Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology 7th Edition by Michael G. Maxfield – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

1. Conceptualization is the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use particular terms.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.1 – 1

2. Recidivism represents a collection of related phenomena either observed or heard about.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 116

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

3. Every variable should have two important qualities; their attributes should be exhaustive as well as mutually

exclusive.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 120

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.3 – 3

RMCJ.MAXF.11.5 – 5

4. Ordinal measures are variables whose attributes may be logically rank-ordered.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

5. Recidivism is a term to represent a collection of unrelated phenomena that we have either observed or heard about

somewhere.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 116

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.1 – 1

RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

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6. Reliability is measuring what you think you are measuring.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

7. Reliability is threatened every time there is a single observer as the source of data.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

8. Mental images of serious crime may vary among individuals depending on their backgrounds and experiences.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.1 – 1

RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

9. One good indicator of crime seriousness is harm to the crime victim.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 130

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

10. A lower-level measure cannot be converted to a higher-level one.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

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11. Sometimes it is necessary to make the same measurement more than once, which is known as:

a. test-retest method

b. inter-rater reliability

c. split-half method

d. face validity

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

12. It is always a good idea to make more than one measurement of any subtle or complex social concept, which is

known as:

a. test-retest method

b. inter-rater reliability

c. split-half method

d. face validity

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

13. An empirical measure that adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under consideration is known as:

a. reliability

b. validity

c. accuracy

d. face validity

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

14. Particular empirical measures that may or may not agree with common understandings of our individual mental

images about a specific concept are known as:

a. reliability

b. validity

c. accuracy

d. face validity

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

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15. Content validity refers to:

a. a comparison of measures to some external criterion

b. an empirical measure that may or may not agree with our common understanding of a particular concept

c. the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concepts

d. the basis of logical relationships among variables

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

16. Criterion related validity refers to:

a. a comparison of measures to some external criterion

b. an empirical measure that may or may not agree with our common understanding of a particular concept

c. the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concepts

d. the basis of logical relationships among variables

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

17. According to Abraham Kaplan’s (1964) discussion; which of the following are not included in the three classes of

things that a researcher measures?

a. direct observables

b. indirect observables

c. constructs

d. discreet observables

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 123

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

18. Age of an offender is an example of which level of measurement?

a. interval

b. nominal

c. ratio

d. ordinal

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

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19. A researcher concerned with whether a particular measurement technique will, after repeated measures, yield the

same results is concerned with:

a. accuracy

b. reliability

c. precise measurement

d. validity

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

20. Ratio measures are the highest level, followed by:

a. interval, nominal and ordinal

b. nominal, interval, ordinal

c. interval, ordinal, and nominal

d. ordinal, nominal, interval

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

21. Although a person’s observations and experiences are real, his or her concepts are:

a. mental creations

b. subliminal

c. discreet

d. reliable

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 110

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.1 – 1

RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

22. The specification of conceptual definitions serves as a specific working definition and also:

a. focuses observational strategy

b. focuses research on the task at hand

c. focuses readers on the core issue

d. focuses on fixing the problem

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

Powered by Cognero Page 5Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

23. Professor Smith is studying attitudes toward gun control and plans to assess support for firearms registration by

determining whether or not her research subjects say they would travel to countries where the possession of

unlicensed guns is legal. Her critics argue that this measure lacks:

a. face validity

b. construct validity

c. convergent validity

d. criterion-related validity

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

24. The process of developing operational definitions is known as:

a. conceptualization

b. proprietary means

c. reification

d. operationalization

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 116

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.3 – 3

25. Which of the following is representative of the dimension “victim harm”?

a. economic gain

b. gender of victim

c. physical injury

d. location of injury

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 113

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

26. The number of counts on an indictment is what level of measurement?

a. nominal

b. ordinal

c. interval

d. ratio

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 121-122

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

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27. The production report generated at the city police department contains the number of arrests made by each officer

on a monthly basis. What level of measurement would number of arrests be?

a. nominal

b. ordinal

c. interval

d. ratio

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 121-122

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

28. Measures of jail capacity were operationalized as whether or not there were more inmates housed at the end of the

year than the original building design called for would be an example of what level of measurement?

a. nominal

b. ordinal

c. interval

d. ratio

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 121-122

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

29. Ranks in the local police department represent what level of measurement?

a. nominal

b. ordinal

c. interval

d. ratio

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 121-122

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

30. The penalties that are assigned to different crimes by law are best characterized as a dimension of:

a. public opinion

b. crime seriousness

c. retribution

d. cultural tastes

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.3 – 3

Powered by Cognero Page 7Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

31. The words or symbols in language used to illustrate subjective thoughts or mental images about things we may

encounter in daily life are known as:

a. operations

b. concepts

c. observations

d. measurements

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

32. Operationalization involves:

a. describing how actual measurements will be made

b. adding up the sum of the parts to determine the whole

c. removing negative correlations from variables

d. making the necessary measurements

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 116

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.3 – 3

RMCJ.MAXF.11.4 – 4

33. A specifiable aspect of a given concept is referred to as a:

a. dimension

b. concept

c. construct

d. direct observable

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

34. Which of the following sequences illustrates the progression of measurement steps?

a. conceptual definition, conceptualization, operational definition and real-world measurement

b. operational definition, conceptualization, conceptual definition and real-world measurement

c. operational definition, conceptual definition, conceptualization and real-world measurement

d. conceptualization, conceptual definition, operational definition and real-world measurement

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 113

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.1 – 1

RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

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35. The assignment of grades by the professor to major research papers is an example of:

a. measurement

b. operationalization

c. conceptualization

d. validity

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 118

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

36. Researchers must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute. Which of the

following terms best describes this concept?

a. reliability

b. validity

c. mutual exclusiveness

d. exhaustiveness

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 120

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.5 – 5

37. Logical sets of attributes are known as:

a. values

b. variables

c. concepts

d. operational definitions

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 120

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

38. The primary difference between the interval and the ratio level of variables is that:

a. interval is rarely used

b. with ratio there is an absolute meaning of zero

c. with interval there is an absolute meaning of zero

d. none of the above

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 121-122

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

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39. What two qualities should every variable possess?

a. meaning and value

b. exhaustive and thorough

c. exhaustive and mutually exclusive

d. operational definition and meaning

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 120

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.5 – 5

40. The test-retest method is used to examine:

a. reliability

b. validity

c. generalizability

d. precision

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

41. Validity that is related to the logical relationships between variables is known as:

a. criterion-related validity

b. face validity

c. convergent validity

d. construct validity

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

42. When the actual distance that separates the attributes composing some variables does have meaning, the variables

are described as:

a. interval

b. nominal

c. ordinal

d. none of the above

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

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10Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

43. Because low marital adjustment should lead to divorce, Professor Quinn checked his measure of marital adjustment

by examining whether couples with low martial adjustment scores later obtained divorces. This illustrates the use of:

a. criterion-related validity

b. face validity

c. content validity

d. construct validity

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

44. Professor Jenkins is interested in attitudes toward the trying juveniles as adults and plans to assess support for this

hypothesis by asking whether or not subjects say they would travel to countries that allow juveniles to stand trial as

an adult. Critics would say this measure lacks:

a. face validity

b. criterion-related validity

c. content validity

d. construct validity

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

45. The key standards for measurement quality are:

a. mutual exclusivity and exhaustibility

b. reliability and validity

c. pattern and repetition

d. duplicity and veracity

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

46. A person’s height as a measure of a person’s IQ would be seen as having what problem?

a. precision

b. reliability

c. accuracy

d. validity

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

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11Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

47. Many criminal justice measures are imprecise, so reporting approximate values is:

a. often necessary

b. often preferable

c. undesirable

d. unacceptable

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 110

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

48. Numerous studies have shown that measures of crime based on police records often suffer from:

a. reliability problems

b. validity problems

c. accounting problems

d. typology problems

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

49. Validating an individual measure to compare it with alternative measures of the same concept is known as:

a. content validity

b. multiple measures

c. construct validity

d. criterion-related validity

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 130

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.9 – 9

50. Composite measures are frequently used in criminal justice research for all of the following reasons except:

a. in some cases the researcher is unable to develop single indicators of complex concepts

b. the researcher may desire to use a rather refined ordinal measure of a variable, arranging cases in several

ordinal categories from very low to very high on a variable

c. indexes and scales are efficient devices for data analysis

d. the researcher is seeking a method for measuring disorder and composite measures are the only allowable

measure

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 130-131

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.10 – 10

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12Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

51. What type of variable allows you to arrange attributes from greater than to less than, but does not allow you to tell

how much greater or how much less than one attribute is from another?

a. nominal

b. ordinal

c. interval

d. ratio

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

52. Which of the following variables allows for attributes to be placed on a continuum with equal distance between

points?

a. nominal and ordinal

b. ordinal and interval

c. interval and ratio

d. all of the above

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

53. An example of direct observables are:

a. individual values

b. are mandatory sentences fair

c. the words in a crime report

d. all of the above

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.1 – 1

RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

54. A definition that spells out exactly how we plan to measure a variable is known as:

a. operational definition

b. measurement

c. concept

d. conceptualization

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 113

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

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13Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

55. What is the main distinction between measurement and operationalization?

a. measurement involves actually making observations and assigning scores to those observations

b. operationalization involves actually making observations and assigning scores to those observations

c. the operationalization process starts much earlier, usually with conceptualization

d. there is not a difference between the terms

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.3 – 3

56. When a supervisor for a survey contacts a subset of the respondents to verify certain information, it is an example

of:

a. lack of generalizability

b. interrater reliability

c. split-half method

d. construct validity

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

57. The study of food-buying habits where researchers were interested in learning whether people who drank wine ate

healthier foods than people who drank beer—is a good example of:

a. research exhaustiveness

b. face validity

c. interrater reliability

d. split-half method

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

58. In general, whenever researchers are concerned that measures obtained through coding may not be classified

reliably, they should:

a. have each measure independently coded by different people

b. not obtain measures through coding

c. perform split-half method test

d. perform an interrater reliability test

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

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14Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

59. A questionnaire contained the item “social class” with responses of lower class, lower middle class, middle class,

upper middle class, upper class. The researcher asks respondents to check the one that describes them. The

researcher is using this question to measure:

a. direct observables

b. indirect observables

c. constructs

d. nominal variables

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

60. Which of the following best represents the abstract “reliability”?

a. a measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept

b. a measure does not adequately reflect the underling concept

c. the measure is stable

d. the measure is unstable

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

61. Which of the following represents problems for reliability?

a. any time you have a single observer as the source of data

b. use of different interviewers during the course of a research project

c. there are different coders used to evaluate the data

d. all of the above

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

62. If we consider the theft of $20 from a poor person to be more serious than the theft of $2,000 from a wealthy oil

company CEO, victim wealth, in this case, could be considered a(n):

a. influencing attribute

b. mitigating circumstance

c. dimension

d. indicator

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

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15Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

63. Which of the following statements is not correct?

a. a measure is valid if it truly measures the underlying concept

b. a measure is reliable if it is observable over time

c. a measure is reliable if it is constant

d. both validity and reliability are important in a measure

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 124-126

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.5 – 5

64. The design and execution of criminal justice research requires eliminating the confusion over concepts and reality.

To accomplish this, scientists have found it useful to distinguish three kinds of definitions: real, conceptual, and:

a. apparent

b. operational

c. congruent

d. altruistic

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

65. If a researcher is concerned with combining variables to result in a different composite measure, the researcher is

using what technique?

a. typology

b. validity

c. operationalization

d. reliability

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 132

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.10 – 10

66. A researcher has measured fear of crime by asking the subjects whether or not they were afraid of crime and by

asking them to rate from 1 – 10 their own fear of crime. Which is the highest level of measurement that is illustrated

by this example?

a. nominal

b. ordinal

c. interval

d. ratio

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

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16Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

67. With respect to levels of measurement which of the following is not correct?

a. a variable measured at the ratio level can also be measured at the ordinal level

b. a variable measured at the interval level can also be measured at the nominal level

c. a variable measured at the ordinal level can also be measured at the interval level

d. a variable measured at the ordinal level can also be measured at the nominal level

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.6 – 6

68. Which of the following is an attribute of the variable “employment status”?

a. unemployed

b. minimum wage

c. number of employees

d. all the above

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 135

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

69. In research, the process of regarding something as real (such as crime seriousness) when it is not is called:

a. reification

b. validity

c. typology

d. reliability

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.3 – 3

70. Measurement is difficult and process explicitly.

, therefore researchers try to describe the measurement

ANSWER: imprecise

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.8 – 8

71. Words are symbols in language that we use to represent mental images are known as .

ANSWER: concepts

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

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17Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

72. is the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use a particular

term.

ANSWER: Conceptualization

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.1 – 1

RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

of a concept often paves the way for a more sophisticated

73. Specifying the different understanding of what we are studying.

ANSWER: dimensions

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

74. The process of regarding as real things that are not is called .

ANSWER: reification

REFERENCES: 113

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

75. A definition that spells out precisely how the concept will be measured is known as .

ANSWER: operational definition

REFERENCES: 116

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.2 – 2

76. The conceptualization and operationalization processes can be seen as the specification of variables and the

____________________ composing them.

ANSWER: attributes

REFERENCES: 113-115

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.3 – 3

77. Variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness are

measures.

____________________

ANSWER: nominal

REFERENCES: 121

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.5 – 5

78. is a matter of whether a particular measurement technique, applied repeatedly to the

same object, will yield the same result each time.

ANSWER: Reliability

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

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18Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

79. Reliability does not ensure any more than precision ensures it.

ANSWER: accuracy

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

80. The method lays the groundwork for a check on reliability in regards to making multiple

measures of the same complex concept.

ANSWER: split half

REFERENCES: 124

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

81. validity refers to particular empirical measures that may or may not accurately reflect

the common agreements on concepts.

ANSWER: Face

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

82. Content validity refers to the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the

____________________.

ANSWER: concept

REFERENCES: 127

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.7 – 7

83. Combining ANSWER: individual

REFERENCES: 130

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.10 – 10

84. Researchers combine in different ways to produce different composite measures.

ANSWER: variables

REFERENCES: 132

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.10 – 10

85. Identify the four levels of measurement and give examples of each.

ANSWER: N/A

measures often produces more valid and reliable indicators.

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19Chapter_5 Concepts Operationalization and_Measurement

86. For each of the following variables, give its level of measurement and whether the variable is discrete or continuous.

verdict at trial

a.________________ ________________

b.________________ ________________ gender of victim

c.________________ ________________ age of offender

d.________________ ________________

violent offender

e.________________ ________________

ranks in a police department

ANSWER: N/A

87. Discuss the threat to validity. Cover the following threats: face, content, criterion-related, and construct.

ANSWER: N/A

88. Discuss the measures used to insure reliability: test-retest method, inter-rater, and split-half method.

ANSWER: N/A

89. Use an example from criminal justice and create an index.

ANSWER: N/A

90. Betsie developed a definition of school bullying in such a way that this concept represented what

researchers in the field have come to agree upon as the concept’s meaning. Betsie developed a/an:

a. conceptualization process

b. operational definition

c. real definition

d. nominal definition

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: 112

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: RMCJ.MAXF.11.4 – 4

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