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Name _____________________________________________________________
Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 1
1. Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ___________________.
a) maturation c) habituation
b) learning d) growth cycles
2. Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n)
____________.
a) unconditioned response c) conditioned response
b) unconditioned stimulus d) conditioned stimulus
3. What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?
a) a white rat c) a high chair
b) a loud noise d) a small enclosed space
4. Thorndike was known for his work with ______.
a) a Skinner box c) modeling
b) a puzzle box d) monkeys
5. Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?
a) if it is a primary reinforcer
b) if it is a positive reinforcer
c) if it is a negative reinforcer
d) regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.
6. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
a) punishment c) negative reinforcement
b) positive reinforcement d) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
7. For every 5 times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
a) variable interval
b) variable ratio
c) fixed ratio
d) fixed interval
8. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ______.
a) insight c) vicarious learning
b) innate learning d) latent learning
9. The “aha!” experience is known as ________________.
a) latent learning c) thoughtful learning
b) insight learning d) serial enumeration
10. Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by having him watch her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?
a) Her son must always model the behavior immediately.
b) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.
c) Her son must be able to complete other tasks while watching her.
d) Cheryl must show her son how to do the laundry while she is making dinner.
Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 1
Answer Key
1. a Explanation: Alterations due to a genetic blueprint would be examples of maturation.
(Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO 5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning, APA 1.1)
2. b Explanation: The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked the
conditioned response. Food automatically causes one to salivate. (Apply What
You Know, 1 – Easy, LO 5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements, APA 1.1, 1.3)
3. a Explanation: The white rat was a neutral stimulus that at first didn’t elicit a fear response
but that, after conditioning, became a conditioned stimulus. (Apply What You
Know, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements, APA 1.1, 1.2)
4. b Explanation: Thorndike was known for his work with a puzzle box. (Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner, APA 1.2)
5. d Explanation: Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again
regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer.(Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO 5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement, APA 1.1)
6. a Explanation: Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood
of a behavior. (Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment, APA 1.1)
7. c. Explanation: This example demonstrates reinforcement being given after a specific
number of behaviors has occurred. This demonstrates fixed ratio reinforcement. (Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement, APA 1.1, 1.3)
8. d Explanation: Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent. (Remember the
Facts, 1 – Easy, LO 5.10- Define and explain the concept of latent learning, APA 1.1)
9. b Explanation: The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning. (Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning, APA 1.1)
10. b Explanation: Bandura determined that motivation was necessary in order for observational
learning to occur. (Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning, APA 1.1, 1.3)
Name _____________________________________________________________
Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 2
1. Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________________.
a) classical conditioning c) memory linkage
b) operant conditioning d) adaptation
2. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called _____________.
a) stimulus generalization c) response generalization
b) stimulus adaptation d) transfer of habit strength
3. Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ______________.
a) the CS substitutes for the UCS
b) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
c) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
d) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event
4. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______.
a) classical conditioning c) vicarious learning
b) operant conditioning d) cognitive learning
5. Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
a) a variable-ratio schedule c) a fixed-interval schedule
b) a fixed-ratio schedule d) a continuous schedule
6. An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________________.
a) a stop sign
b) the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning
c) the white rat in Watson’s Little Albert study of producing phobias
d) a knee jerk
7. Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ____________.
a) brain wave activity c) heart rate
b) blood pressure d) body temperature
8. College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half‑hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ______.
a) learned helplessness c) latent learning
b) contingency blocking d) response generalization
9. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is ______.
a) Watson c) Skinner
b) Thorndike d) Bandura
10. Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called _____________.
the learning/performance distinction c) the delayed learning paradigm
the innate performance preference d) the observational delay effect
Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 2
Answer Key
1. a Explanation: A classically conditioned response occurs when the subject learns to make a
reflexive response to a new stimulus. (Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO 5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements, APA 1.1)
2. a Explanation: Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization.
(Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO 5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements, APA 1.1)
3. c Explanation: The subject has to have some cognitive appreciation of the contingency.
(Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and
explain conditioned taste aversions, APA 1.2)
4. b Explanation: A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on operant conditioning.
Skinner developed the box in his work on operant conditioning. (Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy,
LO 5.4– Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner, APA 1.2)
5. b Explanation: A fixed-ratio schedule demands a set number of responses, in this case 25.
(Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO 5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement, APA 1.1, 1.3)
6. a Explanation: A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to determine the different response that a stop sign should elicit when compared to all the other signs. (Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO 5.8– Describe the role of operant stimuli in controlling behavior as well as other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning, APA 1.1, 1.3)
7. a Explanation: Neurofeedback attempts to change brain wave activity. (Understand the
Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO 5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use, APA 1.3)
8. a Explanation: Students’ lack of success in the past “taught” them to not even bother
trying, a phenomenon Seligman called learned helplessness. (Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO 5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness, APA 1.1, 1.3)
9. d Explanation: Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is Bandura, and it has
contributed greatly to our knowledge of media effects on society. (Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO 5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning, APA 1.2)
10. a Explanation: Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent
learning) is called the learning/performance distinction. (Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO 5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning, APA 1.1)
5 Learning
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Definition of Learning
Learning Objective 5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning.
TB_05_01 Definition of Learning_Remember_LO 5.1, APA 1.1
________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
a) Learning
Correct. Experience or practice that leads to a long-term behavior change is referred to as learning.
b) Adaptation
Incorrect. Adaptation is a sensory effect that describes a perceptual change to a given stimulus level. Perceptual changes are not behavioral changes and, thus, are not considered to be learning.
c) Memory enhancement
d) Muscle memory
Topic: Definition of Learning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning.
% correct 95 a= 95 b= 3 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 4 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19
APA=1.1
TB_05_02 Definition of Learning_Understand_LO 5.1, APA 1.1
Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.
a) it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
b) once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
Incorrect. Unfortunately, learning something does not mean that you won’t fail to remember it.
c) it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
Correct. These changes in the brain make a temporary record of what was learned.
d) memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent
Topic: Definition of Learning
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning.
% correct 64 a= 11 b= 9 c= 64 d= 15 r = .23
% correct 95 a= 2 b= 0 c= 95 d= 3 r = .30
APA=1.1
TB_05_03 Definition of Learning_Understand_LO 5.1, APA 1.1
Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.
a) maturation
Correct. Alterations due to a genetic blueprint would be examples of maturation.
b) learning
c) habituation
d) growth cycles
Incorrect. Growth cycles is not a term used in our text.
Topic: Definition of Learning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning.
% correct 51 a= 51 b= 1 c= 11 d= 36 r = .23
APA=1.1
TB_05_04 Definition of Learning_Understand_LO 5.1, APA 1.1
Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?
a) Learning is another word for “maturation.”
Correct. Unlike learning, maturation is a biologically and genetically based process and not an experiential one.
b) Learning is relatively permanent.
c) Learning involves changes in behavior.
d) Learning involves experiences.
Incorrect. Learning does involve experience, and the statement is true. The question asks which statement is NOT true.
Topic: Definition of Learning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning.
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19
APA=1.1
It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective 5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
TB_05_05 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor’s coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.
a) instrumental learning
b) observational learning
Incorrect. Observational learning involves watching others in a learning experience; in this example, Stephanie experienced these events herself.
c) classical conditioning
Correct. Stephanie’s experience is an example of classical conditioning.
d) habituation
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements
% correct 90 a= 3 b= 4 c= 90 d= 3 r = .22
% correct 83 a= 2 b= 9 c= 83 d= 4 r = .27
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_06 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.2
One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ________.
physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk
physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys
physiologist who was studying digestion
Correct. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and he was a physiologist.
dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows
Incorrect. Ivan Pavlov, a well-known Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning. Although some dog trainers may have had a reasonably pragmatic set of training principles, they didn’t scientifically study them or publish their findings.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 74 a= 1 b= 0 c= 74 d= 24 r = .45
% correct 79 a= 1 b= 5 c= 79 d= 15 r = .41
APA=1.2
TB_05_07 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.2
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.
a) Skinner
Incorrect. Skinner was a well-known contributor to the study of learning, but his work centered on operant or instrumental conditioning.
b) Tolman
c) Kohler
d) Pavlov
Correct. The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was Pavlov.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 96 a= 1 b= 3 c= 0 d= 96 r = .19
APA=1.2
TB_05_08 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.2
Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?
a) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
Correct. Pavlov was studying digestion, and salivation is one of the initial processes in digestion.
b) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
c) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
d) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog’s feelings toward the food.
Incorrect. Pavlov was not concerned with feelings or any other internal mental states in his initial experiments. He was studying the physiology of digestion.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 15 a= 64 b= 15 c= 7 d= 15 r = .51
APA=1.2
TB_05_09 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov’s analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)________.
a) unconditioned response
Correct. The unconditioned response is a naturally occurring process when the animal is stimulated. Salivation is such a process in response to food.
b) voluntary response
c) conditioned response
d) digestive reflux
Incorrect. Although salivation is part of digestion, the best answer is the unconditioned response because it is more specific and part of Pavlov’s conceptualization.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_10 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.
a) classical conditioning
Correct. A classically conditioned response occurs when the subject learns to make a reflexive response to a new stimulus.
b) operant conditioning
Incorrect. Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behavior and not reflexive responses that occur automatically. Classical conditioning entails learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original.
c) memory linkage
d) adaptation
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 77 a= 77 b= 12 c= 2 d= 8 r = .42
% correct 82 a= 82 b= 11 c= 0 d= 7 r = .19
APA=1.1
TB_05_11 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.2, APA 1.2
Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?
a) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
b) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
Incorrect. Pavlov was not studying his assistant’s reactions; he was interested in the salivation of the dogs.
c) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
d) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov’s assistant and before they got the food.
Correct. Pavlov was fascinated with why the dogs learned this connection between the assistant and the food.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 100 a= 0 b=0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
APA=1.2
TB_05_12 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an)
________.
a) unconditioned response
b) unconditioned stimulus
Correct. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked the conditioned response. Food automatically causes one to salivate.
c) conditioned response
d) conditioned stimulus
Incorrect. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked salivation. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral and food is not a neutral stimulus.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 86 a= 14 b= 86 c= 0 d= 0 r = .36
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_13 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
The abbreviation UCS stands for ________.
a) unconditional statement
Incorrect. Unconditional statement is not a term associated with learning theory.
b) uniform conditioned subject
c) unconditional sensation
d) unconditioned stimulus
Correct. UCS stands for unconditioned stimulus.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_14 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components “elicits” a response?
a) UCR
b) UCS
Correct. The unconditioned stimulus is one of three types of stimulating classical conditioning that can produce a response. The other two are a conditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
c) CER
Incorrect. CER refers to a conditioned emotional response, which is not a form of a stimulus.
d) CSR
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_15 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?
a) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
b) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
Correct. The puff of air elicits a reflexive response without learning taking place, so it is an unconditioned stimulus.
c) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
d) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. The blinking of the eye is a response, not a stimulus.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_16 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
The abbreviation UCR stands for ________.
a) unconditional reinforcement
Incorrect. UCR stands for unconditioned response, which is a part of the classical conditioning paradigm. The abbreviation is not used for a reinforcement term.
b) uniform conditioned rule
c) unconditional retention
d) unconditioned response
Correct. UCR stands for unconditioned response.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_17 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog’s behavior?
a) classical conditioning
Correct. The dog has come to associate the sound of the keys with the departure of Maricella, and his sadness has become a conditioned response.
b) innate learning
c) punishment by removal
Incorrect. While the dog may experience the departure of Maricella as a punishment, this does not explain his association with the sound of her car keys.
d) instinctive drift
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_18 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices
that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the
________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
a) presence of Alan near the aquarium
Incorrect. Alan’s presence is not what brings about a response, either conditioned or unconditioned, in this example.
b) fish swimming to the top
c) aquarium light
d) fish food
Correct. The fish food is the unconditioned stimulus because, by definition, food is an unconditioned stimulus.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 49 a= 1 b= 3 c= 46 d= 49 r = .53
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_19 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The
salivation was a(n) ________.
a) unconditioned response
Correct. The salivation was reflexive to the presentation of food and, thus, was an unconditioned response.
b) unconditioned stimulus
c) conditioned response
Incorrect. Because salivation was initially reflexive for food and not to another stimulus, such as a sound, salivation would be considered an unconditioned response.
d) conditioned stimulus
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 83 a= 83 b= 5 c= 11 d= 1 r = .38
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 7 c= 0 d= 0 r = .30
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_20 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.
a) unconditioned stimulus
b) conditioned stimulus
Correct. A conditioned stimulus is one that has been a signal for the UCS. In this case, the door sound signals food.
c) unconditioned response
d) conditioned response
Incorrect. The sound cannot be a response because the sound was a stimulus presented to the dog.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 87 a= 7 b= 87 c= 0 d= 6 r = .39
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_21 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 13
Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n):
a) unconditioned stimulus.
Incorrect. In this example, the thunder is the unconditioned stimulus because it elicits a response before learning occurs.
b) unconditioned response.
c) conditioned stimulus.
Correct. The conditioned, or learned stimulus, is lightning because it only elicited a response after learning took place.
d) conditioned response.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_22 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal “knee jerk response.” Which of the following is accurate?
a) The initial strike to the knee is the CS.
b) The initial knee jerk response is the CR.
Incorrect. Because the initial knee jerk took place without learning, it is a US.
c) The sound is the CS.
Correct. If you learned to respond to the sound with a previously reflexive response, the sound becomes a conditioned stimulus.
d) The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_23 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as it hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an
electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.
a) can of cat food
b) sound of the electric can opener
Correct. The sound of the can opener is a stimulus that causes a conditioned response in the cat.
c) dish that Harmony puts the food in
Incorrect. Although the dish might also have become a conditioned stimulus, in this example Harmony noticed that salivation came in response specifically to the sound of the can opener.
d) cat scurrying into the kitchen
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 95 a= 5 b= 95 c= 0 d= 0 r = .20
% correct 97 a=0 b= 97 c= 0 d= 3 r = .20
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_24 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
The abbreviation CS stands for ________.
a) conditioned stimulus
Correct. CS stands for conditioned stimulus, which refers to an event that produces a response after learning has taken place.
b) correlated stimulus
c) conventional structure
Incorrect. Conventional structure is not a term that is used in learning theory.
d) conditional situation
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 98 a= 98 b= 1 c= 0 d= 1 r = .49
APA=1.1
TB_05_25 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Pavlov placed food in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov’s student noticed that
after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student’s footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a ________.
a) primary reinforcer
b) positive reinforcer
c) conditioned response
Correct. Since salivation is not a natural reflexive response to footsteps, the situation was one in which salivation became a response to the sound and, thus, is referred to as a conditioned response.
d) secondary reinforcer
Incorrect. A reinforcer is a stimulus, whereas the salivation is a response—in this case, a conditioned response.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_26 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
The abbreviation CR stands for ________.
a) conditional reinforcement
Incorrect. CR stands for conditioned response. The abbreviation is specifically defined as conditioned response even though conditioned reinforcement is a term used in learning theory.
b) contingent reflex
c) conditioned response
Correct. CR stands for conditioned response.
d) contingent reflection
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_27 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.2
In Pavlov’s classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.
a) acquisition
Correct. In the acquisition step, there is a repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS, and the organism is in the process of acquiring learning. Repeated presentations of the metronome paired with the food caused the animals to acquire the conditioned response.
b) testing
c) extinction
d) spontaneous recovery
Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery occurs when the conditioned response reappears after extinction.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.2
TB_05_28 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.
a) the metronome was not a distinctive sound
b) the metronome should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit
Incorrect. The CS occurring after the UCS has been found not to yield strong classical conditioning.
c) you should have had an even longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit
d) the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome
Correct. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation. Longer intervals were not successful.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 90 a= 0 b= 10 c= 0 d= 90 r = .19
% correct 86 a= 0 b= 11 c= 2 d= 86 r = .24
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_29 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.
a) the metronome was not a distinctive sound
b) the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
Correct. One of the basic principles of classical conditioning is that the CS must come before the UCS.
c) you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit
d) Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation
Incorrect. This statement is true but does not explain that the conditioning didn’t work because the CS must precede the UCS.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_30 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.
a) stimulus generalization
Correct. Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization.
b) stimulus adaptation
c) response generalization
Incorrect. The subject is generalizing to a stimulus and, thus, the process is called stimulus generalization.
d) transfer of habit strength
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_31 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest had blonde hair best illustrates ________.
a) stimulus generalization
Correct. Stimulus generalization occurs when we respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
b) generalization gradient
c) stimulus discrimination
Incorrect. Stimulus discrimination occurs when a person or animal recognizes that different stimuli should evoke different responses.
d) discrimination gradient
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_32 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.2
After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.
a) behavior modification
Incorrect. Behavior modification is a clinical technique that uses conditioning. Stimulus generalization was the issue.
b) stimulus discrimination
c) extinction
d) stimulus generalization
Correct. Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response spreads to a similar stimulus. In this case, it was from rat to rabbit.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 86 a= 14 b=0 c= 0 d= 86 r = .49
APA=1.2
TB_05_33 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.2
After Pavlov’s dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called ________.
a) acquisition
b) testing
Incorrect. Testing is not a term used in this paradigm.
c) extinction
Correct. Extinction occurs when the CR no longer predicts the CS and the organism no longer responds to the stimulus.
d) spontaneous recovery
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.2
TB_05_34 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, the CR will “die out” in a process called ________.
a) CR fading
b) extinction
Correct. The CR will fade in a process known as extinction or when a repeated presentation of the CS leads to the fading of the CR.
c) habituation
d) generalization fading
Incorrect. Generalization fading is not a term used in our conditioning models.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_35 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don’t follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
a) counterconditioning
Incorrect. Counterconditioning would have occurred if the animal was conditioned to some other stimuli, but this was not the case.
b) instinctive drift
c) spontaneous recovery
Correct. Milo’s response spontaneously recovered.
d) stimulus discrimination
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_36 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________.
a) counterconditioning
Incorrect. Counterconditioning occurs when the animal is conditioned to some other stimulus.
b) instinctive drift
c) spontaneous recovery
Correct. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called spontaneous recovery.
d) stimulus discrimination
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 98 d= 1 r = .19
% correct 96 a= 2 b= 3 c=96 d= 0 r = .43
APA=1.1
TB_05_37 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as ________.
a) spontaneous recovery
Correct. When a conditioned response briefly reappears after it has been extinguished, this is called spontaneous recovery.
b) higher-order conditioning
Incorrect. Higher-order conditioning refers to a chain of conditioned responses established from the first pairing, which is not the situation described here. The reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous recovery.
c) extinction
d) stimulus generalization
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 1 d= 2 r = .35
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_38 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert’s conditioned fear?
a) Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat.
Incorrect. The toy dog wasn’t a conditioned stimulus because seeing it repeatedly probably wouldn’t have helped Albert. He needed to see the rat repeatedly.
b) Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.
c) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.
Correct. Showing Albert a rat without the loud noise would teach Albert that nothing scary coincides with the presence of the rat.
d) Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_39 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?
a) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
Correct. In spontaneous recovery, the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns, although the response is usually weak and short-lived.
b) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
c) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
Incorrect. Although the statement is true, it doesn’t answer the question about spontaneous recovery, which involves the resurfacing of the fear even after it has seemingly been extinguished.
d) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 13 d= 1 r = .19
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_40 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________.
a) higher-order conditioning
Correct. This process is called higher-order conditioning because another, or higher, layer of associations is being added.
b) neoclassical conditioning
c) generalization
Incorrect. Responding to a similar stimulus is called generalization; in this case, it is not a similar stimulus but an entirely new stimulus that is paired with the original.
d) operant conditioning
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 57 a= 57 b= 6 c= 11 d= 26 r = .45
APA=1.1
TB_05_41 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as ________.
a) spontaneous recovery
b) higher-order conditioning
Correct. The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called higher-order conditioning.
c) extinction
d) stimulus generalization
Incorrect. Stimulus generalization doesn’t involve pairing a CS with another different CS. It refers to stimuli that are similar to the CS evoking a CR without that similar stimulus ever having been used as part of the conditioning process.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
% correct 62 a= 3 b= 62 c= 2 d= 32 r = .30
% correct 76 a= 2 b= 76 c= 0 d= 20 r = .28
APA=1.1
TB_05_42 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a metronome sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS–UCS connection was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the metronome sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of ________.
a) higher-order conditioning
Correct. This process of using a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus out of the neutral stimulus is called higher-order conditioning.
b) neoclassical conditioning
c) generalization
d) operant conditioning
Incorrect. Operant conditioning refers to voluntary responses, such as bar presses for food, not involuntary responses, such as salivation.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_43 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.2, APA 1.2
Pavlov’s model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal’s brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as ________.
a) stimulus substitution
Correct. This was known as stimulus substitution.
b) the cognitive perspective
Incorrect. This was known as stimulus substitution. Although referencing the brain might seem to imply cognition, this wasn’t part of Pavlov’s conceptualization. Cognition involves a defined thought process and that was not part of Pavlov’s theory.
c) the Skinner model
d) higher-order conditioning
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.2
Learning Objective 5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
TB_05_44 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory.
a) generalization
Incorrect. Generalization, or the spread of the response to various stimuli, isn’t a new addition to the theory.
b) habituation
c) memory loss
d) expectancy
Correct. Rescorla explained that animals must have an expectancy created by the pairing of a stimulus (or absence of a stimulus) with an unpleasant experience.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_45 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.
a) the CS substitutes for the UCS
Incorrect. Rescorla theorized that the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS and predict the latter’s coming. Substitution was an earlier theory of Pavlov’s.
b) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS
c) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
Correct. The subject has to have some cognitive appreciation of the contingency.
d) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_46 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because the pairing of the:
a) CS and US does not provide useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.
b) CS and UR provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the CS.
c) CS and US provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.
Correct. This cognitive model suggests that expectation underlies the entire phenomenon of classical conditioning.
d) US and UR provides information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.
Incorrect. It is the pairing of the CS and US that is thought to provide information about the occurrence of the US in the future that underlies the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1
TB_05_47 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?
a) Pavlov
Incorrect. Pavlov suggested that stimulus substitution, and not expectancy, explained classical conditioning.
b) Garcia
c) Rescorla
Correct. The cognitive explanation of classical conditioning was proposed by Robert Rescorla.
d) Skinner
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_48 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
According to Rescorla’s theory, the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.
a) replace
b) come after
c) appear simultaneously with
Incorrect. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the UCS for conditioning to take place. A simultaneous appearance would not give any information useful in prediction.
d) predict
Correct. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the UCS for conditioning to take place.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_49 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?
a) instinctive drift
Incorrect. Instinctual drift deals primarily with animal behavior, not phobias.
b) innate learning
c) conditioned taste aversion
d) conditioned emotional response
Correct. Conditioned emotional responses are some of the earliest forms of learning and fear is a basic emotion that appears very early in our lives
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1
TB_05_50 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
In the “Little Albert” study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.
a) white rat
Incorrect. Albert did not have a reflexive fear response to the rat so it couldn’t be the unconditioned stimulus. He did have a reflexive fear response to the noise, and that was the unconditioned stimulus.
b) loud noise
Correct. Noise was the unconditioned stimulus, as it automatically evoked fear.
c) fear of the rat
d) fear of the noise
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
% correct 76 a= 21 b= 76 c= 2 d= 1 r = .25
APA=1.2
TB_05_51 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ______.
a) white pony
Incorrect. In fact, little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, not a white pony.
b) brown mouse
c) white rat
Correct. The case of Little Albert is famous for demonstrating the ability to condition a phobia of a white rat.
d) white puppy
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_52 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.1, 1.2
John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat became the ________ in his study.
a) discriminative stimulus
b) counterconditioning stimulus
c) conditioned stimulus
Correct. The child was conditioned to respond to this stimulus with fear, even though he was not originally afraid of the rat.
d) unconditioned stimulus
Incorrect. An unconditioned stimulus is one that the child automatically responds to with fear, such as a loud noise.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
% correct 51 a= 3 b= 3 c= 51 d= 43 r = .21
% correct 57 a= 18 b= 0 c= 57 d= 25 r = .19
APA=1.1, 1.2
TB_05_53 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.1, 1.2
Little Albert’s acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.
a) classical counterconditioned
Incorrect. Counterconditioning does not necessarily deal with emotional responses like the one seen in the case of Little Albert.
b) conditioned emotional
Correct. The case of Little Albert was used to demonstrate conditional emotional responses.
c) positively reinforced
d) negatively reinforced
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1, 1.2
TB_05_54 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.1, 1.2
What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?
a) a white rat
Correct. The white rat was a neutral stimulus that at first didn’t elicit a fear response but that, after conditioning, became a conditioned stimulus.
b) a loud noise
Incorrect. The UCS was the loud noise because it automatically evoked a fear response.
c) a high chair
d) a small enclosed space
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1, 1.2
TB_05_55 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
Watson’s experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.
a) based on classical conditioning
Correct. Watson took a neutral stimulus, the rat, and paired it with a fear-producing noise to make the rat a fear-inducing stimulus.
b) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants
Incorrect. There was no focus on the unconscious in Watson’s experiment. He was demonstrating the relationship of classical conditioning to phobias.
c) based on the principle of observational learning
d) based on Skinner’s analysis of positive reinforcement
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 9 d= 1 r = .40
APA=1.2
TB_05_56 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.3, APA 1.1
It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________.
a) vicarious conditioning
Correct. You can become conditioned by watching through a process called vicarious conditioning.
b) conditioned emotional responses
c) stimulus generalization
d) higher-order conditioning
Incorrect. Higher-order conditioning involves linking one conditioned stimulus to another. It does not involve watching someone.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
% correct 61 a= 61 b= 13 c= 12 d= 15 r = .38
APA=1.1
TB_05_57 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.
a) blocking
b) conditioned taste-aversion
Correct. Taste aversion is the term for a learned aversion to a particular food based on a previous bad experience with that food.
c) operant taste conditioning
Incorrect. Operant conditioning relates to voluntary behavior, whereas a taste aversion, such as the one Walter experienced, is an involuntary response.
d) noncontingent conditioning
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 5 d= 0 r = .48
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_58 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ________.
a) chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments
b) farmers leaving out sheep meat laced with a nauseating substance for coyotes to find in hopes of teaching them not to eat sheep
c) Both of these are examples of taste aversions.
Correct. Both choices involve being conditioned to avoid certain tastes associated with nausea.
d) Neither of these are examples of conditioned taste aversions.
Incorrect. Both choices involve being conditioned to avoid certain tastes associated with nausea.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_59 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.2, 1.3
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the research of ________ et al. (1989) to accomplish this.
a) Bandura
b) Skinner
Incorrect. Skinner studied operant conditioning, whereas this effect is a classical conditioning phenomenon.
c) Tolman
d) Garcia
Correct. Garcia worked on taste aversion.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2, 1.3
TB_05_60 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.1, 1.3
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.
a) observational learning
b) latent learning
Incorrect. Latent learning has occurred when an animal or person seems not to learn something but later demonstrates the learned behavior in question. In this example, the farmer is attempting to cause a conditioned taste aversion in local coyotes to protect his sheep.
c) instrumental conditioning
d) conditioned taste aversions
Correct. The farmer hopes that the taste of the sheep will evoke a conditioned response.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_61 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.1
Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________.
a) biological preparedness
Correct. Biological preparedness for fear of objects that are dangerous makes sense for survival.
b) inherited conditioned dispositions
c) long-term spontaneous recovery
d) vicarious classical conditioning
Incorrect. Vicarious conditioning involves learning by observation
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1
TB_05_62 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.1
Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of ________.
a) classical conditioning
b) vicarious conditioning
c) conditioned emotional response
Incorrect. The question does not refer to any emotional reaction as a consequence of the unpleasant taste.
d) biological preparedness
Correct. The survival value associated with learning to avoid dangerous foods is an example of biological preparedness.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1
TB_05_63 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.1
Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.
a) biological preparedness
Correct. Conditioned taste aversions are an example of biological preparedness, referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations based on taste, sight, or smell that are relevant to their survival.
b) inherited conditioned dispositions
Incorrect. Inherited conditioned dispositions is not a term used in discussing conditioned taste aversions. The correct term is biological preparedness.
c) long-term spontaneous recovery
d) single repetition conditioning
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1
What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective 5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
TB_05_64 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.4, APA 1.1
________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.
a) Like; response
Incorrect. This answer is incorrect, because classical and operant conditioning are not alike in this manner.
b) Unlike; response
Correct. Classical and operant conditioning are different in that classical conditioning requires reflexive responses, whereas operant conditioning deals with voluntary responses.
c) Unlike; consequence
d) Like; stimulus
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.1
TB_05_65 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.4, APA 1.1, 1.3
There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that’s ________. But if she then swats at the gnat, that’s _________.
a) voluntary; involuntary
Incorrect. Blinking is a reflex (involuntary), whereas swatting is purposeful (voluntary) behavior.
b) involuntary; voluntary
Correct. Blinking is a reflex (involuntary), whereas swatting is purposeful (voluntary) behavior.
c) operant; instrumental
d) instrumental; classical
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_66 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.1
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.
a) operant conditioning
Correct. Operant conditioning involves a choice to move and is, thus, voluntary behavior.
b) classical conditioning
Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, such as salivation.
c) effective based learning
d) spontaneous recovery
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 7 c= 4 d= 0 r = .32
APA=1.1
TB_05_67 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.2
Who was one of the first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of voluntary responses?
a) Pavlov
b) Watson
c) Skinner
Incorrect. Thorndike first explored and outlined the laws of voluntary behavior. Skinner later greatly expanded on his work.
d) Thorndike
Correct. Thorndike was the pioneer of the laws of voluntary behavior.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.2
TB_05_68 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.2
Thorndike was known for his work with ________.
a) a Skinner box
b) a puzzle box
Correct. Thorndike was known for his work with a puzzle box.
c) modeling
Incorrect. Modeling was a much later process proposed for observational learning.
d) monkeys
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
% correct 72 a= 7 b= 72 c= 7 d= 14 r = .27
APA=1.2
TB_05_69 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.4, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?
a) a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher’s approval for her behavior
b) a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior
c) a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
Correct. The dog’s blinking its eyes is not operant behavior because it is reflexive, involuntary behavior, whereas operant behavior is voluntary.
d) a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior
Incorrect. The rat’s pressing the bar is operant behavior because it is voluntary.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
% correct 80 a= 6 b= 4 c= 80 d= 10 r = .44
% correct 64 a= 11 b= 14 c= 64 d= 7 r = .34
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_70 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.4, APA 1.1, 1.3
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
Correct. The child’s voluntary behavior—eating his dinner—is rewarded with the cookie.
c) biofeedback theory
d) social learning theory
Incorrect. If this were an example of social learning, the child would have to watch someone else get a reward for eating dinner.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
% correct 83 a= 14 b= 83 c= 0 d= 3 r = .41
% correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_71 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.4, APA 1.2
Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to ________.
a) cats
Correct. Thorndike put cats in a puzzle box to demonstrate his Law of Effect.
b) rabbits
c) dogs
Incorrect. Seligman is the theorist most noted for using dogs in his demonstration of learned helplessness.
d) pigeons
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.2
TB_05_72 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.2
The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is ________.
a) Watson
Incorrect. Watson is best known for work that was done much later than that of Thorndike.
b) Skinner
c) Pavlov
d) Thorndike
Correct. Thorndike proposed the Law of Effect.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
% correct 89 a= 3 b= 3 c= 5 d= 89 r = .26
APA=1.2
TB_05_73 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.4, APA 1.1
If a person’s action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the probability of that person repeating the same action increases. This best illustrates:
a) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Incorrect. This is a principle from physics, not psychology.
b) the Law of Effect.
Correct. The Law of Effect suggests that behaviors that are followed by pleasant outcomes will tend to be repeated, while behaviors that are followed by unpleasant outcomes will tend not to be repeated.
c) generalization.
d) the Law of Desirable Consequences.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.1
TB_05_74 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.1
“If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.” This is a statement of ________.
a) the Law of Positive Reinforcement
Incorrect. Although it sounds like a statement of positive reinforcement, it is not. Positive reinforcement is defined differently.
b) Rescorla’s cognitive perspective
c) Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Correct. Thorndike’s Law of Effect speaks to both pleasurable and unpleasurable consequences.
d) Garcia’s conditional emotional response
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
% correct 89 a= 9 b= 2 c= 89 d= 0 r = .19
% correct 90 a=7 b= 0 c= 90 d= 2 r = .24
APA=1.1
TB_05_75 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.1
According to Skinner, any behavior that is voluntary is referred to as a(n) ________.
a) response
Incorrect. A response could be voluntary or involuntary (reflexive).
b) antecedent
c) operant
Correct. An operant is any behavior that is voluntary.
d) stimulus
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
TB_05_76 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.5, APA 1.2
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.
a) classical conditioning
Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and Skinner boxes use voluntary responses to study operant conditioning.
b) operant conditioning
Correct. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on operant conditioning. Skinner developed the box in his work on operant conditioning.
c) vicarious learning
d) cognitive learning
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 79 a= 16 b= 79 c= 2 d= 3 r = .39
APA=1.2
TB_05_77 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.
a) reinforcement
Correct. Reinforcement causes the association between the stimulus and the voluntary response to be learned.
b) the Law of Negative Effect
c) conditional emotional linkages
Incorrect. Although principles like the Law of Effect suggest emotional linkages, the correct answer needs to consider reinforcement as the necessary principle.
d) a long time delay
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
% correct 98 a= 98 b= c= 2 d= 0 r = .03
APA=1.1
TB_05_78 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
a) primary
Correct. A primary reinforcer satisfies basic, biological needs.
b) negative
c) positive
d) secondary
Incorrect. A secondary reinforcer gains its value through an association with a primary reinforcer.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_79 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.
a) food
Correct. A primary reinforcer is one that satisfies a basic biological or survival need.
b) praise
Incorrect. Because praise does not satisfy one of our innate, unlearned needs, it is not a primary reinforcer.
c) money
d) attention
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_80 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________.
a) can potentially reinforce or punish behavior
Incorrect. Reinforcers do not punish behavior, whether they are primary or secondary.
b) do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever
c) do not inherently satisfy physical needs
Correct. Secondary reinforcers are not required for survival, and often get their value through an association with a primary reinforcer.
d) only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_81 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, APA 1.1, 1.3
Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey’s dad might ________.
a) offer her money
b) applaud her appropriate behavior
c) offer her praise for a job well done
Incorrect. Praise is not a biologically-based necessity, such as food or drink.
d) offer her a piece of candy
Correct. A primary reinforcer is one that relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, or other biologically-based necessities.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_82 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, APA 1.1, 1.3
________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
a) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
Correct. A cupcake relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, and other biologically-based needs, whereas a certificate does not.
b) A kiss; money
c) Water; food
d) A gold star; cupcake
Incorrect. A gold star is an example of a secondary reinforcer, whereas a cupcake is an example of a primary reinforcer.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 14 c= 11 d= 8 r = .27
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_83 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a(n) ________ reinforcer.
a) positive; negative
Incorrect. Both positive and negative reinforcers can be primary or secondary. This is not the best answer.
b) primary; secondary
c) natural; artificial
d) secondary; primary
Correct. Secondary reinforcers get their value through an association with a primary reinforcer that satisfies a biological need.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_84 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
a) water
b) food
c) shelter
Incorrect. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it is learned to be reinforcing. Shelter meets a basic biological need for comfort and, therefore, is a primary reinforcer.
d) a gold star
Correct. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it has no intrinsic biological value.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 95 a= 2 b=2 c= 1 d= 95 r = .31
APA=1.1
TB_05_85 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?
a) if it is a primary reinforcer
b) if it is a positive reinforcer
Incorrect. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer.
c) if it is a negative reinforcer
d) regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur
Correct. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 50 a= 0 b= 47 c= 3 d= 50 r = .18
APA=1.1
TB_05_86 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, APA 1.1, 1.3
A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?
a) punisher
b) positive reinforcer
Correct. The cookie is a positive reinforcer because it increases the probability that the child will clean her room.
c) negative reinforcer
d) conditioned response
Incorrect. A conditioned response is an involuntary behavior in response to a conditioned stimulus.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_87 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, APA 1.1, 1.3
Positive reinforcement is to _______ as negative reinforcement is to _______.
a) good outcomes; bad outcomes
b) increasing reinforcement; decreasing reinforcement
Incorrect. Reinforcement attempts to increase behavior, while punishment attempts to decrease a behavior.
c) rewarding behavior; punishing behavior
d) presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli
Correct. A positive operant outcome occurs when a person is given something, and a negative outcome occurs when a person has to be removed from them.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_88 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus ________ the probability of a response.
a) removed; increases
Correct. Negative reinforcement entails removing a noxious stimulus to get the subject to learn to do a behavior.
b) removed; decreases
c) presented; increases
d) presented; decreases
Incorrect. A negative reinforcer is one that is already present and then is removed in order to increase the probability of a response. A stimulus whose presentation decreases the probability of a response would be an example of positive punishment.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 4 c= 6 d= 12 r = .46
APA=1.1
TB_05_89 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, APA 1.1, 1.3
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE?
a) Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.
b) Bill’s wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
Incorrect. Positive reinforcement would occur if Bill’s wife gave him something to reward him for bathing the dog, but in this case she removed something unpleasant—his having to do the dishes.
c) Bill’s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
Correct. Bill’s wife negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog by removing something unpleasant—the task of cleaning up the kitchen.
d) Bill will never bathe the dog again.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_90 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, APA 1.1, 1.3
When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates:
a) positive reinforcement.
Incorrect. Nothing is being given to Joe in this example, so it could not be a positive operant outcome.
b) negative reinforcement.
Correct. Drinking the alcohol “takes away” Joe’s pain, so he is more likely to drink when he thinks about his girlfriend in the future. This demonstrates negative reinforcement.
c) positive punishment.
d) negative punishment.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_91 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, APA 1.1, 1.3
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won’t even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred’s avoidance of spiders is being ________.
a) extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so
b) recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better
c) positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
Incorrect. Positive reinforcement occurs when someone gets something positive as a reward for certain behavior. In this case, Fred is not getting anything, rather he is having his anxiety removed by his avoidance of spiders.
d) negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
Correct. The termination of a stimulus, in this case panic, is negative reinforcement.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
% correct 83 a= 0 b= 3 c= 14 d= 83 r = .48
% correct 78 a= 0 b= 0 c= 22 d= 78 r = .57
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_92 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, 5.7, APA 1.1
A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.
a) motivates; stimulates
b) weakens; strengthens
Incorrect. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior, while a punisher weakens a behavior.
c) inhibits; motivates
d) strengthens; weakens
Correct. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior, while a punisher weakens a behavior.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement. & 5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1
TB_05_93 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.5, 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
a) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son’s screaming.
Incorrect. The parents are not attempting to increase their son’s screaming, but rather to make it stop.
b) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married.
c) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
Correct. The parents are using punishment, and they are negatively reinforced as cessation of screaming is a classic negative reinforcer.
d) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement. & 5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1, 1.3
Learning Objective 5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
TB_05_94 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally’s parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A’s on her tests?
a) gradual reinforcement
Incorrect. Gradual reinforcement is not a term used in the conditioning paradigm.
b) sporadic reinforcement
c) continuous reinforcement
d) partial reinforcement
Correct. Sally is on a partial reinforcement schedule because she is not reinforced for every behavior; she is reinforced only after a certain number of behaviors.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
% correct 46 a= 4 b= 4 c= 47 d= 46 r = .40
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_95 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has an unlimited supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?
a) partial reinforcement
Incorrect. Partial reinforcement occurs when the reinforcement is received after some, but not all, responses.
b) interval reinforcement
c) continuous reinforcement
Correct. Each and every response is followed by a reinforcer.
d) ratio reinforcement
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_96 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?
a) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time.
b) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement.
Incorrect. Continuous reinforcement leads to very quick extinction as the animal or subject quickly learns the conditioning contingency is no longer operative. Extinction is delayed by partial reinforcement.
c) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.
Correct. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that persist longer as the subject keeps looking for eventual reinforcement.
d) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
% correct 35 a= 1 b= 57 c= 35 d= 6 r = .36
APA=1.1
TB_05_97 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses will be ________.
a) more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)
Correct. The response will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response).
b) less resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)
Incorrect. The response will be more resistant to extinction than when a reinforcer is given for each and every correct response as in a continuous schedule. The variable schedules teach the animal or subject to persevere at the behavior in order to get a reward.
c) more variable in its resistance to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)
d) totally resistant to extinction, unlike a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
% correct 76 a= 76 b=22 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30
APA=1.1
TB_05_98 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.
a) ratio
Correct. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on the number of responses made by a subject.
b) interval
Incorrect. Interval schedules are based on the time between responses. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on the number of responses made by a subject.
c) conditioned
d) time-delayed
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 15 c= 4 d= 3 r = .39
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 21 c= 3 d= 2 r = .39
APA=1.1
TB_05_99 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
a) fixed interval
Correct. In this case, the reinforcement is received after a specific amount of time has passed. This demonstrates a fixed interval schedule of partial reinforcement.
b) variable interval
Incorrect. If the paycheck were received after a changing amount of time, this would demonstrate a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.
c) fixed ratio
d) variable ratio
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_100 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 A.M., 11:30 A.M., 1 P.M.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.
a) variable ratio
b) variable interval
Incorrect. If the reinforcement were received after a changing amount of time, this would demonstrate a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.
c) fixed interval
Correct. In this case, the reinforcement is received after a specific amount of time has passed. This demonstrates a fixed interval schedule of partial reinforcement.
d) fixed ratio
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_101 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
Unlike other schedules of reinforcement, ________ results in a “scalloped” pattern of responses on a cumulative frequency graph.
a) fixed ratio
Incorrect. A fixed ratio schedule will produce rather consistent patterns of responding.
b) fixed interval
Correct. A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement will produce this sort of response pattern.
c) variable interval
d) variable ratio
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_102 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
a) variable interval
Correct. Because you never know how long you’ll have to sit with your line in the water before you get a fish, this demonstrates variable interval reinforcement.
b) fixed ratio
c) fixed interval
Incorrect. If there were a way to guarantee that a fish would bite on your line after a specific amount of time had passed, this would demonstrate a fixed interval reinforcement.
d) interval ratio
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_103 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
Maricella works as a seamstress. Her boss tells her that every time she completes five shirts, she will receive $5. When done with the five shirts, she dumps them into a bin and gets paid. Her pattern of shirt completion is most likely to be ________.
a) rapid with a short break after each five completed
Correct. In a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, the pattern is rapid response and short breaks after each reinforcement. In this case, the $5 represents the reinforcement.
b) long pauses after she receives the $5
Incorrect. Her pattern of shirt completion is most likely to be rapid shirt completion with a short break after each five completed.
c) a slow, steady rate of shirt-making without pauses
d) a fast, steady rate of shirt-making without pauses
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_104 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
a) a variable ratio schedule
b) a fixed ratio schedule
Correct. A fixed ratio schedule demands a set number of responses, in this case 25.
c) a fixed interval schedule
Incorrect. A fixed interval schedule is based on the time between responses.
d) a continuous schedule
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
% correct 86 a= 8 b= 86 c= 14 d= 1 r = .27
% correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 19 d= 0 r = .38
% correct 88 a= 10 b= 88 c= 1 d= 0 r = .38
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_105 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?
a) fixed interval
Incorrect. This schedule tends to produce a “scalloped” response pattern.
b) variable ratio
c) variable interval
d) fixed ratio
Correct. Because the person knows how many responses are required to earn a reward, this schedule produces the highest response rate.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_106 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
For every 5 times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
a) fixed ratio
Correct. This example demonstrates reinforcement being given after a specific number of behaviors has occurred. This demonstrates fixed ratio reinforcement.
b) variable ratio
c) variable interval
d) fixed interval
Incorrect. If you gave yourself the reward every seven days, irrespective of the number of times you went to the gym, this would demonstrate fixed interval reinforcement.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_107 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
Getting paid for each basket of apples you gather represents which schedule of reinforcement?
a) fixed interval
Incorrect. A fixed-interval schedule is based on the time between responses.
b) fixed ratio
Correct. A fixed-ratio schedule demands a set number of responses before reinforcement is received.
c) variable ratio
d) variable interval
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
Learning Objective 5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
TB_05_108 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.7, APA 1.1
Reinforcement is to punishment as:
a) decrease is to increase.
b) increase is to decrease.
Correct. Reinforcement attempts to increase behavior, while punishment attempts to decrease a behavior.
c) positive is to negative.
Incorrect. A positive operant outcome occurs when a person is given something, and a negative outcome occurs when a per son has to be removed from them.
d) giving is to receiving.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1
TB_05_109 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.7, APA 1.1
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
a) punishment
Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior.
b) positive reinforcement
c) negative reinforcement
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a response.
d) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1
TB_05_110 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of the following is an example of punishment by removal?
a) receiving harsh criticism for lying to your parents
b) losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew
Correct. Having something taken away as a means of reducing the behavior is an example of punishment by removal.
c) getting stung by a bee when walking barefoot outside and stepping on the bee
d) getting pepper-sprayed for making a lewd comment to a stranger
Incorrect. This would be an example of positive punishment, because being sprayed in the face is being given something rather than having something taken away.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_111 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.7, APA 1.1
A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as ________.
a) punishment by application
Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior, and punishment involving a stimulus that is presented or applied is punishment by application.
b) punishment by removal
c) negative reinforcement
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement, which is often mistaken for punishment, increases the probability of response by removing a noxious stimulus.
d) negative expectation
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
% correct 32 a= 32 b= 18 c= 46 d= 4 r = .26
APA=1.1
TB_05_112 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.7, APA 1.1
When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________.
a) punishment by application
b) punishment by removal
Correct. A decrease in response is accomplished by punishment, and when that punishment involves the removal of some stimulus, it is punishment by removal.
c) negative reinforcement
Incorrect. Although the term “negative” implies removal, reinforcement always increases the probability of a response.
d) punishing reinforcement
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1
TB_05_113 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon goes back to acting badly. This is probably because ________.
a) the effects of punishment have habituated
b) many times punishment only temporarily suppresses or inhibits a behavior
Correct. Punishment often seems to have temporary effects and, thus, is not recommended as the only method of behavior change.
c) the bad behavior has spontaneously recovered
Incorrect. Punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior. Spontaneous recovery refers to an extinguished response that recovers strength. That is not the case here. We are dealing with punishment and not extinction. They are different effects.
d) the conditional emotional response to the punishment has generalized to another behavior
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_114 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior?
a) Fear leads the child to forget the behavior that was punished.
b) Fear produces resentment that makes the child rebellious and disobedient.
Incorrect. Although fear may produce resentment, the more immediate reason why fear makes punishment ineffective is that it interferes with the child’s ability to learn from the punishment.
c) Fear interferes with the child’s ability to learn from the punishment.
Correct. Fear interferes with the child’s ability to learn from the punishment due to the emotions and unpleasant sensations generated by the punishment.
d) The use of punishment negates the possibility of using reinforcement in similar situations in the future.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_115 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?
a) Olivia is correctly applying Skinnerian principles of negative reinforcement to change her dog’s behavior.
Incorrect. Olivia’s punishment led her to be aggressive. In any case, kicking the dog outside is punishment and not negative reinforcement.
b) Olivia is using negative punishment on her dog and it will change the dog’s behavior.
c) Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.
Correct. Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior and that is a problem with punishment.
d) Olivia’s parents probably think that the best way to raise kids is “spare the rod, spoil the child.”
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
% correct 94 a= 1 b= 5 c= 94 d= 0 r = .21
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_116 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?
a) Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
Correct. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
b) Punished children tend to do really well in school.
c) Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork.
d) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.
Incorrect. This answer might make sense, but increased nightmares haven’t been reported. Aggression has.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 7 d= 0 r = .23
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_117 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.7, APA 1.1
Which of the following criteria helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment?
a) when it immediately follows the undesirable behavior
Correct. As your authors point out, making the punishment occur quickly after the undesirable behavior increases the effectiveness of the punishment.
b) when it is inconsistent
Incorrect. As your authors point out, consistent punishment is effective punishment.
c) when it is given with classical conditioning
d) when it is vicarious
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1
TB_05_118 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?
a) making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule
Correct. Making the punishment only occur on a partial, sporadic schedule will not increase its effects.
b) making the punishment consistent
c) pairing punishment of the wrong behavior with reinforcement of the correct behavior
Incorrect. This pairing will increase the efficacy of punishment.
d) having the punishment immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 1 c= 9 d= 1 r = .21
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_119 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.7, APA 1.3
For years, parents have wondered whether physical discipline of their children (spanking, for example) was an effective and acceptable practice. What findings from many research studies have promoted the idea that spanking a child may be a bad idea?
a) Children who were spanked at the age of 5 were more likely to show symptoms of depression at the age
of 10.
b) Spanking showed far more negative long-term effects when used on daughters as opposed to sons.
Incorrect. The research cited in the textbook does not distinguish between the effects of using physical punishment on boys and girls.
c) Girls who were spanked as a form of punishment in toddlerhood were more likely to experience a premature entry into puberty.
d) Children who were spanked at the age of 3 showed more aggressive tendencies by the age of 5.
Correct. These findings have suggested that physical discipline may have the unintended outcome of teaching aggression and/or violence.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.3
TB_05_120 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.7, APA 1.3, 2.4
How did the research of Taylor, Manganello, Lee, and Rice (2010) differ substantially from those who had come before in the exploration of the impact of spanking on children?
a) This research examined only boys who were spanked as children.
b) This research measured and controlled for other maternal risk factors, such as neglect and drug use.
Correct. By controlling for other maternal risk factors, this research painted a clearer picture of the direct relationship between spanking and the emergence of childhood aggressive tendencies.
c) This research examined only girls who were spanked as children.
Incorrect. The research noted in this question did not distinguish between boys and girls.
d) This research examined only occasions where children were spanked by their fathers, and not by their mothers.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.3, 2.4
Learning Objective 5.8 – Describe the role of operant stimuli in controlling behavior as well as other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning.
TB_05_121 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.8, APA 1.1
A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________.
a) something negative
Incorrect. This is incorrect because a discriminative stimulus can be used to cue a reinforcement or a punishment.
b) a cue
Correct. A discriminative stimulus can help a person or animal distinguish which behaviors would elicit reinforcements and which behaviors would elicit punishments. In other words, they are there to queue specific behaviors.
c) promoting punishment
d) a warning
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.8 – Describe the role of operant stimuli in controlling behavior as well as other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning.
APA=1.1
TB_05_122 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.8, APA 1.3
Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a ________ for ________.
a) discriminative stimulus; asking questions
Correct. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus for asking questions because it let students know what response to make—flee from her wrath or ask her a question.
b) discriminative stimulus; not asking questions
c) discriminative response; asking questions
Incorrect. Professor Rochelle’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus and not a discriminative response.
d) discriminative response; not asking questions
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.8 – Describe the role of operant stimuli in controlling behavior as well as other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning.
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 5 c= 18 d= 2 r = .20
% correct 74 a= 74 b= 0 c= 21 d= 8 r = .28
APA=1.3
TB_05_123 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.8, APA 1.1
A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that ________.
a) provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
Correct. A discriminative stimulus lets one know whether a particular stimulus will lead to reinforcement.
b) leads a person to discriminate against one group of people based on ethnicity or race
c) cues the person into which schedule of reinforcement is being used in operant conditioning
Incorrect. A discriminative stimulus is not a cue for a reinforcement schedule.
d) Watson used to make Little Albert scared of all fuzzy things
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.8 – Describe the role of operant stimuli in controlling behavior as well as other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning.
APA=1.1
TB_05_124 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.8, APA 1.1, 1.3
An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.
a) a stop sign
Correct. A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to determine the different response that a stop sign should elicit when compared to all other signs.
b) the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning
c) the white rat in Watson’s Little Albert study of producing phobias
Incorrect. The rat did not have to be picked from a set of other stimuli and, thus, was not a discriminative stimulus. A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to decide what to do from all the other signs.
d) a knee jerk
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.8 – Describe the role of operant stimuli in controlling behavior as well as other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
Learning Objective 5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
TB_05_125 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
Mary’s parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ________.
a) negative reinforcement
Incorrect. Negative reinforcement involves terminating an unpleasant stimulus.
b) punishment
c) extinction
d) shaping
Correct. Mary is given praise for every step that gets her closer to the desired behavior, a process called shaping.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_126 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.1
________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
a) Shaping
Correct. Shaping uses approximations of a response to generate a complex behavior.
b) Spontaneous recovery
c) Stimulus generalization
Incorrect. Stimulus generalization refers to a subject’s responding to stimuli that are similar to the original UCS.
d) Stimulus discrimination
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
% correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 9 d= 1 r = .56
% correct 71 a= 71 b= 10 c= 6 d= 13 r = .46
APA=1.1
TB_05_127 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.1
In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________.
a) primary reinforcers
b) successive approximations
Correct. These behaviors are called successive approximations.
c) secondary reinforcers
Incorrect. Secondary reinforcers are previously neutral stimuli that have acquired reinforcing qualities by being paired with primary reinforcers.
d) unconditioned stimuli
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
% correct 53 a=30 b= 53 c= 11 d= 6 r = .46
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 92 c= 2 d= 2 r = .41
APA=1.1
TB_05_128 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?
a) generalization
b) extinction
Correct. The whining will extinguish because the behavior is not being reinforced.
c) spontaneous recovery
Incorrect. The behavior will extinguish. It might show spontaneous recovery later after Bob’s father extinguishes his behavior, but the initial situation as presented will lead to extinction.
d) discrimination
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_129 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
The first time José sees a cat, his mother tells him, “That’s a cat. Can you say cat?” He repeats the word gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He points at the tiger and says, “Cat!” This is an example of ________.
a) generalization
Correct. This is an example of generalization, the process in which the same reinforced response is evoked by similar stimuli.
b) spreading activation
c) categorization
d) discrimination
Incorrect. Discrimination occurs when subjects are trained not to respond to similar stimuli.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_130 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.1
Which of the following statements is true about behavior modification?
a) It involves the process of shaping.
Correct. Behavior modification involves the process of shaping to encourage slow change in behavior for the desired therapeutic result.
b) It is useful only for teaching autistic children.
c) It is different from behavior modification.
d) It cannot be used with animals.
Incorrect. There are animal trainers who use principles quite similar to shaping.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
% correct 98 a= 98 b= 1 c= 1 d= 0 r = .21
APA=1.1
TB_05_131 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.1
A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of ________.
a) classical conditioning
b) instinctive drift
c) primary reinforcement
Incorrect. Primary reinforcement satisfies a basic need, such as hunger, which is not the case here; the token is a secondary reinforcer.
d) behavior modification
Correct. Behavior modification is the use of operant conditioning to bring about desired behavior, which is exactly what the school is trying to do.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
% correct 86 a= 8 b= 7 c= 0 d= 86. r = .24
APA=1.1
TB_05_132 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
In order to get her 3rd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using a(n) ________ to modify the children’s behaviors.
a) token economy
Correct. The teacher is using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors.
b) applied behavior analysis
c) negative reinforcement
Incorrect. The students are being reinforced for their behaviors, but the reinforcement is positive, not negative.
d) classical conditioning technique
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
% correct 72 a= 72 b= 8 c= 7 d= 12 r = .43
% correct 55 a= 55 b= 13 c= 6 d= 26 r = .51
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_133 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
Ellen, an adult who has an intellectual disability, has just received a “token.” Based on this information, it is most reasonable to assume that Ellen ________.
a) just received praise from a co-worker or family member
b) literally has received a token that can be traded for some good or privilege
Correct. Token economies exchange tokens for desirable behaviors.
c) is homeless, has been begging for money, and received a special coin to use
d) has successfully just completed a therapy program
Incorrect. This is not an appropriate example to demonstrate the token economy system of behavior modification.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_134 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.1, 1.3
Molly is sometimes loud and disruptive in class, and her teacher thinks she acts this way when she wants attention. The teacher worries that yelling at Molly might serve as a positive reinforcer for her bad behavior because it is giving Molly the attention she wants. One behavior modification that might help with this child is ________.
a) use of partial reinforcement
b) use of classical conditioning by shocking the child so that she stops speaking out
Incorrect. Punishment by shocking will lead to all the problems associated with the use of severe punishment.
c) use of instinctive drift therapy
d) use of time-outs to remove the positive reinforcement that even a scolding gives the child
Correct. Time-outs would isolate Molly, giving her the exact opposite of what she wants, and would remove the positive reinforcement that a scolding gives her.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
% correct 86 a= 7 b= 5 c= 19 d= 86 r = .48
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_135 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been used to help individuals with autism. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is ________.
a) partial reinforcement
Incorrect. The basic principle is shaping because you need to slowly change the behavior of such children as they are not capable of more extensive behavioral changes.
b) classical conditioning
c) negative punishment
d) shaping
Correct. The basic principle is shaping because you need small changes that are within the child’s capacity to implement.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_136 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is ________.
a) biofeedback
Correct. Biofeedback is an operant conditioning technique that allows someone to control his or her own biological response.
b) contingency training
Incorrect. Contingency training is too generic a term. The more specific term is biofeedback as it refers to control of a biological response.
c) cellular training
d) social learning
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_137 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of ________ to help gain control over biological functions.
a) sleep
b) anxiety
c) relaxation
Correct. Inducing a state of relaxation is a key in the process of biofeedback.
d) heightened awareness
Incorrect. While becoming more aware of the body’s processes is the goal of biofeedback, this is achieved first by gaining a heightened state of relaxation.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_138 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?
a) conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep
b) conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive
c) conditioning children to be on time for school
Incorrect. Getting to school on time is a voluntary response, whereas biofeedback techniques involve involuntary, biological responses.
d) conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure
Correct. Conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure would be an appropriate use of biofeedback because they are trying to control a biological process that normally isn’t under voluntary control.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_139 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.
a) brain wave activity
Correct. Neurofeedback attempts to change brain wave activity.
b) blood pressure
c) heart rate
Incorrect. Neurofeedback does not involve monitoring the heart rate; rather, it focuses on neural activity such as brain wave alteration. Cardiac changes would be typical of biofeedback.
d) body temperature
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_140 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
A person is connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the brain’s electrical activity. The person is reinforced when his or her pattern of brain waves changes in order to treat a disorder such as epilepsy. This technique is best called _________.
a) biofeedback
Incorrect. Biofeedback usually is reserved for conditioning systems other than the nervous system.
b) behavior modification
c) operant conditioning
d) neurofeedback
Correct. Neurofeedback involves monitoring brain waves.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_141 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
Which of the following types of brain imaging techniques does your textbook note can be used for neurofeedback data collection?
a) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Correct. This neuroimaging technique has been useful in gathering data from neurofeedback procedures.
b) positron emission tomography (PET)
c) computed axial tomography (CAT)
d) electromyography (EMG)
Incorrect. This is the study of the electrical activity of different muscles.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_142 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
Which of the following types of brain imaging techniques does your textbook note can be used for neurofeedback data collection?
a) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Correct. This neuroimaging technique has been useful in gathering data from neurofeedback procedures.
b) positron emission tomography (PET)
c) computed axial tomography (CAT)
d) electromyography (EMG)
Incorrect. This is the study of the electrical activity of different muscles.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_143 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
In order to treat a child’s attention problems in a classroom, a technique that uses the EEG and video game-style technology called ________ has been employed.
a) neurogenetics
b) neurofeedback
Correct. Neurofeedback uses techniques that resemble video games to help change brain wave activities.
c) biofeedback
Incorrect. Neurofeedback uses techniques that resemble video games to help change brain wave activities.
d) videographics
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning Objective 5.10 – Define and explain the concept of latent learning.
TB_05_144 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.10, APA 1.2
The concept of latent learning was developed by ________.
a) Watson
Incorrect. Watson would have been opposed to studying latent learning because he focused only on observable behaviors.
b) Skinner
c) Thorndike
d) Tolman
Correct. Tolman, in contrast to the behaviorists of his time, thought that latent learning was important and demonstrated the role of cognition in learning.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.10- Define and explain the concept of latent learning.
% correct 50 a= 12 b= 21 c= 17 d= 50 r = .21
APA=1.2
TB_05_145 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.10, APA 1.1
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.
a) insight
Incorrect. Insight refers to a sudden realization of a solution in a problem-solving situation.
b) innate learning
c) vicarious learning
d) latent learning
Correct. Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.10- Define and explain the concept of latent learning.
APA=1.1
TB_05_146 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.10, APA 1.1
The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________.
a) insight
b) latent learning
Correct. Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent.
c) placebo learning
d) innate learning
Incorrect. Innate learning would imply a genetically-based process. Latent learning referred to the animal not making a response to a situation but demonstrating that it had retained information about that situation.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.10- Define and explain the concept of latent learning.
% correct 65 a= 5 b= 65 c= 4 d= 26 r = .53
APA=1.1
Learning Objective 5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning.
TB_05_147 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.11, APA 1.2
Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?
a) Köhler
Correct. Köhler is best known for studying insight in animals.
b) Tolman
Incorrect. Tolman’s work focused on latent learning.
c) Seligman
d) Skinner
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning.
% correct 27 a= 27 b= 23 c= 13 d= 38 r = .27
APA=1.2
TB_05_148 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.11, APA 1.2, 1.3
You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven’t seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________.
a) spontaneous recovery
b) insight
Incorrect. Tolman postulated that such an example would be due to the formation of a cognitive map. Cognitive maps were his explanation of latent learning effects.
c) formation of a cognitive map
Correct. Tolman postulated the concept of the cognitive map, which was in marked contrast to the behaviorist views of the time.
d) unconscious trial-and-error imagery
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning.
APA=1.2, 1.3
TB_05_149 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.11, APA 1.1
Which of the following is true of research on insight?
a) Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning.
Incorrect. Insight was first studied with chimps.
b) Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.
Correct. Humans and apes are capable of insight learning. We are very similar genetically and have a common evolutionary ancestor.
c) Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.
d) Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning.
APA=1.1
TB_05_150 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.11, APA 1.1
The “aha!” experience is known as ________.
a) latent learning
Incorrect. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect studied by Tolman.
b) insight learning
Correct. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning.
c) thoughtful learning
d) serial enumeration
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning.
% correct 74 a= 20 b= 74 c= 4 d= 2 r = .40
APA=1.1
TB_05_151 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.11, APA 1.1, 1.3
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________.
a) generalization
b) discrimination
c) latent learning
Incorrect. The “aha!” experience or sudden realization is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect studied by Tolman.
d) insight learning
Correct. You have just demonstrated insight learning similar to Kohler’s chimps.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning.
% correct 61 a= 4 b= 0 c= 34 d= 61 r = .38
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_152 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.11, APA 1.1, 1.3
John has been working on a math problem late at night without success, and eventually he falls asleep. Upon awakening, John suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. This best illustrates which of the following?
a) observational learning
b) latent learning
Incorrect. Latent learning demonstrates the ability to acquire information without demonstrating an immediate behavioral response. It is not relevant to this question.
c) insight learning
Correct. The “aha” moment when an answer suddenly hits you is called insight learning.
d) cognitive learning
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.11 – Explain the concept of insight learning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
Learning Objective 5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
TB_05_153 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.12, APA 1.2
The psychologist credited with developing the field of positive psychology is ________.
a) Thorndike
b) Wolpe
c) Seligman
Correct. Seligman was the discoverer of the important phenomenon of learned helplessness, and also founded the positive psychology movement.
d) Bandura
Incorrect. Bandura was most concerned with observational learning.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
% correct 25 a= 33 b=2 1 c= 25 d= 21 r = .19
APA=1.2
TB_05_154 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.12, APA 1.2
The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is ________.
a) Thorndike
b) Wolpe
c) Seligman
Correct. Seligman was the discoverer of the important phenomenon of learned helplessness.
d) Bandura
Incorrect. Bandura was most concerned with observational learning.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
% correct 25 a= 33 b=2 1 c= 25 d= 21 r = .19
APA=1.2
TB_05_155 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.12, APA 1.1, 1.3
A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ________.
a) learned helplessness
Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless.
b) avoidance learning
c) aversive conditioning
Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in an aversive conditioning situation.
d) vicarious learning
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
% correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_156 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.12, APA 1.1
In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ______.
a) learned helplessness
Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless.
b) contingency blocking
c) latent learning
Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in a latent learning situation.
d) response generalization
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 4 d= 3 r = .38
APA=1.1
TB_05_157 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.12, APA 1.1, 1.3
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half‑hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ______.
a) learned helplessness
Correct. Students’ lack of success in the past “taught” them to not even bother trying, a phenomenon Seligman called learned helplessness.
b) contingency blocking
c) latent learning
Incorrect. The students did not show that they learned the problems, so it could not be latent learning of the problem. Because they did not try, it was a case of learned helplessness.
d) response generalization
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_158 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.12, APA 1.1, 1.3
Which of the following is an older part of the brainstem that is unable to determine which types of stressors are controllable?
a) ascending pyramidal nucleus
Incorrect. The pyramidal tracts in the brain are partially responsible for voluntary muscular control.
b) frontal ventromedial nucleus
c) lateral geniculate nucleus
d) dorsal raphe nucleus
Correct. This part of the brain may be partially responsible for the experience of learned helplessness.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_159 Cognitive Learning Theory_Understand_LO 5.12, APA 1.2
Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain __________.
a) autism
Incorrect. Although learned helplessness seems to be applicable on the surface to autism, it is more applicable to depression as it may explain some of the latter’s processes.
b) ADHD
c) schizophrenia
d) depression
Correct. One important implication of the theory of learned helplessness was its application to the understanding of depression.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
% correct 70 a= 11 b= 10 c= 8 d= 70 r = .32
APA=1.2
TB_05_160 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.12, APA 1.2
While watching the evening news, you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder, “Why would anyone stay in a relationship where they are being abused?” According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victims staying in abusive relationships or bad marriages is _____________________.
a) observational learning
b) learned helplessness
Correct. Because victims may feel helpless to control their situation, this would be an example of learned helplessness.
c) conditioned emotional response
Incorrect. Although fear may well play into this situation, Seligman’s work focused on the concept of learned helplessness.
d) instinctive drift
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
APA=1.2
Observational Learning
Learning Objective 5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
TB_05_161 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.13, APA 1.1
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
a) insight learning
Incorrect. Insight refers to a rapid problem solution and does not necessarily involve observation of others.
b) operant conditioning
c) classical conditioning
d) observational learning
Correct. Observational learning is based on seeing the actions of others and their consequences.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
% correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 0 d= 96 r = .21
APA=1.1
TB_05_162 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.13, APA 1.2
Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is ________.
a) Watson
b) Thorndike
Incorrect. Thorndike was responsible for the Law of Effect. Observational learning is one of Bandura’s discoveries.
c) Skinner
d) Bandura
Correct. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is Bandura, and this theory has contributed greatly to our knowledge of media effects on society.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
% correct 54 a= 18 b= 12 c= 15 d= 54 r = .39
APA=1.2
TB_05_163 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.13, APA 1.1, 1.3
A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl’s learning to share is an example of ________.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) contingency theory
Incorrect. The girl’s learning to share is an example of observational learning theory. Contingency theory is not related to the concept.
d) observational learning
Correct. Learning by watching others is known as observational learning.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
% correct 86 a=0 b= 0 c= 15 d= 86 r = .18
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_164 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.13, APA 1.2
Bandura conducted a classic study known as the “Bobo” doll study. The term Bobo refers to ________.
a) Bandura’s pet name for the dog used in the study
Incorrect. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study.
b) Bandura’s loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study
c) Bandura’s nickname that his wife had given him
d) the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
Correct. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
% correct 86 a= 6 b= 4 c= 3 d= 86 r = .34
APA=1.2
TB_05_165 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.13, APA 1.1
Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________.
the learning/performance distinction
Correct. Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called the learning/performance distinction.
the innate performance preference
the delayed learning paradigm
the observational delay effect
Incorrect. Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called the learning/performance distinction.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
APA=1.1
TB_05_166 Observational Learning_Understand_LO 5.13, APA 1.2
In Bandura’s study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of ________.
a) latent learning
Correct. The children were demonstrating latent learning as Tolman first demonstrated.
b) operant conditioning
c) classical conditioning
d) insight learning
Incorrect. Because it was not a rapid solution to a problem, it was not insight learning. It was a case of latent learning because they made a response that they had not made before.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 8 d= 0 r = .44
APA=1.2
TB_05_167 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.13, APA 1.1, 1.3
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael’s own relationships when he is older?
a) Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.
Incorrect. Unless there is some sort of intervention where Michael is taught that his father’s actions are inappropriate, he is more likely to emulate them than to rebel against them.
b) Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his
father.
Correct. Bandura’s concept of observational learning suggests that children tend to repeat the behaviors that they see in respected authority figures, including their parents.
c) Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships
are not worth having.
d) Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about
anyone but himself.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_168 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.13, APA 1.1, 1.3
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?
a) Bandura
Correct. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions.
b) Tolman
c) Skinner
Incorrect. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions. Skinner was not concerned with observational learning, which is the core phenomenon under discussion.
d) Pavlov
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_169 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.13, APA 1.1, 1.3
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence?
a) observational learning
Correct. They are worried that children will imitate the aggression they see modeled on TV, which is a process called observational learning.
b) operant conditioning
c) classical conditioning
d) insight learning
Incorrect. Insight learning concerns rapid problem solving that is not necessarily based on observing others.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 0 d= 11 r = .19
APA=1.1, 1.3
Learning Objective 5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
TB_05_170 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.14, APA 1.1
For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen EXCEPT ______.
a) paying attention to what the model does
b) remembering what the model did
Incorrect. Remembering is one of the four elements of observational learning.
c) doing what the model did
d) being reinforced for imitating the model
Correct. Being reinforced for imitating the model is not necessary.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
APA=1.1
TB_05_171 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.14, APA 1.1, 1.3
Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?
a) Her son must always model the behavior immediately.
Incorrect. He does not have to model the behavior immediately in order to learn it; he can learn by watching over time.
b) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.
Correct. Bandura determined that motivation was necessary in order for observational learning to occur.
c) Her son must be able to complete other tasks while watching her.
d) Cheryl must show her son how to do the laundry while she is making dinner.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_172 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.14, APA 1.1, 1.3
A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can’t break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning?
a) attention
b) memory
Incorrect. She couldn’t imitate Mom and that was the problem. She remembered correctly what to do.
c) imitation
Correct. Her attempt failed because of her inability to crack the eggs.
d) desire
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
% correct 80 a= 5 b= 11 c= 80 d= 4 r = .20
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_173 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.14, APA 1.1, 1.3
A young boy is watching TV. In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child’s lunch. Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids’ lunches at school. According to Bandura’s theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor?
a) attention
b) memory
c) imitation
Incorrect. Imitation was not the major factor. Hunger is a motivational factor.
d) desire
Correct. His hunger motivated him to become a bully.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_174 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.14, APA 1.1, 1.3
Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows that his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura’s theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster?
a) attention
b) memory
Correct. Dad’s memory failed him.
c) imitation
d) motivation
Incorrect. Dad’s memory failed him.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_175 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.14, APA 1.2
Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura’s theory?
a) MIMA
Incorrect. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire
b) AMID
Correct. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire
c) BANDURA
d) MOMA
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
APA=1.2
TB_05_176 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.14, APA 1.2
In Bandura’s study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMID stands for ________.
a) attention, memory, imitation, desire
Correct. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire
b) alertness, motivation, intent, monetary reward
c) achievement, momentum, initiative, memory
Incorrect. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire
d) achievement, motivation, intellectual capacity, memory
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.14 – List the four elements of observational learning.
APA=1.2
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Can You Really Toilet Train Your Cat?
Learning Objective 5.15 – Provide and describe an example of conditioning in the real world.
TB_05_177 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life_Apply_LO 5.15, APA 1.3
Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat. The principle of learning that was in operation was ________.
a) observational learning
Incorrect. Observational learning would have occurred if the cat had learned by observing someone else use the toilet, but that was not the case.
b) classical conditioning
c) AMIM
d) shaping
Correct. Shaping involves breaking a desired behavior down into a series of small steps, as Long did with her cat.
Topic: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life
ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.15 – Provide and describe an example of conditioning in the real world
APA=1.3
TRUE OR FALSE
TB_05_178 Definition of Learning_Remember_LO 5.1, APA 1.1
A change in behavior that is relatively permanent and brought about by experience is commonly referred to by psychologists as acquisition behavior.
Topic: Definition of Learning
ANS: F, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning
APA=1.1
TB_05_179 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.2
Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov while he was studying salivation in dogs.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: T, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.2
TB_05_180 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.2
In Pavlov’s original experiment of classical conditioning, dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a metronome when the metronome was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food. The food is referred to as the unconditioned response.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: F, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.2
TB_05_181 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.2
If one presented the conditioned stimulus (such as a metronome) after the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) in Pavlov’s learning experiment, little or no classical conditioning would occur.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: T, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.2
TB_05_182 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
A conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the paired presentation of the UCS. After time, the subject no longer makes the conditioned response. This fading of the CR is known as habituation.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: F, Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_183 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
Current views of conditioning by psychologists, such as Rescorla, indicate that learning is completely automatic and has nothing to do with cognitive processes.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: F, Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_184 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
Albert was a little boy who was shown to be remarkably resistant to having his emotional responses conditioned by psychologist John Watson. Watson presented Albert with a cute little furry rat and then rang a loud bell. Later, Albert should have become scared of the bell, but this never happened.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: F, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_185 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.3, APA 1.1
Conditioned emotional responses are some of the easiest forms of classical conditioning to accomplish, as demonstrated by the fact that our lives are so full of them.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
ANS: T, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.1
TB_05_186 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.2
The Law of Effect emphasized that responses were more likely to be made if they were followed by some pleasing consequence.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: T, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.2
TB_05_187 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, APA 1.2
According to B. F. Skinner, negative reinforcement of a response makes you more likely to continue to make that response.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: T, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.2
TB_05_188 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
Using continuous reinforcement is the best way to prevent a response from becoming extinguished.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: F, Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_189 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory as an industrial psychologist. The workers put together iPads. They can either be paid by the hour or by the number of iPads they put together in a day. You decide that you will do the latter (pay by the number of iPads put together). According to Skinner, you have put the workers on a fixed-ratio schedule.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: T, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_190 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
A child is wetting his or her bed. According to our textbook, punishing the child would be the best way to permanently stop this behavior. You would recommend that the child be given no food on the day after a bedwetting incident. This is because punishment is guaranteed to stop bad behaviors.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: F, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_191 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.9, APA 1.3
Biofeedback training is an application that uses the principles of operant conditioning.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
ANS: T, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.9 – Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use.
APA=1.3
TB_05_192 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.10, APA 1.2
The “aha!” moment that indicates insight learning was first hypothesized by Tolman.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: F, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.10- How do latent learning, insight, and learned helplessness relate to cognitive learning theory?
APA=1.2
TB_05_193 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.10, APA 1.2
Seligman’s concept of learned helplessness has been extended into the field of psychopathology to explain the emergence of schizophrenia in late adolescence.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
ANS: F, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.10- How do latent learning, insight, and learned helplessness relate to cognitive learning theory?
APA=1.2
TB_05_194 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.12, APA 1.2
Bandura’s seminal study of observational learning involved watching children and their interactions with Bobo dolls.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: T, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
APA=1.2
TB_05_195 Observational Learning_Apply_LO 5.12, APA 1.1, 1.3, 2.4
Observational learning has been used to explain why children who watch violent television tend to behave more aggressively. Research has demonstrated that watching such television shows causes an increase in violent tendencies.
Topic: Observational Learning
ANS: F, Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
APA=1.1, 1.3, 2.4
TB_05_196 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life_Apply_LO 5.13, APA 1.3
When Karawynn Long trained her cat Misha to use a toilet instead of a litter box, the last step in the training was teaching the cat to flush the toilet.
Topic: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life
ANS: F, Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
APA=1.3
SHORT ANSWER
TB_05_197 Definition of Learning_Remember_LO 5.1, APA 1.1
Why is learning described as a “relatively permanent” change?
Topic: Definition of Learning
Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning
APA=1.1
TB_05_198 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Give an example of an unconditioned stimulus.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_199 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Give an example of an unconditioned response.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_200 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Give an example of a conditioned stimulus.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_201 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Give an example of a conditioned response.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_202 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
Describe what occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented over and over again without the unconditioned stimulus.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Understand the Concepts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_203 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.2, APA 1.1
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1
TB_05_204 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.3, APA 1.3
Give an example of a conditioned taste aversion.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.3
TB_05_205 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.2
What important factor in learning is Robert Rescorla best known for?
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.2
TB_05_206 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Remember_LO 5.4, APA 1.2
What is the Law of Effect and who was responsible for its conceptualization?
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.4 – Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner.
APA=1.2
TB_05_207 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
Why is money such a powerful secondary reinforcer? Why isn’t it a primary reinforcer?
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_208 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.5, APA 1.1
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Understand the Concepts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_209 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.6, APA 1.1
How can you tell the difference between an interval and a ratio schedule of partial reinforcement?
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1
TB_05_210 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.7, APA 1.1
Distinguish between the concepts of punishment of application and punishment by removal.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1
TB_05_211 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.7, APA 1.3
List three potential problem outcomes of misusing punishment with children.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.3
TB_05_212 Cognitive Learning Theory_Apply_LO 5.10, APA 1.3
Give an example of latent learning that you might see in your own life.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.10- How do latent learning, insight, and learned helplessness relate to cognitive learning theory?
APA=1.3
TB_05_213 Observational Learning_Remember_LO 5.12, APA 1.2
What are the four factors that Bandura finds necessary for observational learning?
Topic: Observational Learning
Remember the Facts, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.12 – Explain the concept of learned helplessness.
APA=1.2
ESSAY
TB_05_214 Definition of Learning_Remember_LO 5.1, APA 1.1
Define learning. Given this definition, what types of behaviors would not be considered learning? What types of behaviors would be included?
Topic: Definition of Learning
Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.1 – Discuss the meaning of the term learning
APA=1.1
TB_05_215 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.2, 1.3
Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning studies in terms of the UCS, UCR, CS, CR and his results. Briefly discuss two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.2, 1.3
TB_05_216 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Analyze_LO 5.2, APA 1.1, 1.3
One day as your professor is driving to work, another driver runs through a red light and hits his car. The professor is shaken up but survives the incident. However, the next time he starts to enter the intersection, he becomes nervous and fearful. Soon, he starts going to work via another route to avoid the intersection even though this route adds twenty minutes to his commute in each direction.
According to the principles of classical conditioning, why does the professor become scared of the previously harmless intersection? What can he do about this, as going via the other route is very time consuming? Be specific. Break down the situation into its parts, and show how the principles of learning apply.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Analyze It, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_217 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.2, APA 1.3
In what ways might higher-order conditioning explain why some words trigger emotional responses in us?
(a) Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.
(b) Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.
(c) In what ways might higher-order conditioning contribute to racism and prejudice?
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.2 – Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its important elements.
APA=1.3
TB_05_218 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning_Understand_LO 5.3, APA 1.3
Explain the concept of conditioned taste aversions and how it might be applied to people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer.
Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.3 – Define conditioned emotional responses and explain conditioned taste aversions.
APA=1.3
TB_05_219 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Analyze_LO 5.5, 5.7, APA 1.1, 1.3
Think about our prison systems. Many folks think the role of the prison system is to punish people who break the law, and that we should have more prisons to punish more people. But let’s look at what happens to the average burglar. If (s)he is caught, (s)he will probably not go to trial for a year or two, and then is likely to get probation or a light sentence. If (s)he does go to prison, (s)he is unlikely to learn any useful skills and will meet other criminals who will probably not be good role models. Additionally, (s)he may not end up serving his/her entire sentence due to overcrowding conditions in prisons. Given what you know about operant learning principles, reinforcement, and punishment, critique the way our current prison system works and suggest some better ideas. Be sure to be specific about the principles that you have learned from our textbook.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Analyze It, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.5 – Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the processes of positive and negative reinforcement & 5.7 – Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement and list some of the problems associated with using punishment.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_220 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.1, 1.3
After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory overseas as an industrial psychologist. The workers put together iPads. The boss wants to know the best pay schedule to get the maximum number of pieces made by his workers. The boss wants you to describe various schedules of payment to him and tell which might be best for the plant. Using the principles of operant conditioning, describe the various pay schedules and what would be the best one for his goal of getting the most production.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 2 – Moderate, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_221 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning_Apply_LO 5.6, APA 1.3
Give an example of each of the four schedules of partial reinforcement, and comment on which schedule would be most likely to result in lasting behavioral change.
Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
Apply What You Know, 3 – Difficult, LO=5.6 – Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement.
APA=1.3
TB_05_222 Cognitive Learning Theory_Remember_LO 5.10, APA 1.1, 1.3
Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also discuss the effects it has on people and animals once it is established.
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=5.10- How do latent learning, insight, and learned helplessness relate to cognitive learning theory?
APA=1.1, 1.3
TB_05_223 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life_Apply_LO 5.13, APA 1.1, 1.3
After bringing home a new cat, you quickly realize that you don’t enjoy changing the litter box every few days. In order to avoid this odious task, you decide to attempt to train your pet to use a toilet. Thoroughly discuss the steps that you would use to train the animal, making sure to note which type of learning is being employed.
Topic: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life
Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=5.13 – Describe the process of observational learning.
APA=1.1, 1.3
QUESTIONS FROM THE TEXTBOOK
END OF CHAPTER TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
PSYCHOLOGY: An Exploration, 3e Ciccarelli and White
Chapter 5 Learning
TEST YOURSELF
1.Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of
a.learning.
b.memory.
c.motivation.
d.both sensation and perception.
Answer: a
2.At home, you rattle the chain on your dog’s leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
a.going for a walk
b.the sound of the leash
c.the front door
d.the dog runs to the door
Answer: b
3.A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called
a.stimulus generalization.
b.stimulus discrimination.
c.spontaneous recovery.
d.extinction.
Answer: b
4.During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What’s more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn’t going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn’t come running to the front door. What has occurred?
a.stimulus generalization
b.stimulus discrimination
c.spontaneous recovery
d.extinction
Answer: d
5.Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to
a.higher-order conditioning.
b.a conditioned taste aversion.
c.stimulus substitution.
d.stimulus generalization.
Answer: b
6.Caitlin works in the psychology department’s rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin’s psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of
a.biological preparedness.
b.psychological preparedness.
c.instinctive drift.
d.stimulus substitution.
Answer: a
7.Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?
a.Thorndike’s law of effect
b.Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning
c.Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning
d.Köhler’s insight learning theory
Answer: a
8.In classical conditioning, behavior typically is ________, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is ________.
a.rewarded; punished
b.biological; internal
c.voluntary; involuntary
d.involuntary; voluntary
Answer: d
9.Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?
a.form avoidance of positive punishment
b.from an association with a primary reinforce
c.from the ongoing process of extinction
d.from observational learning
Answer: b
10.Positive reinforcement results in ________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in ________ in the target behavior.
a.an increase; a decrease
b.an increase; an increase
c.a decrease; a decrease
d.a decrease; an increase
Answer: b
11.Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example of
a.positive reinforcement.
b.negative reinforcement.
c.punishment.
d.generalization.
Answer: b
12.Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
a.fixed ratio
b.variable ratio
c.fixed interval
d.variable interval
Answer: c
13.Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of
a.negative reinforcement.
b.punishment by application.
c.punishment by removal.
d.learned helplessness.
Answer: c
14.What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?
a.Both tend to strengthen a response.
b.Both tend to weaken a response.
c.Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response.
d.Negative reinforcement weakens a response while punishment strengthens a response.
Answer: c
15.Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?
a.A mother ignores her child’s temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away.
b.A mother gives in to her child’s demands for candy by buying the child some chocolate so as to quiet him or her.
c.A mother spanks a child when he or she starts throwing a tantrum.
d.A mother gives a child chocolate prior to him or her asking for it so as to keep a tantrum from occurring in the first place.
Answer: a
16. Urie regularly watches his father change the oil on their family car. One month the car needs an oil change, but Urie’s father is out of town. To his surprise, Urie is able to do the oil change even though he didn’t realize that he knew how. This is an example of ________ learning.
a.conditioned
b.latent
c.insight
d.operant
Answer: b
17.Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, “It just came to me out of nowhere.” Psychologists would refer to this as
a.latent learning.
b.learned helplessness.
c.insight learning.
d.observational learning.
Answer: c
18.Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?
a.latent learning
b.learned helplessness
c.insight learning
d.observational learning
Answer: b
19.What does AMID stand for?
a.Attention, Memory, Intention, Detention
b.Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire
c.Ask, Memory, Imitate, Develop
d.Association, Memory, Imitation, Desires
Answer: b
20.Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1–2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura’s model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?
a.Darla’s unconscious does not believe she can achieve the goal.
b.Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program.
c.Darla’s self-esteem must first be addressed.
d.Darla’s unwillingness may be a sign of mental disorder.
Answer: b
EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS
5: LEARNING
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions of Learning
1. The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________.
a. learning
b. intelligence formation
c. imprinting
d. cognition
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 2 c= 5 d= 4 r = .40
2. Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.
a. acquisition of motivation
b. relatively permanent behavior change
c. amplification of sensory stimuli
d. delayed genetic behavioral contributions
Answer b % correct 80 a= 10 b= 80 c= 10 d= 0 r = .25
3. Learning is a process by which experience results in:
a. acquisition of motivation.
b. relatively permanent behavior change.
c. delayed genetic behavioral contributions.
d. amplification of sensory stimuli.
Answer b % correct 90 a= 5 b= 90 c= 1 d= 4 r = .36
4. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned response.
Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 3 c= 7 d= r = .42
5. An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:
a. increased heartbeat.
b. piece of music.
c. sound of the buzzer.
d. listening to the music.
Answer a % correct 81 a= 86 b= 6 c= 4 d= 9 r = .23
6. Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is:
a. the act of eating breakfast.
b. the act of eating lunch.
c. the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
d. the watching of the hands of the clock.
Answer b % correct 79 a= 1 b= 79 c= 0 d= 20 r = .35
7. Some of the simplest and most basic learning, that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:
a. motivation.
b. cognitive dissonance.
c. integration.
d. conditioning.
Answer d % correct 89 a= 3 b= 3 c= 4 d= 89 r = .30
8. Learning that is not manifested until some later time is called _________.
a. manifest content
b. latent content
c. latent learning
d. manifest learning
Answer c % correct 91 a= 0 b= 4 c= 91 d= 5 r = .26
9. Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?
a. Learning can be directly observed and measured.
b. Learning cannot be directly observed or measured, so performance is observed and learning is inferred based on what the person is able to do.
c. The results of learning must immediately change behavior.
d. none of the above
Answer b % correct 81 a= 6 b= 81 c= 1 d= 12 r = .21
10. The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:
a. knowledge.
b. intelligence.
c. learning.
d. performance.
Answer c % correct 96 a= 1 b= 0 c= 96 d= 3 r = .24
11. Which of the following is an example of learning?
a. The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
b. A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
c. Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
d. A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.
Answer d % correct 82 a= 11 b= 0 c= 7 d= 82 r = .26
Classical and Operant Theorists
12. Thorndike was known for his work with __________.
a. a puzzle box
b. modeling
c. monkeys
d. a Skinner box
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 16 c= 4 d= 1 r = .29
13. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was __________.
a. Albert
b. the rat
c. the loud noise
d. the laboratory room
Answer b % correct 63 a= 1 b= 63 c= 36 d= 0 r = .49
14. Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
a. vicarious learning
b. the Law of Effect
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
Answer d % correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 5 d= 95 r = .27
15. Who was Little Albert?
a. developer of the concept of classical conditioning
b. an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures
c. creator of methods for teaching children
d. a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning
Answer d % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 0 d= 98 r = .25
16. The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is __________.
a. Thorndike
b. Pavlov
c. Watson
d. Skinner
Answer a % correct 60 a= 60 b= 7 c= 11 d= 20 r = .48
17. The person most closely associated with the law of effect is ________ .
a. Watson
b. Pavlov
c. Skinner
d. Thorndike
Answer d % correct 82 a= 7 b= 4 c= 7 d= 82 r = .32
18. The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is ______.
a. Pavlov
b. Watson
c. Thorndike
d. Skinner
Answer d % correct 81 a= 5 b= 8 c= 5 d= 81 r = .29
19. Who formulated the law of effect?
a. Pavlov
b. Skinner
c. Thorndike
d. Watson
Answer c % correct 80 a= 5 b= 11 c= 80 d= 4 r = .41
20. Classical is to _____ as operant is to _____.
a. Pavlov; Skinner
b. Skinner; Pavlov
c. Pavlov; Watson
d. Watson; Pavlov
Answer a % correct 96 a= 96 b= 2 c= 1 d= 1 r = .33
21. Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to _______.
a. reinforcement; Law of Effect
b. Law of Effect; reinforcement
c. reinforcement; punishment
d. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
Answer b % correct 79 a= 9 b= 79 c= 7 d= 5 r = .45
22. The Law of Effect was proposed by:
a. Titchener.
b. Watson.
c. Skinner.
d. Thorndike.
Answer d % correct 49 a= 15 b= 9 c= 26 d= 49 r = .20
23. Classical conditioning was discovered by:
a. Pavlov.
b. Watson.
c. Thorndike.
d. Skinner.
Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 1 c= 3 d= 8 r = .30
24. We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.
a. B. F. Skinner
b. Robert Rescorla
c. Albert Bandura
d. Ivan Pavlov
Answer d % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 0 d= 95 r = .25
25. Thorndike conducted research on:
a. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. shaping.
d. higher-order conditioning.
Answer a % correct 38 a= 38 b= 35 c= 23 d= 3 r = .40
26. Thorndike’s main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:
a. a wire monkey.
b. a cognitive map.
c. a puzzle box.
d. a buzzer.
Answer c % correct 65 a= 3 b= 19 c= 65 d= 13 r = .25
27. The “law of effect” was first proposed in the modern scientific community by:
a. James.
b. Skinner.
c. Thorndike.
d. Pavlov.
Answer c % correct 83 a= 2 b= 14 c= 83 d= 1 r = .20
28. The person associated with the law of effect is _______.
a. Watson
b. Pavlov
c. Skinner
d. Thorndike
Answer d % correct 64 a= 12 b= 10 c= 14 d= 64 r = .24
29. B. F. Skinner is known for his theory of:
a. cognitive learning.
b. intelligence.
c. classical conditioning.
d. operant conditioning.
Answer d % correct 70 a= 19 b= 2 c= 8 d= 70 r = .35
30. The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:
a. social learning.
b. higher-order conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. operant conditioning.
Answer d % correct 85 a= 2 b= 5 c= 8 d= 85 r = .31
31. The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:
a. Rubik’s cube.
b. Skinner box.
c. Pavlov bell.
d. Thorndike puzzle.
Answer b % correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 9 d= 5 r = .32
32. Classical is to _______ as operant is to _______.
a. Pavlov; Skinner
b. Skinner; Pavlov
c. Pavlov; Watson
d. Watson; Pavlov
Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 11 c= 9 d= 1 r = .41
33. Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.
a. Pavlov
b. Watson
c. Thorndike
d. Skinner
Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 5 c= 8 d= 8 r = .20
Classical Conditioning
34. What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
a. unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
b. conditioned response and unconditioned response
c. neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
d. neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus
Answer c % correct 38 a= 38 b= 8 c= 38 d= 16 r = .43
35. Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
a. classical conditioning
b. insight learning
c. vicarious learning
d. operant conditioning
Answer a % correct 38 a= 38 b= 8 c= 7 d= 47 r = .20
36. When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
a. UCR, UCS
b. UCS, UCR
c. CS, CR
d. CR, CS
Answer b % correct 83 a= 2 b= 83 c= 15 d= 0 r = .34
37. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
Answer c % correct 92 a= 5 b= 1 c= 92 d= 1 r = .22
38 Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.
a. cat food
b. cat
c. running of the cats
d. cupboard door opening
Answer d % correct 93 a= 6 b= 0 c= 1 d= 93 r = .23
39. Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
a. blinking when air is blown into your eye
b. blinking, when you hear your favorite song
c. your favorite song
d. a puff of air to your eye
Answer d % correct 67 a= 24 b= 1 c= 7 d= 67 r = .23
40. A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
a. present the tone alone repeatedly
b. present the puff of air alone repeatedly
c. increase the loudness of the tone
d. increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye
Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 17 c= 1 d= 1 r = .37
41. When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
a. dog food
b. the cat running
c. the sound of the closet door opening
d. the dog
Answer c % correct 94 a= 3 b= 0 c= 94 d= 3 r = .21
42. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 4 c= 17 d= 4 r = .58
43. Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________.
a. cat food
b. cat
c. running of the cats
d. cupboard door opening
Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 0 c= 3 d= 23 r = .61
44. A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning is known as __________ therapy.
a. desensitization
b. conditioned
c. psychoanalytic
d. response
Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 14 c= 7 d= 18 r = .33
45. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?
a. Most classical conditioning requires repeated trials.
b. One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur.
c. Learning will continue to increase indefinitely.
d. Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.
Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 3 c= 6 d= 9 r = .25
46. New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________ .
a. shaping
b. generalization
c. spontaneous recovery
d. extinction
Answer d % correct 66 a= 16 b= 12 c= 5 d= 66 r = .43
47. Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by ___________ .
a. operant conditioning
b. trial and error
c. classical conditioning
d. shaping
Answer c % correct 57 a= 23 b= 3 c= 57 d= 16 r = .55
48. We associate the name of ___________ most closely with classical conditioning.
a. B. F. Skinner
b. Robert Rescorla
c. Albert Bandura
d. Ivan Pavlov
Answer d % correct 99 a= 1 b= 0 c= 0 d= 99 r = .03
49. Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning, that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the ___________.
a. cat food; cupboard door opening
b. kitchen; cat food
c. cupboard door opening; cat food
d. cat food; kitchen
Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 2 c= 20 d= 0 r = .26
50. In classical conditioning, the interstimulus interval refers to the amount of time between ________.
a. learning trials
b. extinction trials
c. presentation of the conditioned stimulus and presentation of the unconditioned stimulus
d. experimental sessions
Answer c % correct 95 a= 2 b= 3 c= 95 d= 0 r = .24
51. Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as _________ conditioning.
a. classical
b. operant
c. backward
d. aversive
Answer c % correct 52 a= 30 b= 6 c= 52 d= 11 r = .42
52. Little Albert (Watson, 1920) learned through classical conditioning to fear ______.
a. brown cats
b. black dogs
c. white rats
d. his mother
Answer c % correct 97 a= 1 b= 1 c= 97 d= 1 r = .24
53. An automatic, innate, and involuntary response to an environmental events is an ________.
a. UR
b. reflexive response
c. unconditioned response
d. all of the above
Answer d % correct 83 a= 4 b= 3 c= 10 d= 83 r = .31
54. In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus.
a. conditioned
b. discriminative
c. higher-order
d. unconditioned
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 2 c= 7 d= 15 r = .40
55. How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?
a. The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response.
b. The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
c. The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
d. The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
Answer c % correct 64 a= 11 b= 21 c= 64 d= 3 r = .35
56. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
a. A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
b. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.
c. Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink, so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
d. A monkey learns to escape from a cage.
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 3 d= 2 r = .47
57. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?
a. the person lighting the firecrackers
b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Answer b % correct 63 a= 26 b= 63 c= 8 d= 4 r = .41
58. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?
a. the person lighting the firecrackers
b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 11 c= 15 d= 0 r = .36
59. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?
a. the person lighting the firecrackers
b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Answer d % correct 52 a= 6 b= 3 c= 38 d= 52 r = .47
60. Classical conditioning:
a. is primarily concerned with reflexes.
b. is primarily concerned with involuntary responses.
c. is passive.
d. all of the above
Answer d % correct 69 a= 7 b= 22 c= 2 d= 69 r = .20
61. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Whenever Bobby smelled Chanel #5, he began to breathe faster. Sue’s kiss was the:
a. UCS.
b. UCR.
c. CS.
d. CR.
Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 8 c= 10 d= 4 r = .35
62. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Bobby’s accelerated breathing when he and Sue kissed is the:
a. UCS.
b. UCR.
c. CS.
d. CR.
Answer b % correct 79 a= 2 b= 79 c= 2 d= 18 r = .34
63. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Chanel #5 is the:
a. UCS.
b. UCR.
c. CS.
d. CR.
Answer c % correct 69 a= 26 b= 2 c= 69 d= 2 r = .33
64. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Bobby’s faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel #5 is the:
a. UCS.
b. UCR.
c. CS.
d. CR.
Answer d % correct 70 a= 3 b= 20 c= 7 d= 70 r = .29
65. In classical conditioning, one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.
a. UCS and CR
b. UCS and CS
c. CR and CS
d. UCR and CR
Answer b % correct 65 a= 15 b= 65 c= 15 d= 4 r = .45
66. Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the one the organism learns to respond to is the:
a. UCS.
b. UCR.
c. CS.
d. CR.
Answer c % correct 69 a= 10 b= 3 c= 69 d= 18 r = .44
67. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. In the example, the dog’s bark and bite is the:
a. UCS.
b. CS.
c. UCR.
d. CR.
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 10 c= 1 d= 13 r = .40
68. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie’s crying when she sees dogs is the:
a. UCS.
b. CS.
c. UCR.
d. CR.
Answer d % correct 92 a= 0 b= 6 c= 2 d= 92 r = .21
69. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. The sight of dogs is the:
a. UCS.
b. CS.
c. UCR.
d. CR.
Answer b % correct 54 a= 18 b= 54 c= 8 d= 21 r = .53
70. Paul is coming down with the flu, but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill. A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea. What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?
a. operant conditioning
b. cognitive learning
c. latent learning
d. classical conditioning
Answer d % correct 55 a= 19 b= 5 c= 21 d= 55 r = .44
71. In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the:
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. reflexive stimulus.
c. unconditioned stimulus.
d. orienting stimulus.
Answer c % correct 84 a= 10 b= 5 c= 84 d= 0 r = .37
72. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke’s kiss was the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned response.
Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 3 c= 22 d= 4 r = .28
73. When Luke kisses Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Laura’s increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned response.
Answer b % correct 61 a= 5 b= 61 c= 4 d= 30 r = .41
74. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter, her heart raced. Old Spice After Shave was the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned response.
Answer c % correct 80 a= 2 b= 11 c= 80 d= 6 r = .32
75. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart would race. Laura’s increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the:
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned response.
Answer d % correct 77 a= 11 b= 1 c= 11 d= 77 r = .39
76. In classical conditioning, one must be sure to pair the:
a. US and CS.
b. US and UR.
c. CS and CR.
d. CS and UR.
Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 6 c= 8 d= 14 r = .40
77. Pairing the US and CS is essential for _______ to occur.
a. extinction
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. shaping
Answer b % correct 92 a= 1 b= 92 c= 4 d= 3 r = .31
78. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the _______.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
Answer a % correct 67 a= 3 b= 67 c= 6 d= 24 r = .35
79. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the _______.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
Answer c % correct 89 a= 7 b= 2 c= 89 d= 2 r = .33
80. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the _______.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
Answer b % correct 74 a= 5 b= 74 c= 2 d= 19 r = .28
81. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the _______.
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response
Answer d % correct 79 a= 3 b= 16 c= 2 d= 79 r = .46
82. Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _______.
a. cat food
b. cats
c. running of the cats
d. cupboard door opening
Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 0 c= 6 d= 31 r = .49
83. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the _______.
a. increased heartbeat
b. female’s picture
c. sounds of the buzzer
d. viewing of the picture
Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 10 c= 4 d= 7 r = .41
84. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the ________.
a. increased heartbeat
b. nude female’s picture
c. sounds of the buzzer
d. viewing of the picture
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 1 c= 6 d= 2 r = .21
85. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was _______.
a. the experimenter
b. the laboratory
c. the loud noise
d. the rat
Answer c % correct 57 a= 2 b= 4 c= 57 d= 37 r = .31
86. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _______.
a. the experimenter
b. the laboratory
c. the loud noise
d. the rat
Answer d % correct 49 a= 2 b= 0 c= 49 d= 49 r = .19
87. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was _______.
a. fear of the loud noise
b. fear of the rat
c. fear of the experimenter
d. fear of the laboratory
Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 31 c= 0 d= 2 r = .51
88. One of the best known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study, conducted by _______.
a. Pavlov
b. Freud
c. Watson
d. Skinner
Answer c % correct 82 a= 5 b= 4 c= 82 d= 9 r = .25
89. In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the “Albert” experiment), what was the CS?
a. the rat
b. the rabbit
c. the loud noise
d. the crying response
Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 1 c= 34 d= 2 r = .39
90. In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the “Albert” experiment), what was the UCS?
a. the rat
b. the rabbit
c. the loud noise
d. the crying response
Answer c % correct 66 a= 30 b= 3 c= 66 d= 1 r = .42
91. When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______.
a. stimulus discrimination
b. stimulus generalization
c. spontaneous recovery
d. 2nd order conditioning
Answer b % correct 85 a= 4 b= 85 c= 5 d= 6 r = .46
92. If a researcher presents the US first, then presents the CS, the pairing method used is _______.
a. trace
b. delay
c. simultaneous
d. backward
Answer d % correct 64 a= 9 b= 18 c= 9 d= 64 r = .23
93. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ________.
a. extinction
b. spontaneous recovery
c. stimulus discrimination
d. stimulus generalization
Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 2 c= 11 d= 5 r = .43
94. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie’s crying when she sees dogs is the ________.
a. US
b. CS
c. UR
d. CR
Answer d % correct 78 a= 2 b= 2 c= 18 d= 78 r = .26
Reinforcement
95 A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned up her room. What is the cookie in this example?
a. conditioned response
b. punisher
c. positive reinforcer
d. negative reinforcer
Answer c % correct 99 a= 0 b= 0 c= 99 d= 1 r = .02
96. A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.
a. removed; increases
b. presented; decreases
c. removed; decreases
d. presented; increases
Answer a % correct 59 a= 59 b= 18 c= 15 d= 9 r = .45
97. Which of the following is an example of punishment?
a. taking away a child’s favorite toy for hitting another child
b. removing a penalty you imposed on a child after he began acting better
c. giving a child a star for telling a lie
d. giving a child a cookie for cleaning her room
Answer a % correct 98 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 1 r = .01
98. When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For the next week they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed. What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use?
a. generalization
b. extinction
c. shaping
d. punishment
Answer c % correct 97 a= 2 b= 1 c= 97 d= 0 r = .20
99. A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti. This is an example of __________ reinforcement.
a. positive
b. extrinsic
c. higher-order
d. secondary
Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 1 d= 13 r = .30
100. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________.
a. primary reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer
c. negative reinforcer
d. secondary reinforcer
Answer c % correct 85 a= 2 b= 11 c= 85 d= 1 r = .30
101. On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________.
a. first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
b. first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed
c. next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred
d. next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred
Answer b % correct 72 a= 6 b= 72 c= 3 d= 18 r = .49
102. Elizabeth was given a $1000 raise after her last performance evaluation. Her raise is a:
a. primary reinforcer.
b. punisher.
c. negative reinforcer.
d. secondary reinforcer.
Answer d % correct 60 a= 39 b= 0 c= 2 d= 60 r = .34
103. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
a. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. positive reinforcement
Answer c % correct 64 a= 4 b= 29 c= 64 d= 2 r = .40
104. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.
a. removed; decreases
b. presented; increases
c. presented; decreases
d. removed; increases
Answer b % correct 96 a= 2 b= 96 c= 1 d= 1 r = .26
105. Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is __________.
a. a secondary reinforcer
b. an aversive stimulus
c. punishment
d. negative reinforcement
Answer c % correct 59 a= 6 b= 10 c= 59 d= 26 r = .47
106. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
a. a bar of candy
b. warm, physical contact
c. money
d. a drink of water
Answer c % correct 66 a= 12 b= 20 c= 66 d= 3 r = .25
107. Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of __________.
a. negative reinforcement
b. aversive conditioning
c. punishment
d. positive reinforcement
Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 29 c= 1 d= 9 r = .22
108. A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n) __________ reinforcer.
a. positive
b. additive
c. primary
d. secondary
Answer a % correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 1 r = .05
109. On a fixed-ration schedule reinforcement is given ________ .
a. for the first correct response after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
b. for the next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made
c. for the first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
d. for the next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made
Answer b % correct 82 a= 3 b= 82 c= 14 d= 2 r = .44
110. On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _______.
a. for the first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
b. for the first correct response after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
c. for the next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made
d. for the next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made
Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 10 d= 0 r = .30
111. On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _________ .
a. for the first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
b. for the first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed
c. for the next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made
d. for the next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made
Answer b % correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 3 d= 13 r = .34
112. When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior the behavior is likely to __________ .
a. occur less frequently
b. occur more frequently
c. occur at the same rate
d. completely stop
Answer b % correct 53 a= 38 b= 53 c= 1 d= 9 r = .41
113. A camp leader repeatedly hugs a camper after she helps her friend. Each time, the camper is embarrassed and shies away from future acts of assistance. In the example, “Hugging the camper” is _______.
a. a positive reinforcer
b. a primary reinforcer
c. a punishment
d. none of the above
Answer c % correct 34 a= 2 b= 8 c= 34 d= 56 r = .29
114. Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before. When she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A’s, Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant task of finishing the dishes. Which operant process does the example illustrate?
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. punishment
Answer b % correct 62 a= 34 b= 62 c= 4 d= 0 r = .41
115. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
a. water
b. a thank-you letter
c. a smile from a loved one
d. money
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 5 d= 6 r = .53
116. Wearing sunglasses ALL THE TIME because people tell you they make you look “irresistible” is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement?
a. aversive punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. response cost
Answer c % correct 79 a= 12 b= 2 c= 79 d= 6 r = .40
117. Negative reinforcement is best thought of as:
a. reinforcement for an undesirable activity.
b. punishment.
c. something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so.
d. stimuli whose termination or removal increases behavior.
Answer d % correct 79 a= 10 b= 11 c= 0 d= 79 r = .52
118. Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement?
a. aversive punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. response cost
Answer b % correct 34 a= 8 b= 34 c= 51 d= 5 r = .37
119. To avoid getting a headache, Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement?
a. aversive punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. response cost
Answer b % correct 52 a= 8 b= 52 c= 38 d= 1 r = .36
120. Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of:
a. aversive punishment.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. response cost.
Answer b % correct 78 a= 12 b= 78 c= 9 d= 0 r = .31
121. Positive reinforcers:
a. weaken behaviors they follow.
b. are always learned.
c. strengthen behaviors they follow.
d. are always unlearned.
Answer c % correct 96 a= 3 b= 1 c= 96 d= 0 r = .22
122. Which of the following statements about positive reinforcers is accurate?
a. They are used in negative reinforcement.
b. They weaken behaviors that they follow.
c. They strengthen behaviors that they follow.
d. They strengthen behaviors that lead to their removal.
Answer c % correct 91 a= 1 b= 2 c= 91 d= 5 r = .33
123. If a POSITIVE REINFORCER is added after a behavior and the behavior is strengthened/increased, the process used is called:
a. negative reinforcement.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. extinction.
d. punishment.
Answer b % correct 93 a= 2 b= 93 c= 2 d= 3 r = .41
124. Mom and Dad think it is real funny, and laugh when their 2-year-old, Bruce, says dirty words. When Bruce is sent home from kindergarten because of swearing, they don’t understand why he cusses. Now when he cusses at home they ignore the cussing (they don’t think it’s cute anymore). Laughing in this example is:
a. positive reinforcer.
b. a negative reinforcer.
c. a primary reinforcer.
d. a neutral stimulus.
Answer a % correct 68 a= 68 b= 23 c= 9 d= 0 r = .36
125. Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer?
a. turning off an electric shock
b. giving a spanking
c. removing a noxious odor
d. silencing a banging door
Answer b % correct 87 a= 3 b= 87 c= 3 d= 7 r = .42
126. Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation exhibit _______ when later trained in an avoidance procedure.
a. experimental neurosis
b. better learning
c. learned helplessness
d. enhanced performance
Answer c % correct 85 a= 5 b= 2 c= 85 d= 8 r = .40
127. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
a. grades
b. water
c. money
d. recognition
Answer b % correct 53 a= 11 b= 53 c= 20 d= 16 r = .33
128. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
a. water
b. food
c. grades
d. physical support
Answer c % correct 83 a= 1 b= 2 c= 83 d= 14 r = .27
129. At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth, and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of _______.
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. negative reinforcement
d. secondary learning
Answer b % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3 r = .20
130. Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will increase is called a(n) _______.
a. aversive control
b. punishment
c. antecedent
d. reinforcer
Answer d % correct 97 a= 2 b= 0 c= 1 d= 97 r = .25
131. When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ______.
a. decrease
b. increase
c. remain the same
d. completely stop
Answer b % correct 42 a= 44 b= 42 c= 6 d= 8 r = .29
132. When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ______.
a. decrease
b. increase
c. remain the same
d. generalize
Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 1 d= 2 r = .27
133. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Punishment does not always work.
b. The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force.
c. Punishment should be applied intermittently.
d. Punishment usually enhances the learning process.
Answer a % correct 75 a= 75 b= 3 c= 8 d= 14 r = .29
134. Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true?
a. Punishment does not always work.
b. Rewards should always immediately follow punishments.
c. Effective punishment is consistent punishment.
d. In itself, punishment serves to inhibit responses.
Answer b % correct 76 a= 7 b= 76 c= 11 d= 6 r = .26
135. A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a ________ reinforcer.
a. positive
b. negative
c. primary
d. secondary
Answer a % correct 87 a= 87 b= 0 c= 9 d= 4 r = .21
136. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a ________ reinforcer.
a. positive
b. negative
c. primary
d. secondary
Answer b % correct 80 a= 15 b= 80 c= 0 d= 5 r = .44
137. The 5-year-old of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child goes off the deep end, one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish; they even seem to increase. We may assume that his parents’ fussing over him serves as a _______.
a. negative reinforcer
b. punisher
c. positive reinforcer
d. model
Answer c % correct 70 a= 26 b= 1 c= 70 d= 3 r = .42
138. A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti. The scolding stops when he picks up his fork. This is an example of _______ reinforcement.
a. positive
b. negative
c. tertiary
d. secondary
Answer b % correct 68 a= 30 b= 68 c= 0 d= 2 r = .36
139. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
a. money
b. a bar of candy
c. a buzzer
d. poker chips
Answer b % correct 74 a= 21 b= 74 c= 3 d= 0 r = .55
140. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
a. money
b. a bar of candy
c. attention
d. a drink of water
Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 9 c= 7 d= 1 r = .45
141. Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer?
a. a sandwich
b. the word “good”
c. reduction of pain
d. a drink of soda
Answer b % correct 74 a= 1 b= 74 c= 22 d= 3 r = .20
142. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
a. a sandwich
b. praise
c. money
d. grades
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 15 c= 5 d= 3 r = .52
143. Electric shock, scoldings, and bad grades are:
a. secondary reinforcers.
b. primary reinforcers.
c. aversive stimuli.
d. conditioned stimuli.
Answer c % correct 51 a= 28 b= 12 c= 51 d= 9 r = .30
144. The fact that a reward will increase the future likelihood of a response that produced it is known as:
a. the discrimination principle.
b. the law of practice.
c. the law of effect.
d. the Premack principle.
Answer c % correct 78 a= 2 b= 0 c= 78 d= 20 r = .27
145. A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways–with his paws and with his teeth. The last method worked and the first did not; hence, the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut. This observation illustrates the:
a. the discrimination principle.
b. the Law of Practice.
c. the Law of Effect.
d. the Premack principle.
Answer c % correct 62 a= 21 b= 3 c= 62 d= 14 r = .24
146. When the removal of an event increases the likelihood of a prior response, _______ has occurred.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
Answer b % correct 71 a= 10 b= 71 c= 10 d= 9 r = .49
147. The Internal Revenue Service threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation. This is an example of the use of _______ to control behavior.
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
Answer b % correct 61 a= 6 b= 61 c= 13 d= 20 r = .36
148. What is the typical dependent variable used in studies of the operant conditioning of lever pressing in rats?
a. the number of responses per minute
b. the cumulative record of lever presses
c. the average intensity of lever presses
d. none of the above
Answer b % correct 58 a= 9 b= 58 c= 13 d= 20 r = .50
149. If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and, all of a sudden, the response permanently ceases to produce any food, then _______ will occur.
a. shaping
b. discrimination
c. generalization
d. extinction
Answer d % correct 94 a= 1 b= 3 c= 2 d= 94 r = .24
150. Which of the following is a conditioned positive reinforcer?
a. money
b. sex
c. food
d. warmth
Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 4 c= 20 d= 11 r = .47
151. The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a particular operant response is called:
a. negative reinforcement.
b. discrimination training.
c. aversion conditioning.
d. punishment.
Answer d % correct 60 a= 21 b= 6 c= 13 d= 60 r = .38
152. Analogy: Negative reinforcement is to punishment as _______ is to _______.
a. presenting; withdrawing
b. withdrawing; presenting
c. aversive; pleasant
d. give; take
Answer b % correct 67 a= 10 b= 67 c= 7 d= 16 r = .44
153. Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer?
a. turning off an electric shock
b. giving a spanking
c. removing a noxious odor
d. silencing a banging door
Answer b % correct 89 a= 3 b= 89 c= 3 d= 5 r = .35
154. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
a. grades
b. water
c. money
d. recognition
Answer b % correct 88 a= 3 b= 88 c= 5 d= 5 r = .46
155. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
a. grades
b. water
c. money
d. recognition
Answer b % correct 74 a= 5 b= 74 c= 12 d= 8 r = .35
156. Billy throws rocks. Each time he throws a rock, he is immediately spanked. Spanking is a ________.
a. positive reinforcer
b. negative reinforcer
c. secondary reinforcer
d. punishment
Answer d % correct 78 a= 5 b= 16 c= 0 d= 78 r = .42
157. Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that:
a. a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner.
b. it results in the removal of the behavior.
c. the behavior results in the removal of a negative reinforcer.
d. the behavior is decreased/weakened.
Answer c % correct 50 a= 23 b= 15 c= 50 d= 12 r = .39
158. Aunt Bea gave Opie fried chicken livers every time he made his bed. Opie began making his bed more often than he used to. In this example, chicken livers are a _______ reinforcer.
a. neutral
b. negative
c. secondary
d. primary
Answer d % correct 86 a= 2 b= 2 c= 10 d= 86 r = .26
Stimulus Generalization, Stimulus Discrimination, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
159 Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?
a. acquisition and generalization
b. discrimination and extinction
c. discrimination and generalization
d. acquisition and discrimination
Answer c % correct 65 a= 9 b= 5 c= 65 d= 21 r = .52
160. Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ____________ .
a. response generalization
b. spontaneous recovery
c. stimulus generalization
d. vicarious conditioning
Answer a % correct 65 a= 65 b= 9 c= 13 d= 13 r = .42
161. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of ___________.
a. extinction
b. discrimination
c. avoidance training
d. desensitization
Answer b % correct 82 a= 1 b= 82 c= 11 d= 6 r = .43
162. The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .
a. extinction
b. generalization
c. spontaneous recovery
d. shaping
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 4 c= 2 d= 3 r = .39
163. The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .
a. extinction
b. inhibition
c. stimulus generalization
d. discrimination
Answer d % correct 81 a= 1 b= 5 c= 13 d= 81 r = .57
164. Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one you have learned to react to is called ___________ .
a. stimulus generalization
b. response generalization
c. higher-order conditioning
d. modeling
Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 21 c= 2 d= 4 r = .42
165. If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light, it is exhibiting ________.
a. generalization
b. discrimination
c. higher-order conditioning
d. extinction
Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 6 c= 22 d= 1 r = .35
166. The spread of conditioning to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus is called:
a. associative linkage.
b. generalization.
c. higher-order conditioning.
d. spontaneous recovery.
Answer b % correct 70 a= 8 b= 70 c= 17 d= 4 r = .42
167. Of the following phenomena, which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?
a. discrimination
b. extinction
c. generalization
d. spontaneous recovery
Answer c % correct 89 a= 8 b= 1 c= 89 d= 2 r = .38
168. A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father “daddy.” However, it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men “daddy.” This is an example of:
a. associative linkage.
b. generalization.
c. higher-order conditioning.
d. spontaneous recovery.
Answer b % correct 83 a= 12 b= 83 c= 4 d= 0 r = .34
169. Once conditioning has been acquired, presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces:
a. extinction.
b. generalization.
c. a new conditioned response.
d. spontaneous recovery.
Answer a % correct 45 a= 45 b= 18 c= 24 d= 12 r = .33
170. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in:
a. extinction.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. stimulus discrimination.
d. stimulus generalization.
Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 5 c= 12 d= 7 r = .46
171. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie now cries when she sees any dog, big or small, brown or black, etc. This illustrates which of the following?
a. generalization
b. discrimination
c. extinction
d. spontaneous recovery
Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 10 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30
172. When a CS is repeatedly presented by itself, ______ will occur.
a. generalization
b. discrimination
c. extinction
d. stimulus substitution
Answer c % correct 81 a= 6 b= 8 c= 81 d= 5 r = .46
173. John’s heart has been conditioned to beat rapidly whenever he smells Windsong perfume on a woman. However, John’s heart also races when he smells Chanel #5 and other perfumes. This illustrates:
a. stimulus generalization.
b. discrimination.
c. extinction.
d. spontaneous recovery.
Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 7 c= 0 d= 2 r = .21
174. Stimulus discrimination:
a. is a response followed by a reinforcer.
b. occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS.
c. is the removal of a stimulus.
d. occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli, but not to others.
Answer d % correct 74 a= 0 b= 25 c= 1 d= 74 r = .34
175. The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _______.
a. extinction
b. generalization
c. spontaneous recovery
d. shaping
Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 3 d= 8 r = .45
176. When a CR has been conditioned to a particular stimulus, the organism will also tend to make the CR in response to other stimuli. This phenomenon is called:
a. discrimination.
b. spread of effect.
c. generalization.
d. response shifting.
Answer c % correct 93 a= 0 b= 4 c= 93 d= 3 r = .38
177. Spontaneous recovery:
a. occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
b. occurs after a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
c. is an unlearned response.
d. can occur once a response has been extinguished.
Answer d % correct 81 a= 4 b= 6 c= 9 d= 81 r = .38
178. Laura’s heart rate had been conditioned to increase whenever she smelled Old Spice After Shave. However, her heart would also race to the aroma of Brut and English Leather. This reaction is known as:
a. shaping.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. operant conditioning.
d. discrimination.
Answer b % correct 93 a= 5 b= 93 c= 2 d= 1 r = .46
179. Stimulus generalization occurs:
a. only when a response is followed by a reinforcer.
b. only to those with a high capacity to learn.
c. after extinction.
d. when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the CS.
Answer d % correct 95 a= 3 b= 0 c= 2 d= 95 r = .22
180. This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith’s class. You know nothing about her tests, and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else. Nonetheless, you are anxious about the test. Your anxiety in this situation is an example of:
a. generalization.
b. discrimination.
c. backward conditioning.
d. none of the above.
Answer a % correct 75 a= 75 b= 8 c= 8 d= 8 r = .47
181. Corky’s mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks, but not when he sees other brands of franks. This response is known as:
a. extinction.
b. discrimination.
c. generalization.
d. intelligence.
Answer b % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 3 d= 0 r = .32
182. The opposite of stimulus generalization is:
a. stimulus discrimination
b. unconditioned stimulus.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. response generalization.
Answer a % correct 90 a= 90 b= 1 c= 0 d= 9 r = .32
183. Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one which you have learned to react is called _______.
a. stimulus generalization
b. response generalization
c. higher-order conditioning
d. modeling
Answer a % correct 51 a= 51 b= 44 c= 2 d=3 r = .39
184. The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _______.
a. extinction
b. inhibition
c. stimulus generalization
d. discrimination
Answer d % correct 77 a= 2 b= 12 c= 9 d= 77 r = .45
185. A person is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new, unconditioned fears result from _______.
a. modeling
b. discrimination
c. response generalization
d. stimulus generalization
Answer d % correct 82 a= 1 b= 5 c= 12 d= 82 r = .38
186. A person originally feared great heights, such as standing on top of tall buildings. Now the person has also developed fears of flying in airplanes, standing on ladders, and even watching high-wire artists perform. These new fears are probably the result of _______.
a. modeling
b. discrimination
c. stimulus generalization
d. response generalization
Answer c % correct 63 a= 3 b= 4 c= 63 d=30 r = .27
187. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of _______.
a. extinction
b. discrimination
c. avoidance training
d. desensitization
Answer b % correct 85 a= 1 b= 85 c= 9 d= 5 r = .32
188. A child who calls all four-legged animals “dogs” is exhibiting ______.
a. simplification
b. response generalization
c. stimulus generalization
d. equipotentiality
Answer c % correct 44 a= 17 b= 39 c= 44 d= 0 r = .32
189. Being able to solve new problems faster because of previous experience with similar problems is called ________.
a. rote behavior
b. a learning set
c. latent learning
d. insight learning
Answer b % correct 49 a= 1 b= 49 c= 26 d= 23 r = .56
Schedules of Reinforcement
190. You have a class in which you have a quiz every Friday. Your studying for quizzes is reinforced on what type of schedule?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
d. variable interval
Answer b % correct 82 a= 13 b= 82 c= 1 d= 4 r = .23
191. Which schedule of reinforcement is programmed into slot machines?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable interval
c. variable ratio
d. fixed interval
Answer c % correct 67 a= 7 b= 21 c= 67 d= 4 r = .40
192. On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________.
a. first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
b. first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed
c. next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred
d. next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred
Answer a % correct 84 a= 84 b= 4 c= 10 d= 2 r = .35
193. According to the law of effect, a behavior is MOST likely to be stamped in, or repeated, when it is __________ .
a. ignored
b. preceded by reinforcement
c. followed by reinforcement
d. accompanied by a neutral stimulus
Answer c % correct 96 a= 0 b= 1 c= 96 d= 3 r = .25
194. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a __________ reinforcer.
a. positive
b. negative
c. primary
d. secondary
Answer b % correct 88 a= 11 b= 88 c= 0 d= 1 r = .47
195. A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself is called a ________ reinforcer.
a. direct
b. delayed
c. primary
d. secondary
Answer c % correct 92 a= 4 b= 1 c= 92 d= 3 r = .46
196. Research suggests that delayed reinforcement ____________ .
a. is much more effective than immediate reinforcement
b. is slightly more effective than immediate reinforcement
c. is equally effective as immediate reinforcement
d. is less effective than immediate reinforcement
Answer d % correct 89 a= 7 b= 2 c= 0 d= 89 r = .23
197. Lila doesn’t like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced pop exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Her instructor is testing her on a __________ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer d % correct 79 a= 0 b= 2 c= 17 d= 79 r = .23
198. Sandy’s favorite activity is to go to Las Vegas and play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer c % correct 65 a= 12 b= 11 c= 65 d= 13 r = .56
199. An animal is placed in a box with a bar and also a wire floor that can deliver a mild shock. The experimenter first sounds a buzzer, then a few seconds later turns on the shock. Pressing the bar after the buzzer sounds but before the shock is delivered will prevent the shock from occurring. This is an example of __________ .
a. avoidance training
b. modeling
c. classical conditioning
d. punishment learning
Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 12 d= 7 r = .55
200. On a fixed-ratio schedule reinforcement is given _________ .
a. for the first correct response after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
b. for the next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made
c. for the first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
d. for the next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made
Answer b % correct 81 a= 1 b= 81 c= 18 d= 1 r = .32
201. On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________ .
a. for the first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed
b. for the first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed
c. for the next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made
d. for the next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made
Answer d % correct 77 a= 1 b= 19 c= 3 d= 77 r = .37
202. Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur more frequently is called a(n) __________ .
a. aversive control
b. punishment
c. antecedent
d. reinforcer
Answer d % correct 99 a= 1 b= 0 c= 0 d= 99 r = .26
203. The schedule of reinforcement that yields the slowest increase in a behavior and the fastest extinction of the behavior when the schedule is stopped is ________.
a. variable ratio
b. continuous reinforcement
c. partial reinforcement
d. fixed interval
Answer b % correct 22 a= 30 b= 22 c= 29 d= 18 r = .20
204. Five-year-old Tommy is helping get ready for a family reunion at Thanksgiving by polishing the good silverware. If his mother gives him a dime for each piece he polishes, what kind of reinforcement schedule is she using?
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio
Answer b % correct 78 a= 17 b= 78 c= 2 d= 3 r = .45
205. Linda sees a sign on a farmer’s fence that reads: HELP ME PICK STRAWBERRIES FOR EVERY 5 QUARTS YOU PICK, KEEP ONE FOR YOURSELF. If Linda decides to pick strawberries for this farmer, she would be under a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio
Answer b % correct 87 a= 8 b= 87 c= 1 d= 4 r = .24
206. A very high rate of responding is produced by a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio
Answer d % correct 36 a= 11 b= 29 c= 24 d= 36 r = .21
207. The only vending machine in your dorm is notorious for delivering its merchandise only occasionally when people put money in it. This is most similar to a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio
Answer d % correct 42 a= 2 b= 2 c= 54 d= 42 r = .45
208. Your professor has informed you at the beginning of the term that you will have eight tests–but they will all be unannounced. This is most similar to a _______ reinforcement schedule.
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio
Answer c % correct 71 a= 6 b= 5 c= 71 d= 17 r = .21
209. Gretta spends a lot of time at the race track betting on ponies, and occasionally she wins. The frequency of her betting is controlled by which of the following?
a. fixed ratio schedules
b. a continuous reinforcement schedule
c. a partial schedule of reinforcement
d. luck
Answer c % correct 80 a= 7 b= 5 c= 80 d= 8 r = .32
210. An infant who is fed every four hours is on a schedule that is SIMILAR to which of the following?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. variable interval
Answer c % correct 87 a= 10 b= 0 c= 87 d= 3 r = .42
211. A person receiving a monthly salary is on a:
a. continuous reinforcement schedule.
b. fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
c. fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
d. variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Answer c % correct 81 a= 7 b= 11 c= 81 d= 1 r = .32
212. On a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________.
a. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
b. after a specific number of responses are given
c. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given
Answer b % correct 79 a= 8 b= 79 c= 2 d= 11 r = .24
213. On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given ________.
a. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
b. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
c. after a specific number of responses are given
d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given
Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 8 c= 18 d= 0 r = .42
214. On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given _______.
a. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
b. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
c. after a specific number of responses are given
d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given
Answer d % correct 57 a= 7 b= 28 c= 8 d= 57 r = .37
215. On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _______.
a. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
b. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
c. after a specific number of responses are given
d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given
Answer b % correct 67 a= 13 b= 67 c= 3 d= 17 r = .35
216. Scott works at a job where he is paid a salary every 2 weeks. Scott is being reinforced on a _______ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer b % correct 81 a= 15 b= 81 c= 1 d= 3 r = .25
217. Sandy’s favorite activity is to go to Las Vegas and play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a _______ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer c % correct 48 a= 11 b= 8 c= 48 d= 33 r = .30
218. Perry works at a job where he is paid by commission. For every car Perry sells, he gets 10% of the profits. Perry is being reinforced on a _______ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer a % correct 53 a= 53 b= 3 c= 32 d= 12 r = .33
219. Abigail is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees’ behavior. She is worried about consistent behavior, not speed. Therefore, she is interested in getting a slow but steady rate of response from her workers. According to reinforcement principles, she should probably use a ________ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer d % correct 48 a= 13 b= 10 c= 29 d= 48 r = .30
220. Abigail is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees’ behavior. She is interested in short-term productivity (speed), not consistency, long-term productivity, or employee turnover. According to reinforcement theory, she should probably use a _______ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
Answer a % correct 32 a= 32 b= 20 c= 28 d= 21 r = .21
221. If Billy was praised every 4th time he collected rocks without throwing them, his behavior would be on which schedule of reinforcement?
a. variable ratio
b. fixed interval
c. fixed ratio
d. variable interval
Answer c % correct 69 a= 4 b= 26 c= 69 d= 2 r = .35
222. Which schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. variable interval
Answer c % correct 82 a= 9 b= 1 c= 82 d= 8 r = .21
Operant Conditioning
223. An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is _____________.
a. blinking in response to a flash of light
b. studying in order to get a teacher’s approval
c. sneezing in response to dust
d. pulling one’s hand away from a flame
Answer b % correct 72 a= 8 b= 72 c= 4 d= 16 r = .34
224. Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by _____________.
a. operant conditioning
b. trial and error
c. classical conditioning
d. extinction
Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 3 c= 14 d= 6 r = .37
225. Shaping is achieved through:
a. discrimination training.
b. generalization.
c. higher-order conditioning.
d. successive approximations.
Answer d % correct 45 a= 24 b= 7 c= 23 d= 45 r = .55
226. To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of __________ .
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. negative reinforcement
d. secondary learning
Answer b % correct 91 a= 4 b= 91 c= 1 d= 4 r = .33
227. A young girl is just learning to dress herself. At first, the parents call her a “big girl” just for putting on her clothes “frontwards,” even if they are not buttoned. Then, they call her a “big girl” if she tries to button them–even if the buttons are not in the right holes. Then, they call her a “big girl” only if she buttons them correctly. They have been using:
a. discrimination.
b. generalization.
c. higher-order conditioning.
d. successive approximation.
Answer d % correct 45 a= 1 b= 3 c= 51 d= 45 r = .27
228. Operant conditioning assumes that:
a. events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future.
b. one’s mental processes (e.g., memory and perception) mediate what behaviors one does in a situation.
c. voluntary behaviors are reflexive.
d. one learns by watching others’ behavior.
Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 16 c= 10 d= 19 r = .47
229. Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn’t work. She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled. Finally, she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over. At last, using _______, she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.
a. shaping
b. positive reinforcement
c. positive reinforcers
d. secondary reinforcers
Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 4 c= 4 d= 5 r = .48
230. Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final, terminal behavior is called:
a. positive reinforcement.
b. shaping.
c. positive reinforcers.
d. secondary reinforcers.
Answer b % correct 88 a= 4 b= 88 c= 4 d= 3 r = .25
231. A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called:
a. higher order conditioning.
b. shaping.
c. modeling.
d. response generalization.
Answer b % correct 86 a= 6 b= 86 c= 7 d= 0 r = .39
232. Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called _______.
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. negative reinforcement
d. classical conditioning
Answer b % correct 88 a= 11 b= 88 c= 0 d= 1 r = .20
Cognitive Learning Theory and Observational Learning
233. The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.
a. cognitive mapping
b. vicarious learning
c. latent learning
d. insight
Answer d % correct 68 a= 16 b= 5 c= 11 d= 68 r = .35
234. Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. insight learning
d. observational learning
Answer d % correct 93 a= 1 b=2 c= 4 d= 93 r = .18
235. What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
a. insight learning
b. serial enumeration
c. latent learning
d. shaping
Answer c % correct 73 a= 16 b= 0 c= 73 d= 7 r = .32
236. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.
a. vicarious learning
b. innate learning
c. latent learning
d. insight
Answer c % correct 63 a= 6 b= 28 c= 63 d= 1 r = .39
237. In a study on learning, the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals. She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning. She is studying ___________ .
a. neurophysiological learning
b. primary learning
c. secondary learning
d. cognitive learning
Answer d % correct 70 a= 7 b= 11 c= 11 d= 70 r = .33
238. The idea that for classical conditioning to occur, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must tell you something about whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur is called ___________ theory.
a. social learning
b. contingency
c. operant conditioning
d. autonomic conditioning
Answer b % correct 79 a= 6 b= 79 c= 9 d= 6 r = .37
239. In Bandura’s classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, __________ .
a. children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model rewarded
b. children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who say the model punished
c. children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded
d. children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished
Answer d % correct 23 a= 13 b= 10 c= 54 d= 23 r = .38
240. Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning.
a. autonomic
b. primary
c. secondary
d. cognitive
Answer d % correct 85 a= 5 b= 1 c= 9 d= 85 r = .23
241. The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .
a. Watson
b. Skinner
c. Thorndike
d. Tolman
Answer d % correct 61 a= 6 b= 13 c= 20 d= 61 r = .47
242. The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called _____________.
a. a Gestalt
b. insight
c. a Skinner response
d. a cognitive map
Answer d % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 0 d= 98 r = .12
243. The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second) stimulus, even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously, is called ___________ .
a. a learning set
b. learned helplessness
c. diffusion
d. blocking
Answer d % correct 89 a= 4 b= 5 c= 1 d= 89 r = .27
244. Social learning theory’s foremost proponent is __________ .
a. Watson
b. Thorndike
c. Skinner
d. Bandura
Answer d % correct 54 a= 12 b= 25 c= 9 d= 54 r = .49
245. A key to social learning theory is ____________ .
a. insight learning
b. cognitive mapping
c. latent learning
d. observational learning
Answer d % correct 71 a= 13 b= 7 c= 9 d= 71 r = .20
246. Cognitive learning involves:
a. an association between events or phenomena.
b. an association between responses.
c. an association between behavior and its consequences.
d. internal representations of events in the world.
Answer d % correct 33 a= 14 b= 21 c= 33 d= 33 r = .39
247. During your very first visit to your campus, you probably needed a map to get around efficiently. However, a little while later you no longer needed the map, because _______ had occurred.
a. classical conditioning
b. cognitive learning
c. instrumental conditioning
d. operant conditioning
Answer b % correct 73 a= 7 b= 73 c= 4 d= 16 r = .24
248. Insight is a concept associated with _______ learning theory.
a. classical
b. operant
c. social
d. cognitive
Answer d % correct 77 a= 1 b= 14 c= 8 d= 77 r = .34
249. Though Jenny tried in vain to reach a puzzle on the top shelf by standing on a chair, she simply could not reach. Suddenly she realized that by placing a thick catalog on the seat of the chair, she would be high enough to reach the puzzle. Jenny’s solution is best explained by which of the following?
a. her previous history of conditioning
b. her previous experiences with reaching objects that are out of reach
c. latent learning
d. insight
Answer d % correct 74 a= 0 b= 6 c= 19 d= 74 r = .42
250. Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using:
a. observation and imitation.
b. unobservable mental processes.
c. classical conditioning processes.
d. classical, operant, and observational processes.
Answer b % correct 37 a= 27 b= 37 c= 7 d= 29 r = .41
251. The founder of Gestalt psychology and pioneer of insight problem solving was:
a. Thorndike.
b. Terman.
c. Kohler.
d. Harlow.
Answer c % correct 72 a= 19 b= 3 c= 72 d= 6 r = .30
252. The mental storing of an entire image of an area, such as a maze or floor plan of a building is called______.
a. Gestalt
b. insight
c. Skinner response
d. a cognitive map
Answer d % correct 93 a= 1 b= 5 c= 1 d= 93 r = .22
253. The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is _____.
a. insight
b. latent learning
c. cognitive mapping
d. contingency blocking
Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 10 c= 8 d= 2 r = .46
254. Cognitive maps are:
a. observable mental events.
b. consistent with conditioning theories.
c. learned without reinforcement.
d. inconsistent with insightful problem solving.
Answer c % correct 42 a= 37 b= 17 c= 42 d= 4 r = .27
255. Insight is a concept associated with ________ learning theory.
a. classical
b. operant
c. social
d. cognitive
Answer d % correct 85 a= 4 b= 6 c= 5 d= 85 r = .20
PAGE
PAGE
| Learning Objectives | Remember the Facts | Understand the Concepts | Apply What You Know | Analyze It |
| 5.1: James is often energetic when interviews begin, so he tends to remember and focus on those who come in first. | 1, 178, 197, 214 | 2-4 | ||
| 5.2: Describe and explain the origins of classical conditioning and its
important elements. |
6-8, 10, 13-14, 16, 24, 26-27, 30, 34, 36, 40-41, 179-180, 182, 203 | 11, 43, 181, 202 | 5, 9, 12, 15, 17-23, 25, 28-29, 31-33, 35, 37-39, 42, 198-201, 215, 217 | 216 |
| 5.3: Define conditioned emotional responses, and explain conditioned
taste aversions. |
47, 56, 185 | 44-46, 48-49, 53, 55, 61-63, 183, 205, 218 | 50-52, 54, 57-60, 184, 204 | |
| 5.4: Describe the theory of operant conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning, and explain the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner. | 66-68, 72, 74-75, 186, 206 | 64, 71, 73 | 65, 69-70 | |
| 5.5: Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and the
processes of positive and negative reinforcement. |
76, 78-79, 85, 88 | 77, 80, 83, 87, 92, 187, 207-208 | 81-82, 84, 86, 89-91, 93 | 219 |
| 5.6: Distinguish among the schedules of reinforcement. | 97-98, 101 | 96, 188, 209 | 94-95, 99-100, 102-107, 189, 220-221 | |
| 5.7: Compare and contrast punishment with reinforcement, and list
some of the problems associated with using punishment. |
109, 111-112, 119-120 | 108, 114, 117-118, 210 | 110, 113, 115-116, 190, 211 | 219 |
| 5.8: Describe the role of operant stimuli in controlling behavior as well as other concepts that can enhance or limit operant conditioning. | 123 | 121 | 122, 124 |
Chapter 5
Learning
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT
GUIDE
| Learning Objectives | Remember the Facts | Understand the Concepts | Apply What You Know | Analyze It |
| 5.9: Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, and identify some limitations to its use. | 126-127, 130, 136, 139, 141-142, 191 | 135, 137 | 125, 128-129, 131-134, 138, 140, 143 | |
| 5.10: Define and explain the concept of latent learning. | 144-146, 192, 222 | 193, 212 | ||
| 5.11: Explain the concept of insight learning. | 147, 149-150 | 148, 151-152 | ||
| 5.12: Explain the concept of learned helplessness. | 153-154, 158, 194, 213 | 159 | 155-157, 160, 195 | |
| 5.13: Describe the process of observational learning. | 161-162, 164-165 | 166 | 163, 167-169, 196, 223 | |
| 5.14: List the four elements of observational learning. | 170, 175-176 | 171-174 | ||
| 5.15: Provide and describe an example of conditioning in the
real world. |
177 |
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