales of measurement.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Interpretive
19) The middle score in a distribution of scores arranged from lowest to highest is called
A) the meridian.
B) the median.
C) the mode.
D) the mean.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Interpretive
20) The 50th percentile of a distribution is referred to as the
A) quintile.
B) mode.
C) median.
D) mean.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Interpretive
21) In a study examining the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention to reduce cholesterol intake,
researchers observe that there are three different scores that occur with the highest (and the same)
frequency. The distribution of scores is said to be
A) trimodal.
B) tripolar.
C) centrifugal.
D) centripetal.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Applied
22) Participants receive the following scores on a test: 20, 50, 40, 30, 50, 10. The mode would be
A) 40
B) 35
C) 50
D) 38
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Applied
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.23) In a study on medication compliance in residents of a skilled nursing facility, the researcher wants to
do a “median split.” Where would the researcher find the median of the distribution of compliance scores?
A) at the 30th percentile
B) at the 50th percentile
C) at the 100th percentile
D) at the same point as the mode of the distribution
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105-106
Skill: Applied
24) A researcher conducts a study comparing class grades and age in one classroom. While the majority
of the class is 19-22 years old, there are three students in their 40s. In this case, the most reasonable
measure of central tendency would be the
A) mode.
B) median.
C) mean.
D) standard deviation.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105-106
Skill: Applied
25) When there are two possible values for the median, the median is
A) the largest of the two.
B) the smaller of the two.
C) the average of the two.
D) both of the two (termed bimedial).
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105-106
Skill: Factual
26) Half of the scores in a distribution fall below the
A) mode.
B) stanine.
C) mean.
D) median.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105-106
Skill: Interpretive
27) The descriptive statistics that tend to be unstable
A) can be used to describe all types of data.
B) are the simplest descriptive measures.
C) can be used to describe score data only.
D) are the most complicated measures.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105-110
Skill: Applied
28) Which of the following is NOT a descriptive statistic?
A) correlated t-test
B) mean
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.C) standard deviation
D) range
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 105-114
Skill: Interpretive
29) A researcher is doing a study on type of high school attended and grades in college. To show the
central tendency of college grades the researcher would use a
A) mean.
B) mode.
C) variance.
D) standard deviation.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Skill: Applied
30) The median should NOT be used with which type of data?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) score
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Skill: Interpretive
D) None of the above; the median can be used with all types of data
31) The mean is the ________ score.
A) most frequently occurring
B) middle
C) highest
D) average
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Skill: Factual
32) An X with a line over it (read X bar) is the notation for the
A) median.
B) mean.
C) mode.
D) sum of all scores.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Skill: Factual
33) A mean can be appropriately used with which type(s) of data?
A) nominal
B) score
C) ordered
D) all of the above
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Skill: Interpretive
34) The most commonly used measure of central tendency is the
A) median.
B) mean.
C) mode.
D) meridian.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Skill: Factual
35) A median would give us a better indication of central tendency in which of the following cases?
A) when there are a couple of extremely low scores
B) when there are a couple of extremely high scores
C) when the researcher is asking a question about people’s preferences for either Madonna or Garth
Brooks
D) either A or B
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106-107
Skill: Applied
36) Which measure of variability COULD remain unchanged if one score in the sample decreased by 10
points?
A) range
B) variance
C) standard deviation
D) All of these measures would always change if one score were changed.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 107-110
Skill: Applied
37) What would happen to the mean if all of the scores were converted by subtracting 10 points from
each score?
A) The mean would be unchanged.
B) The mean would increase by 10 points.
C) The mean would decrease by 10 points.
D) The mean would decrease by an amount equal to 10 points divided by the number of participants.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106-107
Skill: Applied
38) The arithmetic average of all the scores in a distribution is called the
A) mean.
B) median.
C) mode.
D) modem.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Skill: Factual
39) The mean is appropriately used only with
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.A) large numbers of participants.
B) nominal data.
C) ordinal data.
D) score data.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106
Skill: Applied
40) The measure of central tendency that gives the best indication of a typical score in the presence of a
few extreme scores is the
A) median.
B) mode.
C) harmonic mean.
D) mean.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106-107
Skill: Interpretive
41) The ages of rock concert-goers probably exhibit ________ than do the ages of attendees of a county
fair.
A) less stability
B) a wider range
C) more variability
D) less variability
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 107-108
Skill: Applied
42) If there are some very deviant scores in the population, the best measure of central tendency is the
A) mean.
B) median.
C) mode.
D) variance.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106-107
Skill: Interpretive
43) If we added 10 points to each score in a sample, the
A) variance would not change.
B) standard deviation would not change.
C) range would not change.
D) All of the above
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 106-110
Skill: Applied
44) What is the relationship between the different measures of variability?
A) The range is a better measure than the variance.
B) The variance is a better measure than the range.
C) The standard deviation is always the best.
D) The range is usually the best.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 107-109
Skill: Interpretive
45) Variability of scores is measured by all of the following EXCEPT the
A) standard deviation.
B) range.
C) variation coefficient.
D) variance.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Interpretive
46) The simplest measure of variability is the
A) standard deviation.
B) range.
C) variation.
D) variance.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108 (PQ)
Skill: Interpretive
47) The range
A) is the distance from highest to lowest score.
B) utilizes all the scores in quantifying variability.
C) transforms the data into the same units of measure as the variance.
D) is the distance from the median to the highest score.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Factual
48) The range is
A) very stable.
B) stable when used with score data.
C) stable when used with ordinal data.
D) unstable.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108 (PQ)
Skill: Interpretive
49) The simplest measure of variability is the
A) range.
B) variance.
C) standard deviation.
D) median.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Interpretive
50) The distance from the lowest to the highest score is called the
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.A) apogee.
B) variance.
C) range.
D) standard deviation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Factual
51) A major disadvantage of using the range as a measure of variability is that it is
A) difficult to compute, because it is based on many scores.
B) difficult to interpret.
C) often unable to be computed.
D) unstable, because it derives from only two scores.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Interpretive
52) The average squared distance (deviation) of each score from the mean is called the
A) standard deviation.
B) sum of squares.
C) variance.
D) range.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Factual
53) The average deviation is the
A) sum of the differences between the scores and mean (maintaining the sign).
B) square root of the variance.
C) sum of the absolute differences between the scores and mean divided by the number of scores.
D) sum of the absolute differences between the scores and mean divided by the number of scores minus
1.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Factual
54) In computing the variance, if we merely added up all the deviations from the mean without first
squaring them, the average deviation from the mean would be
A) 1.0, no matter how variable the scores were.
B) 1.0, if the scores had a large variance.
C) 0.0, if the scores had a small variance.
D) 0.0, no matter how variable the scores were.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108
Skill: Applied
55) The distinction between the average deviation and the variance is
A) the average deviation is the square root of the variance.
B) the average deviation is the average distance each score is from the mean, whereas the variance in
the average squared distance each score is from the mean.
C) the average deviation is the square of the variance.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.D) the variance is the square of the standard deviation, which is equal to .707 times the average
deviation.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108-109 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
56) The measure of variability that is computed from all of the scores is the
A) range.
B) stanine.
C) variance.
D) percentile.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108-109
Skill: Interpretive
57) Which of the following is an accurate statement?
A) The variance is a better measure of variability than the range.
B) The range is a better measure of variability than the variance.
C) The range is a better measure of central tendency than the mode.
D) The variance is a better measure of central tendency than the range.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108-109
Skill: Interpretive
58) The sum of squared deviations from the mean is called the
A) variance.
B) standard deviation.
C) sum of squares.
D) degrees of freedom.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 109
Skill: Factual
59) To obtain the variance, the
A) sum of squares is divided by the degrees of freedom.
B) sum of squares is divided by the number of scores.
C) standard deviation is divided by the degrees of freedom.
D) standard deviation is divided by the number of scores.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 109
Skill: Interpretive
60) Degrees of freedom are
A) always equal to N-1.
B) always equal to N.
C) the number of scores not free to vary.
D) the number of scores free to vary.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 109
Skill: Interpretive
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.61) SS is an abbreviation used in formulas to refer to the
A) sum of standard deviations.
B) sum of squares.
C) standard score.
D) squared score.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 109
Skill: Factual
62) If you were to compute the variance on a set of 12 numbers, how many degrees of freedom would
you use?
A) 11
B) 12
C) 24
D) 1
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 109
Skill: Applied
63) The term degrees of freedom refers to
A) the range of appropriateness for any given scale or measure.
B) the rights of research participants.
C) the number of scores that are free to vary.
D) what graduate students call their Ph.D. diplomas.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108-110 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
64) If you could form a set of any 12 numbers, how many degrees of freedom would you have in selecting
them?
A) 11
B) 12
C) 24
D) 1
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Applied
65) A researcher needs to pick six numbers so that the total adds up to 180. The number of degrees of
freedom would be
A) 6
B) 7
C) 4
D) 5
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Applied
66) A researcher needs to pick five people of differing IQ levels. Their IQs must add up to 550, the first
must be 95 and the third must be 140. The number of degrees of freedom would be
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.A) 5
B) 4
C) 3
D) 2
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Applied
67) The more restrictions imposed on data,
A) the more degrees of freedom there are.
B) the more degrees of freedom are lost.
C) the more inaccurate the measures become.
D) Both A and C
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Interpretive
68) If we wanted to use a measure of variability that was expressed in the same units as the mean, we
would use the
A) variance.
B) standard deviation.
C) average variation.
D) median.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Interpretive
69) Unlike the mean, the variance is expressed in ________ units of the variable.
A) original
B) squared
C) reduced
D) divided
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Interpretive
70) Which of the following is correct?
A) The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
B) The variance is the square root of the standard deviation.
C) The standard deviation is the square root of the average deviation.
D) The variance is the square root of the average deviation.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Factual
71) A correlation coefficient describes
A) how several variables combine to form a third variable.
B) the relationship between two scores.
C) the relationship between two variables.
D) how two variables combine together to make a third variable.
Answer: C
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Interpretive
72) Which type of descriptive statistic always involves at least two variables?
A) measures of variability
B) central tendency measures
C) correlation coefficients
D) Both A and C
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Interpretive
73) The association between two variables is best indexed by the
A) standard deviation.
B) variance.
C) sum of squares.
D) correlation coefficient.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Interpretive
74) The descriptive statistic that involves at least two variables is the
A) correlation coefficient.
B) mean.
C) standard deviation.
D) variance.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110
Skill: Interpretive
75) The Pearson product-moment correlation is used with
A) score data.
B) ordered data.
C) nominal data.
D) All of the above
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Interpretive
76) The most widely used correlation index is the
A) Spearman rank-order correlation.
B) Pearson product-moment correlation.
C) point biserial correlation.
D) correlated t-test.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Factual
77) The product-moment correlation can range from
A) -2.00 to +2.00.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.B) 0 to +1.00.
C) -1.00 to +1.00.
D) -1.00 to 0.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Factual
78) The type of correlation best used with score data is the
A) point biserial correlation.
B) Spearman rank-order correlation.
C) correlated t-test.
D) Pearson product-moment correlation.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Interpretive
79) If we wished to use statistics to explore the possibility that early language acquisition is related to high
Apgar scores at birth, we would most likely consult which descriptive statistic?
A) mean
B) variance
C) a correlation of the two variables
D) a correlated t-test
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
80) If you wanted to quantify the degree of relationship between academic achievement and creativity,
which correlation coefficient would you want to use?
A) Pearson product-moment correlation
B) Spearman rank-order correlation
C) Either would be appropriate.
D) It would depend on how the variables were measured.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111 (SG)
Skill: Applied
81) A researcher wants to measure the relationship between age and score on this test. The most
appropriate statistic would be the
A) Spearman rank-order correlation.
B) sign test.
C) Pearson product-moment correlation.
D) repeated measures ANOVA.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
82) A researcher wants to measure the relationship between age and test taking enjoyment (high,
extremely high, insanely high, etc.). The most appropriate statistic would be the
A) chi square.
B) sign test.
C) Pearson product-moment correlation.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.D) Spearman rank-order correlation.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
83) If two variables are measured on a nominal scale, what type of correlation coefficient is appropriate?
A) a Spearman rank-order correlation
B) a Pearson product-moment correlation
C) a point-biserial correlation
D) None of the above
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 110-112
Skill: Interpretive
84) A product-moment correlation should be used only when the relationship between two variables is
A) nonlinear.
B) ongoing.
C) correlated.
D) linear.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
85) The Pearson product-moment correlation is an index of what type of relationship between two
variables?
A) circular
B) parabolic
C) curvilinear
D) linear
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Interpretive
86) A correlation of -1.00 represents
A) no relationship between the two variables.
B) a perfect negative relationship between the two variables.
C) a weak negative relationship between the two variables.
D) a very weak positive relationship between the two variables.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
87) Which correlation represents the strongest relationship?
A) +.37
B) +.68
C) -.02
D) -.73
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 108-111 (SG)
Skill: Applied
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.88) A perfect positive relationship between two variables is a correlation of ________.
A) +1.0
B) -1.0
C) -2.0
D) 0.0
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Factual
89) A perfect negative relationship between two variables is a correlation of ________.
A) +1.0
B) -1.0
C) -2.0
D) -0.0
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Factual
90) When two variables have no relationship, a correlation coefficient of ________ is to be expected.
A) +1.0
B) -1.0
C) 0.0
D) -0.5
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Interpretive
91) Which of the following shows the strongest relationship: a correlation of 0.75 or -0.75?
A) -0.75
B) +0.75
C) They are the same strength.
D) They cannot be compared because they are in opposite directions.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111 (PQ)
Skill: Applied
92) If a perfect positive relationship between two variables exists, as one variable
A) increases, the other variable will increase by a predictable amount.
B) decreases, the other variable will decrease by a predictable amount.
C) increases, the other variable will decrease by a predictable amount.
D) Both A and B
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
93) A correlation coefficient is an index of the degree of
A) curvilinear relationship.
B) linear relationship.
C) scatter plot relationship.
D) inter-subtest variability.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
94) The graphic technique used to represent the relationship between two variables is the
A) histogram.
B) scatter plot.
C) correlation polygon.
D) frequency polygon.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Interpretive
95) A researcher wants to study the relationship between women’s ages and number of births per year for
women in the 10 to 55 age range. The relationship would be expected to be
A) a linear relationship.
B) nonexistent.
C) nonlinear.
D) a negative correlation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
96) A researcher found that short people did well in research methods and tall people did badly, with
people of average height scoring in the middle. The relationship between height and grade in research
methods is a
A) positive correlation.
B) negative correlation.
C) nonlinear relationship.
D) curvilinear relationship.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
97) A correlation of +.89 represents
A) a weak positive relationship between the variables.
B) a strong positive relationship between the variables.
C) a perfect relationship between the variables.
D) a weak negative relationship between the variables.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Skill: Applied
98) A correlation of 0.00 means that
A) a mistake has been made in the computation.
B) there is a perfect relationship between the two variables.
C) there is no relationship between the two variables.
D) the data points would fall on a straight line on a scatter plot.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Skill: Applied
99) The graphic technique used to represent the relationship between two variables is called
A) a scatter plot.
B) computer simulated correlation.
C) marking.
D) matrix algebra.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111-112
Skill: Interpretive
100) In a scatter plot, the dots cluster along a line from the lower left hand corner to the upper right hand
corner. This shows
A) a negative correlation.
B) no relationship.
C) a positive correlation.
D) a nonlinear relationship.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111-112
Skill: Applied
101) In a scatter plot, the dots cluster along a line from the top left hand corner to the lower right hand
corner. This shows
A) a negative correlation.
B) no relationship.
C) a positive correlation.
D) a nonlinear relationship.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111-112
Skill: Applied
102) In constructing a scatter plot, standard x– and y-axes are
A) not used.
B) labeled with the names of the three variables of interest.
C) reversed so that the ordinate becomes the abscissa and vice versa.
D) labeled with the names of the two variables of interest.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111-112
Skill: Interpretive
103) When using SPSS for Windows to compute a regression line, you should also request a ________
to see how well the data fits a straight line function.
A) product-moment correlation
B) scatter plot
C) MANOVA
D) median graph
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111-112
Skill: Applied
104) Which technique would be most sensitive to (i.e., would help you identify) a nonlinear relationship?
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.A) the Pearson product-moment correlation
B) the Spearman rank-order correlation
C) a scatter plot
D) a t-test
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111-112 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
105) If a perfect relationship were represented on a scatter plot, the dots would
A) fall in the upper portion of the plot.
B) fall in a circular shape.
C) form a straight line.
D) be clustered near the x-axis.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 111-112
Skill: Interpretive
106) The type of correlation best used with ordered data is the
A) Spearman rank-order correlation.
B) Pearson product-moment correlation.
C) correlated t-test.
D) point biserial correlation.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 112
Skill: Interpretive
107) The Spearman rank-order correlation is used with
A) score data.
B) ordered data.
C) nominal data.
D) All of the above
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 112
Skill: Interpretive
108) The appropriate correlation to use when you have nominal data is
A) Phi.
B) the Spearman rank-order correlation.
C) the Pearson product-moment correlation.
D) Any of the above would be appropriate.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 112
Skill: Interpretive
109) Phi is the appropriate correlation to use with
A) nominal data.
B) score data.
C) ordered data.
D) any type of data.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Page Ref: 112
Skill: Factual
110) For the data illustrated in the scatter plot below, what is the product-moment correlation?
| *
| *
| *
| *
| *
|____________________________
A) 0.00
B) +1.00
C) -1.00
D) You cannot tell from the scatter plot.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 112 (SG)
Skill: Applied
111) If we saw on a scatter plot that the dots were arranged in a straight line that fell from the upper left
hand corner (top of the y-axis) to the bottom right hand corner (end of the x-axis), we could conclude that
the correlation was
A) negative.
B) positive.
C) zero.
D) nonlinear.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 112
Skill: Applied
112) A Phi coefficient of -1.00 would indicate that
A) there is a perfect negative relationship between the variables.
B) there is no relationship between the variables.
C) one should have used the Spearman rank-order correlation.
D) a computational error was made because negative Phi coefficients are impossible.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 112
Skill: Applied
113) We can predict one variable from values of another variable by using information from
A) a sign test.
B) a t-test.
C) a correlation coefficient.
D) an ANOVA.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113
Skill: Applied
114) The prediction of the value of one variable from the value of another is called
A) variation.
B) deviation.
C) regression.
D) standardization.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113
Skill: Factual
115) When the correlation between two variables is zero, the linear regression line would be
A) horizontal.
B) vertical.
C) diagonal.
D) curved.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113
Skill: Applied
116) The internal consistency reliability index is also referred to as the
A) consistency distribution.
B) standard deviation.
C) standard score
D) coefficient alpha
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113
Skill: Factual
117) ________ are often used to quantify test-retest and interrater reliability.
A) Non-linear coefficients
B) Z-scores
C) Correlation coefficients
D) Multiple regressions
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113
Skill: Factual
118) ________ is an index of how intercorrelated the items in a measure are.
A) Standard deviation
B) Coefficient alpha
C) Standard score
D) Consistency distribution
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113
Skill: Factual
119) A standard score is useful in determining
A) how a particular person scored relative to the rest of the people.
B) the standard deviation of a population.
C) the average score of participants.
D) the number of scores in a population.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113-114
Skill: Interpretive
120) The size of the ________ score indicates how far from the mean a particular person scored.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.A) nominal
B) standard
C) median
D) optimal
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 113-114
Skill: Interpretive
121) A person’s ________ indicates what percent of the sample scored below that person.
A) standard rank
B) level score
C) percentile rank
D) mean rank
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114
Skill: Interpretive
5.4 Statistical Inference
1) A researcher is interested in studying decisions of U.S. college seniors regarding graduate school. With
that in mind, how would we classify all of the college seniors in the United States?
A) as a sample of college seniors
B) as a sample of all human beings
C) as the population of college seniors
D) as the entire population of human beings
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114
Skill: Applied
2) A researcher is interested in studying decisions of college seniors regarding graduate school. With that
in mind, how would we classify a group of 2500 college seniors from the state of North Carolina?
A) as a sample of Southerners
B) as a sample of young people
C) as a sample of human beings
D) as a sample of college seniors
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114
Skill: Applied
3) In statistics, the larger group of all the people of interest is the
A) parameter.
B) sample.
C) population.
D) reference group.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
4) In statistics, a subset of people drawn from the larger group of all the people of interest is a
A) parameter.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.B) population.
C) reference group.
D) sample.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
5) If a researcher is interested in all research methods classes but only studies one class, he is studying a
A) population.
B) reference group.
C) sample.
D) parameter.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114
Skill: Applied
6) A researcher wants to study all 2000 college graduates from the University of Hawaii. She gathers data
from all the college graduates at the University of Hawaii in the year 2000. She has studied a
A) reference group.
B) sample.
C) population.
D) statistic.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114
Skill: Applied
7) The variation among different samples drawn from the same population is termed
A) measurement error.
B) population variation.
C) sampling error.
D) sampling variation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115
Skill: Factual
8) In order to interpret information about a population of interest, researchers must employ
A) descriptive statistics.
B) inferential statistics.
C) summary statistics.
D) population statistics.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114-115
Skill: Applied
9) The first step in interpreting research data is computing
A) descriptive statistics.
B) inferential statistics.
C) a score transformation of the data.
D) a linear transformation of the data.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Page Ref: 114-115
Skill: Factual
10) Which of the following allows researchers to draw conclusions about a population from a sample?
A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) population statistics
D) sample parameters
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114-115
Skill: Applied
11) Researchers use samples to
A) reflect precisely population characteristics.
B) reflect exactly population parameters.
C) draw conclusions about the population.
D) gather data from the entire group of people being studied.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114-115
Skill: Applied
12) Sampling error represents
A) a mistake on the part of the researcher.
B) the error among different samples due to errors by the researcher.
C) the expected variation among different samples due to chance.
D) a lack of validity in the study due to design problems.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 114-115
Skill: Factual
13) The null hypothesis states that
A) there is no statistical difference between the population means.
B) the population mean is different than the sample mean on a variable of interest.
C) there is always a difference between samples because of sampling error.
D) any difference between samples will be negligible.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115
Skill: Interpretive
14) The statement that there is no statistically significant difference between two population variances
exemplifies a(n)
A) no-difference hypothesis.
B) null hypothesis.
C) no-difference theorem.
D) alternative hypothesis.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115
Skill: Interpretive
15) Null hypotheses are tested by using
A) population statistics.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.B) population parameters.
C) inferential statistics.
D) descriptive statistics.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115
Skill: Interpretive
16) The decision point for rejecting the null hypothesis is
A) the beta level.
B) the alpha level.
C) typically .005 or .0001.
D) the null hypothesis level.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115-116
Skill: Factual
17) In a study on the effects of a new type of soft lighting on task efficiency using two groups of office
workers as the participants, what is the null hypothesis?
A) There will be no task efficiency difference between the groups in the two conditions.
B) The effects of the lights on one group will be nullified by the effects on the other group.
C) The new type of lighting will lead to greater task efficiency.
D) The new type of lighting will lead to lower task efficiency.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115
Skill: Applied
18) A researcher is interested in studying anxiety levels in psychology majors compared to management
majors. He thinks that there is a greater incidence of anxiety in psychology majors. The null hypothesis
would be that the incidence of anxiety is
A) inversely proportional to the number of students in each major.
B) the same for both majors.
C) greater among psychology majors.
D) greater among management majors.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115
Skill: Applied
19) A somewhat arbitrary cutoff point employed to decide whether the null hypothesis is false is called the
A) alpha level.
B) beta level.
C) null point.
D) point of no return.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115 (PQ)
Skill: Interpretive
20) Which of the following is correct?
A) We cannot say with certainty that the conclusions drawn from a sample are always valid for the
population.
B) Inferences drawn from a random sample are always valid for the population.
C) Inferences drawn from a population are always valid for the sample.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.D) Inferences drawn from parameters are always valid for the sample.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 115-116
Skill: Applied
21) Type I error occurs when a researcher
A) rejects the null hypothesis when it should be retained.
B) does not reject the null hypothesis when it should be retained.
C) makes a large mistake in data collection.
D) is confronted with random error in the form of participant characteristics.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Factual
22) A researcher conducts a study on grades of students who live in apartments compared with those
who live in dorms. In actuality, the grades are equivalent in both groups. After statistical analysis the
researcher makes the decision to reject the null hypothesis. This decision is
A) not possible to evaluate from the information given.
B) correct.
C) a Type I error.
D) a Type II error.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Applied
23) A Type II error occurs when a researcher
A) devises an incorrect null hypothesis.
B) rejects the null hypothesis when it should be retained.
C) does not reject the null hypothesis when it should be rejected.
D) makes a large mistake in data collection.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Factual
24) The alpha level is the expected probability of
A) measurement error.
B) a Type I error.
C) a Type II error.
D) sampling error.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Factual
25) What will happen if the researcher increases the level of Type I error without making any other
changes?
A) The level of Type II error will increase.
B) The level of Type II error will decrease.
C) Alpha will decrease.
D) There will be no change in either alpha or the level of Type II error.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Page Ref: 116 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
26) If two populations are different on their population means and the inferential statistical test leads you
to conclude that the populations are equivalent, you have
A) made a Type I error.
B) made a Type II error.
C) drawn a correct inference.
D) inflated your alpha.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
27) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false results in a
A) Type I error.
B) high alpha level.
C) low alpha level.
D) Type II error.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Factual
28) In a study on the effects of a new type of soft lighting on task efficiency using two groups of office
workers as the participants, a researcher mistakenly concludes that the use of the new lighting does NOT
improve task efficiency when, in fact, it does. What type of error has the researcher made?
A) a Type I error
B) a Type II error
C) a beta error
D) an alpha error
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Applied
29) In a study on the effects of a new type of soft lighting on task efficiency using two groups of office
workers as the participants, a researcher mistakenly concludes that using the new lighting does improve
task efficiency when, in fact, it does NOT. What type of error has the researcher committed?
A) a Type I error
B) a Type III error
C) a Type II error
D) a measurement error
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Applied
30) Rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is true results is a
A) high alpha level.
B) Type I error.
C) Type II error.
D) indigestion.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116 (PQ)
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Skill: Interpretive
31) Setting alpha to a low level to reduce the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when it should be
accepted
A) is rarely done in research.
B) increases the chance of Type I error.
C) increases the chance of Type II error.
D) increases the accuracy of decision making with little adverse effects.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Interpretive
32) A researcher conducts a study on grades of students who live in apartments compared with those
who live in dorms. In actuality, the grades are equivalent in both groups. After statistical analysis he
makes the decision to not reject the null hypothesis. This decision is
A) correct.
B) a Type I error.
C) a Type II error.
D) not possible to evaluate from the information given.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Applied
33) A researcher does a study on knowledge of animals in cat lovers compared to dog lovers. In actuality,
dog lovers have a greater knowledge of animals. After statistical analysis, the researcher makes the
decision to NOT reject the null hypothesis. This decision is
A) correct.
B) a Type I error.
C) a Type II error.
D) not possible to evaluate from the information given.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Applied
34) If alpha is set to .05, what will the level of Type II error be?
A) .05
B) .95
C) 0
D) cannot say
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
35) The probability of a Type I error is equal to
A) less than 1%.
B) the beta level.
C) the alpha level.
D) the degrees of freedom.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 116
Skill: Factual
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.5.5 Inferential Statistics
1) If you wish to know whether the results of your experiment are likely to have been obtained by chance,
you should use
A) the mean.
B) descriptive statistics.
C) inferential statistics.
D) random number tables.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117 (PQ)
Skill: Applied
2) What is the appropriate statistical procedure for evaluating the difference among two or more groups?
A) ANOVA
B) t-test
C) standard deviation
D) either A or B
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Interpretive
3) What is the appropriate procedure for evaluating the difference between two groups?
A) ANOVA
B) t-test
C) standard deviation
D) either A or B
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Interpretive
4) The analysis of variance (ANOVA) actually compares
A) the variance of all the groups.
B) the standard error of all the groups.
C) the means of all the groups.
D) the standard deviation of all the groups.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117 (PQ)
Skill: Interpretive
5) The term ________ refers to the sensitivity of a statistical procedure to provide a basis for correctly
rejecting the null hypothesis.
A) strength
B) schism
C) capacity
D) power
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Factual
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.6) The easiest way to increase power is to
A) increase sample size.
B) decrease sample size.
C) increase the number of statistical tests.
D) increase individual differences.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117 (PQ)
Skill: Applied
7) Power is the ability to reduce
A) statistical significance.
B) Type II errors.
C) Type I errors.
D) practical significance.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117 (PQ)
Skill: Factual
8) Which of the following will NOT increase the power of a statistical test?
A) better standardization of procedures
B) more precise sampling
C) decreasing the number of participants
D) using more precise measures
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Applied
9) The size of the sample needed to achieve a specified level of power can be computed on the basis of
pilot data with a process called
A) distribution analysis.
B) sample analysis.
C) power analysis.
D) depth analysis.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117
Skill: Factual
10) Which term refers to the sensitivity of a statistical procedure?
A) statistical reliability
B) validity or statistical validity
C) statistical replication
D) power or statistical power
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117 (SG)
Skill: Factual
11) Effect size refers to
A) the strength of the independent variable manipulation.
B) the strength of the dependent variable manipulation.
C) the difference between group means expressed in standard deviation units.
D) None of the above
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Factual
12) As effect size increases,
A) power will increase.
B) power will decrease.
C) power is unchanged.
D) the sample size increases.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 118
Skill: Interpretive
13) Why is power increased when the effect size increases?
A) It is harder to detect large differences than small differences.
B) It is easier to detect large differences than small differences.
C) Power depends on the sample size, which is a function of effect size.
D) Power refers to the level of Type I error, which increases with the effect size.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 117-118
Skill: Interpretive
5.6 Ethical Principles
1) What is a researcher’s ethical obligation with respect to statistics.
A) to always select the appropriate statistical procedures
B) to use statistical procedures that accurately reflect the data
C) to use the most sophisticated statistical tests available
D) All of the above
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Skill: Interpretive
2) Cherry picking the data refers to
A) selecting and reporting only those data that support your hypothesis.
B) using only the most reliable data.
C) fabricating data to support the hypothesis.
D) using the wrong inferential statistic.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Skill: Factual
3) A researcher who cherry picks the data is
A) being unethical
B) selecting and reporting those data that support the study’s hypothesis.
C) ignoring data that contradict the study’s hypothesis.
D) All of the above
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 119
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.Skill: Interpretive
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
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