Psychology Frontiers And Applications 5th Canadian Edition By Michael Passer- Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

Sample Questions Posted Below

Exam

Name___________________________________

 MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)
The most accurate order of the stages in sensory processing and perception of information is from:
1)
_______ A)
reception to transduction to matching to interpretation. B)
reception to comparison to reconstruction to interpretation. C)
reception to reconstruction to analysis to recognition. D)
reception to analysis to translation to recognition.  2)
Occasionally, people who have been blind since birth will have their vision restored. Afterwards, they are able to notice light and various colours but they often have continual difficulty making sense of this new sensory information. Examples like these best demonstrate the difference between:
2)
_______ A)
perception and organizing sensory input. B)
rods and cones. C)
sensation and perception. D)
sensation and transduction.  3)
One night on a family camping trip, Samantha was lying awake in her tent when all of a sudden, she saw a bright flash of light, so bright in fact, that it light up the entire inside of the tent. Then there was a loud rumble that seemed to shake the ground she was sleeping on. The light and the rumble are sensed by Samantha, and she ________ the phenomena as a thunderstorm.
3)
_______ A)
senses
B)
identifies C)
knows
D)
perceives  4)
The two kinds of sensory capabilities studied in psychophysics are:
4)
_______ A)
the functions of the rods and cones. B)
the absolute limits of sensitivity to stimuli and sensitivity to changes in stimuli. C)
the ability to organize stimuli and the ability to make sense of stimuli. D)
the ability to produce neurotransmitters and the ability to produce hormones.  5)
The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is the:
5)
_______ A)
subliminal stimulus.
B)
absolute threshold. C)
difference threshold.
D)
decision criterion.  6)
A researcher is conducting a study with owls at the zoo to determine how sensitive they are to various sounds and what is the smallest sound that they can detect. The work of this researcher is most consistent with the goals of which scientific area?
6)
_______ A)
psychophysics
B)
psychotherapy C)
psychoneuroimmunology
D)
neuropsychology  7)
Dr. Haller is conducting an experiment related to vision. He places his subjects in a dark room and after they have acclimated, he presents them with visual stimuli of varying strengths and attempts to determine the minimal amount of light that people can detect. Dr. Haller is specifically trying to determine a(n):
7)
_______ A)
minimum threshold.
B)
maximum threshold. C)
absolute threshold.
D)
difference threshold.  8)
Terry enjoys riding his bike long distances. While riding along busy city streets, Terry must be aware of the vehicles that approach him and then pass him. With experience, Terry is now able to sense an approaching car 90% of the time. This sensitivity means Terry has a(n) ________ threshold for vehicle detection.
8)
_______ A)
absolute
B)
ultimate
C)
low
D)
high  9)
The term “decision criterion” refers to:
9)
_______ A)
the particular signal detection criteria a researcher used to determine a difference threshold. B)
the particular signal detection criteria a researcher used to determine an absolute threshold. C)
the difference between an absolute and a difference threshold used to determine if a stimulus is present. D)
how certain a person must feel that a stimulus is present before saying that it is present.  10)
How certain a person needs to feel before saying that a particular stimulus is present is referred to as the:
10)
______ A)
choice threshold.
B)
decision criterion. C)
transduction.
D)
difference threshold.  11)
Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. On the last clinical trial, Bob said that he saw a stimulus and in fact there was no stimulus present. Bob’s answer would be classified as a:
11)
______ A)
correct rejection.
B)
hit. C)
false alarm.
D)
miss.  12)
Susan is participating in a signal detection study on hearing. Susan just said that she was able to hear a sound and in fact, a sound actually was presented to her. Susan’s response would be an example of a:
12)
______ A)
miss.
B)
correct rejection. C)
hit.
D)
stimuli threshold.  13)
Which of the following was mentioned as an example of a participant characteristic that influences the decision criterion?
13)
______ A)
the person’s tendency to say “yes” B)
when the absolute threshold is changed from 50 percent correct identification to 75 percent correct C)
the costs associated with incorrect decisions D)
the rewards associated with correct decisions  14)
Which of the following was mentioned as an example of a situational characteristic that influences decision criterion?
14)
______ A)
the person’s tendency to say “yes” B)
the costs associated with uncertainty C)
the person’s tendency to say “no” D)
the costs associated with an incorrect decision  15)
A participant in a signal detection study has the tendency to be bolder in her decisions regarding the presence of a target stimulus. As a result, she has more hits, but also has more false alarms. This example demonstrates how ________ can affect ________.
15)
______ A)
situational characteristics; decision criterion B)
participant characteristics; decision criterion C)
situational characteristics; participant characteristics D)
participant characteristics; situational characteristics  16)
A researcher is designing a signal detection experiment. She decides to tell a participant that she will lose a dollar for every miss she has, but she will not receive any reward for hits. In this instance, the researcher’s manipulation of situational factors, such as the cost for a miss, will likely have an impact on the participant’s ________.
16)
______ A)
stimulus response
B)
stimulus detection C)
characteristics
D)
decision criterion  17)
Alexis is participating in a perception experiment where she will be paid $10 for every letter she sees flashed briefly on a computer screen. If Alexis says there is a letter but there is not, she is not penalized – she just does not receive $10 for those responses. Given this situation, Alexis will do well financially to use a ________ decision criterion.
17)
______ A)
bold; this will prevent making false alarms B)
conservative; this will prevent making false alarms C)
conservative; she’ll commit more false alarms but also increase her “hits” D)
bold; she’ll commit more false alarms but also increase her “hits”  18)
When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can detect it, yet there is no conscious awareness of the stimulus, it is called a:
18)
______ A)
subliminal stimulus.
B)
threshold stimulus. C)
minimum stimulus.
D)
preconscious stimulus.  19)
Regarding the impact of subliminal messages on attitudes and behaviour, research has found that subliminal messages have:
19)
______ A)
an equal impact on attitudes and behaviours. B)
no impact on attitudes and behaviours. C)
a stronger impact on behaviours than on attitudes. D)
a stronger impact on attitudes than on behaviours.  20)
Which of the following is most accurate regarding research on the effectiveness that subliminal stimuli on attitudes and behaviour?
20)
______ A)
Subliminal stimuli have no effect on desired behaviours. B)
As far as consumer behaviour is concerned, persuasive stimuli above the absolute threshold are far more likely to be influential than subliminal stimuli. C)
Subliminal stimuli can influence behaviour but not attitudes. D)
Subliminal stimuli are powerful and valid methods of changing attitudes and behaviour.  21)
Jane participates in an experiment where she is asked to look at nine different pictures of the same person. Unbeknownst to her, immediately before each picture is presented an unpleasant picture is briefly flashed so quickly that she is unaware of it. After viewing all nine photos of the person, she is asked some questions related to her attitude towards the person. How is Jane is likely to respond given the research findings from studies on subliminal perception?
21)
______ A)
Jane would only express a more negative attitude towards the person if she was consciously aware of at least one of the briefly flashed unpleasant pictures. B)
Jane’s attitude towards the person is unlikely to be influenced by the presence of the subliminally presented unpleasant pictures, but if she were to meet the individual she would unconsciously behave more negatively towards the person. C)
Jane’s attitude towards the person is unlikely to be influenced by the presence of the subliminally presented unpleasant pictures. D)
Jane is likely to express a more negative attitude towards the person compared to participants in a control group that were not exposed to the unpleasant pictures.  22)
Jennifer plays her music very loud while she studies. Upset by how loud the music is, her mother insists Jennifer turn the music down. After 10 minutes, Jennifer’s mom asks her daughter once again to please turn down the volume of the music. Jennifer insists she already turned it down although her mother swears it is as loud as it always was. The fact that Jennifer hears the music as softer and her mother experiences the volume as unchanged indicates that, clearly, Jennifer and her mother have different ________.
22)
______ A)
difference thresholds
B)
signal detection C)
tolerance levels
D)
absolute thresholds  23)
Weber’s law states that the difference threshold is directly proportional to the ________ of the stimulus with which a comparison is being made.
23)
______ A)
signal detection
B)
magnitude C)
absolute threshold
D)
tolerance level  24)
A useful application of Weber fractions is that:
24)
______ A)
they allow for sensitivity comparisons between the different sensory modalities. B)
they minimize the problems associated with false alarms. C)
they minimize the problems associated with misses. D)
by looking at them, we can tell what the absolute threshold is.  25)
A limitation of Weber’s law is that:
25)
______ A)
it doesn’t hold true for moderate intensities of stimulation. B)
it doesn’t allow for sensitivity comparisons between different sensory modalities. C)
it only applies to absolute thresholds but not to difference thresholds. D)
it doesn’t hold true for extremely low or high intensities of stimulation.  26)
If the Weber fraction for tonal pitch is 1/333, then to be able to judge a comparison tone as higher in pitch than one at 3330 Hz it must be at least:
26)
______ A)
3666 Hz.
B)
3360 Hz. C)
3340 Hz.
D)
3333 Hz.  27)
As Jesse closes her eyes, Joe puts two tiny boxes in Jesse’s hands. In her right hand, the box is empty, but the box in her left hand contains two small Hershey’s kisses. Jesse has no problem picking the box in her left hand as the heavier of the two. However, Joe next takes two equal 2-pound bags of candy and adds the two small kisses to one of the bags. Then Joe puts a bag of candy in each of her hands and Jesse is unable to pick which one has the extra kisses. This inability to perceive the weight in the second situation can be explained by:
27)
______ A)
different tolerance levels
B)
sensory adaptation C)
absolute threshold
D)
Weber’s law  28)
Sensory adaptation to a stimulus is said to occur when:
28)
______ A)
sensory neurons no longer respond to the stimulus. B)
sensory neurons decrease their response to a constant stimulus. C)
the sensory stimulus becomes adaptive to survival. D)
the sensory stimulus is no longer important to our well-being or survival.  29)
The diminishing sensitivity of a neuron to an unchanging stimulus is called:
29)
______ A)
sensory adaptation.
B)
neuron adjustment. C)
bottom-up processing.
D)
shadowing.  30)
You have just arrived at the library to study and just as you are starting to read your assignment, a group of students at a nearby table begin a loud conversation. At first, these extra sounds annoy you, but you return to your reading and pretty soon, you are no longer aware of them, even though the students are continuing to talk. This example is most similar to what is known as:
30)
______ A)
a difference threshold.
B)
a perceptual set. C)
sensory adaptation.
D)
transduction.  31)
Elizabeth is on a business trip. She is staying in a nice hotel in the heart of the big city. Unfortunately, Elizabeth is unable to fall asleep because her room is on a busy street and the traffic noise is constant. Eventually, Elizabeth’s sensory neurons will respond to the constant traffic noise and ________.
31)
______ A)
decrease their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth’s sensory threshold. B)
decrease their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise. C)
increase their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth’s sensory threshold. D)
increase their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise.  32)
You have just prepared a bath for yourself and as you are getting in, the water feels very hot, almost too hot. However, you continue to ease yourself into the tub and pretty soon, even though it has remained the same temperature, the water no longer feels so hot. The characteristic of sensory neurons that is responsible for this phenomenon is known as:
32)
______ A)
the refractory period.
B)
sensory threshold. C)
sensory adaptation.
D)
signal detection.  33)
Joey has no trouble seeing when he’s reading books and working on his computer, but he has a fair amount of difficulty seeing things in the distance. Joey most likely suffers from:
33)
______ A)
colour blindness.
B)
hyperopia. C)
myopia.
D)
farsightedness.  34)
Kendra has no trouble seeing the chalk board in class, but she requires reading glasses when reading her textbooks. Kendra most likely suffers from:
34)
______ A)
myopia
B)
nearsightedness C)
hyperopia
D)
colour blindness  35)
Someone who suffers from hyperopia:
35)
______ A)
has good distance vision but has difficulty seeing things up close. B)
has only black and white vision. C)
has colour blindness that affects only one of the colour systems. D)
can see things well up close but has poor distance vision.  36)
Myopia is to hyperopia as:
36)
______ A)
focusing the visual image behind the retina is to focusing the visual image too far from the lens. B)
focusing the visual image in front of the retina is to focusing the visual image behind the retina. C)
focusing the visual image behind the retina is to focusing the visual image in front of the retina. D)
focusing the visual image in front of the retina is to focusing the visual image too near the lens.  37)
Ben’s grandfather has not been able to read Ben a bedtime story for quite some time now. Grandpa says his eyes are just getting tired very early in the evening but Ben knows that his grandfather is unable to focus on reading because the lens in his eyes have become unable to focus the words directly onto the retina. His grandfather’s lens are:
37)
______ A)
too thick, so the image is focused too near the lens B)
too thin, so the image is focused too near the lens C)
too thin, so the image is focused too far from the lens D)
too thick, so the image is focused too far from the lens  38)
Which of the following statements regarding rods and cones is true?
38)
______ A)
There are 10 times as many rods in the eye as there are cones. B)
There are twice as many rods in the eye as there are cones. C)
There are 10 times as many cones in the eye as there are rods. D)
There are 20 times as many rods in the eye as there are cones.  39)
When attempting to locate a constellation in the night sky, Sally notices that she can see the stars better if she doesn’t look directly at them. In doing this, the light from the star she wishes to see falls away from the fovea to the part of the retina that has a higher concentration of ________, which are better adapted to seeing at night.
39)
______ A)
cones
B)
ganglion cells C)
rods
D)
nerves  40)
The owl and other nocturnal creatures need exceptional vision due to the low levels of light at night when they are hunting for food. Because their ability to survive depends on this keen sense of sight, their retinas contain ________.
40)
______ A)
cones but no rods
B)
more rods than cones C)
more cones than rods
D)
rods but no cones  41)
Lisa is participating in a psychology experiment. She is seated in a dimly lit room and is told to look straight ahead at the blank screen. Lisa’s task is to detect points of light as they appear on the screen, and Lisa will be paid $10 for every point of light she correctly detects. Several minutes into the experiment, Lisa is discouraged by how few light points she is seeing, so she changes her strategy and starts focusing off to the side of the screen rather than in the middle of the screen as she had been. Sure enough, by the end of the experiment, Lisa has enough money to buy the pizza for tonight’s study group. Lisa’s new strategy worked because:
41)
______ A)
the image then fell on the fovea where the dim light is more easily detected. B)
the image then fell on the outside of the retina where the cones are denser. C)
the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with cones. D)
the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with rods.  42)
Once a light stimulus has been detected by the rods or cones, it is passed first to bipolar cells, and then onto ________, whose axons form the optic nerve.
42)
______ A)
corneal cells
B)
hair cells C)
ganglion cells
D)
optic cells  43)
Which of the following shows the correct route taken by a light stimulus traveling to the brain?
43)
______ A)
stimulus -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell -> rod/cone -> brain B)
stimulus -> bipolar cell -> rod/cone -> ganglion cell -> brain C)
stimulus -> rod/cone -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell -> brain D)
stimulus -> rod/cone -> ganglion cell -> bipolar cell -> brain  44)
The process in which the qualities of a sensory stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is called:
44)
______ A)
transduction.
B)
sensory modification. C)
conversion.
D)
sensory adaptation.  45)
Rods and cones translate light into nerve impulses through the action of specific protein molecules called:
45)
______ A)
stroboscopic cells.
B)
cornea cells. C)
light transducers.
D)
photopigments.  46)
Except on the red end of the colour spectrum, research has determined that rods have much greater brightness sensitivity than ________.
46)
______ A)
hair cells
B)
cones C)
optic nerves
D)
bipolar cells  47)
The Department of Transportation contacts you and asks what colour they should make their road signs so that they will be most visible at night. Given what you have learned in this class about the sensitivity of rods under conditions of low illumination, one colour that you would NOT want to pick is:
47)
______ A)
red.
B)
blue.
C)
yellow.
D)
green.  48)
Perhaps the most dangerous time of day to drive a car is twilight. The low levels of light at this time of day hinder our ability to see other cars. In fact, from what we know about the capabilities of the rods and cones in low illumination, the safest colour of car to be driving would be:
48)
______ A)
yellow
B)
white
C)
blue
D)
red  49)
Some towns are changing the colour of their fire engines from red to yellow-green. This is because this colour increases the dim-lighting visibility of the trucks to:
49)
______ A)
only the rods.
B)
the bipolar cells. C)
the ganglion cells.
D)
both the rods and cones.  50)
The process whereby brightness sensitivity progressively improves under conditions of low illumination is called ________ adaptation.
50)
______ A)
dark
B)
binocular C)
colour
D)
stroboscopic  51)
At a party last week, Ben played a game similar to a scavenger hunt. Each child was given a list of ten items to retrieve from the kitchen within three minutes. The twist was that the lights in the kitchen were turned off and the shades were drawn leaving the room in complete darkness. One by one, the children would emerge from the room having found only two or three of the items. Ben, who had just learned about dark adaptation in school, easily won the game by:
51)
______ A)
letting his eyes adjust in a dark room until it was his turn to play the game B)
volunteering to go first and immediately jumping into the kitchen C)
wearing a blindfold before and during the game to keep the other senses sharp D)
keeping his eyes closed while in the kitchen and relying on memory  52)
During the process of dark adaptation, the receptors’ sensitivity gradually increases because:
52)
______ A)
the bipolar cells have been inhibited. B)
the photopigment molecules are regenerated. C)
the fovea’s refractory period is over. D)
the ganglion cells have been excited.  53)
Though they did not control the initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g., the first 5 minutes), the second or later part of the darkness adaptation curve (e.g., after 5 minutes) is determined specifically by the functioning of the ________.
53)
______ A)
rods
B)
bipolar cells C)
amacrine cells
D)
ganglion cells  54)
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision assumes that:
54)
______ A)
there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, each of which is most sensitive to one of three wavelengths of light B)
there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, each of which responds to two different wavelengths C)
aspects of the dual-process theory and the opponent-process theory are combined to explain colour vision D)
colour is determined by feature detectors in the visual cortex, each of which responds to two different wavelengths  55)
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory was not supported by a phenomenon which occurs if a stimulus is viewed steadily and is then withdrawn. This phenomenon is known as:
55)
______ A)
a subliminal stimulus B)
an afterimage C)
a dual stimulus D)
temporary colour blindness  56)
In the visual system, negative colour afterimages demonstrate the operation of:
56)
______ A)
red-green and black-white processes. B)
subtractive colour processes. C)
trichromatic processes. D)
opponent processes.  57)
The presence of afterimages and the ability of some people with red-green colour blindness to perceive the colour yellow were not consistent with which theory of colour?
57)
______ A)
Hering’s opponent-process theory B)
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory C)
Hubel-Wiesel feature detector theory D)
Weber’s law  58)
While afterimages are not adequately explained by the trichromatic theory of colour, they can be readily explained by ________ theory.
58)
______ A)
dual-process B)
Hubel-Wiesel feature detector C)
opponent-process D)
red-green colour-blindness  59)
According to the opponent-process theory of colour, if you stare steadily at a black stimulus, when you close your eyes the afterimage will be:
59)
______ A)
green
B)
black
C)
red
D)
white  60)
All of the following are cone sensitivity colour pairs predicted by the opponent-process theory of colour EXCEPT:
60)
______ A)
red-green.
B)
yellow-blue. C)
black-white.
D)
blue-green.  61)
To account for the colour transduction process, the dual-process theory of colour combines elements of the trichromatic theory and the ________ theory.
61)
______ A)
Young-Helmholtz B)
colour blindness C)
opponent-process D)
Hubel-Wiesel feature detector  62)
More recent research on colour transduction has indicated that the opponent-process theory of colour was inaccurate because opponent processes are actually determined NOT by the cones but by the:
62)
______ A)
occipital lobe.
B)
ganglion cells. C)
bipolar cells.
D)
rods.  63)
The current modern theory of colour sensation uses the trichromatic theory to explain the behaviour of the cones in colour vision while a modified version of another theory emphasizes the role of ganglion cells is used to explain the presence of afterimages and certain types of colour blindness. The theory that emphasizes the role of ganglion cells is called the ________ theory.
63)
______ A)
dual-process
B)
opponent-process C)
additive colour mixture
D)
colour blindness  64)
People with normal colour vision are referred to as:
64)
______ A)
not colour-blind.
B)
monochromats. C)
dichromats.
D)
trichromats.  65)
A person who only has a deficiency in the yellow-blue colour system would be called a:
65)
______ A)
trichromat.
B)
monochromat. C)
dichromat.
D)
colour blind.  66)
A person with a deficiency in only one of the colour systems, such as red-green, would be considered a dichromat, while someone who is colour-blind in two colour systems is labelled ________.
66)
______ A)
colour blind
B)
not colour blind C)
monochromat
D)
trichromat  67)
Colour blindness is typically assessed by:
67)
______ A)
directly asking people what colours they can’t see. B)
presenting people with pictures that contain coloured dots on them. C)
a biopsy where the missing photopigments are determined. D)
a visual examination of the retina by an ophthalmologist.  68)
Cells in the occipital lobe that fire selectively in response to specific visual characteristics are called:
68)
______ A)
selective cells.
B)
feature detectors. C)
discriminating cells.
D)
ganglion cells.  69)
The process in which visual information, such as colour, distance, and movement, is simultaneously analyzed is referred to as:
69)
______ A)
adaptation.
B)
transduction. C)
parallel processing.
D)
hierarchical processing.  70)
You are standing on a sidewalk and a bus drives past you with a billboard on the side. With seemingly no effort, your visual system is able to simultaneously process information about the words on the billboard, the colour and speed of the bus, and how far away from you the bus is. This simultaneous analyzing of information related to different visual characteristics is called:
70)
______ A)
habituation.
B)
parallel processing. C)
transduction.
D)
hierarchical processing.  71)
Which one of the following statements is false?
71)
______ A)
Subliminal cues alter attitudes toward a particular person. B)
Subliminal messages in movie theatres increased pop and popcorn sales. C)
Subliminal cues bias what is perceived at the conscious level. D)
Subliminal messages are effective on individuals with prosopagnosia.  72)
A subliminal stimulus is best defined as being:
72)
______ A)
not perceived consciously and well below the absolute threshold. B)
perceived consciously, just below the absolute threshold. C)
a marketing term rather than a perceptual phenomenon. D)
not perceived consciously but just below the absolute threshold.  73)
Research has shown that subliminal presentations of aggressively toned words cause people to judge
73)
______ A)
aggressive behaviours as more aggressive. B)
aggressive behaviours as more ambiguous. C)
ambiguous behaviours as more aggressive. D)
neutral behaviours as more aggressive.  74)
Individuals with prosopagnosia have difficulty with:
74)
______ A)
facial recognition
B)
visual perception C)
auditory perception
D)
pain perception  75)
The two physical characteristics of sound waves are:
75)
______ A)
amplitude and pitch.
B)
frequency and hertz. C)
amplitude and frequency.
D)
frequency and pitch.  76)
Janet likes to play her stereo very loud on Saturday nights. Her upstairs neighbour keeps complaining that the rock music is causing his apartment walls to shake. This complaint is valid, as the amplitude of the sound waves ________.
76)
______ A)
are a chemical process and can be physically sensed B)
distort her neighbour’s sense of stability C)
depend on the type of music not the decibel level D)
influences the pressure of waves in the air  77)
The amplitude of a sound wave determines which sensory quality?
77)
______ A)
pitch
B)
loudness C)
hertz
D)
frequency  78)
A measurement in cycles per second and that is translated into the auditory quality of pitch is called ________.
78)
______ A)
Decibels
B)
Frequency C)
Amplitude
D)
Loudness  79)
Frequency determines the pitch of a sound, while amplitude determines the ________ of a sound.
79)
______ A)
loudness
B)
hertz C)
spectrum
D)
decibels  80)
The coiled, snail-like tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid is called the:
80)
______ A)
cochlea.
B)
organ of Corti. C)
cornea.
D)
stirrup.  81)
The organ of Corti contains thousands of tiny hair-like cells and rests on top of the ________, which runs for the length of the cochlea.
81)
______ A)
oval window
B)
cochlear duct C)
eardrum
D)
basilar membrane  82)
When a nerve impulse is sent to the brain from the ear, that impulse originates from:
82)
______ A)
the eardrum. B)
pressure at the oval window. C)
the basilar membrane. D)
the hair cells in the organ of Corti.  83)
The three tiny bones located in the middle ear named the anvil, the hammer, and the stirrup serve what function?
83)
______ A)
protect the inner ear from foreign objects B)
bend the hair cells C)
amplify the sound waves D)
transform the sound waves into neural impulses  84)
The theory that postulates that nerve impulses triggered by a given auditory stimulus should match the pitch of that stimulus is the ________ theory of pitch perception.
84)
______ A)
trichromatic
B)
opponent-process C)
frequency
D)
place  85)
The place theory of pitch perception states that pitch is determined by:
85)
______ A)
the way that the eardrum resonates in response to different frequencies. B)
neurons that fire at the same frequency as the incoming stimulus. C)
the specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks. D)
neurons that fire at the same amplitude as the incoming stimulus.  86)
Which of the following statements regarding pitch perception is true?
86)
______ A)
Frequency theory holds true for high frequencies, while place theory holds true for low frequencies. B)
Frequency theory holds true for frequencies around 30 Hz, while place theory holds true for the remaining frequencies. C)
Place theory holds true for extreme high and low frequencies, while frequency theory holds true for mid-range frequencies. D)
Frequency theory holds true for low frequencies, while place theory holds true for high frequencies.  87)
Information regarding the time differences and intensity differences of arriving sounds is most important in:
87)
______ A)
transducing the pitch of a sound. B)
transducing the amplitude of a sound. C)
pitch perception. D)
sound localization.  88)
The fact that we have two ears on our heads instead of just one is an important structural feature that is most related to our ability to:
88)
______ A)
locate the source of sounds. B)
perceive the pitch of sounds. C)
perceive the amplitude of sounds. D)
describe the loudness of sounds.  89)
Susan suffered from scarlet fever when she was three years old. The primary residual damage is lost hearing in her left ear. Susan has been able to compensate well, asking people to speak louder and always sitting in the front row in her school classrooms. Due to her impaired binaural system, she still has difficulty, however, with ________.
89)
______ A)
detecting high amplitude sound waves B)
sound localization C)
perceiving the pitch of sounds D)
stimuli feature detection  90)
The ability of our nervous system to localize the source of various sounds is primarily determined by:
90)
______ A)
the fact that we have an ear on each side of our head. B)
the cup shape of the ear. C)
the way that the organ of Corti is connected to the auditory nerve. D)
the way that eardrum is connected to the small bones in the inner ear.  91)
While cleaning his right ear a little too vigorously, Steve accidentally punctured his eardrum and is unable to hear out of this ear. Steve’s injury would be classified as an example of:
91)
______ A)
conduction deafness.
B)
localized deafness. C)
temporal lobe deafness.
D)
nerve deafness.  92)
Which of the following would be classified as an example of nerve deafness?
92)
______ A)
a damaged hammer bone B)
a punctured eardrum C)
the loss of certain hair cells in the organ of Corti D)
a stirrup that is partially disconnected from the oval window  93)
Hearing aids may correct many forms of conduction deafness, but they do little to rectify problems caused by ________ deafness.
93)
______ A)
mechanical
B)
nerve C)
congenital
D)
permanent  94)
The type of hearing loss that cannot be helped by a hearing aid is:
94)
______ A)
noise deafness.
B)
mechanical deafness. C)
conduction deafness.
D)
nerve deafness.  95)
Amanda’s teenage son Brad plays his music very loud. Amanda now asks him to wear earphones but she can still hear the music when he has the earphones on. Brad should be concerned because:
95)
______ A)
he risks damaging his hammer bone B)
he is at risk for conduction deafness C)
the decibel level can prevent the cochlea from receiving sound waves D)
he risks damaging the receptors in his inner ear  96)
The Sonicguide device, which is used to provide new “eyes” to people with blindness, utilizes the sensory principles of:
96)
______ A)
monocular depth perception. B)
light transduction. C)
sound localization. D)
binocular depth perception.  97)
Cortical implants make use of the fact that phosphenes, which are discrete flashes of light that are perceived by both blind and sighted people, are perceived when the ________ is electrically stimulated.
97)
______ A)
optic nerve
B)
retina C)
fovea
D)
visual cortex  98)
The cochlear implant device overcomes nerve deafness by:
98)
______ A)
enabling previously inactive hair cells to send limited electrical signals. B)
bypassing the auditory nerve and stimulating the auditory centre in the temporal lobe directly. C)
amplifying sound as it first enters the ear drum. D)
bypassing damaged hair cells and stimulating the auditory nerve directly.  99)
The two senses that are associated and are referred to as the “common chemical sense” are:
99)
______ A)
gustation and olfaction.
B)
kinesthesis and vision. C)
hearing and olfaction.
D)
vision and hearing.  100)
Two senses whose receptors respond to chemical molecules rather than energy forms are:
100)
_____ A)
olfaction and kinesthesis.
B)
kinesthesis and gustation. C)
olfaction and smell.
D)
gustation and olfaction.  101)
Which of our senses involves not only detection of chemicals, but also tactile and temperature receptors?
101)
_____ A)
audition.
B)
olfaction. C)
kinesthesis.
D)
gustation.  102)
Robert really enjoys a good meal. Unfortunately, through the years, Robert has also enjoyed chewing tobacco and now has cancer of the tongue. After surgery in which most of his tongue is removed, Robert worries that he has lost all ability to taste food. This is an unfounded worry on Robert’s part as ________.
102)
_____ A)
his food will seem even more tasteful B)
his olfactory sense will compensate C)
he will still have the ability to taste sweetness D)
there are taste buds on the roof and back of the mouth  103)
The senses of gustation and olfaction are somewhat unique in that their receptors are sensitive to chemical molecules rather than to ________.
103)
_____ A)
light
B)
sounds C)
some form of energy
D)
nerve fibres  104)
The tendency of women who live together or are close friends to become more similar in their menstrual cycles is called:
104)
_____ A)
menstrual adaptation.
B)
menstrual habituation. C)
menstrual synchrony.
D)
menstrual harmony.  105)
The chemical signals found in natural body scents that may influence behaviour in subtle ways are called:
105)
_____ A)
pheromones.
B)
hormones. C)
endorphins.
D)
opiates.  106)
Which of the following statements regarding menstrual synchrony is true?
106)
_____ A)
Menstrual synchrony does not seem to occur for cohabitating lesbian women. B)
Menstrual synchrony is higher in women who are not friends than in women who are friends. C)
Menstrual synchrony was higher for cohabitating lesbian women than for heterosexual women. D)
Menstrual synchrony has been observed cross-culturally in all women.  107)
The tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are:
107)
_____ A)
sweet, sour, salty, and bitter B)
pressure, pain, warmth, and cold C)
frequency, pitch, and loudness D)
light, rods, and cones  108)
The primary receptors for pain and temperature are specifically called:
108)
_____ A)
free nerve endings.
B)
gustatory receptors. C)
tactile receptors.
D)
association neurons.  109)
Tactile information regarding sensations such as pressure, pain, and warmth are sent to and processed in the:
109)
_____ A)
occipital lobe.
B)
frontal lobe. C)
motor cortex.
D)
somatosensory cortex.  110)
The phantom limb phenomenon is caused by:
110)
_____ A)
irritated neurons that trick the brain into interpreting nerve impulses as real sensations. B)
damage to the motor cortex. C)
expectancy and placebo effects about what is supposed to happen when a limb is lost. D)
depressive symptoms experienced by the amputee.  111)
Tim placed his hand inside a cooler to grab a bottle of soda. He immediately felt that the bottle of soda was quite cold. Which type of sensory receptor provided this information?
111)
_____ A)
ganglion cells
B)
free nerve endings C)
hair cells
D)
vestibular sacs  112)
As you are reading this question, feature detectors in your visual system are analyzing the various stimulus components and recombining them into your perception of letters and words. This is an example of ________ processing.
112)
_____ A)
parallel
B)
top-down C)
bottom-up
D)
figure-ground  113)
When sensory information is interpreted relative to pre-existing ideas, knowledge, and concepts then this type of processing occurs:
113)
_____ A)
Top-down
B)
Figure-ground C)
Bottom-up
D)
Parallel  114)
Bottom-up processing occurs when individual stimulus units are taken by the nervous system and assembled into wholes. By contrast, when sensory stimuli are interpreted relative to pre-existing knowledge or expectations then ________ processing occurs.
114)
_____ A)
figure-ground
B)
top-down C)
parallel
D)
holistic  115)
Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as:
115)
_____ A)
individual stimulus elements are to expectations. B)
sensory information is to combination into a unified whole. C)
previous experiences are to higher-order knowledge. D)
interpretation of the whole is to existing knowledge.  116)
Sammy is a little boy who was born and raised in a large city. When his parents sent him to summer camp at the age of five, Sammy had never been in the country before or seen animals other than on TV. While driving through the countryside on the way to camp, Sammy saw an animal off in the distance. He noticed the four legs, the long tail, and long mane and decided it must be a horse. Sammy was primarily using ________.
116)
_____ A)
bottom-up processing
B)
individual processing C)
top-down processing
D)
central processing  117)
Brad is a 5-year old boy who loves horses. In fact, he has been taking riding lessons since he was able to walk. On a drive in the country one day, Brad saw an animal off in the distance and immediately decided it was an Appaloosa, a particular breed of horse. In this case, Brad was using ________.
117)
_____ A)
central processing
B)
individual processing C)
top-down processing
D)
bottom-up processing  118)
Alex loves baseball and especially his hometown team. He knows all the statistics for each player and can often accurately predict which pitch a pitcher will throw to a specific batter and which pitches a batter will tend to miss. Alex is using his knowledge of baseball and his past experiences to perceive new information at each game. Alex is relying on ________.
118)
_____ A)
bottom-up processing
B)
analysis processing C)
motivational processing
D)
top-down processing  119)
Two complementary processes that take place in attention are:
119)
_____ A)
focusing and filtering. B)
filtering and perceiving. C)
top-down and bottom-up processing. D)
perceiving and focusing.  120)
Focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out others are complementary processes that are most central to:
120)
_____ A)
sensation.
B)
attention. C)
trichromatic theory.
D)
signal detection theory.  121)
Which of the following would be an example of the influence of top-down processing?
121)
_____ A)
Not being able to identify the dotted figures in a test of colour-deficiency. B)
Your perceptual system ‘filling in’ the missing information from the part of the visual field hidden by the blind spot. C)
Gradually being more sensitive to light after being in the dark for a period of time. D)
Seeing a normal Canadian flag after staring at a flag where the maple leaf and bars are green and the background is black for about a minute.  122)
The experimental procedure where a participant is presented with two auditory messages (i.e., one in each ear) and then is asked to repeat one of the messages word for word is called:
122)
_____ A)
top-down processing.
B)
shadowing. C)
a split-attention study.
D)
mirroring.  123)
Research on attention using the shadowing technique has revealed that:
123)
_____ A)
when participants are given two messages and are asked to verbally repeat one, most participants are able to repeat one message, but at the expense of remembering the other message. B)
while attending to a message presented in one ear, people can remember information presented to the other ear equally well. C)
people can completely attend to two or even three messages at the same time and then be able to repeat each one of the messages. D)
when participants are given two messages and are asked to verbally repeat one, participants are largely unable to repeat either one of the messages.  124)
Research using the shadowing technique to study attention has led psychologists to conclude that:
124)
_____ A)
people cannot attend to more than one thing at a time and are unable to rapidly shift attention between two stimuli. B)
with practice, people can perfectly attend to two messages simultaneously. C)
people cannot attend to more than one thing at a time, but are able to rapidly shift attention between two stimuli. D)
with practice, people can perfectly attend to three or more messages simultaneously.  125)
All of the following are environmental factors that affect attention EXCEPT:
125)
_____ A)
contrast.
B)
novelty. C)
interest.
D)
intensity.  126)
One day you are driving home from school and you’re rather hungry. As you drive along, it seems that you notice everything that has anything to do with food, such as restaurants, grocery stores, and billboards. This example best demonstrates the impact of ________ on attention.
126)
_____ A)
personal factors
B)
bottom-up processing C)
environmental factors
D)
parallel processing  127)
A new commercial presents its product in a rather novel and intense way, making use of a lot of movement and special effects. If this ad were to capture your attention, it would best be viewed as an example of how ________ can affect attention.
127)
_____ A)
internal factors
B)
environmental factors C)
sensory adaptation
D)
personal motives  128)
In a study discussed in the text, participants were presented with pictures of groups of people. In some of the pictures, people had the same emotion (either all angry or all happy) while in others there was one discrepant face in the group (either one angry face in a happy group or one happy face in an angry group). When participants were asked to determine whether there was a discrepant face in any of the photos, the researchers found that:
128)
_____ A)
participants responded fastest to the angry face in the group of happy people. B)
participants responded fastest to the happy face in the group of angry people. C)
participants typically were unable to locate the discrepant happy face. D)
participants responded equally fast when presented with pictures containing a discrepant angry face or a discrepant happy face.  129)
Gestalt psychologists refer to our tendency to organize incoming stimuli into a central object with some kind of backdrop behind as:
129)
_____ A)
top-down processing.
B)
bottom-up processing. C)
figure-ground relations.
D)
the law of figures.  130)
The Gestalt law that states that when parts of an array of stimuli are perceived as being alike, they will be perceived as belonging together is the Gestalt law of ________.
130)
_____ A)
continuity
B)
similarity C)
closure
D)
proximity  131)
The Gestalt law that asserts that objects near one another are more likely to be perceived as belonging together is the Gestalt law of ________.
131)
_____ A)
inclusion
B)
concurrence C)
continuity
D)
proximity  132)
Our tendency to fill in an incomplete figure and perceive it as more complete than it actually is called the law of:
132)
_____ A)
closure.
B)
completion. C)
continuity.
D)
wholes.  133)
The Gestalt law that holds that people link individual elements together in such a way that they form an uninterrupted line or pattern that makes sense is called the Gestalt law of ________.
133)
_____ A)
similarity
B)
constancy C)
proximity
D)
continuity  134)
Sean and Sue were standing outside one night, looking at the stars and enjoying the beautiful evening. Sean notices that the moon is full and comments on the perfect circular shape to Sue. Sue, however, knows the full moon is not for two more nights and, when she looks closely, can see that a small sliver of the circle is missing. Sean continues to swear the moon is full because of the:
134)
_____ A)
law of similarity
B)
law of proximity C)
law of continuity
D)
law of closure  135)
Abby Jane stands at the side of her newborn sister’s crib and views her sister through the bars of the crib. Despite the interruption in her view caused by the slats of the crib, Abby Jane perceives her baby sister as a whole because of the:
135)
_____ A)
law of similarity
B)
law of proximity C)
law of closure
D)
law of continuity  136)
The recognition of an incoming stimulus is presumably facilitated by the presence of a mental representation or image to which we compare a stimulus. This is called a ________.
136)
_____ A)
perceptual schema
B)
sensory schema C)
perceptual constancy
D)
sensory template  137)
While walking down the street, you think you see someone who from a distance looks like one of your best friends. You get ready to greet her but when she gets closer, you realize that she isn’t the person you thought she was. In this example, your initial perceptual impression was most similar to:
137)
_____ A)
sensory adaptation.
B)
a theory. C)
bottom-up processing.
D)
a hypothesis.  138)
It has been argued that each of our perceptions is similar to a hypothesis that is tested by comparing incoming stimuli to a pre-existing ________.
138)
_____ A)
theory
B)
perceptual set C)
perceptual constancy
D)
perceptual schema  139)
A perceptual set is best defined as a:
139)
_____ A)
mental representation or image. B)
readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way. C)
tendency to organize incoming stimuli into a central foreground figure and a background. D)
perceptual law that governs how stimuli are organized.  140)
A promptness to perceive stimuli in a specific way is called:
140)
_____ A)
sensory adaptation.
B)
convergence. C)
a perceptual set.
D)
a perceptual schema.  141)
While engaged in a battle during the war in the Persian Gulf, crewmen operating the radar systems on the Vincennes mistakenly interpreted a commercial airliner as a threatening military aircraft and shot it down, tragically killing all the passengers aboard. This incident was discussed as an example of:
141)
_____ A)
a perceptual set.
B)
stress-induced analgesia. C)
a perceptual schema.
D)
a perceptual constancy.  142)
Fear and expectation were discussed as playing a significant causal role in the creation of:
142)
_____ A)
convergence.
B)
perceptual sets. C)
sensory adaptation.
D)
perceptual illusions.  143)
Julie and Jason were on a blind date. Jason was very excited and expected the evening to go well. Julie agreed to go on the date only to help out her friend who was responsible for entertaining her cousin while he was in town. Julie expected that she would have a terrible time. Sure enough, the next day, Julie was telling her friend how boring the evening was; her friend was shocked to hear this as her cousin, Jason, had just spent the morning telling her how wonderful Julie was and how much they had in common. How could the friend rationalize that Julie and Jason had been on the same date last night?
143)
_____ A)
each person held different investments in the date B)
the couple’s perceptions were influenced by their past experiences C)
the attention that each on paid the other influenced their perceptions D)
the couple’s perceptions were influenced by their expectations  144)
In 1950, psychologist Harold Kelly invited a guest lecturer to his class. Half of his students were led to believe that the guest lecturer was an inviting person, while the other half were told that he was unapproachable. When rating the guest lecturer afterwards, students tended to rate him in a way that was consistent with the expectations they had been given ahead of time. This example was presented to demonstrate how ________ can affect ________.
144)
_____ A)
perceptual sets; social perceptions B)
sensory adaptation; sensory habituation C)
perceptual schemas; bottom-up processing D)
perceptual schemas; perceptual sets  145)
Recognizing familiar stimuli under varying conditions and in different contexts is called ________.
145)
_____ A)
perceptual constancies B)
perceptual continuities C)
sensory adaptations D)
Gestalt laws of perceptual organization  146)
Which of the following demonstrates the phenomenon of brightness constancy?
146)
_____ A)
A house appears to have the same colour even though parts of it are in the shade. B)
A door looks the same whether it is viewed head-on or from the side. C)
A train viewed at a distance and up close appears to be the same size. D)
Objects that look similar will tend to be perceived as belonging together.  147)
The tendency of our visual system to perceive an object as having the same dimensions and measurements, even though the image of the object on our retina may change with distance is called ________.
147)
_____ A)
size constancy
B)
perceptual continuity C)
brightness constancy
D)
perceptual similarity  148)
Kevin is practicing his new saxophone when his Dad walks in the room and praises Kevin for the good job playing the song, “Three Blind Mice.” Even though Kevin’s version of the tune was unlike any other version he had ever heard, his Dad was able to recognize the familiar tune because of:
148)
_____ A)
perceptual biases
B)
perceptual schemas C)
perceptual constancies
D)
perceptual sets  149)
The fact that the face of a friend looks the same whether you are viewing it up front or from the side is best accounted for by:
149)
_____ A)
perceptual habituation.
B)
proximity constancy. C)
shape constancy.
D)
brightness constancy.  150)
Becky is very sad when it is time to say goodbye to her grandmother after visiting her. Her mother and father load the luggage into the car while Becky gives grandma one last hug and bids good-bye. As the family car drives away, Becky keeps waving to her grandmother until her grandmother has gotten so small that she can no longer see her. Suddenly, Becky bursts into tears, crying that her grandmother just got smaller and smaller until she disappeared and Becky is afraid she is dead! What Becky does not understand is that perception utilizes principles of:
150)
_____ A)
proximity
B)
shape constancy C)
continuity
D)
size constancy  151)
The depth perception cues that require the use of only one eye are called:
151)
_____ A)
binocular cues.
B)
stereo cues. C)
monocular cues.
D)
singular vision cues.  152)
When perceiving the distance of an object, Matt tends to rely on the relative size of the object, as well as the texture and clarity of the object. These cues are referred to as his ________ cues.
152)
_____ A)
binocular
B)
visual C)
focal
D)
monocular  153)
All of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception EXCEPT:
153)
_____ A)
light and shadow.
B)
linear perspective. C)
convergence.
D)
interposition.  154)
In attempting to decide which of two objects is farther away, you notice that one object has a finer grain than the other. You decide that the one with the finer grain is further away. What monocular depth cue are you making use of?
154)
_____ A)
relative size
B)
clarity C)
texture
D)
linear perspective  155)
If you know that two objects have the exact same physical dimensions and you notice that one of them is smaller, you perceive the smaller one as being farther away and you are using the monocular depth cue of ________ to make this decision.
155)
_____ A)
texture B)
clarity C)
height in the horizontal plane D)
relative size  156)
Lisa realizes that her mother is further away from her than the car, as the car cuts off the view of her mother. Which depth cue is Lisa using?
156)
_____ A)
texture
B)
relative size C)
motion parallax
D)
interposition  157)
As Jocelyn drives down the highway, in front of her she sees that the two sides of the highway appear to angle toward each other, giving a perception of depth. Which depth cue is being used?
157)
_____ A)
relative size
B)
convergence C)
interposition
D)
linear perspective  158)
The depth perception cues that require the use of both eyes are called ________.
158)
_____ A)
monocular cues
B)
stationary cues C)
motion cues
D)
binocular cues  159)
As your eyes focus on an object that is close to you, muscles turn your eyes inward, producing feedback. This feedback produces the binocular depth cue called:
159)
_____ A)
convergence.
B)
binocular disparity. C)
visual accommodation.
D)
perceptual constancy.  160)
The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of the binocular depth cue called:
160)
_____ A)
binocular disparity.
B)
convergence. C)
visual inconstancies.
D)
differentiation.  161)
Monocular depth cues are to binocular depth cues as:
161)
_____ A)
relative size and disparity are to convergence and parallax. B)
linear perspective and texture are to disparity and convergence. C)
texture and height in the horizontal plane are to interposition and disparity. D)
relative size and linear perspective are to convergence and clarity.  162)
Stroboscopic movement refers to:
162)
_____ A)
the movement of a visual image to an area outside of the fovea. B)
illusory movements that are due to binocular depth cues. C)
instances where a light appears to move between two adjacent flashing lights. D)
illusory movements that are due to perceptual constancies.  163)
The motion pictures and illusory movement of lights around a theatre marquee are best considered examples of:
163)
_____ A)
perceptual sets.
B)
sensory adaptation. C)
perceptual constancies.
D)
stroboscopic movement.  164)
Interpreting visual illusions is evidence of the work that our perceptual processes are performing under normal conditions. Visual illusions can be viewed as examples of:
164)
_____ A)
incorrect theories.
B)
incorrect hypotheses. C)
sensory habituation.
D)
binocular disparity.  165)
Ordinarily, we perceive the world accurately; however, visual illusions can be attributed to ________.
165)
_____ A)
binocular disparities B)
misfiring of neurotransmitters C)
perceptual constancies D)
sensory adaptations  166)
Visual illusions are of particular interest to researchers studying perception because they:
166)
_____ A)
provide valuable information on sensory adaptation. B)
provide important information about how perceptual processes work under normal conditions. C)
represent instances in which the opponent-process theory of vision fails. D)
provide information about key photopigments in the retina.  167)
Research on the impact of cultural factors on perception has found that:
167)
_____ A)
cultural factors can influence visual illusions but not auditory illusions. B)
cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies and picture interpretations but not susceptibility to visual illusions. C)
cultural factors can influence picture interpretations but not perceptual constancies or susceptibility to visual illusions. D)
cultural factors can influence perceptual constancies, picture interpretations, and susceptibility to visual illusions.  168)
When shown a picture of a hunting scene, African people perceived the hunter as attempting to kill a baby elephant, while Westerners tended to perceive that the hunter was after another animal and thought that the baby elephant was actually an adult elephant off in the distance. These results were presented as an example of the lack of consistency across cultures of ________ depth cues.
168)
_____ A)
binocular
B)
linear C)
monocular
D)
convergent  169)
One study found that when presented with a picture, North American and European participants perceived an object as being a window behind a woman, while East Africans interpreted the same object as a box or basket on top of the woman’s head. This study was presented as an example of:
169)
_____ A)
a cultural conflict between shape constancy and size constancy. B)
the effect of biology on sensation. C)
the effect of cultural experiences on picture perception. D)
the effect of culture on the Gestalt law of continuity.  170)
The Muller-Lyer illusion occurs when a line appears longer when the V-shaped lines at its ends radiate outward. Cross cultural research on this illusion has found that:
170)
_____ A)
people who live in Western cultures with square shapes and many corners are less affected by the illusion. B)
the effect of the illusion is essentially the same in all cultures studied so far. C)
people who live in non-Western cultures are more affected by the illusion. D)
people who live in non-Western cultures are less affected by the illusion.  171)
Developmental periods when certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities are to develop are called:
171)
_____ A)
necessary periods.
B)
critical periods. C)
required periods.
D)
essential periods.  172)
In order for perceptual abilities to develop, critical periods are times when ________.
172)
_____ A)
specific motor receptors must grow B)
specific experiences must occur C)
specific neurotransmitters must be present D)
specific sensory receptors must grow  173)
Kittens raised in environments where they were only exposed to vertical stimuli (i.e., vertical stripes) had visual receptor cells that would only fire in response to vertical stimuli. Stimuli with other orientations evoked no response. This research was discussed as a demonstration of the importance of:
173)
_____ A)
vertical adaptation.
B)
monocular depth cues. C)
visual illusions.
D)
critical periods.  174)
Muir and Mitchell’s visual pattern discrimination tests on kittens raised in an environment devoid of certain visual stimuli demonstrated that:
174)
_____ A)
while the sensation abilities of the kittens raised in the deprived environment were affected, their perceptual abilities were not. B)
the “critical period” in the kittens’ perceptual development was not as critical as previous researchers had thought it to be. C)
kittens raised in the deprived environment were able to discriminate test patterns as well as kittens raised in a normal environment. D)
kittens raised in the deprived environment had a specific pattern of feature detectors in their brains.  175)
When vision is restored to adults who have been blind for their entire lives, they typically never fully adjust to the visual world. Examples like these demonstrate the ________.
175)
_____ A)
importance of environmental influences on development B)
lack of flexibility of the nervous system C)
importance of critical periods D)
flexibility of the nervous system  TRUE/FALSE.  Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false. 176)
Sensation is to stimulus detection as perception is to sense-making.
176)
_____  177)
The scientific area of psychophysics is concerned with the determination of absolute thresholds and difference thresholds.
177)
_____  178)
The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time is called the absolute threshold.
178)
_____  179)
Research on the impact of subliminal stimuli has shown that they have a stronger effect on behaviour than they do on attitudes.
179)
_____  180)
The decreasing sensitivity of sensory receptors to a constant stimulus is called sensory adaptation.
180)
_____  181)
With ageing, the eyeball typically becomes longer over time, contributing to the development of hyperopia.
181)
_____  182)
There are significantly more rods than cones located in the fovea.
182)
_____  183)
Under conditions of low illumination, cones are most sensitive to light in the green-yellow part of the colour spectrum.
183)
_____  184)
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision is based on the laws of additive colour mixture and argues that each of the three types of cones is most sensitive to one wavelength of light.
184)
_____  185)
The opponent-process theory of colour combines the dual-process and trichromatic theories of colour.
185)
_____  186)
When various pieces of visual information related to a stimulus object are processed simultaneously it is referred to as parallel processing.
186)
_____  187)
The frequency of a sound corresponds to our perception of the loudness of the sound.
187)
_____  188)
The tiny bones in the middle ear serve to transfer incoming sound waves from the cochlea to the basilar membrane.
188)
_____  189)
Sound localization is made possible by how the nervous system processes the time and intensity differences of sounds arriving at the two ears.
189)
_____  190)
Research has suggested that endorphins play a significant role in the phenomenon of menstrual synchrony.
190)
_____  191)
The four tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are pressure, warmth, pain, and cold.
191)
_____  192)
The two complementary processes involved in attention are focusing on certain stimuli and filtering out other information.
192)
_____  193)
The Gestalt law of proximity states that elements that are near one another are likely to be perceived as part of the same configuration.
193)
_____  194)
Perception has been likened to the process of creating a theory, and perceptual sets are the representations or images that we make use of to test our perceptual theories.
194)
_____  195)
The fact that a door appears to have the same shape whether we look at it from the side or front-on is an example of what is called a perceptual constancy.
195)
_____  196)
The perceptual constancy that allows us to recognize a person from several different angles is called size constancy.
196)
_____  197)
Motion parallax and relative size are examples of binocular depth cues.
197)
_____  198)
Convergence refers to the perception that parallel lines angle toward one another as they recede into the distance.
198)
_____  199)
Research has found that people in all cultures studied so far utilize monocular depth cues to the same extent and in the same ways.
199)
_____  200)
Muir and Mitchell’s studies of kittens raised in an environment with restricted visual stimulation showed that the early environment had permanently altered the kittens’ visual abilities.
200)
_____  SHORT ANSWER.  Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 201)
When psychologists use the term ________, they are referring to the stimulus detection process of transduction in which sense organs respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses.
201) 
____________  202)
The absolute threshold is the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected ________ percent of the time.
202) 
____________  203)
A ________ refers to how certain people must feel that a stimulus is present before they will say that they perceive it.
203) 
____________  204)
A ________ is one that is so brief or weak that, although it is received by the senses, it cannot be consciously perceived.
204) 
____________  205)
________, which states that the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which a comparison is being made, is useful in comparing the sensitivities of different sensory modalities.
205) 
____________  206)
The label of ________ is used to describe the vision of people who can see things well up close, but who have difficulty seeing objects in the distance.
206) 
____________  207)
The label of ________ is used to describe the vision of people who have difficulty seeing close-up objects.
207) 
____________  208)
In the retina, ________ are responsible for colour vision while the ________ function best under conditions of low illumination.
208) 
____________  209)
The proteins that allow rods and cones to translate light waves into nerve impulses are called ________.
209) 
____________  210)
In the process of dark adaptation, the ________ account for what happens during the first 5 minutes in the dark, while the ________ determine what happens after that.
210) 
____________  211)
The ________ theory of colour is based largely on the laws of additive colour mixture.
211) 
____________  212)
Hering’s opponent-process theory of colour vision proposed that each of the three types of cones is sensitive to ________ wavelength(s) of light.
212) 
____________  213)
A person who is colour-blind in two of the colour systems (e.g., red-green and yellow-blue) is called a ________.
213) 
____________  214)
The cells in the visual cortex that fire selectively in response to stimuli that have specific characteristics are called ________.
214) 
____________  215)
________ refers to the vertical size of sound waves and determines the loudness of the sounds we hear.
215) 
____________  216)
Frequency is the physical property of sound that gives us our perception of ________.
216) 
____________  217)
The inner ear contains the ________ that contains the basilar membrane.
217) 
____________  218)
The ________ theory of pitch perception asserts that there is a specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks the most and thus bends the hair cells more strongly.
218) 
____________  219)
________ deafness occurs when there is damage to the mechanical structures that transmit sound waves to the cochlea. In many cases, it may be corrected with the use of a hearing aid.
219) 
____________  220)
The technical term for the sensation of taste is ________.
220) 
____________  221)
________ is the tendency for women who live together to have similar menstrual cycles.
221) 
____________  222)
Feedback from our muscles regarding the position and movement of our muscles and joints is referred to as ________.
222) 
____________  223)
In ________ processing, sensory information is interpreted relative to pre-existing expectations, ideas, and knowledge.
223) 
____________  224)
The Gestalt law of ________ states that objects that are near one another are likely to be perceived as belonging together.
224) 
____________  225)
When we “recognize” an incoming stimulus, it is assumed that we are comparing it with an internal mental representation or image called as a ________.
225) 
____________  226)
The text presented the example of how the radar crew on the Vincennes mistook a commercial airliner for a military warplane. Psychologists believed that this tragedy was largely the product of a ________, which refers to the readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way.
226) 
____________  227)
The ________ depth cue of ________ occurs when objects that are closer cut off or obstruct the view of objects that are farther away.
227) 
____________  228)
Feedback from the muscles that turn your eyes inward provide information about depth. This depth cue is referred to as ________.
228) 
____________  229)
________ movement occurs when a light appears to move between two flashing sources and it is the primary principle behind motion pictures.
229) 
____________  230)
________ are times during which key experiences must occur if perceptual abilities and the brain mechanisms that support these abilities are to develop normally.
230) 
____________  ESSAY.  Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 231)
Describe the five stages that constitute the process of sensory processing and perception of information.  232)
How do psychologists differentiate between sensation and perception?  233)
What two kinds of sensory capabilities are studied by psychophysics researchers?  234)
What is the absolute threshold, and how is it technically defined and measured?  235)
Why do signal detection theorists view stimulus detection as a decision? What are the four possible outcomes of such a decision?  236)
What kinds of personal and situational factors influence signal detection decision criteria?  237)
According to research results, what effects do subliminal stimuli have on consumer behaviour, attitudes, and self-improvement outcomes?  238)
What is the technical definition of a difference threshold? How does Weber’s law help us compare jnd sensitivities in the various senses?  239)
What accounts for sensory adaptation? Of what survival value is adaptation?  240)
How does the lens affect visual acuity and how does its dysfunction cause the visual problems of myopia and hyperopia?  241)
How are the rods and cones distributed in the retina, and how do they contribute to brightness perception, colour vision, and visual acuity?  242)
By what route do rods and cones send neural messages to the brain?  243)
What is transduction and how does this process occur in the photoreceptors of the eye?  244)
How is brightness sensitivity in rods and cones affected by the colour spectrum?  245)
What is the physiological basis for dark adaptation? What are the two components of the dark adaptation curve?  246)
Describe the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision. What kinds of evidence support this theory, and what two phenomena challenge it?  247)
Describe the opponent-process theory. What evidence supports it?  248)
How does the dual-process theory of colour vision combine the trichromatic and opponent-process theories?  249)
What are the two major types of colour blindness? How are they tested?  250)
What kinds of feature detectors exist in the visual system? What is meant by parallel processing of sensory information?  251)
What are the two physical characteristics of sound waves, and which auditory qualities do these characteristics produce?  252)
Describe how the middle and inner ear structures are involved in the auditory transduction process.  253)
Describe the frequency and place theories of pitch perception. In what sense are both theories correct?  254)
How does the structure of the auditory system permit humans to localize sounds? What sensory information is used by the brain in localization?  255)
What are Canadian statistics on hearing loss and recommendations on hearing protection?  256)
What are the two varieties of deafness, and how do they differ in their physical bases and in possible treatment?  257)
Describe the sensory principles that are applied to create sensory prosthetics for visually and hearing impaired people.  258)
Describe the stimuli and the receptors involved in gustation and olfaction. Why do researchers sometimes refer to a “common chemical sense”?  259)
What is menstrual synchrony, and what evidence is there that pheromones are involved?  260)
What four tactile sensations are humans sensitive to? How are these sensations localized and how are phantom limb sensations produced?  261)
Differentiate between bottom-up and top-down processing of sensory information.  262)
What two complementary processes occur in attention? What are their adaptive benefits?  263)
Describe the results of shadowing experiments in relation to attentional capabilities.  264)
What stimulus and personal characteristics influence attention?  265)
How does our tendency to separate figure and ground contribute to perception?  266)
Define and give examples of the four Gestalt laws of perceptual organization.  267)
In what sense is perception a kind of hypothesis testing? What is the role of perceptual schemas in this process?  268)
What is a perceptual set? What factors can create such sets? How did the Vincennes incident illustrate this concept? How is it involved in perceiving people?  269)
What is the nature and adaptive value of perceptual constancies?  270)
Identify eight monocular cues for distance and depth.  271)
Describe two binocular depth cues.  272)
What is the primary cue for motion perception? How is stroboscopic movement used in motion pictures and television?  273)
In what sense is an illusion a false perceptual hypothesis? In what ways are constancies and context involved in producing visual illusions?  274)
What evidence is there that cultural factors can influence picture interpretations, constancies, and susceptibility to illusions?  275)
How do animal studies of restricted stimulation and human studies of restored vision illustrate the important role of critical periods for perceptual development?  276)
Provide an example of how signal detection research is used to determine an absolute threshold and a difference threshold for vision or hearing. Include in your answer a definition of each. Define the term “decision criterion” and discuss at least two factors that can affect it.  277)
Describe what happens to a light stimulus from the time it is focused on the retina until it arrives at the visual cortex in the brain. Be sure to mention the key cells/structures and their functions.  278)
Describe the basic elements of the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of colour. What evidence is used to support each theory and which aspects of these theories are incorporated into dual-process theory?  279)
What are the two physical characteristics of sound waves, and what sound qualities do they determine? What are the typical units of measurement for these characteristics? Describe the frequency and place theories of pitch perception and discuss when each theory is applicable.  280)
What are the two complementary processes involved in attention? Describe the basic design of shadowing research and summarize what the results of such research have revealed about the nature of attention.  281)
Define the four Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. Explain how they are an example of top-down processing.  282)
What is the difference between a monocular and binocular depth cue? Describe the two binocular depth cues and the following monocular cues: interposition, relative size, and motion parallax.  283)
What is the difference between a perceptual schema and a perceptual set? Describe the Vincennes radar incident and the causal factors that appeared to contribute to the creation of this perceptual set problem. Discuss the results obtained by Harold Kelly when he invited a “guest lecturer” to speak to his class and how his results are related to social perceptions.  284)
What is dark adaptation? What does the process of dark adaptation tell us about how the visual system works?  285)
Describe the different types of colour blindness and how colour blindness is assessed. Explain how these different types of colour blindness are related to the various theories of colour perception. Define trichromats, dichromats, and monochromats.  286)
What is size constancy (give an example)? In what sense can certain visual illusions be explained as instances of the misapplication of size constancy? 1)
A 2)
C 3)
D 4)
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TRUE 177)
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TRUE 193)
TRUE 194)
FALSE 195)
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FALSE 197)
FALSE 198)
FALSE 199)
FALSE 200)
TRUE 201)
sensation 202)
50 203)
decision criterion 204)
subliminal stimulus 205)
Weber’s law 206)
myopia 207)
hyperopia 208)
cones; rods 209)
photopigments 210)
cones; rods 211)
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic 212)
two 213)
monochromat 214)
feature detectors 215)
Amplitude 216)
pitch 217)
cochlea 218)
place 219)
Conduction 220)
gustation 221)
Menstrual synchrony 222)
kinesthesis 223)
top-down 224)
proximity 225)
perceptual schema 226)
perceptual set 227)
monocular; interposition 228)
convergence 229)
Stroboscopic 230)
Critical periods 231)
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Exam

Name___________________________________

 MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)
The jnd value for weights is approximately 1/50. If you can lift a weight of 500 grams, a comparison weight must weigh at least ________ gram(s) more in order for you to be able to judge it as heavier.
1)
_______ A)
1/50 x 500 B)
1 C)
1/50 x 50 D)
50 ÷ 500 E)
50 x 500  2)
You are blindfolded and asked to taste a cup of coffee to determine if it contains cream. Eight times out of 10 you correctly identified the presence of cream, but twice you said that cream was present when there was none there. According to signal detection theory, your correct responses are called ________ and your incorrect responses are called ________.
2)
_______ A)
hits; misses B)
hits; false alarms C)
positives; false negatives D)
hits; correct rejections E)
correct rejections; hits  3)
If your eye were too long front to back, such that a focused image falls in front of your retina and you see a blurry image, you are said to have ________.
3)
_______ A)
hyperopia B)
glaucoma C)
retinal dysplasia D)
alcohol myopia E)
myopia  4)
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory states that we can see colour because the human eye has ________ different types of light detecting cells that ________.
4)
_______ A)
3; are tuned to blue/yellow, red/green, and black white light B)
4; are tuned to red, yellow, blue, and white light C)
3; are tuned to red, green, and blue light D)
3; are tuned to red, yellow, and blue light E)
none of these answers explain the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory  5)
Today’s best understanding of how colour vision works is based on which theory?
5)
_______ A)
Additive Colour Theory B)
Subtractive Colour Theory C)
Dual-Process Theory D)
Hering’s Opponent-Process Theory E)
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory  6)
Alexis was born with a rare hereditary condition such that in her retina she has no rod photoreceptors, but only cone photoreceptors. Given the anatomy of her retina, which of the following is true regarding her vision?
6)
_______ A)
She is colour-blind for the red-green colour pair. B)
She has poor visual acuity in the central fovea area. C)
She has no colour vision. D)
She has difficulties seeing in bright light. E)
She has very poor vision in low light conditions.  7)
If you have normal colour vision, you are referred to as a ________, whereas if you are red/green or yellow/blue colour-blind, you are referred to as a ________.
7)
_______ A)
dichromat; monochromat B)
dichromat; trichromat C)
trichromat; dichromat D)
monochromat; trichromat E)
monochromat; dichromat  8)
The human auditory system is capable of localizing sound direction using differences of ________ between the two ears.
8)
_______ A)
intensity B)
timing C)
both intensity and timing are correct D)
frequency E)
all of these answers are correct  9)
If you had deafness due to damage to your cochlea, you would have which kind of deafness?
9)
_______ A)
conductor’s deafness B)
ossicular deafness C)
nerve deafness D)
cochlear deafness E)
conduction deafness  10)
________ lets us know where our body segments are in relation to one another (e.g. is my elbow straight or bent?), whereas ________ tells us how our whole body is oriented in relation to the world (e.g. which way is down or which way am I rotating?).
10)
______ A)
Vestibular; proprioception B)
Kinesthesis; vestibular sense C)
Vestibular; equilibrium D)
Proprioception; kinesthesis E)
Vestibular sense; kinesthesis  11)
Consider the following image: // \\ // .We are likely to interpret this as three sets of two lines each rather than six separate lines due to the Gestalt law of ________.
11)
______ A)
proximity B)
continuity C)
figure-ground D)
closure E)
context  12)
According to the Gestalt principle of ________, we have a tendency to perceive objects that are near one another as belonging together.
12)
______ A)
the law of proximity B)
the law of closure C)
figure-ground D)
the law of continuity E)
the law of similarity  13)
In the process of trying to recognize a stimulus, we compare the current stimuli against mental representations known as
13)
______ A)
sensory icons. B)
sensory comparative. C)
perceptual ideas. D)
perceptual schemas. E)
perceptual Vincennes.  14)
Let’s say that you run a deprivation experiment in which kittens were raised from birth in an environment containing only horizontal stripes. Based on the research by Blakemore and Cooper (1970), how will this affect cells in their visual cortex?
14)
______ A)
the cells will now only respond to vertical lines B)
no effect at all- the cells will still respond to lines at all orientations C)
the cells will respond mostly to horizontal lines, but still quite a lot to vertical lines D)
the cells will respond mostly to vertical lines and partially to horizontal lines E)
the cells will respond to only horizontal lines  15)
Which of the following is NOT considered a monocular cue for depth?
15)
______ A)
clarity B)
motion parallax C)
convergence D)
interposition E)
linear perspective  16)
Hold your hand a few feet away from your face. Now alternate between looking at your hand with only your right eye and then only with your left eye. You will notice that each eye has a slightly different view of your hand and the scene behind it. Special detection cells in your brain tuned to ________ allow your brain to extract depth information from the visual scene, thus informing where your hand is in relation to the stuff behind it.
16)
______ A)
the phi phenomenon B)
stroboscopic movement C)
motion parallax D)
binocular disparity E)
convergence  17)
You are going on a blind date because a friend convinced you that this person was perfect for you. Your friend tells you that your date is good looking, funny and a really good listener. From what you have read in the text, your perception of your date will probably be influenced by
17)
______ A)
the law of attraction. B)
perceptual constancies. C)
your perceptual sets. D)
the law of continuity. E)
Gestalt principles.  18)
If you are extremely sensitive to stimuli in a particular sensory system, we would expect
18)
______ A)
a lower than normal absolute threshold for that system. B)
a modality system differential. C)
a lower than normal decision criterion for that system. D)
a higher than normal difference threshold for that system. E)
a higher than normal absolute threshold for that system.  19)
The Weber Fraction for loudness is 1/20. So let’s say I get you to listen to some music played at 100 decibels. In order for you to tell that a second piece of music was louder, I would need to play it at
19)
______ A)
80 decibels. B)
200 decibels. C)
105 decibels. D)
120 decibels. E)
cannot tell from this information.  20)
Which of the following cells is NOT found in the retina?
20)
______ A)
horizontal cells B)
hair cells C)
rods D)
cones E)
ganglion cells  21)
Consider the following image: ________. We are likely to perceive this as a single line with a break in it. Why?
21)
______ A)
The spatial frequency is too high. B)
Bottom-up processing generates a link between the lines. C)
Binocular disparity generates two connect images. D)
We cannot perceive two separate lines at once. E)
The Gestalt Law of closure would suggest a single line.  22)
If your lens in the eye did not thicken enough, such that a focused image falls behind your retina and you see a blurry image, you are said to have ________.
22)
______ A)
glaucoma B)
retinal dysplasia C)
hyperopia D)
myopia E)
alcohol myopia  23)
Imagine a species that was born with only 2 cones in the retina sensitive to colour—one in the red range and one in the blue range. We would predict that colour vision in this species would be most similar to a
23)
______ A)
monochromat. B)
dichromat. C)
trichromat. D)
single process system. E)
tricolour-blind person.  24)
At the level of the visual receptors in the retina, which theory seems to explain colour vision the best?
24)
______ A)
opponent-process theory B)
top-down processing theory C)
independent processing theory D)
retinal dysplasia theory E)
trichromatic theory  25)
The frequency theory of pitch makes good sense, but it has a major problem. What is this problem?
25)
______ A)
The basilar membrane can only respond to sounds above 50 db. B)
Cells in the organ of Corti do not vibrate. C)
Frequencies do not penetrate to the cochlea. D)
Sensory neurons in the inner ear cannot fire faster than 1000 cycles per second. E)
Pitch is not really related to frequency.  26)
In observing fluid travelling on the cochlea, you note that there is a wave peak close to the oval window. According to von Bekesy and place theory, this should be interpreted as
26)
______ A)
no sound at all—the peak needs to be at the other end of the cochlea. B)
a low frequency sound. C)
a low amplitude sound. D)
a high frequency sound. E)
a high amplitude sound.  27)
Jonas has just broken his arm. His best friend tells him to focus on good positive feelings rather than the pain. This seems to work. Which of the following may help to explain this effect?
27)
______ A)
kinesthetic feedback B)
phantom limb effect C)
gate control theory D)
trichromatic theory E)
the release of pheromones  28)
If you were born without cochlear nerves, we still might be able to restore some of your hearing. Which of the following procedures would we have to examine?
28)
______ A)
a hearing aid B)
an implant directly to the cochlear nucleus C)
a tactile tongue stimulator D)
a basilar membrane transplant E)
a cochlear implant  29)
If you were an artist who painted pictures on a canvas, you would probably consider using all of these to create the illusion of depth EXCEPT
29)
______ A)
light and shadow. B)
interposition. C)
convergence. D)
relative size. E)
linear perspective.  30)
Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the Muller-Lyer illusion?
30)
______ A)
people in all cultures experience the illusion B)
the illusion is related to monocular depth cues C)
the line with the V-shaped lines radiating outward appears longer D)
the lines are actually the same length E)
the line with the V-shaped lines radiating inward appears shorter 1)
A 2)
B 3)
E 4)
C 5)
C 6)
E 7)
C 8)
C 9)
E 10)
B 11)
A 12)
A 13)
D 14)
E 15)
C 16)
D 17)
C 18)
A 19)
C 20)
B 21)
E 22)
C 23)
B 24)
E 25)
D 26)
D 27)
C 28)
B 29)
C 30)
A

Exam

Name___________________________________

 MULTIPLE CHOICE.  Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)
Alessandra’s family has always had at least one pet, so she is comfortable around dogs. Her friend Tyra, however, was bitten by a dog a few years ago, and is now afraid of all dogs. While Alessandra and Tyra are walking to school, they are approached by a dog that is wagging its tail. Alessandra bends down to pet the dog, but Tyra backs up because she is afraid. Both girls are ________ the same dog, but the way each experiences or ________ the dog is different.
1)
_______ A)
sensing; perceives
B)
perceiving; detects C)
sensing; detects
D)
perceiving; senses  2)
Beth and Faith went to see different movies tonight. Beth saw a horror movie and Faith saw a comedy. They are in the living room of their apartment when they hear a sound outside. Beth is convinced that a monster like the one in the movie is on the front porch, while Faith is not concerned. Assuming that Beth and Faith have comparable hearing and that they did hear something, we can say that they probably are using different
2)
_______ A)
senses.
B)
decision criteria. C)
subliminals.
D)
detectors.  3)
Michelle turns off all her downstairs lights and starts up the steps, only to trip over her cat, which she cannot see in the dark. The cat wonders why Michelle steps on her at night but not during the day—after all, the cat can see just fine. Michelle and her cat have different ________ for light.
3)
_______ A)
pheromones
B)
signal detections C)
absolute thresholds
D)
feature detectors  4)
Caleb and Greg both want to improve their social confidence. Caleb buys a popular CD containing subliminal messages. The CD manufacturers claim that if he listens to the music on the CD every day, his mind will perceive the subliminal messages and his confidence will improve. Greg purchases a book on social confidence. The book includes exercises intended to make him more aware of how his thoughts and behaviours affect his social confidence. Who will see results?
4)
_______ A)
Caleb only. B)
Greg only. C)
Both Caleb and Greg may get results, but Greg’s will probably be better. D)
Both Caleb and Greg may get results, but Caleb’s will probably be better.  5)
Caleb wants to increase his social confidence, so he buys a popular CD containing subliminal messages. The CD’s producers claim that if he listens to the music on the CD every day, his mind will perceive its subliminal messages and his confidence will improve. If Caleb sees results, what is the most likely reason?
5)
_______ A)
His expectations have produced the results. B)
Subliminal messages are extremely powerful brainwashers. C)
Synesthesia. D)
Music of any type has been proven to improve confidence.  6)
There is a short in the light in Holden’s office, so it makes a soft but constant high-pitched sound. Maintenance workers have not been able to fix the problem. When Travis walks into Holden’s office, he says, “How can you stand that awful noise?” Holden spends a moment listening and then says, “I don’t even hear it anymore.” Holden has been exposed to the sound so long that he has experienced
6)
_______ A)
a difference threshold.
B)
an absolute threshold. C)
sensory adaptation.
D)
synesthesia.  7)
From time to time, people argue that subliminal rock music lyrics influence teenagers to behave in antisocial ways. In 1985, the families of two boys alleged that a subliminal message (“Do it” in a Judas Priest song) led the boys to commit suicide. Based on what we know about subliminal messages, is it likely that subliminal messages were in fact responsible?
7)
_______ A)
No; subliminal messages may have subtle effects, but none this extreme. B)
Yes; short, simple subliminal messages alter the brain’s alpha waves. C)
No; subliminal messages have no effect whatsoever. D)
Yes; subliminal messages have been shown to influence people to behave in ways they otherwise would not.  8)
Isaac is in a room that is almost completely dark. He notices while lying in bed that if he tries to focus on the faint little red light on the fire detector, it seems to disappear. When he asks his mother why this happens, she explains that the eye receptors that understand colour do not function well in very dim light. To which receptors is she referring?
8)
_______ A)
Cylinders
B)
Rods C)
Ganglia
D)
Cones  9)
John-Paul volunteers to help his science teacher with a demonstration. The teacher hands John-Paul a card with a dot on the left-hand side and an X on the right-hand side. Following the teacher’s instructions, John-Paul closes his right eye, focuses on the X, and slowly moves the card toward his face. The dot seems to disappear magically, though of course when he opens both eyes it is still there. The teacher explains that this is caused by a blind spot. What causes blind spots?
9)
_______ A)
The optic nerve exits through the back of the eye, and there are no photoreceptors in that spot. B)
Blind spots are like burned out pixels in a computer screen; they occur when ganglion cells “wear out.” C)
Blind spots are a dominant genetic trait that serves no real purpose; some people don’t have them. D)
The ciliary muscles are attached in two places to the retina; they block some of the eye’s photoreceptors.  10)
Ken asks his eye doctor to explain why he has blurry vision. The doctor says that Ken’s eyeballs are longer than normal, causing visual images to fall too close to the lenses of his eyes. As a result, faraway objects look blurry. The doctor says the technical term for this condition is
10)
______ A)
hyperopia.
B)
transduction. C)
fovea.
D)
myopia.  11)
Owls are nocturnal animals and have exceptional night vision. Because they are generally not active during the day, they have not developed an ability to see colours—they see only black and white. Given this information, we can conclude that owls have
11)
______ A)
rods but no cones.
B)
more rods than cones. C)
cones but no rods.
D)
more cones than rods.  12)
Some birds of prey have such exceptional visual acuity that they can see small animals from thousands of feet in the air. Visual acuity is greatest when an image projects directly onto a small area of the retina that contains no rods but many cones. Some birds of prey have more than one of these areas. The area is called a
12)
______ A)
ganglion.
B)
cone. C)
fovea.
D)
rod.  13)
Like 7 percent of the male population, Lionel is red-green colour blind. Red-green colour blindness is caused by
13)
______ A)
an abnormal number of ganglion cells. B)
a deficiency in one of the three types of cones. C)
problems with the feature detection system. D)
hypersensitive sensory adaptation mechanisms.  14)
Gwen plays in a rock band. For years, she failed to wear earplugs, and now she has trouble hearing certain sounds. If we were to examine how prolonged exposure to loud noise has affected her auditory system, we would probably see damaged sound receptors. Sound receptors are actually
14)
______ A)
tiny hairs inside the organ of Corti. B)
tiny bones known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. C)
cells floating inside the basilar membrane. D)
situated on the tympanic membrane, or eardrum.  15)
When Lindsay spins in circles, the fluid in her ear’s semicircular canals moves, stimulating the hair cells and sending messages about the movement to her brain. If she spins long enough and stops abruptly enough, the fluid will continue to move, creating the confusing sensation of dizziness. This is probably particularly disconcerting for Lindsay, because her sense of ________ says that her body is still, but her ________ sense says she is still moving.
15)
______ A)
kinesthesis; vestibular
B)
olfaction; vestibular C)
gustation; olfactory
D)
kinesthesis; synchronous  16)
Tovah is trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle. Since she has no idea what the completed picture is supposed to be, she has to rely on the shapes and colours of the individual pieces to create and understand the whole picture. We can refer to Tovah’s efforts to combine individual elements of the puzzle into a unified whole as
16)
______ A)
selective attention.
B)
perceptual organization. C)
top-down processing.
D)
bottom-up processing.  17)
Using the image on the box, Tovah is putting together a jigsaw puzzle. The picture of the completed puzzle allows her to guess how and where the pieces fit. We can refer to Tovah’s interpretation of individual pieces in light of the expectation created by the box picture as
17)
______ A)
perceptual organization.
B)
selective attention. C)
bottom-up processing.
D)
top-down processing.  18)
While driving home one evening, Owen is so involved in his cell phone conversation that he doesn’t notice an empty car at the side of the road and hits it. Owen is all right, but since it wasn’t yet dark, the police say Owen should have had no problems seeing the car. When they learn he was talking on his phone, they say that because he was distracted, other stimuli didn’t register in his consciousness. This phenomenon is referred to as
18)
______ A)
a Gestalt law.
B)
shadowing. C)
inattentional blindness.
D)
top-down processing.  19)
Regan was born with a rare disorder that affects her ability to organize her perceptions as most people do. Regan’s sensory experiences are often mixed up: She will hear colours, for example, feel smells, or see sounds. This disorder is called
19)
______ A)
shadow syndrome.
B)
synesthesia. C)
Gestalt disorder.
D)
transduction.  20)
Patrick’s mother shows him the constellations in the night sky. Patrick likes the Big Dipper the best, because it’s the easiest for him to see. On what principles of sensation and perception must Patrick rely to see the stars form what looks like a big spoon?
20)
______ A)
Stroboscopic movement B)
Binocular depth cues C)
Sensory prostheses D)
The Gestalt laws of perceptual organization  21)
Quinn has spent the afternoon setting up hundreds of dominoes. When his brother gets home, he comments that Quinn has created an interesting clover-leaf pattern. Though Quinn wasn’t aware he was doing this, he is able to see the pattern when his brother points it out. Which Gestalt principle are both boys using?
21)
______ A)
Figure-ground
B)
Similarity C)
Continuity
D)
Proximity  22)
Anselmo and Quinta are lying in the grass gazing up at puffy white clouds. “Look!” Quinta says, pointing to a cloud. “That one looks like a lamb.” Anselmo sees that the cloud’s shape does indeed suggest a lamb. To decide whether the cloud really looked like a lamb, Anselmo had to refer to an internal
22)
______ A)
depth cue.
B)
perceptual schema. C)
vestibular apparatus.
D)
motion parallax.  23)
The newspapers in Ursula’s neighbourhood recently reported that a man saw a lion in the area. Since lions are not native to Ursula’s part of the world and none of the lions at the zoo have escaped, many people are skeptical that the lion even exists. However, as Ursula is driving home, an animal runs out in front of her car. It’s the lion! She slams on the brakes and calls the police. The police arrive within minutes and search the woods surrounding the road. They find no lion tracks, but they do find dog footprints—and a large golden retriever. Ursula is embarrassed to learn that what she saw was a big dog, not a lion. Because she’d read about the lion, she had expected to see it. Ursula had
23)
______ A)
synesthesia. B)
a vestibular error. C)
a perceptual set. D)
a stroboscopic experience.  24)
The pygmy people live in the dense rain forests of Africa, and few ever see wide open spaces. An anthropologist once took a pygmy out of the rain forest and showed him a wide plain where buffaloes were grazing. The buffaloes were so far away that they looked like insects to the pygmy, and when the anthropologist drove closer to them, the pygmy was convinced that some form of witchcraft was being used to change the insects into buffaloes. Because of his lack of experience with distant objects, the pygmy had not developed
24)
______ A)
size constancy.
B)
gustation. C)
the law of proximity.
D)
a linear perspective.  25)
Vittoria has grown up in the digital age. The movies her parents play are all on DVD. In her elementary school’s health class, the teacher shows a movie on an old movie projector. When it’s over, Vittoria helps the teacher take the reels off the projector and put them in their cases. As she does so, she notices that the video tape is actually thousands of tiny still images. She is bewildered and wonders how still images can create the illusion of movement. The principle behind motion pictures is
25)
______ A)
the law of closure.
B)
stroboscopic movement. C)
motion parallax.
D)
brightness constancy.  26)
Sammy was born and raised in a large city. The first time his parents drive through the countryside, he sees an animal with four legs, a mane, a long tail, and a saddle. Though he has never seen this animal in real life before, he decides that it must be a horse. He is using
26)
______ A)
central processing.
B)
individual processing. C)
bottom-up processing.
D)
top-down processing.  27)
Because it isn’t feasible to construct every movie set to scale, models are sometimes used to simulate real environments. Looking through a camera that is focused on the model alone, one can easily believe that a tiny model is actually a real city. However, if a real, to-scale object such as a soda can is placed beside the city, we are able to see that the size of the city is a mere
27)
______ A)
Gestalt.
B)
stroboscope. C)
illusion.
D)
kinesthesis.  28)
Since everyone’s penmanship is different, how are we able to read so many different handwriting styles? That is, how do we recognize familiar letters in spite of the differences in the way they are written?
28)
______ A)
Perceptual constancy
B)
Monocular depth cues C)
The law of continuity
D)
The law of proximity  29)
When we are reading, the distance of each letter from those around it affects the word which we see. For example, scarcity means something different from scar city, therapist is different from the rapist, and prosecute is different from prose cute. Which Gestalt principle are we using to decide which letters to consider part of full words?
29)
______ A)
Closure
B)
Proximity C)
Continuity
D)
Similarity  30)
Niguel is required to give a speech as part of his psychology class. Esme, who is also in the class, opens a note from her boyfriend during Niguel’s speech and grows angry at something her boyfriend wrote. Though he hasn’t been paying attention to how many people are smiling at him, Niguel immediately notices Esme’s angry face. Why do psychologists think we are so much quicker to recognize an angry face than a happy one?
30)
______ A)
Most people are paranoid that someone will be angry with them. B)
We are biologically programmed to want to help people who seem unhappy. C)
Vigilance like Niguel’s is situation-specific; if he weren’t anxious about his speech, he would have been no quicker to see Esme’s angry face than a happy face. D)
Angry faces are assumed to have threat value, and we are biologically programmed to respond to threats quickly.  31)
Two advertisements for chewing gum are shown on television. In Ad 1, a woman chews the gum while she jogs in the park. In a voiceover, she says that she always enjoys jogging more when she’s chewing this gum. In Ad 2, Ginger asks a man out but is rejected. Later, she learns that he turned her down because she has bad breath. When Ginger goes to the store to buy gum, the brand from Ad 2 is the one she remembers, so that is the one she buys. What about Ad 2 was more compelling than Ad 1?
31)
______ A)
Ad 1 featured exercise, and research has shown that only the 30 percent of Americans who exercise regularly will notice ads featuring exercise. B)
We can’t tell unless we can see what the women in each ad looked like. C)
Ad 2 had a higher threat value, and people are more attentive to stimuli that might affect their well-being. D)
Ad 2 involved an interaction between two people; research has shown that interactions in ads always draw more of our attention.  32)
Jaspar received a ViewMaster for his birthday. When he looks through the lenses, the image inside the ViewMaster appears to be three-dimensional. This is because each of Jaspar’s eyes is seeing a slightly different image of the picture. This is called
32)
______ A)
stroboscopic movement.
B)
the law of proximity. C)
binocular disparity.
D)
the law of closure.  33)
Scientists created a visual cliff by placing a thick sheet of clear glass over a drop-off. They found that by the time children are old enough to crawl, they will not venture over the “edge” of the “cliff.” What skill have the children developed that makes them wary?
33)
______ A)
Convergence
B)
The law of proximity C)
Perceptual constancy
D)
Depth perception  34)
Christa is interested in fixing up two friends on a blind date. Diane, whose last blind date was a nightmare, is reluctant to agree. Tristan, who met his last serious girlfriend on a blind date, is open to the idea. Throughout the date, Diane is quiet and standoffish, so Tristan decides he is not interested in seeing her again. Where did the problem with the date start?
34)
______ A)
Weber’s law says that people have to be outgoing to be perceived as likable. B)
Diane relied too heavily on the Gestalt law of proximity. C)
Diane was sending Tristan subliminal messages all evening. D)
Diane’s perception of a blind date biased her against the idea before the date ever started.  35)
A rock band recently covered (i.e., remade) a classic country song. Though the band uses different kinds of instruments and a different tempo, Colby still recognizes it due to
35)
______ A)
the law of continuity. B)
perceptual constancy. C)
transduction. D)
Hering’s opponent-process theory.  36)
Becky’s mother and father load the luggage into the car while Becky gives Grandmother a hug good-bye. As the family drives away, Becky watches Grandmother get smaller and smaller, until she seems to disappear. Becky asks her parents why Grandma always becomes the size of an ant when they leave. Her parents attempt to explain to Becky the principle of
36)
______ A)
shape constancy.
B)
size constancy. C)
proximity.
D)
continuity.  37)
Colin was involved in an accident that damaged his left eardrum. Though the injury reduced his ear’s capacity to transmit vibrations, a hearing aid greatly improves his ability to hear. Colin has ________ deafness.
37)
______ A)
nerve
B)
conduction C)
pitch
D)
vibration  38)
Abe made a little book with pictures of a stick figure. The picture on each page differs slightly from the picture on the page before it. When he flips through the pages as fast as he can, the stick figure appears to be walking. This perceived motion is known as
38)
______ A)
stroboscopic movement.
B)
convergence cues. C)
transduction.
D)
binocular disparity.  39)
Though we cannot overtly smell them, chemical signals are contained in natural body scents. These chemicals are so powerful that they have been associated with attraction and phenomena like menstrual synchrony. What are these chemical signals?
39)
______ A)
Gustation
B)
Olfaction C)
Conduction
D)
Pheromones  40)
Leonardo da Vinci’s painting the ‘Mona Lisa’ has intrigued people, because it is uncertain as to whether the woman in the picture is smiling or not. According to the research presented in your textbook, the ambiguity of the Mona Lisa ‘smile’ is due to:
40)
______ A)
binocular disparity B)
a by-product of the human visual system C)
the Muller-Lyer illusion D)
the illusion called the visual cliff 1)
A 2)
B 3)
C 4)
C 5)
A 6)
C 7)
A 8)
D 9)
A 10)
D 11)
A 12)
C 13)
B 14)
A 15)
A 16)
D 17)
D 18)
C 19)
B 20)
D 21)
C 22)
B 23)
C 24)
A 25)
B 26)
C 27)
C 28)
A 29)
B 30)
D 31)
C 32)
C 33)
D 34)
D 35)
B 36)
B 37)
B 38)
A 39)
D 40)
B