Parenting A Dynamic Perspective 2nd Edition By George W. Holden – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

1. Parenting __________ are variables and pressures that influence parenting behaviors.

*A. determinants

B. factors

C. restrictions

D. characteristics

Answer Location: Categories of Determinants, page 124

Cognitive Domain: Factual

2. Which of the following influences were NOT included in Belsky’s model of parenting behavior?

A. Child characteristics

B. Contextual sources of stress and social support

*C. Situational Influences

D. Parental psychological resources

Answer Location: A Mid-Level Model, page 124

Cognitive Domain: Factual

3. Belsky and his colleagues believed that __________ played the most important role in parenting behaviors.

A. the child’s characteristics

*B. a parent’s personality 

C. the family’s social support

D. the parent’s multiple stressors

Answer Location: A Mid-Level Model, page 124

Cognitive Domain: Factual

4. Cross-cultural research with mothers and 5-month-old infants in the United States, France, and Japan revealed that Japanese mothers __________ more than the other mothers.

*A. encouraged social looking 

B. punished social connectedness 

C. ignored misbehaviors

D. acknowledged independence

Answer Location: Culture, page 127

Cognitive Domain: Factual

5. In Japan, socialization practices are designed to promote __________ and in the United States, __________ is encouraged at an early age.

A. independence, interdependence

B. interdependence, religiosity

*C. interdependence, independence

D. religiosity, independence

Answer Location: Culture, page 127

Cognitive Domain: Factual

6. Parents from lower-SES backgrounds are more likely to value obedience than middle-class parents who encourage self-direction. Melvin Kohn theorized that these differences were driven by the __________.

A. insecure parent-child attachment classifications

B. differences in religious beliefs that parents held

C. young age of many low SES parents

*D. characteristics valued in parent’s life situations

Answer Location: Socioeconomic Status, page 128

Cognitive Domain: Factual

7. Marianella is quick to punish her son if he does not comply with her requests. According to Kohn, Marianella’s strict requirement for obedience is likely related to her __________.

*A. SES

B. Religion

C. History

D. Ethnicity

Answer Location: Socioeconomic Status, page 128

Cognitive Domain: Applied

8. Obedience and the ability to “stick to the rules” are more likely to pay off in __________ occupations.

A. high salary, executive positions

*B. lower salary, manual labor jobs

C. mid-level salary, management positions

D. entry-level salary, professional positions

Answer Location: Socioeconomic Status, page 129

Cognitive Domain: Applied

9. Mindful parenting refers to the moment-to-moment, nonjudgmental awareness by which parents remain intentional in their child rearing and grounded in the present moment. From which of the following religions or philosophical traditions does “mindful” parenting originate?

A. Christianity

*B. Buddhism

C. Judaism

D. Confucianism

Answer Location: Religion, page 130

Cognitive Domain: Factual

10. A meta-analytic review of research across cultures and religious groups determined that religious people shared an appreciation of __________.

A. hedonism

B. thriftiness

*C. kindness

D. honesty

Answer Location: Religion, page 131

Cognitive Domain: Factual

11. Jason was raised in a religious family, but he quit attending services when he was a teenager. As a new father, he is likely to __________. 

A. struggle to parent well because he has left the spiritual path

B. teach his child to be a spiritual, but not a religious person

C. follow his partner’s lead in terms of religious practice

*D. become involved in his religious practice once more

Answer Location: Religion, page 131

Cognitive Domain: Factual

12. In general, husbands of working wives are __________ single-earner fathers.

*A. more involved in child care activities than

B. less satisfied with their children’s behavior than

C. no more involved in household work than

D. as equally involved in household activities as

Answer Location: Parental Employment, page 133

Cognitive Domain: Factual

13. As of 2012, about __________ of mothers of small children in the United States worked outside the home.

A. 25%

B. 45%

*C. 65%

D. 85%

Answer Location: Parental Employment, page 132

Cognitive Domain: Factual

14. Greenberger and her colleagues found that mothers and fathers are equally committed to employers and also share similar levels of job satisfaction. In addition, the researchers found that __________.

A. mothers and fathers feel less stress when both work outside the home

*B. mothers feel more stress as they attempt to balance work and home commitments

C. fathers feel conflicted about being away from their children more than mothers do

D. mothers and fathers who work outside the home share household chores evenly

Answer Location: Parental Employment, page 133

Cognitive Domain: Factual

15. A set of processes that lead to aversive psychological and physiological reactions arising from the attempts to adapt to the demands of parenthood is labeled __________.

*A. parenting stress

B. adaptive demand

C. demand burden

D. caretaker duress

Answer Location: Stress, page 134

Cognitive Domain: Factual

16. As a single mother, Shannon typically deals with stressors and still manages to parent in an authoritative manner. After her car broke down, Shannon lost all patience with her son and yelled at him for a minor wrongdoing. In this case, the __________ likely influenced the negative shift in Shannon’s parenting behaviors.

A. ongoing pressure of being a single parent

B. individual characteristics of her son

*C. additive nature of stress 

D. lack of social support 

Answer Location: Stress

Pages 134, 135

Cognitive Domain: Applied

17. Jennifer is a single mom and a college student. A friend babysits Jennifer’s son so that she can attend classes before going to work. The babysitting is a form of __________ that likely helps Jennifer parent more effectively.

A. emotional support

*B. instrumental assistance

C. neighborhood aid

D. social scaffolding

Answer Location: Social Support, page 135

Cognitive Domain: Applied 

18. Assistance from others, or social support, __________.

A. may undermine an individual’s sense of autonomy

B. is only effective when provided by a spouse or partner

C. is likely to encourage people to stay in poverty

*D. helps counteract the negative effects of stress

Answer Location: Social Support, page 135

Cognitive Domain: Factual 

19. Living in a poor, inner-city neighborhood is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes for children. Parents who are successful in this context __________.

*A. are active and strategic in preventing problematic child outcomes 

B. are fortunate to have children who are not affected by hardships

C. consistently resolve conflicts and solve problems successfully 

D. benefit from unique prior learning which improved their parenting skills

Answer Location: Neighborhood, page 136

Cognitive Domain: Factual 

20. Allejandro lives in an urban high rise apartment in a poverty-stricken neighborhood. His parents have taught him to distrust anyone who is not a family member and they have encouraged aggressive play and independence since he was very young. Which of the following statements best describes why Allejandro’s parents parented in this manner?

A. Allejandro’s parents failed to understand the importance of teaching their son to be kind and compassionate.

*B. These childrearing choices maximized the likelihood that Allejandro would survive in this “war zone” environment. 

C. Allejandro’s mother, a take-charge individual, made these child rearing decisions to raise a son she could be proud of.

D. Sadly, Allejandro’s parents cared little about him and hoped for a time when their parenting responsibilities would be finished. 

Answer Location: Neighborhood, page 135

Cognitive Domain: Applied

21. Parental attitudes shape the behaviors of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. For example, __________ tend to place importance on expressive issues like emotion but __________ tend to place importance on instrumental issues like responsibility.

A. Mothers of girls, mothers of boys

B. Fathers of girls, fathers of boys

*C. mothers, fathers

D. fathers, mothers

Answer Location: Gender, page 138

Cognitive Domain: Factual

22. “Ghosts in the nursery,” a powerful source of influence on parental behaviors, refers to __________.

A. sad memories of infants lost to SIDS

*B. experiences with one’s own parents

C. parents’ fears of parenting ineffectively

D. memories of one’s previous parenting practices

Answer Location: Prior Experiences, page 138

Cognitive Domain: Factual

23. Experience with parenting a first-born teenager typically leads to __________ when parenting a second-born teenager at the same age. 

A. fears of future misconduct 

B. greater power struggles

C. less effective parenting

*D. lower rates of conflict

Answer Location: Stable Parent Characteristics, page 139

Cognitive Domain: Factual

24. Mothers who believe they have little power in influencing the behavior of a child are likely to _________ when interacting with the child.

*A. be unassertive and irritable 

B. work harder to gain control

C. try and reason or compromise

D. attempt to lower rates of conflict

Answer Location: Social Cognitions, page 139

Cognitive Domain: Factual

25. Lila and her son, Jacob, were visiting friends one afternoon when Jacob melted into a terrible tantrum. Lila wondered if he was tired, then thought quickly about what might help him regain his composure. Her attempt to understand Jacob’s experience from his point of view reveals her __________.

A. frustration

B. intellect

*C. empathy

D. tolerance

Answer Location: Personality, page 141

Cognitive Domain: Applied

26. “Goodness of fit” refers to __________.

*A. how well a parent’s actions match with a child’s temperament

B. whether or not a child’s temperament is compatible with their parents’ temperament

C. whether a child’s temperament is the same as their parent’s temperament

D. how well a child adheres to actions compatible with their parent’s temperament

Answer Location: Child’s Temperament, page 143

Cognitive Domain: Factual

27. Children who are perceived by parents as difficult to manage __________.

A. receive greater amounts of coaching from fathers than do children perceived as easygoing

*B. elicit less responsive caregiving from mothers than those perceived as easygoing

C. elicit more thoughtful childrearing as parents strive to do what is best for their children

D. receive similar amounts and types of discipline as those children described as easygoing

Answer Location: Child’s Temperament, page 143

Cognitive Domain: Factual

28. Leaper’s 2002 review provided evidence of gender-based differences in parenting behaviors. Data indicated that parents encourage __________ in boys, but not in girls.

A. hopefulness

B. honesty

C. respect

*D. autonomy

Answer Location: Child’s Gender, page 143

Cognitive Domain: Factual

29. First-born children typically receive more attention and more pressure to achieve than later-born children. The amount of attention the younger siblings receive is affected by the __________.

A. newborn’s gender

B. newborn’s temperament

*C. older sibling’s age

D. parent’s age

Answer Location: Child’s Birth Order, page 143

Cognitive Domain: Factual

30. As of 2008, about __________ of births in the United States are to women who are separated, widowed, divorced, or who were never married.

A. 10%

B. 20%

C. 30%

*D. 40%

Answer Location: Family Structure, page 144

Cognitive Domain: Factual

31. In families of four or more children, discipline tends to be more __________ than in families with fewer children.

A. Authoritative

*B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Uninvolved

Answer Location: Family Structure, page 144

Cognitive Domain: Factual

32. Eduardo and his wife quarrel often and no longer share a warm and loving relationship. Eduardo’s son, Rafael, has an affectionate and close relationship with his father, and appears to be relatively unaffected by his parent’s marital discord. Which of the following constructs best describes why Rafael continues to thrive in this difficult context? 

A. Counterbalance theory

B. Spillover hypothesis

C. Redirected Affect theory

*D. Compensatory hypothesis

Answer Location: Stable Family Characteristics, page 146

Cognitive Domain: Factual

33. Which of the following variables types was NOT listed as situational determinants of parenting behaviors?

A. transient child characteristics 

*B. transient parent attributions

C. context

D. transient parent characteristics

Answer Location: Situational Determinants, page 146

Cognitive Domain: Factual

34. When Christine played hide and seek with her young son, she shared his raucous laughter and happy mood. Just a short time later when she was on the telephone, his boisterous play prompted a reprimand. This exemplifies how __________ influences parenting behaviors.

A. telephone calls

*B. context

C. length of play

D. impatience

Answer Location: Context, page 146

Cognitive Domain: Applied

35. Parenting behaviors in the home __________ parenting behaviors in a more public location.

*A. can show considerable variation from 

B. are typically consistent with 

C. are more child-centered than

D. show no association with

Answer Location: Context, page 146

Cognitive Domain: Factual

36. Evans, Maxwell, and Hart (1999) studied the effects of crowding on parent-child communication. The researchers found that crowding __________.

A. reduced the number of communications between parents and children

B. was unrelated to parent’s communication with their children

*C. reduced the complexity of sentences parents used when speaking to children

D. increased the number of directives parents gave to children

Answer Location: Context, pages 146, 147

Cognitive Domain: Factual

37. Short term goals are a powerful influence on parenting behaviors. __________ are intended to prepare the child for long-term success. 

A. Cultural goals

B. Child centered goals

C. Adaptation goals

*D. Socialization goals

Answer Location: Transient Parent Characteristics, page 147

Cognitive Domain: Factual

38. Which of the following statements best describes the effect of parental emotions on parenting behaviors? 

A. Negative emotions have no place in organizing effective parenting behaviors.

*B. Positive and negative emotions are essential because they help parents respond well.

C. Only positive emotions can undermine effective parenting behaviors.

D. Negative emotions can promote effective parenting, but positive emotions do not.

Answer Location: Transient Parent Characteristics, pages 147, 148

Cognitive Domain: Factual

39. Studies examining reaction to child misbehavior indicate that __________ is the single most influential determinant for choice of response.

A. the parent’s disciplinary philosophy

B. the child’s age and stage of development

*C. the type of misdeed that occurred

D. the parent’s child-rearing approach

Answer Location: Transient Child Characteristics, page 148

Cognitive Domain: Factual

40. Parenting stressors appear to have a/an __________ effect. That is, as new stressors are experienced, the likelihood of a poor child-rearing environment is increased.

*A. additive

B. exponential 

C. accumulation

D. multiplicative

Answer Location: Interrelations among Determinants, page 148

Cognitive Domain: Factual

41. When Robert and his wife lived in university married student housing with a young daughter, everyone had a low income, but were hopeful about the future. Financial hardship had little influence on parenting behaviors. In this case, living around other poor students __________ the influence of economic hardship as a determinant of child rearing.

A. interacted with

*B. mediated

C. moderated

D. compensated for

Answer Location: Interrelations among Determinants, page 149

Cognitive Domain: Applied

42. Fathers are sometimes observed to behave differently toward their sons than toward their daughters. This is an example of a/an __________ effect between the gender of the parent and the gender of the child.

*A. interaction

B. mediating

C. moderating

D. compensatory

Answer Location: Interrelations among Determinants, page 150

Cognitive Domain: Factual

43. A compensatory effect of child-rearing determinants occurs when the effects of one __________.

A. variable depend on the existence of effects for a second variable

B. independent variable increases the effects of a second variable

C. positive variable reduces the effects of a second positive variable

*D. positive variable is strong enough to make up for one negative variable

Answer Location: Interrelations among Determinants, page 150

Cognitive Domain: Factual

44. Briefly describe how socioeconomic status (SES) is determined.

*Answer: The variable is typically determined by measuring parents’ occupations, education levels, and incomes. 

Answer Location: Socioeconomic Status, page 128

45. Briefly describe how maternal employment affects a mother’s emotional state.

*Answer: On the positive side, maternal employment can impact her general satisfaction and morale by providing mental stimulation, building self-esteem, and offering relief from child care and home chores. It may also serve as a buffer from the stresses of marital difficulties or of interacting with a difficult or challenged child. Negative impacts may include conflict between her role as mother and employee and anxiety or guilt over separation from her child.

Answer Location: Parental Employment, pages 133, 134

46. Identify three ways in which stress negatively influences parenting.

*Answer: Stressed parents are less nurturant, supportive, patient, and involved. Instead they are likely to be irritable, negative, punitive, and withdrawn. 

Answer Location: Stress, page 135 

47. Identify three central parental characteristics that are related to childrearing.

*Answer: Gender

Prior experiences

Social cognitions (attitudes and beliefs)

Personality

Answer Location: Stable Parent Characteristics, page 137

48. Briefly describe how mothers and fathers differ on how they play with their children.

Fathers tend to engage in verbal or didactic play less than mothers do; they are more stimulating and rough in their play.

*Answer: Mothers, compared to fathers, tend to be more responsive to variations in their children’s play; they are more likely to enforce rules and communicate and play peekaboo-type games.

Answer Location: Stable Parent Characteristics, page 138

49. Describe the nature of the research about single fathers and their parenting competence.

*Answer: Even though almost 20% of single-parent homes are headed by men, there is very little research on the topic. Available evidence indicates that men can certainly be competent fathers

Answer Location: Gender, page 138

50. Identify the four well documented stable child characteristics that are determinants of parenting. For two of the characteristics, give examples of how they affect childrearing.

*Answer: Child’s age, temperament, gender, and birth order.  One example concerns temperament. A compliant, easy-going child will elicit different parenting than a child with a challenging temperament. A second example is child gender. Parents of daughters may treat them differently and have different expectations for them than they do for sons. 

Answer Location: Stable Child Characteristics, page 142

51. Discuss urban poverty as a determinant of parenting. What are some of the negative and positive parenting responses and consequences to living in this type of environment?

*Answer: A complete answer would mention some of the negative consequences, such as actions to protect the child from the dangerous environment, distrust of non-familial individuals, encouragement of children’s early independence and self-reliance, emphasis on aggressive play, early withdrawal of emotional support, depression and harsh child punishment. Positive responses include an increased active and strategic parenting, high levels of monitoring and engagement, and preventive actions.

Answer Location: Neighborhood, pages 135, 136

52. In what ways does the quality of the marital relationship affect child rearing?

*Answer: A complete answer would mention how close, supportive, and satisfying marital relationships are associated with sensitive and positive parenting as well as more positive attitudes and perceptions about children. Also, these couples will engage in positive co-parenting practices. In contrast, discordant marriages are associated with more disagreements over childrearing and more negative disciplinary practices. Interspousal conflict may also spill over bringing on parent-child conflict.

Answer Location: Marital Relations, page 145

53. Discuss the different types of interrelations found among determinants. Give examples of each.

*Answer: A complete answer would identify additive, moderating, mediating, interactions, and compensatory relations. Additive variables combine to form a more potent influence, such as two stressors (low income and illness) can add up to have greater effects. A moderator variables affects the strength or direction of a relation between two other variables. For example, parents in a loving marital relationship will moderate the relation between financial stress and negative parenting. A mediator is a variable that changes how or why two other variables are associated. Mediation can be illustrated by the parent’s belief about whether responsive care reinforces the infant’s demandingness influences responses to an irritable infant. Interactions can be shown in how a parent changes his or her behavior in response to the child’s gender. Compensatory relations are when one variable serves to compensate or balance out a negative variable, such as parental warmth compensating for high stress.

Answer Location: Interrelations Among Determinants, pages 148-150