Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children,7th Edition by Kathryn L. – Test Bank

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Chapter 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?

ANS: B

Prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time. Thus both the incidence rate and the length of the survival period in affected individuals determine prevalence. The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically 1 year), divided by the number of individuals in the population. A numerical expression representing a part of a larger whole or proportion is considered a ratio. Any factor that increases the chance of disease or injury is considered a risk.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 165

2.The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk?

ANS: D

A common measure of the effect of a specific risk factor is the relative risk. Assuming a factor is the cause of a disease, attributable risk is the amount of risk that is due to that factor. A future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty is a contingency risk. The probability of the outcome is termed a causal risk factor.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 165

3.Empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases are based on:

ANS: B

For most multifactorial diseases, empirical risks (i.e., risks based on direct observation of data) have been derived. The other options are not the basis for determining the empirical risk of most multifactorial diseases.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 167

4.What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?

ANS: C

A reduction in the number of functional LDL receptors on cell surfaces causes FH. Lacking the normal number of LDL receptors, cellular cholesterol uptake is reduced and circulating cholesterol levels increase (see Box 5-3). The other options are not the basis for developing familial FH.

PTS:1REF:Page 173 | Box 5-3

5.Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?

ANS: D

The most important environmental risk factors for hypertension are increased sodium intake, decreased physical activity, psychosocial stress, and obesity. However, obesity is, itself, influenced by genes and the environment.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 172

6.What percentage of all cases of breast cancer are identified as an autosomal dominant form?

ANS: A

An autosomal dominant form of breast cancer accounts for approximately 5% of breast cancer cases in the United States.

PTS:1REF:Page 172 | Page 174

7.When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater?

ANS: A

If a woman has one affected first-degree relative, her risk of developing breast cancer doubles.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 172

8.Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent when raised by nonalcoholic parents have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism?

ANS: C

Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent, even when raised by nonalcoholic parents, have a fourfold increased risk of developing the disorder.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 179

9.Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity by affecting what?

ANS: A

Clinical trials using recombinant leptin have demonstrated moderate weight loss in a subset of obese individuals. In addition, leptin participates in important interactions with other components of appetite control, such as neuropeptide Y and α–melanocyte-stimulating hormone and its receptor, the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). Currently, no research supports the other options as being genetically regulated.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 178

10.The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?

ANS: A

BRCA1 mutations increase the risk of ovarian cancer among women (20% to 50% lifetime risk), and BRCA2 mutations also confer an increased risk of ovarian cancer (10% to 20% lifetime prevalence). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are not currently believed to be linked with risks of lung, uterine, or pancreatic cancers.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 174

11.Blood pressure variations are associated with:

ANS: C

Significant research is now focused on specific components that may influence blood pressure variation, such as the renin-angiotensin system (involved in sodium reabsorption and vasoconstriction). The other options are not related to hypertension.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 172

12.The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are:

ANS: C

The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are positive family history and obesity. The other options are not believed to be important risk factors for this form of diabetes.

PTS:1REF:Pages 177-178

13.A major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus is that there is:

ANS: B

A strong association between type 1 diabetes and the presence of several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles indicate that type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease. The remaining options are associated with type 2 diabetes.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 174

14.Obesity acts as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus by:

ANS: B

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffer from insulin resistance (i.e., their cells have difficulty using insulin). The other options are not associated with the effect of obesity regarding insulin production.

PTS:1REF:Pages 177-178

15.Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are referred to by which term?

ANS: A

Traits in which variation is thought to be caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are polygenic, meaning many genes. Multifocal means relating to or arising from many points. Modifiable refers to the changeability of something. Involuntary suggests being out of the control of someone or something.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 165

16.Regarding type 2 diabetes, obesity is considered to be what type of risk?

ANS: D

Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. The other terms do not apply.

PTS:1REF:Pages 177-178

17.Which disease form is identified on the basis of empirical risk observation?

ANS: B

For most multifactorial diseases, empirical risks (i.e., risks based on direct observation of data) have been derived. Traits in which variation is thought to be caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are polygenic. Monozygotic is a term that refers to identical twins. Genetic refers to issues related to genes and their influence on the body.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 167

18.The number of persons living with a specific disease at a specific point in time is referred to by which term?

ANS: C

The prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time. Thus both the incidence rate and the length of the survival period in affected individuals determine prevalence. The description in the question does not relate to any of the other options.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 164

19.Which type of cancer is said to aggregate among families?

ANS: A

Breast cancer appears to aggregate strongly in families. The other cancers are not believed to be familial in nature.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 172

20.Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?

ANS: C

A low-fat, high-fiber diet is thought to decrease the risk of colon cancer.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 165

21.It is currently believed that the risk for developing Alzheimer disease:

ANS: D

The risk of developing Alzheimer disease doubles in individuals who have an affected first-degree relative. The other statements are not true.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 178

22.The number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population is defined as which characteristic of a disease?

ANS: B

The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically 1 year) divided by the number of individuals in the population. The description provided in the question does not describe any of the other options.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 164

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

23.Cancers that cluster strongly in families include: (Select all that apply.)

ANS: A, B, C

Although breast, ovarian, and colon cancers have shown a strong familial tendency, lung and brain cancers have not.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 172

24.Which genes are responsible for an autosomal dominant form of breast cancer? (Select all that apply.)

ANS: D, E

Women who inherit a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 experience a 50% to 80% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. The other options do not carry this risk.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 174

25.Lifestyle modifications that affect health-related risk factors include: (Select all that apply.)

ANS: A, B, E

Lifestyle modification (e.g., diet, exercise, stress reduction) can often reduce health risks significantly. Education and finances have not been shown to have an effect on health in a way that involves lifestyle modifications.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 180

26.What factors are typically considered when assessing an individual’s risk for developing such common diseases as hypertension? (Select all that apply.)

ANS: A, B, C, D

Many factors influence the risk of acquiring a common disease, such as cancer, diabetes, or hypertension. These factors can include age, gender, diet, exercise, and family history of the disease. Current research does not support a connection between spiritual beliefs and the development of hypertension.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 165

27.Examples of multifactorial diseases associated with adults include: (Select all that apply.)

ANS: A, B, D, E

Multifactorial diseases in adults include coronary heart disease, hypertension, breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes mellitus, obesity, Alzheimer disease, alcoholism, schizophrenia, and bipolar affective disorder. Emphysema is not considered multifactorial.

PTS:1REF:Pages 171-180

MATCHING

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.

______ A. Incidence rate effect of multiple genes

______ B. Gene-environment interaction

______ C. Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur

______ D. Obesity

______ E. Polygenic

______ F. Empirical risk

______ G. Relative risk

28.Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes

29.Number of persons living with the disease

30.Yields an increased risk for some diseases

31.Modifiable risk factor for many diseases

32.Number of new cases (persons) detected with the disease

33.Measure of the effect of a specific risk factor

34.Risks based on direct observation of data

28.ANS:EPTS:1REF:Page 165

MSC:Traits in which variation is thought to be caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are polygenic (i.e., many genes).

29.ANS:CPTS:1REF:Page 164

MSC:The prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time. Thus both the incidence rate and the length of the survival period in affected individuals determine prevalence.

30.ANS:BPTS:1REF:Page 171

MSC: In some cases, a genetic predisposition may interact with an environmental factor to increase the risk of disease to a significantly higher level than would either factor acting alone. A good example of a gene-environment interaction is given by  1-antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic condition that causes pulmonary emphysema and is greatly exacerbated by cigarette smoking (see Box 5-2).

31.ANS:DPTS:1REF:Pages 177-178

MSC: Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.

32.ANS:APTS:1REF:Page 164

MSC: The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically 1 year), divided by the number of individuals in the population.

33.ANS:GPTS:1REF:Page 165

MSC: A common measure of the effect of a specific risk factor is the relative risk.

34.ANS:FPTS:1REF:Page 167

MSC: For most multifactorial diseases, empirical risks (i.e., risks based on direct observation of data) have been derived.