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Part 3
Test Bank
CHAPTER 1
A FIRST LOOK AT INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
1. Chapter One indicates that effective interpersonal communication is strongly linked to good health, social happiness and career success.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 4–7 Knowledge
2. The only way we learn who we are is through communication.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 5-6 Knowledge
3. A lack of social relationships may affect physical health and life span as dramatically as smoking or a lack of physical activity.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 5 Knowledge
4. The ability to speak and listen effectively can mean the difference between succeeding and failing in a job.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 7-8 Knowledge
5. Shared understanding and clarity are the most important goals in achieving successful communication.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 17 Knowledge
6. The major difference between impersonal communication and interpersonal communication is the number of people involved.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 12-13 Analysis
7. An older professor who forgets what it was like to be a student when he teaches is an example of how differing environments in the classroom can make understanding difficult.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 10 Comprehension
8. Communication competence is a trait that people either possess or lack.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 23, 26 Knowledge
9. Just as judges instruct juries to disregard some statements made in court, we can reverse or erase the effects of communication interactions in everyday life.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 16 Comprehension
10. There is no such thing as the “same” message; words and behaviors are different each time they are spoken or performed.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 16 Knowledge
11. It is impossible to repeat the same communication event.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 16 Knowledge
12. The transactional model of communication suggests that communicators usually send and receive messages simultaneously.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 9 Knowledge
13. The transactional model represents communication as static—more like a gallery of still photographs than a motion picture film.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 7-11 Comprehension
14. We are not communicating when we remain silent.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 15-16 Comprehension
15. Socially isolated people are much more likely to die prematurely than those with strong social ties.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 5 Knowledge
16. Transactional communication may be compared to dancing due to the involvement needed by each partner.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 11 Knowledge
17. According to your text, impersonal communication should always be avoided.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 12-13 Comprehension
18. According to your text, effective communicators are able to establish warm relationships with everyone they encounter.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 22–23 Analysis
19. Your text argues that it is important to react in unique ways to every person we meet and respond to each as a unique individual.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 23-24 Comprehension
20. Communication, as the term is used in your text, consists only of messages that a sender deliberately conveys.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 15 Comprehension
21. It’s impossible to stop communicating.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 15-16 Knowledge
22. Of the communication models described in your text, the linear model most accurately describes the interpersonal communication process.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 8-11 Comprehension
23. We disclose more to people in interpersonal relationships than in impersonal ones.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 14 Knowledge
24. Too much communication can have negative outcomes.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 17 Knowledge
25. As the text points out, your goal should be to become a perfect communicator.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 26 Comprehension
26. All you need to develop good communication skills is common sense.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 24-25 Analysis
27. Dyadic communication is communication involving two people.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 12 Knowledge
28. When people communicate, they are often both senders and receivers of messages at the same time.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 9 Knowledge
29. Feeling sad when a close friendship changes or ends is an indicator that interpersonal relationships are irreplaceable.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 12 Knowledge
30. According to your text, your goal should be to have as many interpersonal communication experiences as possible.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 14 Comprehension
31. According to your text, the axiom “the more communication the better” is true.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 17 Knowledge
32. Your text promises that if you communicate skillfully enough, you should be able to solve every problem you encounter.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 18 Knowledge
33. In impersonal communication we treat others as unique individuals.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 12 Knowledge
34. Fortunately, just knowing about a communication skill makes us able to put it into practice.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 24-25 Comprehension
35. Almost all verbal messages have a content dimension as well as convey relational information.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 16-17 Comprehension
36. Research has shown that communicating through social media has had an overall negative effect on interpersonal relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 18-22 Comprehension
37. Electronic communication does not serve as a replacement for face-to-face relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 18 Knowledge
38. The asynchronous nature of social media provides convenient opportunities for us to be in touch with people in our busy lives.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 20 Comprehension
39. Living in a multicultural world has affected our need for different ways of communicating.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 27 Comprehension
40. Occupation and sexual orientation are types of co-cultures.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 28 Knowledge
41. Communicating successfully with people from different cultural backgrounds only requires using the same exact elements of competence we use with people in our own country.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 27-30 Comprehension
42. Judging others because of cultural differences may negatively effect our communication with them.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 27 Knowledge
43. Your text defines communication competence as effective communication where one’s goals are achieved in a way that, ideally and in most cases, maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 22 Knowledge
44. A competent communicator will choose the same way of responding to others, no matter what the situation, if the response was successful in the past.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 23-24 Knowledge
45. Seeing a situation from multiple points of view is called self-monitoring.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 26 Knowledge
46. An environment refers only to the physical location where someone is when communicating.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 9-10 Knowledge
47. Communication competence seeks to be either effective or appropriate.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 22 Comprehension
48. Disinhibition is one of the challenges presented by social media.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 21-22 Knowledge
49. The principle “communication is irreversible” doesn’t apply to communication through social media because we can physically delete our posts.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 16, 22 Synthesis
50. Acquiring as many “friends” as we can on social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter ensures that we will have many qualitatively interpersonal relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 14 Comprehension
51. According to the authors, people who are well-acquainted are less likely to misunderstand each other than relative strangers.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 17 Knowledge
52. Studies show that poor communication was the root of over 60 percent of reported medical errors that led to serious physical injury, psychological trauma, and even death.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 7 Knowledge
53. Some research shows that acquiring a higher education can increase your chances of developing larger and more diverse social networks.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 6 Knowledge
54. Social isolation is so undesirable that prisoners of war have reported that they would rather “have the worst companion than no companion at all.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 5 Knowledge
55. Communication via social media can increase the quantity but not the quality of our relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 18-20 Analysis
56. Although many scholars disagree about the definition of communication, most would agree that communication centers around using messages to generate meaning.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 7 Knowledge
57. A growing body of research is decidedly proving that social media is a growing threat to the quality of interpersonal relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 18-20 Knowledge
58. When we communicate for pleasure, affection, companionship, escape, relaxation or control, we are satisfying our identity needs.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 6 Comprehension
59. According to Chapter One, all of the following are attributes needed to communicate successfully with people from different cultures except
a.motivation
b.tolerance for ambiguity
c.friendliness
d.open-mindedness
e.knowledge and skill
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 27-30 Knowledge
60. In Chapter One, sociolinguist Deborah Tannen claims that
a.electronic mail can deepen the quality of relationships.
b.electronic mail makes interpersonal communication more impersonal.
c.everyone prefers face to face communication rather than electronic mail.
d.relationships cannot be maintained using electronic mail.
e.all of the above are claimed by Tannen.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 20 Knowledge
61. In the Looking at Diversity reading in Chapter One, Igor Ristic says that effective intercultural communication
a.means understanding which customs are “right” and “wrong.”
b.is only achieved if one is able to visit at least a dozen different countries.
c.is achieved through judging others’ behavior by our own cultural standards.
d.means making sure to maintain a large space bubble when seated with another person.
e.involves being aware of various cultural norms and adapting our communication.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 27-30 Synthesis
62. Psychologist Abraham Maslow suggests that the most basic human needs
a.are invented by other psychologists.
b.must be satisfied before we concern ourselves with other ones.
c.are proof that animals ascended from lower animal forms.
d.prove the existence of a superior being.
e.are generated by others in interpersonal interaction.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 7 Knowledge
63. All of the following elements are included in the transactional communication model introduced in Chapter One except
a.message.
b.environment.
c.channel.
d.sender.
e.noise.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 9 Knowledge
64. All of the following are involved in learning to perform communication skills effectively except
a.awareness.
b.prowess.
c.awkwardness.
d.skillfulness.
e.integration.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 25 Knowledge
65. The environments that communicators occupy are
a.fields of experience that affect how they understand others’ behavior.
b.gaps that make common understanding impossible.
c.the places where they stand or sit when they communicate.
d.the attitudes they have about nature.
e.the space that they require to communicate effectively.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 10 Knowledge
66. “Decoding” is the process whereby
a.we put our thoughts into words.
b.we make sense out of the messages sent by others.
c.we engage others in conversation.
d.we choose the appropriate way to send messages.
e.we create new ways of teaching reading and communication to children.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 8 Knowledge
67. Strategies you can use to develop a more mindful and competent style of intercultural communication include
a.reading.
b.passive observation.
c.self-disclosure.
d.talking to experts.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 30 Knowledge
68. Almost all messages have
a.a content dimension.
b.a relational dimension.
c.both content and relational dimensions.
d.no dimensions unless the communicators intend them to.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 16-17 Comprehension
69. Which of the following factors might contribute to different environments?
a.experience
b.age
c.income level
d.ethnic group
e.all of the above
Answer: e Type: M Page: 10 Knowledge
70. What health threats can result from a lack of close relationships?
a.more likely to experience a higher rate of accidents
b.more susceptible to the common cold
c.more likely to die prematurely
d.b and c
e.all of the above
Answer: d Type: M Page: 5 Knowledge
71. The three types of noise that can block communication are
a.loud, moderate, and soft.
b.mass communicational, personal, and transactional.
c.external, physiological, and psychological.
d. sociological, psychological, and communicational.
e.linear, interactional, and transactional.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 10 Knowledge
72. Skillful, integrated communicators are characterized by
a.a conscious focus on communicating effectively.
b.a greater degree of sociability.
c.communicating competently without needing to think constantly about how to behave.
d.exposure to a wide range of communication styles.
e.others helping them out.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 25 Comprehension
73. Research has shown that competent communicators achieve effectiveness by
a.using the same types of behavior in a wide variety of situations.
b.developing large vocabularies.
c.apologizing when they offend others.
d.giving lots of feedback.
e.adjusting their behaviors to the person and situation.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 23-26 Synthesis
74. An interpersonal relationship differs from an impersonal one because
a.we share our thoughts and feelings with each other.
b.the other person’s life affects ours.
c.we are sad when the relationship changes or ends.
d.we find the time spent in the relationship rewarding.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 12-15 Knowledge
75. Which of the following is an inaccurate description of communication?
a.Communication is unrepeatable.
b.Meanings are in words.
c.Communication is irreversible.
d.It’s impossible not to communicate.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 15-18 Comprehension
76. You want to let a close friend know how much she/he means to you in a way that is sincere and doesn’t embarrass either of you. Following the advice on communication competence in your text, you would
a.follow the approach that you saw another friend use successfully, assuming it would work for you.
b.avoid sending any message until you were sure it would be well received.
c.try to follow exactly the approach you used successfully with others in the past.
d.react in the way that first occurred to you.
e.consider a variety of alternatives, choosing the one that you think will be most successful under these circumstances.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 23-24 Evaluation
77. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is important to the study of interpersonal communication because
a.we all have needs.
b.we can’t understand our needs without communication.
c.communication is usually necessary to meet each level of need.
d.communication was Maslow’s greatest need.
e.the need for communication is the sixth “hidden” need.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 7 Comprehension
78. Noise in the communication process is
a.more than one communicator talking at a time.
b.the nonverbal behaviors that accompany communication.
c.the process of maintaining direct eye contact or not.
d.the process of translating thoughts into words.
e.any force that interferes with effective communication.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 8, 10 Knowledge
79. Which of the following is most clearly an example of qualitatively interpersonal communication?
a.Aubre buys a sweater from a sales clerk.
b.Rich invites the team to a party.
c.Royce asks his friend Jane about her sick child.
d.Aasim pleads for the class to vote.
e.Georgina chats with the mailman.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 12-15 Analysis
80. The transactional model of communication is considered a more accurate model than previous ones because
a.people send and receive messages simultaneously.
b.we cannot isolate a single “act” of communication from the event that came before and after it.
c.the communication created results from the way partners interact.
d.none of the above.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 9-11 Knowledge
81. The authors describe some of the social needs we strive to fulfill by communicating as
a.encoding and decoding.
b.control and affection.
c.empathy and sympathy.
d. talking and listening.
e.communicating both verbally and nonverbally.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 6 Comprehension
82. Some of the characteristics that make relationships more interpersonal than impersonal are
a.frequency and proximity of communication.
b.quantity over quality.
c.how important the content of talk is to both of you.
d.uniqueness, irreplaceability, and interdependence.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 12-15 Comprehension
83. Integrated communicators express themselves in skillful ways because
a.their communication is a self-conscious act.
b.they have had more experience.
c.they have internalized effective behavior.
d.skills are basic to communication.
e.others help them out.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 25 Comprehension
84. Effective communicators have been found to
a.have a consistent set of five behaviors they can call up at will.
b.have a wide range of behaviors from which to choose.
c.exhibit behaviors that are predictable by their partners.
d.exhibit unique behaviors more often than less effective communicators.
e.frequently rehearse about 20 behaviors until they get them right for any interaction.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 23-26 Comprehension
85. When you pay attention to your behavior in relationships, you are
a.unlikely to pay attention to others.
b.too uptight.
c.probably ego–driven.
d.self-monitoring.
e.intrinsic.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 27 Knowledge
86. Identity and communication are related in that we
a.gain an idea of who we are from the way others communicate with us.
b.are drawn to communicators who test and challenge our identity.
c.find others’ identities become our own through communication.
d.control communication with our identity.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 5-6 Comprehension
87. Which is an example of “noise” as the term is defined in your text?
a.someone tapping a pencil while you’re trying to talk
b.a headache that interferes with you listening
c.feelings of anger directed toward a partner
d.preoccupation with another topic during a lecture
e.all of the above
Answer: e Type: M Page: 10 Application
88. Which is an example of “psychological noise” as defined in your text?
a.the sound of a lawn mower just outside your window
b.the smell of smoke drifting into the room you are in
c.feeling embarrassed about a mistake you made
d.a light flickering on and off during a lecture
e.feeling tired in a meeting
Answer: c Type: M Page: 10 Application
89. Which of the following would not be considered a co-culture?
a.senior citizen
b.a person who uses a wheel chair
c.construction worker
d.Muslim
e.all of the above are considered co-cultures
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 28-29 Knowledge
90. Two friends communicating face to face would most likely be
a.taking turns sending and receiving messages.
b.primarily sending messages.
c.primarily receiving messages.
d.sending and receiving messages at the same time.
e.neither sending nor receiving messages.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 8-11 Application
91. Research on the benefits and challenges of social media indicates that
a.some benefits of communicating via social media significantly outweigh the costs.
b.social media sites do not increase the amount of contact with loved ones.
c.the use of social media to communicate maximizes the perception of differences due to gender, age, social class, and ethnicity.
d.social media adds richness to interpersonal messages due to the lack of nonverbal cues.
e.all of the above.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 18-22 Synthesis
92. A cognitively complex communicator
a.considers an issue from several angles.
b.feels and experiences another’s situation.
c.usually has a high IQ.
d.observes behavior with detachment.
e.thinks and reacts quickly.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 25 Knowledge
93. When you call three of your friends in one night to avoid studying, you are communicating to fulfill the social need of
a.escape.
b.control.
c.affection.
d.companionship.
e.pleasure.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 6 Application
94. When Ernesta realizes during an office meeting that she’s interrupted a co-worker twice, she demonstrates the skill of
a.empathy.
b.self-monitoring.
c.cognitive complexity.
d.affinity.
e.metacommunication.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 26 Application
95. Which of the following is a channel for communication?
a.touching
b.writing
c.gesturing
d.talking
e.all of the above
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 8, 10 Comprehension
96. Interpersonal relationships
a.develop unique rules and roles.
b.are mostly alike.
c.follow the same basic rules about how control is distributed between communicators.
d.have more relational talk than content talk.
e.are none of the above.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 12-15 Knowledge
97. Getting others to behave in ways that we want is considered what type of goal?
a.basic
b.social
c.instrumental
d.physical
e.self-actualization
Answer: c Type: M Page: 7 Knowledge
98. Relational dimensions of a message
a.are all that matter.
b.make statements about how the parties feel toward one another.
c.are usually expressed verbally rather than nonverbally.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 16-17 Comprehension
99. The ability to construct a variety of different frameworks for viewing an issue is termed
a.feedback framework.
b.cognitive complexity.
c.communication competence.
d.metacommunicating.
e.integration.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 25 Knowledge
100. The textbook authors suggest that communication through social media can be hard to accurately interpret because
a.it lacks important nonverbal cues that convey additional meaning.
b.in online messages people tend to speak before they think.
c.it is more expressive than face to face communication.
d.it is more permanent than face to face communication.
e.all of the above are true.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 21 Knowledge
101. A message is probably “leaner” if it
a.is not accompanied by facial expressions or vocal cues.
b.is sent via social media.
c.contains only words.
d.lacks nonverbal information.
e.all of the above are true.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 21 Analysis
102. Which of the following characteristics of competent communicators would best help us decide whether to use casual text language when emailing a professor?
a.a wide range of behaviors
b.ability to choose the most appropriate behavior
c.self-monitoring
d.commitment
e.none of the above
Answer: b Type: M Page: 24 Analysis
103. In the “Ethical Challenge” Box, Martin Buber suggests
a.we are not fully human if we live only with “I-It” relationships.
b.“I-Thou” relationships are stable, predictable, and detached.
c.“I-It” relationships are utterly unique.
d.“I-It” relationships are qualitatively interpersonal.
e.all of the above.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 14 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 104–108: Match each of the statements below with the element of the communication model it illustrates most clearly.
a.external noise
b.environment
c.channel
d.decoding
e.psychological noise
104. You decide to schedule a face-to-face meeting with your professor instead of e-mailing him.
Answer: c Type: Matching Pages: 8, 10 Application
105. Alex decides what Rafael meant by that frown.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 8 Application
106. Your friend’s religion is different from yours, but you went to the same high school and college.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 10 Application
107. You are worried about how your child is doing at school while your boss is giving the quarterly report.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 10 Application
108. A person behind you in the theater fiddles with a crackling cellophane candy wrapper.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 10 Application
109. Describe an interpersonal communication incident from your experience, identifying at least five elements of the transactional model of communication shown in Looking Out/ Looking In.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 9-11 Synthesis
110. Using the information explained in “Characteristics of Competent Communicators,” evaluate your communication competence in the context of one interpersonal relationship in which you are involved. Discuss the range of behaviors in which you engage, your ability to choose the most appropriate behavior, your skill in performing certain behaviors, your perceived levels of cognitive complexity, empathy, and self-monitoring operating in this relationship, and your commitment to the relationship. Be sure to explain this relationally, discussing the behaviors of the other person and describing how you adapt or fail to adapt to them.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 23-26 Synthesis
111. Using your own experiences as examples, explain the difference between interpersonal communication and impersonal communication.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 12-15 Application
112. Identify the three different needs that are sastisfied through communication. Provide examples for each from your own experience.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 5-7 Application
113. Explain the concept of “noise.” First, define it according to its role in the transactional model of communication in Chapter One. Next, imagine you are being interviewed for a job. Name and give examples of each of the three types of noise described by your text that might be present during this interview experience. Describe how each type could impact the interaction between you and the interviewer.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 10 Evaluation
114. Explain the principle, “communication is irreversible.” Use personal examples to demonstrate how this principle has affected your own life.
Answer: will vary Type E Page: 16 Application
115. Describe one of your interpersonal relationships that involves at least some degree of communication through social media. Explain the ways in which social media enhances or challenges the quality of this relationship.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 18-22 Application
116. What are the pros and cons of breaking up with someone through social media such as text, email or Facebook? What about helping a friend with a problem? Support your answers with chapter material.
Answer: will vary Type E Pages: 18-22, 30-31 Application
CHAPTER 2
COMMUNICATION AND IDENTITY
1. Identity management occurs only in face-to-face interactions.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 55-57 Knowledge
2. Research indicates that mediated communication offers advantages for identity management.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 56 Knowledge
3. The influence of significant others becomes less powerful as we grow older.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 41 Comprehension
4. The self-concept is extremely resistant to change.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 45-46 Comprehension
5. Compared with face-to-face interaction, online communication tends to limit the control we have over managing impressions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 56 Knowledge
6. In many cases a self-concept is based on data which may have been true at one time, but are now obsolete.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 44 Knowledge
7. People with high self-esteem tend to disapprove of others more than people with low self-esteem.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 39 Comprehension
8. People who think highly of themselves are likely to think highly of others too.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 39 Knowledge
9. Our concept of self is shaped by the culture in which we have been reared.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 47 Knowledge
10. The self-concept is a relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 38 Knowledge
11. The self-concept is a constantly changing set of perceptions that others have of you.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 38 Knowledge
12. Personality traits are largely a result of genetics rather than of socialization.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 40 Knowledge
13. We tend to resist revising our own self-concept even if the new self image is more positive.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 45-46 Comprehension
14. All inaccurate self-concepts are overly negative.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 43-44 Knowledge
15. It is possible to have a more favorable image of yourself than the objective facts or the opinions of others warrant.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 43-44 Knowledge
16. The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honesty is called the presenting self.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 51-52 Knowledge
17. The face you try to show to others is called the perceived self.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 51-52 Knowledge
18. The text advises that we shouldn’t acknowledge our strengths because we will develop overly positive, distorted self-concepts.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 44-46 Comprehension
19. Most Western cultures have what is called a collective identity.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 47 Knowledge
20. Nonverbal behaviors play a big role in managing impressions.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 55 Knowledge
21. The process of identity management can result in dishonest behavior.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 57-58 Knowledge
22. Most researchers agree that we are born with many of our personality traits.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 40 Knowledge
23. According to your text, the self-concept influences much of our future behavior.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 49 Knowledge
24. Luckily, communication from others does not affect our self-concept.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 40-43 Comprehension
25. You shouldn’t listen to the “boosters” and “busters” others give you since your self-concept is only your view of yourself.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 41 Comprehension
26. All communication behavior is aimed at making impressions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 54 Comprehension
27. Cognitive conservatism is the tendency to cling to an existing self-concept, even when evidence shows that it is no longer the case.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 45-46 Knowledge
28. The self-concept is a product of the positive and negative messages you have received throughout your life.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 40-43 Knowledge
29. Opinions of family members or teachers early in your life have little impact on the formation of your self-concept.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 41, 44 Comprehension
30. Some individuals view themselves more favorably than what the real facts indicate.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 43-44 Knowledge
31. In a culture such as China or Japan, speaking directly is considered desirable.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 47 Knowledge
32. A competent communicator is able to call on different identities when necessary.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 52 Knowledge
33. Being a male or female makes little difference in how others communicate with us.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 49 Knowledge
34. Defensiveness can become a problem for someone who is presented with information that contradicts his/her self-perception.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 46 Knowledge
35. The only type of self-fulfilling prophecy that can occur is when your own expectations influence your behavior.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 50-51 Knowledge
36. According to your text, being a high self-monitor is helpful when we want to deliberately manage our impressions.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 54 Knowledge
37. Managing your identity can be useful when you are meeting someone at a party for the first time.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 54 Comprehension
38. How you feel about yourself does not influence your self-concept.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 38 Knowledge
39. A high level of self-esteem guarantees interpersonal success.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 39 Knowledge
40. Interpersonal experiences can shape your personality.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 40 Comprehension
41. All of the men in one study ranked themselves in the top half of the population in terms of their ability to get along with others.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 44 Knowledge
42. Young women struggle more with their self-esteem than do young men.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 49 Knowledge
43. Changing an obselete or distorted self-concept can be a good thing.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 46 Knowledge
44. The authors suggest one way to change your self-concept is to observe a person you admire.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 46 Knowledge
45. In one study of college men and women, only the men wanted their public selves to be viewed differently from their perceived selves.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 52 Knowledge
46. Regularly viewing your own Facebook page can actually enhance your self-esteem.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 57 Knowledge
47. Your well-constructed and carefully-managed Facebook profile can serve as an ego-booster to you.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 57 Knowledge
48. Selectively “friending” only people who stroke your ego can lead to a distorted self-concept.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 57 Comprehension
49. In the workplace, it might be a better idea to withhold information than to lie or intentionally deceive.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 67 Evaluation
50. Your text suggests that while benevolent lies are common, the truth is always the best course of action.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 67-69 Synthesis
51. Self-disclosure must be frequent to be effective.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 58 Comprehension
52. Cliches are the most revealing type of communication.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 60 Knowledge
53. A secret that has never before been shared with anyone would qualify as a deep disclosure.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 60 Knowledge
54. A well-documented conclusion from research is that one act of self-disclosure usually begets another.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 61 Knowledge
55. In interpersonal relationships, the rule is: The more self-disclosure the better.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 63-64 Comprehension
56. Since they are honest and true, comments to another, like “I’ve always thought you were a bit flaky,” have constructive effects in self-disclosure.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 65 Comprehension
57. Lies may help us avoid embarrassment.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 68 Comprehension
58. Couples are happiest when their levels of openness are roughly equal.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 66 Comprehension
59. Hints are more direct than equivocal statements.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 70 Comprehension
60. Most research shows that lies are almost always told for the benefit of the recipient.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 67-69 Analysis
61. Your text makes the case that hints, benign lies, and equivocations are sometimes ethical alternatives to telling the truth.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 70 Analysis
62. Self-disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings may be inappropriate and risky in the work setting.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 64-65 Knowledge
63. All self-disclosure is reciprocal.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 61-62 Comprehension
64. As a general rule, the best way to develop a positive interpersonal relationship is usually to begin that relationship by revealing a great amount of highly personal information about yourself.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 63-64 Analysis
65. According to the text, real self-disclosure does not involve attempts at control of the other.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 62 Comprehension
66. The “Blind” window of the Johari model represents things about yourself that another may know about you, but you do not.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 60 Knowledge
67. The “Unknown” window of the Johari model represents things about yourself that another knows, but you do not.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 60 Comprehension
68. The social penetration model represents both the breadth and the depth of your self-disclosure with another person.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 58 Knowledge
69. Not all self-disclosure draws people closer.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 65 Analysis
70. Research shows that deception threatens relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 69 Knowledge
71. Some lies are designed to initiate interaction.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 68 Knowledge
72. If faced with a choice to tell a face-saving lie or deliver an equivocal message, most people will tell the lie.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 70 Knowledge
73. Research supports that the quality of self-disclosure is not linked to marital satisfaction.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 62 Knowledge
74. The most intimate relationships are those in which disclosure is great in both breadth and depth.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 59 Knowledge
75. “Talking a problem out” can be helpful in clarifying your beliefs, opinions, thoughts, attitudes, and feelings.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 62 Knowledge
76. Reciprocity usually occurs on a turn-by-turn basis.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 61-62 Knowledge
77. Silence is never an appropriate alternative to self-disclosure because it indicates a lack of interest in the relationship.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 67 Comprehension
78. One study of deception determined that the average lie rate was 5 fibs every 10 minutes of conversation.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 67 Knowledge
79. Anonymously sharing your secret online with others who do the same may have a cathartic effect.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 61 Analysis
80. A high amount of self-monitoring is helpful in situations of deliberate identity management, such as a job interview.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 54 Knowledge
81. Research described in your text about mediated communication suggests that
a.it may be an advantage for creating a desired impression.
b.it permits a responder to ignore a message rather than be unpleasant.
c.it can lack the “richness” of many nonverbal channels.
d.all of the above are supported by research.
e.none of the above are supported by research.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 56 Comprehension
82. In the example of schoolchildren taken from the book Pygmalion in the Classroom,
a.the less intelligent children performed better than expected.
b.the more intelligent children performed better than expected.
c.the children teachers predicted would do better, did so.
d.all the children performed the same because they had similar self-concepts.
e.teachers improved their self-concepts by working with good children.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 50-51 Knowledge
83. Self-fulfilling prophecies are
a.negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by others.
b.negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by ourselves.
c.positive or negative predictions of our behavior, imposed by others and/or ourselves.
d.almost always negative predictions, imposed by ourselves and/or others.
e.none of the above.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 50-51 Knowledge
84. Which of the following is not an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?
a.A child fails a test after hearing her teacher tell her mother that she never does well on tests.
b.A student who previously complained of stage fright loses his place during a class speech and can’t go on.
c.A husband reluctantly agrees, with reservations, to his wife’s request that they spend the holiday visiting Disneyland. He has a terrible time.
d.Both b and c above qualify as examples of self-fulfilling prophecies.
e.All of the above qualify as examples of self-fulfilling prophecies.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 50-51 Application
85. All of the following are true of the self-concept except that
a.it is objective.
b.it is changing.
c.it is, in part, a product of interaction with others.
d.it is, in part, a product of our early childhood experience.
e.it can be changed.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 43-46 Comprehension
86. The term “self-concept” refers to
a.the sum of one’s physiological, social, and psychological attributes as perceived by an impartial observer.
b.the way an individual believes others perceive her/him.
c.the total of an individual’s own beliefs about his/her physical characteristics,
intelligence, aptitudes, and social skills.
d.the sum of one’s psychological, social, and physical attributes as perceived by a significant other.
e.none of the above.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 38 Comprehension
87. A “significant other” is best defined as
a.a powerful adult.
b.a person who is likely to or has affected one’s self-concept.
c.a totally supportive person.
d.an extremely negative influence.
e.all of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 41 Comprehension
88. According to your text, “ego-boosters and busters” are
a.examples of how people ruin their self-concepts by taking drugs.
b.people or messages that influence the self-concept positively or negatively.
c.the two essential elements of self-concept development.
d.ways to predict how children will become good or bad readers.
e.intentionally vague labels we give to mask true self-concepts.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 41-43 Knowledge
89. The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself is called your
a.self-concept.
b.interpersonal self.
c.perceptual bias.
d.self-feedback.
e.self-orientation.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 38 Knowledge
90. A self-fulfilling prophecy is
a.an accurate prediction about another’s behavior, based on background knowledge.
b.a prediction about one’s own behavior, based on past experience.
c.a prediction that affects the outcome of one’s own or another’s behavior.
d.a mistaken prediction which fails to occur.
e.none of the above.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 49 Comprehension
91. In individualistic cultures, a view of the self would involve all of the following except
a.self-sufficiency.
b.high value on tradition.
c.high value on equality.
d.high value on change.
e.personal credit or blame.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 47 Analysis
92. Someone who is a “significant other” is
a.“socially” conscious.
b.a person whose opinion we especially value.
c.always a supportive person.
d.a person with significant goals.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 41 Knowledge
93. If you want to change your self-concept, you should
a.have realistic expectations and perceptions.
b.ask others to send you only positive messages.
c.take yourself less seriously.
d.It is not possible to change the self-concept.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 46 Comprehension
94. People who have low self-esteem
a.are likely to approve of others.
b.perform well when being watched.
c.work harder for critical people.
d.expect to be rejected by others.
e.had traumatic childhoods.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 39 Comprehension
95. People who have high self-esteem
a.expect to be accepted by others.
b.have less of a need to work hard for people who demand high standards.
c.are unable to defend themselves against negative comments.
d.don’t perform well when being watched.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 39 Comprehension
96. The kind of person you believe yourself to be is called the
a.perceived self.
b.desired self.
c.presenting self.
d.myth of self.
e.transient self.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 51-52 Knowledge
97. All of the following are examples of social comparison except
a.being judged for a test based on other student’s grades.
b.thinking over how you have added muscle mass in the last four months.
c.deciding to go on a diet after looking at models in a magazine.
d.judging your fitness level in contrast to others in the gym.
e.all of the above are examples of social comparison.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 41-42 Application
98. “Reference groups” are
a.people whose self-concepts we have influenced.
b.individuals whose self-esteem has been diminished.
c.groups against which a person compares him/herself.
d.groups formed to improve shaky self-esteem.
e.people who hang around the library.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 42 Knowledge
99. According to your text, telling ourselves we “can’t” change our self-concept could
a.let others share control in the relationship.
b.help us accept our limitations.
c.create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
d.express equality through our humanity.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 46, 50-51 Analysis
100. The tendency to seek and attend to information that conforms to an existing self-concept has been labeled
a.reflected appraisal.
b.significance posturing.
c.the stability hypothesis.
d.cognitive conservatism.
e.the weak spine phenomenon.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 45 Knowledge
101. The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them is the process of
a.ego-video.
b.reflected appraisal.
c.manipulation.
d.social ethics.
e.identity management.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 51 Knowledge
102. People who hold excessively negative self-evaluations of themselves may do so due to
a.distorted feedback.
b.society’s emphasis on perfection.
c.obsolete information.
d.social expectations.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 44 Knowledge
103. Kiko still thinks of herself as a struggling student although as a college student her GPA is a 3.5. This is an example of
a.self-monitoring.
b.self-fulfilling prophecy.
c.cognitive conservatism.
d.myth of perfection.
e.distorted feedback.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 45-46 Knowledge
104. People try to manage their identities in order to
a.initiate a relationship.
b.save another’s face.
c.get others to do something they want.
d.none of the above.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 54-55 Knowledge
105. According to your text, all of the following are ways that can help in changing your self-concept except
a.seeking advice from books and others.
b.being realistic in how you perceive yourself.
c.determining what may be inaccurate feedback from others.
d.being willing to change.
e.comparing yourself to people in the mass media.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 46 Analysis
106. The characteristic ways you think and behave across a variety of situations describes your
a.self-concept.
b.personality.
c.self-esteem.
d.self-worth.
e.none of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 40 Knowledge
107. When Joe hangs his framed medical degrees on his office wall he is managing his identity through
a.appearance.
b.manner.
c.setting.
d.image.
e.role.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 56 Application
108. To say that identity management is collaborative means that
a.both people communicating agree with each other.
b.each person creates an identity in response to the other’s behavior.
c.each person creates a similar identity.
d.both people decide on their identities together.
e.none of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 52-53 Knowledge
109. The process whereby the self-concept develops due to the way we believe others see us is called
a.reflected appraisal.
b.social comparison.
c.feedback.
d.other-imposed prophecy.
e.distortion.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 40-41 Knowledge
110. An example of a presenting self is
a.Minh is very attentive in class and asks questions about the material to her professor.
b.Minh regularly calls her friends, remembers birthdays, and listens to friends’ problems.
c.Minh is never late for work, volunteers for work committees, and turns in work on time.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 52 Application
111. Psyching yourself up before a soccer game is an example of
a.positive prediction.
b.a self-imposed prophecy.
c.other-imposed prophecy.
d.anxiety reduction.
e.none of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 50 Application
112. Which of the following does not characterize identity management?
a.Identity management is collaborative.
b.We construct multiple identities.
c.Collaboration in identity management doesn’t mean the same thing as agreement.
d.Identity management is always deliberate.
e.Not all behavior is aimed at making impressions.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 52-54 Knowledge
113. Popular TV shows featuring makeovers suggest to us that our appearance must be improved, which can lead us to feel worse about ourselves. This idea best relates to
a.reflected appraisal.
b.social comparison.
c.self-fulfilling prophecy.
d.identity management.
e.presenting self.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 41-42 Application
114. Chandra looking at many different Facebook profiles and then feeling better about herself is an example of
a.reflected appraisal.
b.social comparison.
c.self-fulfilling prophecy.
d.identity management.
e.presenting self.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 41-42 Application
115. The ability to manage identities in different settings and cultures is a feature of
a.high self-esteem.
b.too much self-disclosure.
c.social exchange theory.
d.communication competence.
e.equivocation.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 52 Comprehension
116. Googling your own name to see what comes up might inspire you to manage your public identity by engaging in
a.self-disclosure.
b.lying.
c.reputation management.
d.catharsis.
e.cognitive conservatism.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 57 Comprehension
117. The popular term known as “TMI” best relates to which of these guidelines for self-disclosure?
a.Is the other person important to you?
b.Are the amount and type of disclosure appropriate?
c.Is the self-disclosure reciprocated?
d.Do you have a moral obligation to disclose?
e.none of the above
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 63-64 Knowledge
118. In the “Talking with Little Girls” reading, Lisa Bloom writes about
a.how important it is to compliment a little girl’s appearance.
b.how we should consider sending messages to little girls that we value their brains .
c.how saying “How cute you are” to a little girl when you first see her teaches her that looks are more important than anything.
d.both b and c.
e.all of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 48 Comprehension
119. Which of the following statements summarizes Lexie Lopez-Mayo’s thoughts in the “Looking at Diversity” reading?
a.Culture plays a role in self-disclosure and communication.
b.Gender plays a role in self-disclosure and communication.
c.Personality plays a role in self-disclosure and communication.
d.All of the above are true statements.
e.None of the above are true statements.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 59 Comprehension
120. Quadrants of the Johari Window are
a.open, narrow, blind, unknown.
b.open, hidden, blind, unknown.
c.broad, narrow, blind, unknown.
d.open, hidden, neutral, unknown.
e.open, closed, neutral, unknown.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 60 Knowledge
121. Which of the following best fits the definition of self-disclosure?
a.telling your romantic partner about your feelings toward him/her
b.telling your college teacher about past grades
c.telling your mother your weight
d.telling your family physician about your health
e.telling anyone anything about you
Answer: a Type: M Page: 58 Application
122. Privacy management means
a.the choices we make to reveal or conceal information about ourselves.
b.weighing the pros and cons of self-disclosing.
c.making a conscious and deliberate decision to self-disclose.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 61 Knowledge
123. In the Chapter Nine “Communication Transcript,” Ramon discloses to his boss, Julie. Which of the following guidelines for self-disclosure did Ramon seem to ignore as he talked with her?
a.Ask yourself if the risk of disclosure is reasonable.
b.Determine if the self-disclosure is relevant to the situation at hand.
c.Decide if the other person is important to you.
d.Select the appropriate amount and type of self-disclosure.
e.Ramon ignored all of the guidelines.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 64-65 Analysis
124. According to your text, all of the following are reasons people choose to be somewhat deceitful in relationships except
a.to guide social interaction.
b.to empower others.
c.to save face.
d.to avoid conflict.
e.to manage resources.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 67-69 Synthesis
125. You’ve just delivered a speech to your classmates which none of them liked very much. According to your text, which of the following is the response you are most likely to hear when you ask them how you did?
a.“You did a great job.”
b.“I’m nervous about my speech tomorrow.”
c.“I don’t think it was a very good speech.”
d.“You made some interesting points.”
e.None of these answers are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 69-70 Analysis
126. The Johari Window is an important device to help explore the role
a.coding plays in communication.
b.interpretation plays in clarifying understanding.
c.feedback plays in negative relationships.
d.self-disclosure plays in communication.
e.affection needs play in strong relationships.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 60 Analysis
127. According to the text, which of the following is good advice about self-disclosure?
a.Wait for the other person to open up before you do.
b.The more self-disclosure, the better.
c.Self-disclosure is most productive when delivered in a constructive manner.
d.Most relationships are characterized by almost constant amounts of self-disclosure.
e.It’s best to accompany each piece of negative self-disclosure with a compliment to soften any hurt.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 63-66 Synthesis
128. The social penetration model by Altman and Taylor
a.shows ways in which a relationship can be more or less intimate.
b.suggests how relationships can operate on superficial or more personal levels.
c.defines a relationship in terms of its breadth and depth.
d.helps identify why certain relationships are strong or weak.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 58-59 Synthesis
129. To qualify as self-disclosure, a statement must
a.involve feelings.
b.be deliberate, significant, and not otherwise known.
c.be reciprocated by the same type of statement from a partner.
d.involve intimate information.
e.be shared privately.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 58 Comprehension
130. The process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and would not normally be known by others is
a.social penetration.
b.equivocation.
c.self-disclosure.
d.intimacy.
e.reciprocity.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 58 Knowledge
131. According to the Altman and Taylor model, the dimension of self-disclosure where information shared moves from being impersonal to more personal is called
a.breadth.
b.social penetration.
c.variety.
d.depth.
e.equivocation.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 58 Knowledge
132. What makes the disclosure in some messages deeper than others?
a.Some revelations are more significant than others.
b.Communicators have reached the level of sharing feelings.
c.Some revelations are considered very private.
d.None of these answers are correct are reasons.
e.All of these answer are correct are reasons.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 58-60 Analysis
133. Saying “I love my family” versus “I love you” exemplifies that some disclosures are deeper than others in terms of
a.being personal.
b.significance.
c.how private they are.
d.reciprocity.
e.believability.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 58 Application
134. When deciding how much to disclose, you should consider
a.if the other person is important to you.
b.whether the amount and type of disclosure is appropriate.
c.whether you have a moral obligation to do so.
d.whether the risk is reasonable.
e.All are factors to consider.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 63-66 Knowledge
135. Saying to a friend, “I’ve always thought you weren’t too bright,” might show you didn’t consider what guideline for self-disclosure?
a.Is the other person important to you?
b.Will the effect of the disclosure be constructive?
c.Is the amount of disclosure appropriate?
d.Is the type of disclosure appropriate?
e.Do you have a moral obligation to disclose?
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 63-66 Application
136. Of the following, what is not considered a benefit of self-disclosure?
a.self-validation
b.catharsis
c.self-clarification
d.reciprocity
e.increased likeability
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 61-62 Knowledge
137. Of the following, what is not considered a risk of self-disclosure?
a.loss of influence
b.negative impression
c.decrease in number of relationships
d.fear of disapproval
e.decrease in relational satisfaction
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 62-63 Knowledge
138. All of the following are alternatives to self-disclosure except
a.lying
b.silence
c.reciprocity
d.equivocation
e.hinting
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 66-70 Knowledge
139. A benevolent lie
a.is considered nonmalicious.
b.is never appropriate for someone who has morals.
c.will generally hurt another.
d.will only be considered helpful in extreme situations.
e.None of these answers are correct are true.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 67 Comprehension
140. In one study of 130 subjects who kept track of the truthfulness of their everyday, conversational statements,
a.25 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
b.38.5 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
c.55.5 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
d.66 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
e.75 percent of these statements proved to be totally honest.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 67 Knowledge
141. One experiment determined that the average lie rate was
a.3 fibs for every 10 minutes of conversation.
b.5 fibs for every 10 minutes of conversation.
c.7 fibs for every 10 minutes of conversation.
d.1 fib for every 5 minutes of conversation.
e.10 fibs for every 15 minutes of conversation.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 67 Knowledge
142. When Kathy told Abraham, “I’m just not ready for a serious relationship right now,” instead of saying, “I’m not attracted to you,” she was
a.lying.
b.equivocating.
c.hinting.
d.placating.
e.self-disclosing.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 69-70 Application
143. Equivocating can be advantageous because it
a.can save face for both the sender and receiver.
b.provides an alternative to lying.
c.spares the receiver from embarrassment.
d.spares the teller from feeling guilty.
e.All of these answers are correct or true.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 69-70 Knowledge
144. If someone says, “I really have to go. I should be studying for a test tomorrow,” he/she would be lying in order to
a.acquire resources.
b.protect resources.
c.avoid interaction with another.
d.avoid tension.
e.show they’re in control of a situation.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 68 Application
145. Of the following, what is not considered an effect of lying?
a.Once lied to, you may need to redefine previous messages from the liar.
b.Deception is more acceptable depending on the liar’s motives.
c.A lie will be considered a transgression if it is exploitive.
d.The importance of the information lied about is a key factor in provoking a relational crisis.
e.All of these answers can be effects.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 67-69 Knowledge
146. According to your text, hinting
a.is less direct than an equivocal statement.
b.aims to get a desired response from others.
c.is not considered an alternative to lying.
d.is not considered face-saving.
e.doesn’t depend on the other’s ability to pick up the unexpressed message.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 70 Knowledge
147. “I’m pretty sure that smoking isn’t permitted here,” is an example of
a.lying.
b.equivocating.
c.hinting.
d.self-disclosure.
e.social penetration.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 70 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 148-152: Match each description below with the most accurate term.
a.reflected appraisal
b.significant other
c.cognitive conservatism
d.presenting self
e.perceived self
148. The private self you honestly believe you are.
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 51-52 Knowledge
149. The tendency to cling to an existing self-concept.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 45 Knowledge
150. A person whose opinion we especially value.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 41 Knowledge
151. Process of judging ourselves by the evaluations of others.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 41 Knowledge
152. The “face” you show to others.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 52 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 153-157: Match the statement below with the term it best describes.
a.definition of self-disclosure
b.significant self-disclosure
c.Johari Window
d.social penetration
e.deliberate self-disclosure
153. Model to explore the role that self-disclosure plays in interpersonal communication.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 60 Comprehension
154. Model to examine breadth and depth of self-disclosure.
Answer: d Type: Matching Pages: 58-59 Knowledge
155. Sharing a secret that you’ve never told anyone.
Answer: b Type: Matching Pages: 58-60 Synthesis
156. Deliberately revealing significant personal information that would not normally be known by others.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 58 Knowledge
157. Setting up a special lunch date in order to reveal your feelings to your romantic partner.
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 58-60 Synthesis
158. Your textbook authors give some suggestions about how to embrace a more positive self-image. Think about some aspects of your self-concept you would like to change. Next, for each, explain whether (1) you have a realistic perception of yourself in this area, 2) you have realistic expectations of yourself in this area, 3) you are or aren’t willing to do what it takes to change, 4) you have enough information and know-how to carry out the change.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 46 Application
159. Describe two people for whom you are a significant other. Describe your communication behavior with each of them, giving examples of how (a) you deliver “booster” and “buster” messages to each of them; (b) you create self-fulfilling prophecies that work for and against each of them; and (c) they allow your communication with them to affect their behavior.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 41, 49-51 Synthesis
160. Describe a recent self-fulfilling prophecy which you have imposed upon yourself that affects your communication. In what cases have you imposed it? What have the results been? How realistic was the prophecy? Does answering these questions change how you’ll talk to yourself in the future? How? Next, describe a self-fulfilling prophecy you have imposed upon another person. How did you communicate it (i.e., what messages did you send, and what channels did you use)? What effect did your prophecy have upon your partner? Does answering this question affect how you’ll communicate with the other person in the future? How?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 46, 50-51 Evaluation
161. Explain how you managed impressions with others in a recent important event in your life. Cite the reasons why you managed impressions and then evaluate the way you presented yourself.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 51-57 Evaluation
162. Describe how you have managed your manner, appearance, and setting to create desired impressions in two different specific instances.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 55-56 Application
163. Exlain the concept of reflected appraisal. Choose two people in your life who have contributed to how you view yourself and how their communication contributed to who you are today.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 41 Application
164. Explain the characteristic, “The self-concept is subjective.” Discuss the reasons why a distorted self-concept can occur. Using personal examples, also discuss how your self-concept has been affected by distortion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 43-44 Analysis
165. Explain the relationship between self-concept, self-esteem, and communication.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 38-39 Analysis
166. Discuss how communication played a role in shaping who you are today. Then, discuss how who you are today affects your communication with others. Give examples.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 40-44, 38-39 Synthesis
167. Does the technology of mediated communication limit or enhance opportunities for impression management? Explain and support your answer.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 56-57 Application
168. Explain several ways that mass media and technology contribute to the shaping of our self-concept.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 40-44 Analysis
169. Referring to the reasons for deceit explained in your chapter, analyze a current relationship you are in according to the degrees of truthfulness and deceit. Are you satisfied with the level of honesty? Explain your answer.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 66-71 Analysis
170. Using the social penetration model in your text, describe the breadth and depth of one important interpersonal relationship you have. Explain why you are satisfied/unsatisfied with this relationship.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 58-60 Evaluation
171. Draw a Johari Window describing your relationship with an important person in your life. Comment on which parts of yourself you keep in the “hidden” area, and explain your reasons for doing so. Describe the benefits and costs of not disclosing these parts of your personality. Next, look at the size of the “blind” area model. Is the blind area large or small because of the amount of feedback you get from the other person, or because of the way you react to the feedback you do get? How would a window describing your partner’s relationship with a mutual friend look similar to yours? Different? Explain. Are you satisfied with the kind of relationship your windows describe? If not, what could you do to change it?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 60-61 Evaluation
172. Your text described several reasons people tell lies. Provide examples of lies you have told or have been told to you that illustrate three of the different reasons for lying. Discuss whether or not each of these lies was a “benevolent lie” or not and why.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 67-69 Synthesis
173. Discuss the various benefits and risks of self-disclosure. Provide examples from your own life where you have experienced both the benefits and risks.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 61-63 Evaluation
174. Explain how the tendency of disinhibition (from Chapter 1) relates to the risks of self-disclosure. Discuss how disinhibition may impact opportunities for impression management.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 21-22 56-57, 62-63 Synthesis
175. For each of the four examples under the heading “Alternatives to Self-Disclosure” on pp. 66-67, describe how you would choose to respond. Identify your interpersonal goal for each situation, and then explain why your choice is appropriate.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 66-70 Analysis
CHAPTER 3
PERCEPTION
1. While culture has a great deal to do with our perception, it is understood that a person’s mood and tolerance to stress do not.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 88-89 Knowledge
2. A common perceptual tendency is to assume that others are similar to us.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 94-95 Knowledge
3. The text argues that an ailment may have a strong impact on how you relate to others.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 88 Knowledge
4. True empathy requires that you agree with the other person’s opinions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 102 Knowledge
5. Identical foods can actually taste different to various individuals.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 86 Knowledge
6. Sensory data can be different to different people.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 86-88 Knowledge
7. We are influenced more by subtle stimuli rather than obvious ones.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 96 Knowledge
8. In our perceptions, we cling more strongly to first impressions, even when they are wrong.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 94 Knowledge
9. In perceiving others, we usually blame their problems on their personal qualities rather than on factors outside them.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 93-94 Knowledge
10. It’s simply impossible to be aware of everything, no matter how attentive we may be.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 79 Analysis
11. Since stimuli that are intense often attract our attention, we’re more likely to remember extremely talkative people than those who are quiet.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 79 Knowledge
12. Unchanging people or things become less noticeable, and thus occupy less of our attention than those that change.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 79 Comprehension
13. Selection is an objective process.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 79 Comprehension
14. The sensory data we receive are the same for all of us; perceptual differences occur only after we begin to process those data.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 88 Comprehension
15. After using the “Pillow Method” you should typically conclude that the issue being considered is not important enough to worry about.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 104-109 Comprehension
16. The “halo effect” is a perceptual tendency which causes us to be more generous in our judgment of ourselves over others.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 94 Knowledge
17. People’s occupations have little bearing on their perception of the world.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 92 Knowledge
18. Only women are affected by changes in mood.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 88-89 Comprehension
19. The self-serving bias illustrates our tendency to judge others more charitably than ourselves.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 93-94 Knowledge
20. Your text claims that there is nothing wrong with the generalizations we make, using our organization constructs, as long as they are accurate.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 80 Knowledge
21. Punctuation is the process of organizing a series of events to determine causes and effects.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 82-83 Knowledge
22. According to your text, the world appears different to each of us.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 78 Knowledge
23. Silence is valued over talk in most Asian cultures.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 90 Knowledge
24. The three phases of perception (selection, organization, and interpretation) that take place in an individual’s mind can occur in differing sequences, with one influencing another.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 84-85 Knowledge
25. According to your text, unhappy spouses are more likely than happy ones to make negative interpretations of their mates’ behavior.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 84 Knowledge
26. Sympathy is the ability to experience the world from another’s point of view.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 102 Knowledge
27. One way in which we organize our impressions of others is by appearance.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 80 Knowledge
28. It is never appropriate to make a generalization.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 80 Comprehension
29. Stereotyping occurs when generalizations lose touch with reality.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 81 Knowledge
30. Whether you are happy or unhappy with a partner will affect how you interpret that partner’s behavior.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 84 Comprehension
31. The process whereby people influence each other’s perceptions and attempt to achieve a shared perspective is called negotiation.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 85 Knowledge
32. A shared relational narrative is the reason that some couples say they are happily married when the facts would indicate otherwise.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 85 Comprehension
33. The attitude that one’s own culture is superior to other cultures is called ethnocentrism.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 90 Knowledge
34. The process of explaining people’s behavior is called assignation.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 93 Knowledge
35. The skill of perception checking allows you to see if you are correct in your interpretation of another’s behavior.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 96-97 Comprehension
36. Perception checking can be a useful tool when you don’t want to embarrass or directly threaten another person.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 99 Comprehension
37. Position Four in the Pillow Method takes the perspective that the original issue should still be seen as very important.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 106 Knowledge
38. You have read positive reviews of your Chemistry instructor on a website. According to the text, you are more likely to find this instructor credible and attractive.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 84 Application
39. Participating in events such as the Empathy Experiment described in your text is one way to build empathy and increase cognitive complexity.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 101 Comprehension
40. There is little difference between the terms sex and gender; they can be used interchangeably.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 91 Comprehension
41. Studies suggest that the ability to empathize with others is hard-wired in our brains.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 101 Knowledge
42. Parents should realize that preventing their children from experiencing and managing frustrating events can help to increase their empathic concern for others later in life.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 102 Knowledge
43. Studies suggest that cognitive complexity actually increases one’s chance of having satisfying communication in a variety of contexts.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 102 Knowledge
44. It’s possible to avoid stereotyping by attending to characteristics other than those that are obvious of the group to which you assign someone.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 102 Analysis
45. The “Platinum Rule” is different from the “Golden Rule” in that it asks us to “do unto others as they themselves would have done unto them.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 105 Knowledge
46. If your instructor expects you to do well in class, he/she will likely perceive your work differently from those they expect to fail.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 84 Knowledge
47. The perceptions of people who know you well will not be influenced by information on your Facebook profile.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 84 Analysis
48. According to the text, there are no benefits to parents and children being “friends” on Facebook.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 87 Comprehension
49. According to the text, an unintended consequence of parents over-monitoring their children’s technology use is that it might lead them to be sneakier.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 87 Comprehension
50. Studies have shown that sexual harassment complaints are rare today because most people agree on their interpretations of what constitutes a “hostile work environment.”
Answer: F Type: T Page: 95 Comprehension
51. If you are a person who tells others “like it is” because you believe such truth is helpful and constructive, you will interpret similar behavior from others towards you the same way.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 94 Comprehension
52. Studies show that judges who listen to singing performances with their backs turned and no prior knowledge of the contestant almost always appraise the contestant the same way as judges who don’t.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 96 Comprehension
53. Which of these statements is not accurate, according to the text?
a.Teenagers who don’t get enough food to eat are more likely to get in trouble at school and have difficulty getting along with others.
b.You might perceive someone’s behavior differently when you are ill than you would when you are healthy.
c.Lack of sleep can affect couple’s perceptions of each other, resulting in discord.
d.Identical foods may taste differently to different people.
e.Perception is not influenced by neurological or biological differences.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 88-89 Comprehension
54. Which perceptual tendency is illustrated in the following example? Leah was trying to be helpful when she told Eric he should wear pants that make him look less fat. However, when Eric told Leah she should lay off the makeup because it makes her look “old,” she perceived his comment as hurtful and mean.
a.We judge ourselves more charitably than others.
b.We cling to first impressions.
c.We are influenced by our expectations.
d.We are influenced by the obvious.
e.None of the above.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 93 Application
55. The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy relates best to which of these perceptual tendencies?
a.We judge ourselves more charitably than others.
b.We cling to first impressions.
c.We are influenced by our expectations.
d.We are influenced by the obvious.
e.We assume others are similar to us.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 95-96 Comprehension
56. The Pillow Method is designed to
a.persuade someone to accept your viewpoint.
b.settle a dispute.
c.minimize an issue.
d.gain insight into another’s viewpoint.
e.punctuate the cause and effect of an argument.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 104-109 Comprehension
57. The story in your text about six men from Indostan illustrates
a.the phenomenon called “culture shock.”
b.the way people tend to punctuate a series of events differently.
c.the “Pillow Method” applied to resolve a problem.
d.different interpretations depending on point of view.
e.self-serving bias.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 103 Comprehension
58. All of the following would be included in a good definition of empathy except which one?
a.It involves taking the other’s perspective.
b.It includes concern for the other person.
c.It requires a sense of the other person’s feelings.
d.It can’t be totally achieved.
e.It requires that your opinions match those of the other person.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 100-102 Knowledge
59. A perception check includes
a.a description of the behavior you have noticed.
b.two possible interpretations of the behavior.
c.a request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior correctly.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 97 Knowledge
60. What’s missing from this perception check? “When you didn’t do the grocery shopping today like you usually do, I figured you weren’t feeling good or were mad at me.”
a.It doesn’t describe behavior.
b.It has only one interpretation.
c.It doesn’t request clarification.
d.It is too specific.
e.Nothing is missing from this perception check.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 97 Application
61. What’s missing from this perception check? “I figure you’re either upset with me or worried about your test. Is it something like that?”
a.It doesn’t describe behavior.
b.It has only one interpretation.
c.It doesn’t request clarification.
d.It is too wordy.
e.Nothing is missing from this perception check.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 97 Application
62. What’s missing from this perception check? “When I saw you having lunch with Emily, I figured you liked her more than me. What’s going on?”
a.It doesn’t describe behavior.
b.It has only one interpretation.
c.It doesn’t request clarification.
d.It is too wordy.
e.Nothing is missing from this perception check.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 97 Application
63. What’s missing from this perception check? “When you didn’t call me when you said you would, I thought you might have forgotten or were mad at me. What happened?”
a.It doesn’t describe behavior.
b.It has only one interpretation.
c.It doesn’t request clarification.
d.It is too wordy.
e.Nothing is missing from this perception check.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 97 Application
64. How could you improve this perception-checking statement? “When you gave me an F on my essay, I figured you hated me. Right?”
a.Describe behavior.
b.Give another interpretation.
c.Request clarification.
d.Say less.
e.It is great as a perception-checking statement just the way it is.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 97 Analysis
65. All of the following are physiological factors shaping perception except which one?
a.the senses
b.age and health
c.fatigue
d.ethnicity
e.hunger
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 86-89 Knowledge
66. The recognition of a “figure” as standing out from a “ground” of other stimuli takes place during what phase of the perception process?
a.ideation
b.stimulation
c.verification
d.organization
e.sensation
Answer: d Type: M Page: 79 Knowledge
67. All of the following perceptual factors influence the way we interpret behavior except which one?
a.relational satisfaction
b.assumptions about human behavior
c.androgynous style
d.past experience
e.expectations
Answer: c Type: M Page: 84 Comprehension
68. Talk is viewed as desirable and useful for both task and social purposes in
a.Western culture.
b.Asian culture.
c.upper- and middle-class groups.
d.older people.
e.all of the above.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 90 Knowledge
69. Which of the following statements is not true?
a.People agree about what smells good or bad.
b.People’s sensitivity to temperature varies significantly.
c.Odors that please some people repel others.
d.Men have mood cycles of ups and downs.
e.All of the above are true.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 86-88 Analysis
70. We notice some stimuli over others in our environment because they are
a.mild.
b.singular.
c.contrasting or changing.
d.related to modular communication.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 79 Knowledge
71. The steps in the perception process are
a.initial, intermediate, final.
b.assumption, experience, expectation.
c.physical, psychological, experimental.
d.selection, organization, interpretation.
e.response, action, interaction.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 79 Knowledge
72. In order to understand another person’s perception of a problem, it is necessary to
a.assume that person’s social role.
b.spend time in that person’s culture or subculture.
c.experience that person’s physiological differences.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 100-101 Synthesis
73. Empathy is related to perception in that
a.the more perceptive you are, the less empathetic you need be.
b.the more perceptive you are, the easier it is to forget to be empathetic.
c.empathy is facilitated by trying to perceive things from the other person’s point of view.
d.empathy and perception are both a result of self-fulfilling prophecies.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 100-101 Analysis
74. Armando made a poor first impression on Bianca as he first arrived, so throughout their evening date, despite his pleasant behavior, Bianca continued to see him in an unfavorable light due to
a.her feelings of empathy.
b.the halo effect.
c.her punctuation of the events of the evening.
d.the narrative of the date.
e.physiological factors influencing Bianca’s perception.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 94 Application
75. All of the following are causes of inaccurate perception except
a.we cling to first impressions.
b.we’re influenced by what is most obvious.
c.we assume others are similar to us.
d.we rate ourselves more negatively than others see us.
e.we judge ourselves more charitably than others.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 93-96 Comprehension
76. Being able to pick out your sister’s comments from a babble of voices at a party illustrates the organizational principle of
a.figure-ground organization.
b.alternative patterning.
c.perceptual freezing.
d.selection of empathetic other.
e.attention to the irritating.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 79-80 Application
77. An effective perception checking statement
a.tends to have a better chance of working in a low-context culture.
b.requires that your words match your behavior.
c.doesn’t always require 3 parts.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 97-99 Knowledge
78. Shannon says that she works out in the evenings instead of the afternoons because Roger is always late coming home from work. Roger says he doesn’t bother to rush home from work because Shannon is always working out. This process of organizing the series of events in different ways is called
a.punctuation.
b.interpretation.
c.perceptuation.
d.conjugation.
e.intrepidation.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 82-83 Application
79. The term that refers to men and women possessing a mixture of traits that have previously been considered exclusively masculine or feminine is
a.chauvinistic.
b.adaptable.
c.rhetorically sensitive.
d.androgynous.
e.analogous.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 91 Knowledge
80. Using the skill of perception checking will help prevent
a.negative self-fulfilling prophecies.
b.physiological noise.
c.inaccurate decoding of messages.
d.excessive feedback.
e.none of the above.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 96-97 Synthesis
81. Exaggerated beliefs associated with a perceptual categorizing system are
a.role constructs.
b.self-judgments.
c.white lies.
d.subcultural translations.
e.stereotypes.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 81 Knowledge
82. Phong is in the market for a new car and hopes to buy a Toyota Scion. It seems everywhere he goes lately he sees a Scion on the road. What does this exemplify in the process of selecting stimuli?
a.repetitious stimuli
b.motives
c.change in stimulation
d.intense stimuli
e.organization
Answer: b Type: M Page: 79 Application
83. When Mary meets Ted at a party, she asks him what he does for a living. This is an example of classifying people by
a.appearance.
b.psychological traits.
c.membership.
d.social role.
e.interaction style.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 80 Application
84. Shima knows her friend Francine is going through a difficult time so she doesn’t mind that Francine is particularly quiet at dinner. This is an example of what stage in the perception process?
a.selection.
b.organization.
c.redefinition.
d.interpretation.
e.none of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 84 Application
85. The process whereby people influence each other’s perceptions and attempt to achieve a shared perspective is called
a.negotiation.
b.narration.
c.differentiation.
d.relationship building.
e.organization.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 85 Knowledge
86. While on vacation with her family in Germany, Abigail criticized how Germans drove on the Autobahn compared to American freeway driving. According to the text, Abigail’s attitude is considered
a.prejudice.
b.ethnocentrism.
c.ethnicity.
d.punctuation.
e.self-serving bias.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 90 Application
87. All of the following are schemes by which we classify people except
a.social roles.
b.psychological traits.
c.membership.
d.interaction style.
e.beliefs.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 80 Knowledge
88. All of the following is true about stereotyping except
a.a set of characteristics is ascribed to most members of a category.
b.it affects interracial communication.
c.it affects only personal relationships.
d.it doesn’t always occur because of bad intentions.
e.it is a result of exaggerated generalizations.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 80-82 Knowledge
89. Bernadette complains to Patrick that the volume on the TV is too loud; Patrick claims he can’t hear the TV if he turns it down. What type of perceptual influence does this example illustrate?
a.psychological
b.cultural
c.gender
d.social
e.physiological
Answer: e Type: M Page: 90 Application
90. When Kasheem got caught speeding, Amy said he should have been more careful; later when Amy got caught speeding, she denied she was driving too fast. This is an example of what tendency in perception?
a.We are influenced by the obvious.
b.The self-serving bias.
c.We pay attention to others’ negative characteristics.
d.The halo effect.
e.We assume others are similar to us.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 93-94 Application
91. Which of the following is most likely to account for your tendency to overlook the faults of your new romantic partner?
a.gender roles
b. occupational roles
c.relational roles
d.cultural roles
e.none of the above
Answer: c Type: M Page: 92 Comprehension
92. Using the pillow method can
a. enhance cognitive complexity.
b.boost empathy.
c.lead to valuable insights.
d.b & c
e.all of the above
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 100-109 Synthesis
93. You’ve changed the way you perceive and interact with homeless people after your good friend spent some time in a homeless shelter. This example best illustrates which of the following influences on interpretation?
a. personal experience
b.assumptions about human behavior
c.expectations
d.self-concept
e.relational satisfaction
Answer: a Type: M Page: 84 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 94–98: Match each of the descriptions below with the term it best describes:
a.punctuation
b.interpretation
c.empathy
d.attribution error
e.androgynous behavior
94. You feel sadness when your friend tells you his cat died.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 100 Application
95. You exhibit both male and female traits when faced with a difficult decision.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 91 Application
96. You say you’re late because your partner is never ready on time; your partner says she takes her time getting ready because you’re always late.
Answer: a Type: Matching Pages: 82-83 Application
97. You think that when your coworker uses profanity it’s due to a flaw in her character, but when you use profanity it’s because the situation demands it.
Answer: d Type: Matching Pages: 93-94 Application
98. You figure your friend’s smile means she’s happy.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 84 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 99–103: Match each of the descriptions below with the term it best describes.
a.self-serving bias
b.stereotyping
c.sympathy
d.narrative
e.selection
99. You believe that most of the elderly are slow drivers.
Answer: b Type: Matching Pages: 80-82 Application
100. You notice car advertisements more when you need a new car.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 79 Application
101. You tell your friend you’re sorry that he was robbed.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 102 Application
102. You claim your roommates are lazy when they don’t clean up, but when you fail to clean, it’s because of your many commitments.
Answer: a Type: Matching Pages: 93-94 Application
103. The stories you share with your coworkers creates a shared perspective of your boss.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 85 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 104–110: Match each of the perceptual schema examples below with constructs that describe it.
a.appearance
b.social roles
c.interaction style
d.psychological trait
e.membership
104. Chevell thinks Alicia is a typical lawyer.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
105. Bertha did not want to associate with the girl wearing a ring in her nose.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
106. Darin decided LuAnn was insecure when he heard her ask for help twice.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
107. Jeremiah responded to Esperanza’s comment sarcastically.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
108. “That’s just what a Republican would say,” Mario thought.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
109. At the party Kimbrye spent more time talking to the tall blonde than her dark-haired friend.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
110. Alexandria thought Jon was friendly from the first time they met.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 111–115: Match each of the descriptions below with the term it best describes.
a.punctuation
b.interpretation
c.stereotyping
d.organization
e.selection
111. You are frustrated by the behavior of an instructor you’ve classified as “mean.” However, when the instructor you’ve classified as “friendly” behaves the same way, you are more tolerant.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 80 Application
112. Your friend comes into the room and slams the door, so you assume he is angry with you.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 84 Application
113. As you listen to a classmate give a speech you notice her saying “you know” and “um” many times.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 79 Application
114. She says she’s forced to tell him over and over to pick up his things because he never listens to her. He says he has to “tune her out” because she is always complaining about something.
Answer: a Type: Matching Pages: 82-83 Application
115. You think all Japanese are hard workers after doing an internship in a Japanese company.
Answer: c Type: Matching Pages: 80-82 Application
116. Identify a situation from your recent experience in which you disagree with another person due to differing physiological factors. Show how these different factors led to the disagreement.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 86-89 Synthesis
117. Describe the five perceptual tendencies identified by researchers in Chapter Three. What role has each played/not played in the formation of your perceptions of three people important to you?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 93-96 Application
118. Apply the Pillow Method to an interpersonal issue which has recently affected you. Describe your thoughts and feelings at each position on the pillow. Explain how an expanded view of this situation could affect the communication between you and the other person.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 104-109 Application
119. Your text identified a variety of influences on perception. Name two of these categories of influence and apply them to the situation described below in terms of their effect on your interpretation of the event.
The situation: Imagine you’ve been walking down the street with another friend. You both are aware that three individuals have been walking behind you for some time. As you turn into a restaurant and sit down, the other three enter and take a booth directly behind you and your friend.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 86-93 Application
120. Consider a stereotype you might hold, either positive or negative. Using information from the text, explain what led you to have this specific stereotype and how your behavior and communication has been affected by it.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 80-82 Analysis
121. Choose one of the following social roles—gender, occupational or relational—then explain how this area has influenced your perceptions. Use examples from your own life in your discussion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 91-92 Application
122. Using the following problem, apply the Pillow Method to view the issue. Identify each position and explain each position clearly in relation to the scenario. Explain how an expanded view of the situation might affect the communication in this relationship.
Problem: You and a friend have talked about taking a trip to Europe after college graduation. While planning the trip during senior year, you discover that your friend is insisting on taking an organized tour while you have always dreamed of backpacking through Europe and staying at hostels.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 104-109 Synthesis
123. How does the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy from Chapter 2 relate to the interpretation step in the perception process? Give examples.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 49-51, 84 Synthesis
124. How can we use the information described in the section on “Common Tendencies in Perception” to improve the accuracy of our perceptions?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 93-96 Analysis
125. Explain how the Internet and social media influence perceptions. Use at least two specific examples to support and justify your point.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 86 Application
The following essay questions work best as “take-home” exams because of the time necessary to effectively complete them.
126. Imagine yourself a member of the opposite sex. Describe all the events of a particular day from the vantage point of your “new” sex. What clothes would you want to wear? How would you greet your friends? How would you eat? How would you play? How would your perceptions of the world change? Be very specific and use concrete examples as well as vocabulary items from this chapter.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 91-92 Evaluation
127. Describe a subculture to which you belong. Give examples and explain several misunderstandings you have had with members of another subculture. What do these misunderstandings indicate about the way in which you view the world? Use terms and theory from text.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 89-91 Evaluation
CHAPTER 4
EMOTIONS
1. Generally speaking, people are more likely to share negative emotions rather than positive emotions.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 123-124 Knowledge
2. Nonverbal reactions are often directly connected to verbalizing emotions.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 117 Knowledge
3. Social rules discourage too much expression of negative emotion, but there are really no social limits to expressing positive emotions.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 122-123 Knowledge
4. The United States is known internationally as a “culture of cheerfulness.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 121 Knowledge
5. Research indicates that people from warmer climates are more emotionally expressive than people from cooler climates.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 121 Knowledge
6. Your text argues that the complete and open expression of emotions is one key to positive relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 126 Comprehension
7. Over-expression of emotion may create physiological ailments as much as under-expression of emotion.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 126 Knowledge
8. When sharing your feelings, it’s not necessary to accept responsibility for them because so often others cause them.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 132 Knowledge
9. Fortunately, for people who want to hide their emotions, all the physical changes that accompany emotions are internal.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 117 Knowledge
10. Some people fail to communicate their emotions clearly because they understate or downplay them.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 128-129 Knowledge
11. Since collectivist cultures pay more attention to nonverbal behaviors, they are better at expressing both positive and negative emotions.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 121-122 Knowledge
12. An event that generates facilitative self-talk for one person might stimulate debilitative thinking for someone else.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 135-137 Comprehension
13. The mind has little influence on our emotional states.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 117 Comprehension
14. The approach to handling emotions described in your text involves talking yourself out of feeling unnecessarily bad.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 144 Knowledge
15. It is important to express all your emotions to all the important people in your life as soon as you experience those emotions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 128 Knowledge
16. Your text advises that when you feel a certain way, you should act on that feeling immediately.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 128 Knowledge
17. All emotions are caused by self-talk.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 135-137 Comprehension
18. People will always respect and like you more if you go out of your way to please them.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 138 Comprehension
19. One of the reasons we don’t express emotions is that we don’t recognize when they occur.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 126-128 Comprehension
20. Anger can be either a facilitative or debilitative emotion.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 134 Comprehension
21. Feelings are often recognized by nonverbal changes, such as blushing.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 117 Knowledge
22. It is always clear what emotion someone is experiencing if you closely observe his nonverbal behavior.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 117 Knowledge
23. Members of collectivistic cultures discourage expression of any negative emotions that might upset relationships among people in their “in-group.”
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 121-122 Knowledge
24. Even across cultures, men tend to say “I love you” more than women.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 122 Knowledge
25. Social isolation and depression are problems that can result from the inability to constructively talk about emotions.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 120 Knowledge
26. Academic background is the best predictor of the ability to detect and interpret emotional expressions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 122 Knowledge
27. Your personality makes little difference in the way you experience and communicate emotions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 121 Knowledge
28. When we experience mixed emotions, we generally communicate only one feeling—usually the most positive one.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 130 Knowledge
29. Your text suggests that to feel better you should first talk about how you feel and then act on that feeling.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 128 Comprehension
30. Expanding your emotional vocabulary is one suggestion your text makes for expressing your emotions.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 128-129 Knowledge
31. According to cognitive psychologists, it is not events that cause people to feel bad, but rather the beliefs they hold about the events.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 136 Knowledge
32. It rarely matters what channel to use when expressing an emotion (phone, e-mail, etc.) as long as you express yourself clearly and honestly.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 132-134 Comprehension
33. One difference between facilitative emotions and debilitative emotions is whether you feel the emotion for a short or long period of time.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 134 Knowledge
34. The fallacy of causation is based on the irrational belief that emotions are caused by others rather than by one’s own self-talk.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 141 Knowledge
35. Researchers have found that college students who can pinpoint the negative emotions they experience, such as anger, also have the best strategies for managing their emotions.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 126 Knowledge
36. The process of reappraisal can be used to alter the way an event impacts us emotionally.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 119 Knowledge
37. Reappraisal is the same thing as denying your feelings.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 119 Knowledge
38. Sarah’s self-esteem has been shattered since she lost her job four months ago. Reappraising the event as an opportunity to find a new career can help her alter the debilitating emotion that prevents her from effective functioning.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 119, 134-135 Synthesis
39. Children whose parents helped them learn to express emotions are at a lower risk for behavioral problems.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 120 Knowledge
40. Suppressing your emotions is never appropriate or constructive.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 124 Comprehension
41. It is possible to “catch” someone else’s mood.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 124 Comprehension
42. Writing out your feelings will not have the same benefit as expressing them verbally.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 132-134 Comprehension
43. Rumination produces debilitative feelings.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 134 Comprehension
44. The text approach to minimizing debilitative emotions is a form of reappraisal.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 119, 136, 143-145 Synthesis
45. Considering when and where to express feelings does not include thinking about people’s moods or their readiness for hearing personal disclosures.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 130-131 Knowledge
46. According to your text, introverts are shy and usually don’t like people.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 118 Knowledge
47. Your textbook authors advise us to help introverts out of their shell by offering suggestions on how to be more extraverted.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 118 Knowledge
48. Nonverbal expressions of emotions become more pronounced under the influence of alcohol.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 117 Knowledge
49. Word usage, nonverbal reactions and emotions are all interconnected.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 117 Knowledge
50. Children may have difficulty interpreting their father’s emotions because fathers tend to mask their expressions more than mothers do.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 122 Knowledge
51. Roxanne’s mood was affected by the excellent service she received at the coffee shop. This is best explained by the concept of
a.social conventions.
b.emotional contagion.
c.reappraisal.
d.emotion labor.
e.emotional memory.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 124-125 Application
52. Which of the following is not one of the suggestions made in the chapter reading about introverts?
a.Avoid asking introverts why they “don’t like people.”
b.Don’t demand immediate feedback from an introvert.
c.Don’t interrupt once an introvert gets to talking.
d.Give an introvert suggestions to help him come out of his shell.
e.Do avoid asking an introvert to repeat himself.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 118 Comprehension
53. The “amygdala” refers to
a.the threat alarm system in the brain.
b.a type of emotional contagion.
c.a reservoir of emotional memories.
d.nonverbal reactions expressed on the face.
e.none of the above.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 135 Knowledge
54. The “Looking at Diversity” reading about the ways Zuni and Anglo cultures deal with emotion expression indicates that
a.Anglos don’t show love as much as Zunis.
b.Zunis emphasize listening over talking.
c.Zunis encourage their children to freely express intense emotions.
d.Zunis feel emotions less intensely than Anglos.
e.all of the above were mentioned by the reading.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 123 Comprehension
55. Social scientists generally agree that there are four components to the phenomena we label as “feelings.” They are
a.physiological changes, nonverbal reactions, cognitive interpretations, and verbal expression.
b.physical changes, mental recognition, and verbal description.
c.sensing, organizing, interpreting, and encoding.
d.verbal and nonverbal manifestations, physical depression, and catharsis.
e.stimulus, proprioception, emotional contagion, and response.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 116-120 Comprehension
56. Emotions that we experience are a result of
a.our own temperaments.
b.beliefs we hold.
c.self-talk.
d.emotional memories.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 135-137 Comprehension
57. Your text tells you that you should
a.express all your emotions to your friends.
b.try to recognize your emotions.
c.be glad you have debilitative emotions.
d.express only positive emotions.
e.stop being so emotional.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 126-134 Comprehension
58. According to your text, one reason people don’t express feelings is
a.they lack awareness of their emotions.
b.it’s a waste of time.
c.interpretations are easier to understand.
d.they are rarely asked to do so.
e.many people rarely have feelings.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 126 Comprehension
59. Research described in this chapter found that when subjects were coached to move their facial muscles in ways that appeared afraid, angry, disgusted, amused, sad, etc., the subjects responded
a.as if they themselves were having these feelings.
b.by showing the opposite feeling.
c.by showing more intense feelings than the volunteers.
d.with no emotion at all.
e.with pity for the volunteers.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 117 Comprehension
60. Many of our debilitative feelings come from
a.our genetic make-up.
b.our emotional memory.
c.the beliefs we hold about events.
d.a and c.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 135-137 Knowledge
61. Which of the following is true of debilitative feelings?
a.They often last a long time.
b.They keep you from functioning effectively.
c.They are intense.
d.They are a product of your beliefs.
e.All of the above are true of debilitative feelings.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 134-137 Comprehension
62. People who subscribe to the fallacy of perfection believe
a.everyone is perfect except them.
b.there’s no point in striving for perfection since it is unattainable.
c.a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle any situation with complete confidence and skill.
d.perfection requires much practice.
e.only professors are perfect.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 138 Knowledge
63. Which of the following is an example of falling for the fallacy of causation?
a.“People at parties make me nervous.”
b.“If I ask her/him for a date the answer will probably be no.”
c.“I’m no good at anything!”
d.“Everybody is against me.”
e.“I should be a better person.”
Answer: a Type: M Page: 141 Application
64. Which of the following does the text offer as a guideline for expressing emotions?
a.The sooner a feeling is shared, the better.
b.Try to avoid sharing negative feelings whenever possible.
c.Share multiple feelings when appropriate.
d.Let others know that they have caused you to feel a certain way.
e.Try to avoid getting too emotional.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 126-134 Application
65. All of the following are parts of the procedure for dealing with debilitative feelings except which one?
a.Record your self-talk.
b.Monitor your emotional reactions.
c.Dispute your irrational beliefs.
d.Identify the activating event.
e.Analyze your motives.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 143-145 Comprehension
66. “You never listen to me!” is an example of subscribing to the fallacy of
a.overgeneralization.
b.perfection.
c.shoulds.
d.causation.
e.helplessness.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 140-141 Application
67. “My roommate ought to be more understanding.” This quote is an example of the fallacy of
a.shoulds.
b.causation.
c.approval.
d.perfection.
e.helplessness.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 140 Application
68. Which of the following is the best advice for expressing your emotions?
a.Accept responsibility for your own feelings.
b.Express your feelings as soon as they occur.
c.Recognize that feeling and acting out the feeling are the same.
d.Express only primary feelings.
e.Tell yourself you shouldn’t feel bad.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 126-134 Evaluation
69. When you believe that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill, you are falling for the fallacy of
a.perfection.
b.causation.
c.approval.
d.shoulds.
e.overgeneralization.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 138 Knowledge
70. When you think it is not just desirable but vital to get the acceptance of virtually every person, you are falling for the fallacy of
a.perfection.
b.causation.
c.approval.
d.shoulds.
e.overgeneralization.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 138-139 Knowledge
71. When you believe that others cause your emotions rather than your own self-talk, you are falling for the fallacy of
a.perfection.
b.causation.
c.approval.
d.shoulds.
e.overgeneralization.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 141 Knowledge
72. When you believe that satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond your control, you are falling for the fallacy of
a.causation.
b.helplessness.
c.catastrophic expectations.
d.approval.
e.shoulds.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 141-142 Knowledge
73. According to your text, the first step in minimizing your debilitative emotions is to
a.monitor your emotional reactions.
b.note the activating event.
c.record your self-talk.
d.dispute your irrational beliefs.
e.confront the person who caused them.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 143 Knowledge
74. Which of the following is an example of self-talk?
a.I shouldn’t have pushed so hard.
b.I’ll make her neurotic.
c.I’ll never be able to make her see my side.
d.I can’t get anyone to listen to me.
e.All of the above could be examples of self-talk.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 136-137 Application
75. Frowning, sweating, and a sudden change in vocal pitch are all emotional changes classified as
a.proprioceptive stimuli.
b.nonverbal reactions.
c.cognitive interpretations.
d.physio-emotional changes.
e.all of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 117 Knowledge
76. An empty feeling in the pit of your stomach, tense muscles, and headaches are examples of the emotional component labeled
a.nonverbal reactions.
b.cognitive interpretations.
c.physiological factors.
d.rational-emotive therapy.
e.environment.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 117 Comprehension
77. In mainstream U.S. society, we don’t express our emotions very well or very frequently because
a.of social rules and roles.
b.others put us down.
c.we recognize so many emotions.
d.self-disclosure is already high enough.
e.of inadequate self-concepts.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 122-123 Comprehension
78. Which of the following is a better way of expressing emotion in the statement: “You’re making me nervous”?
a.Say “I feel nervous when you drive over the speed limit.”
b.Say “Your fast driving is not making me feel very safe.”
c.Say “I feel like taking the keys.”
d.All of the above could improve the statement.
e.No improvement is needed.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 132 Evaluation
79. Facilitative feelings
a.are emotional counterfeits.
b.happen only when you feel good.
c.keep us from communicating effectively.
d.contribute to effective functioning.
e.are more common in other cultures.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 134-135 Comprehension
80. Debilitative emotions
a.are emotional counterfeits.
b.happen only when you feel bad.
c.detract from effective functioning.
d.contribute to effective functioning.
e.none of the above.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 134-135 Comprehension
81. Two things that distinguish facilitative feelings from debilitative ones are
a.emotions and behavior.
b.interpretation and intention.
c.longevity and interpretation.
d.intention and intensity.
e.intensity and duration.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 134-135 Knowledge
82. Which of the following is an example of the fallacy of causation?
a.“I really don’t like her book but I don’t want to hurt her feelings.”
b.“Even though I’m really busy today, I’d better visit my parents or they’ll be upset.”
c.“Bruce is making me crazy with his excuses.”
d.both a and b above
e.a, b, and c above
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 141 Application
83. Self-talk
a.can be facilitative or debilitative.
b.can determine how you feel.
c.includes identifying an event, your thought, and feeling.
d.allows you to have control over how you feel.
e.includes all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 134-137 Comprehension
84. The statement “Bob never has a good word to say about anyone” is an example of the fallacy of
a.shoulds.
b.approval.
c.overgeneralization.
d.causation.
e.all of the above.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 140-141 Application
85. Subscribing to the fallacy of catastrophic expectations can lead to
a.self-fulfilling prophecies.
b.erroneous perception checking.
c.reflected appraisals.
d.physiological noise.
e.both c and d above.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 49-50, 142-143 Synthesis
86. “I feel like quitting school” is an example of
a.a feeling statement.
b.an emotionally counterfeit statement.
c.an emotional intention.
d.a contextual emotion.
e.a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 128 Application
87. Revealing multiple feelings means
a.mixing up all the feelings you have.
b.expressing more than one feeling.
c.sharing what you feel and what your partner feels, too.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 129-130 Comprehension
88. The best predictor of being able to detect and interpret emotional expressions is
a.foreign travel.
b.academic background.
c.cultural similarity.
d.biological sex.
e.none of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 122 Knowledge
89. Gene is in a great mood when he calls Mia. However, she is in a funk from a stressful day at work. After a brief chat Gene hangs up the phone feeling discouraged. This is an example of
a.emotional recognition.
b.emotional memory.
c.emotional contagion.
d.emotional detachment.
e.none of the above.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 124-125 Application
90. Which of the following is not characteristic of our emotions?
a.The mind plays an important role in determining emotional states.
b.Sometimes nonverbal behavior can cause an emotional state.
c.Bodily changes may occur, such as a churning stomach, as a result of experiencing an emotion.
d.Most people don’t overstate the strength of their feelings.
e.none of the above
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 116-120 Comprehension
91. Which of the following is not true about the effect of gender on emotions?
a.Women are more attuned to emotions than men, both within and across cultures.
b.Fathers mask their emotions more than mothers do, according to one study.
c.Women are less likely to use emoticons such as in online communication.
d.Women express more affection on Facebook than men do.
e.All of the above are true about the effect of gender on emotions.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 122 Knowledge
92. Each of the following is an example of an emotionally counterfeit statement except which one?
a.I feel like going to a movie.
b.I’m bored and I want to go to a show.
c.I feel we’ve been seeing too much of each other and want to break-up.
d.I feel that you are driving too fast.
e.All are emotionally counterfeit statements.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 128 Application
93. A particularly powerful form of debilitative self-talk that tends to increase sadness, anxiety, and depression is
a.deliberation.
b.rumination.
c.obsessing.
d.emotional memorizing.
e.none of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 134-135 Knowledge
94. __________ is the term described in the text as the process of managing and sometimes suppressing emotions.
a.Rumination
b.Reappraisal
c.Rational emotive therapy
d.Emotion labor
e.None of the above
Answer: d Type: M Page: 124 Knowledge
95. How is emotional intelligence defined in the text?
a.the ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions and be sensitive to others’ feelings
b.the ability to share multiple feelings
c.the ability to accept responsibility for our feelings
d.the ability to change negative self-talk to positive
e.a measure that indicates you have a large emotional vocabulary
Answer: a Type: M Page: 116 Knowledge
96. The section in the text titled “Critic’s Math” was about
a.how we tend to focus on one negative criticism even in the face of 1,000 compliments.
b.how our ability to overlook criticism will disappear as we become successful.
c.how compliments are twice as powerful as criticism.
d.how to calculate your emotional intelligence IQ.
e.none of the above.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 139 Comprehension
97. An example of an “activating event” can be which of the following?
a.a coworker accuses you of foolish behavior
b.a neighbor’s barking dogs repeatedly interrupt your sleep
c.a classmates brings up an comfortable topic during conversation
d.you repeatedly see ambiguous and suspicious posts on your romantic partner’s Facebook site
e.all of the above
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 143-144 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 98–107: Match each of the statements below with the fallacy it most clearly represents.
a.fallacy of causation
b.fallacy of shoulds
c.fallacy of overgeneralization
d.fallacy of perfection
e.fallacy of helplessness
98. “Those interviewers made me so nervous.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 141 Application
99. “You ought to keep in touch more.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 140 Application
100. “I know he’ll be crushed if I don’t go out with him.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 141 Application
101. “You never tell me how you feel.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Pages: 140-141 Application
102. “I lost my temper with Mac last night. I’ve had a course in interpersonal communication; I know better.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 138 Application
103. “I can’t tell my boyfriend his smoking upsets me!”
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 141-142 Application
104. “You’re making me angry.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 141 Application
105. “You should be more patient.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 140 Application
106. “I’m such an idiot; I forgot my sister’s birthday.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Pages: 140-141 Application
107. “I’ve always been quiet in class and I don’t see myself changing now.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 141-142 Application
108. “There is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so.” Apply this Shakespeare quote to communication in one of your relationships. Give specific examples and describe details.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 117-119, 134-137 Application
109. Recall a time when you experienced a powerful emotion. Describe how the four components of emotions affected the way you felt, and hence how you communicated in the situation.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 116-120 Application
110. Give examples of cultural, gender, and social influences on emotional expression from your own life.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 121-124 Application
111. “When emotions begin to be shared, a relationship begins to deepen.” How does this come about? Give two examples from your own experience that support this statement.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 126 Analysis
112. Identify at least three fallacies from the text you most commonly accept. Explain each fallacy and explain the potential harm each may cause if you fail to dispute it.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 138-143 Analysis
113. Explain the relationship between interpersonal perception as described in Chapter Three and the rational-emotive approach to emotions in Chapter Four.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: Ch 3 and 134-145 Synthesis
114. Explain the concept of self-talk and how it can affect our emotions. Describe the self-talk process and provide an example from your own life where it has influenced your feelings.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 136-137 Application
115. Define and explain debilitative emotions, as well as the differences between them and facilitative emotions. Also, describe the process by which one can minimize the irrational thinking that can lead to debilitative emotions.
Answer will vary Type: E Pages: 134-137, 143-145 Analysis
116. Describe the concept of “flaming,” and explain how it may impact communication competence.
Answer will vary Type: E Page: 134 Comprehension
117. Apply the steps to minimizing debilitating emotions in each of the following scenarios. Describe what you could do in each step, including identifying and disputing the irrational fallacies. Discuss what you believe might be the personal and relational outcomes when managed this way.
You are working on an important paper for school when your roommate trips on your computer cord and shuts down the machine before you could save it. You think to yourself, “Arrgh! Why did she have to do that! Could she see I was working?! She should look where she’s going, and she shouldn’t even come near me when I’m working anyway!” You begin to turn red, feel really angry, yell and blame her for ruining your semester.
You are consumed with anger toward your boss (whom you’ve worked with for two years). He is indecisive. He avoids tasks that demand a lot of effort. He is slow in getting you information you need to complete your work. You believe he shouldn’t be such a lazy slob, and that he should realize how ineffective he is and do something about it! You get angry with yourself because you can’t seem to stop being angry with him. You bring your anger home with you and yell at your spouse and children.
Answer will vary Type: E Pages: 134-145 Evaluation
The following essay question works best as a “take-home” exam because of the time necessary to effectively complete it.
118. What are the guidelines suggested in your text for expressing feelings? Describe how you can apply these guidelines to your life. Give specific examples.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 126-134 Application
CHAPTER 5
LANGUAGE
1. Equivocal words are words that can be interpreted in more than one way.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 156-157 Knowledge
2. Emotive words are words that sound as if they’re describing something, but are really announcing the speaker’s attitude toward it.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 168-169 Knowledge
3. Linguistic relativism is a notion that holds that our cultural worldview is shaped and reflected by the language spoken by its members.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 180-181 Knowledge
4. “I’m rather upset” is more powerful language than “I’m upset.”
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 165-166 Application
5. A perfectly worded “I” message delivered with total sincerity will ensure that the other person will not get defensive.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 170-171 Knowledge
6. American Sign Language is considered a literal system of communication rather than symbolic.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 155 Knowledge
7. Syntactic rules govern the grammatical aspects of a language.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 159-160 Knowledge
8. Relative words gain their meaning from comparison.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 157 Knowledge
9. The U.S. is a high-context language culture.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 178 Comprehension
10. High-level abstractions can be useful as verbal shorthand between two people who know each other well.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 157-158 Knowledge
11. All human languages are symbolic in nature.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 154-155 Knowledge
12. Inferential statements are conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 167 Knowledge
13. A formal language culture will have different vocabularies for different sexes, levels of social status, different types of occasions, or degrees of intimacy.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 180 Comprehension
14. “No” is so clear and short that it is one of the few words that is never misinterpreted in any intercultural exchange.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 178 Analysis
15. Statements that contain the word “is” (“Luis is an active guy”) may lead to the assumption that people are unchanging.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 157 Knowledge
16. Women use more indirect and elaborate ways of talking than men do.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 175 Knowledge
17. Research shows that linguistic differences are more often a function of gender roles than they are of biological sex.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 176 Comprehension
18. Men discuss with other men the same conversation topics that women discuss with other women.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 173-174 Knowledge
19. Your text confirms the stereotype that women are more likely to talk about feelings and relationships than men are.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 174-175 Comprehension
20. Men and women report using language for different purposes.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 174 Knowledge
21. The process of static evaluation implies that people or things are unchanging.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 157 Knowledge
22. Syntactic misunderstandings arise when people assign different meanings to the same words.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 156, 158-159 Knowledge
23. Low-level abstract language can lead to blanket judgments and stereotyping.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 158 Knowledge
24. Communication researchers call the process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others convergence.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 164 Knowledge
25. There are never times when equivocal language can be useful.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 157 Knowledge
26. Pragmatic rules are stated rules that help us make sense of another’s messages.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 160-161 Knowledge
27. Affiliation can be seen in online communities by increased use of “we.”
Answer: F Type: T Page: 164 Knowledge
28. There are some occasions when less powerful forms of speech can enhance a speaker’s effectiveness.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 166 Knowledge
29. Researchers have found that “I/we” combinations have a good chance of being received favorably.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 171 Knowledge
30. Low-context cultures use language to maintain social harmony.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 177-179 Knowledge
31. One way in which language styles vary across cultures is whether they are elaborate or succinct.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 179 Knowledge
32. Speakers of expressive and elaborate languages, such as Arabic, probably do not value silence as much as speakers with a more succinct style.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 179 Analysis
33. After years of research, it has been concluded that names have little effect on how others think of us and the way we act.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 161-162 Comprehension
34. Problems can arise when we label our opinions as facts.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 166-167 Comprehension
35. “I” language offers a more accurate and less provocative way to express a complaint.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 170 Knowledge
36. Communication scholars use the term “cooperation” to describe the way conversation operates when everyone involved uses the same set of pragmatic rules.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 161 Knowledge
37. Speech can build and demonstrate solidarity with others.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 164 Knowledge
38. Language can shape our perceptions of the world.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 162 Knowledge
39. Studies show that people tend to negatively judge other people who have unusual names or unusual spellings of common names.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 162 Knowledge
40. An example of divergence is when people feel more connected on the job because their swearing patterns match those of their bosses.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 164 Knowledge
41. Turning words into numbers helps make them more concrete and specific.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 157 Knowledge
42. Using a similar language style while instant messaging increases the chances of a couple’s relationship continuing by 50%.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 164 Knowledge
43. Expressions of disapproval are likely to be received more positively if they include a disclaimer such as “I don’t mean to sound judgmental but…”
Answer: F Type: T Page: 165 Knowledge
44. According to research, a tentative and accommodating speech style has few, if any, advantages.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 165-166, 175 Synthesis
45. Swearing has no useful role in the workplace.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 167 Knowledge
46. When a speaker uses powerful speech pattern he/she
a.tends to be received more positively in culture like Mexico.
b.stresses relational goals over content goals.
c.may undermine relational goals to accomplish short term goals.
d.will use very polite phrases and intensifiers.
e.will be successful in all communication encounters.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 165-166 Comprehension
47. “We” language
a.may accomplish the goals of “I” language and sound less egotistical.
b.should be avoided when expressing personal feelings and thoughts.
c.can signal closeness and cohesiveness with others.
d.can offend another person in some circumstances.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 171 Knowledge
48. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the best known declaration of
a.convergence.
b.linguistic relativism.
c.identity.
d.emotive theory.
e.pragmatism.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 180-181 Synthesis
49. In a low-context language culture, you will notice
a.indirect expression of opinions.
b.use of silence admired.
c.less reliance on explicit verbal messages.
d.self-expression valued.
e.ambiguity admired.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 177-179 Comprehension
50. Succinctness in language is most extreme in cultures where
a.silence is valued.
b.the language system is limited.
c.more than one language is spoken.
d.verbal fluency is admired.
e.the use of equivocation is high.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 179 Knowledge
51. All of the following statements about gender and language are true except which one?
a.Men’s speech is more direct and task-oriented.
b.Women’s speech is more indirect and elaborate.
c.Female speech often contains statements of sympathy and empathy.
d.Women interrupt men more in mixed-sex conversations.
e.Women are more likely to use more intensive adverbs than men.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 175 Synthesis
52. When we study semantic rules, we learn that
a.words mean a lot in and of themselves.
b.understanding occurs as a result of users agreeing on the same meanings for words.
c.words typically can be interpreted in only one way.
d.meanings rest more in words than in the people who use them.
e.All of these choices are correct are true about semantic rules.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 156 Comprehension
53. In cultures that stress formality in language,
a.using correct grammar is most important.
b.language use defines social position.
c.the people talk less.
d.there are fewer real friendships.
e.the people are too stiff to really communicate.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 180 Comprehension
54. Equivocal words
a.have more than one commonly accepted definition.
b.are low-level abstractions.
c.mean the same to all people and are thus redundant.
d.have meanings one person can guess at but another can’t.
e.have no known nonverbal signals to accompany them.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 156-157 Knowledge
55. Which of the following is the least abstract definition of a successful college experience?
a.a better understanding of Western civilization
b.completion of the requirements listed on page 24 of the college catalog with a grade-point average of 2.0 or higher
c.the ability to express oneself clearly, understand principles of the arts and sciences, and have some expertise in a chosen field of study
d.both intellectual and social adjustment
e.the ability to contribute to society
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 157-159 Application
56. A speaker’s willingness to take responsibility for his/her thoughts or feelings can be indicated by the use of
a.singular terms.
b.“I” language.
c.“you” language.
d.consequence terms.
e.euphemisms.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 170 Comprehension
57. “People from the East Coast are rude.” Which of the following abstraction problems is illustrated by this statement?
a.stereotyping
b.confusing others
c.confusing yourself
d.being too frank
e.bicoastalism
Answer: a Type: M Page: 158 Application
58. Which of the following is a way to avoid the abstraction in the statement “I’ve got to be a better student”?
a.“I’m going to spend two hours a day studying.”
b.“I’m going to try harder.”
c.“I’m going to get some help from some places on campus.”
d.“My mother and father will be happier if I’m a better student.”
e.“Instructors like students who try hard.”
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 157-159 Application
59. A behavioral description should include
a.who is involved.
b.in what circumstances the behavior occurs.
c.the specific behaviors.
d.All of these choices are correct.
e.None of these choices are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 159 Comprehension
60. If I say “here the drink bring,” I have violated a(n) __________ rule of our language.
a.initial
b.syntactic
c.median
d.semantic
e.final
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 159-160 Application
61. Syntactic rules of language govern
a.the grammar of a language.
b.the ways in which speakers respond to symbols.
c.the words that become slang.
d.the creation of new tactics.
e.the way that semanticists create meaning.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 159-160 Knowledge
62. Making an inference is a reasonable thing to do relationally as long as
a.you make a number of them.
b.you wait for the other to infer also.
c.the other person understands you.
d.you identify the inference to the other person.
e.you first describe the observable behavior that led to the inference.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 167 Synthesis
63. Which of the following statements best illustrates a fact?
a.“It’s clear you shouldn’t have said that.”
b.“Fact number one: you said a dumb thing.”
c.“It’s a fact that playing mind games always backfires.”
d.“I heard you tell Tim you weren’t interested.”
e.“You should have thought about the result of saying you weren’t interested before you opened your mouth.”
Answer: d Type: M Page: 167 Application
64. If you take an “easy” class your friend recommended and find it “hard,” you have had semantic problems due to
a.euphemistic language.
b.relative words.
c.equivocal words.
d.fiction terms.
e.semantic distracters.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 157 Application
65. Convergent speech patterns
a.demonstrate superiority over others.
b.express power and a sense of formality.
c.demonstrate affiliation with one another.
d.always utilize “I” statements instead of “you” statements.
e.None of these choices are correct.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 164 Knowledge
66. A friend told you there was a “good chance” that he would come to your party. When he didn’t show up you were upset. The semantic problem you experienced was due to
a.emotive language.
b.relative language.
c.equivocal words.
d.euphemisms.
e.semantic distracters.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 157 Application
67. A culture is unavoidably shaped and reflected by the language its members speak. This concept is
a.high-context culture.
b.low-context culture.
c.cultural anthropology.
d.cognitive determinism.
e.linguistic relativism.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 180-181 Comprehension
68. “Frank is lazy” is an example of which semantic problem?
a.equivocation
b.relative language
c.abstraction
d.static evaluation
e.none of the above
Answer: d Type: M Page: 157 Application
69. You think Angelique’s behavior is “arrogant.” Your friend describes the same behavior as “self-confidence.” An argument over who is right would revolve around
a.syntactic rules.
b.the language of responsibility.
c.emotive language.
d.sequential placement.
e.linguistic determinism.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 168-169 Application
70. Misunderstandings that revolve around equivocal and relative language can all be clarified by
a.clearer punctuation of perceptual events.
b.more interpersonal and less impersonal communication.
c.replacing abstract terms with concrete ones.
d.static definitions.
e.sequential placement.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 156-159 Synthesis
71. You tell a friend “I wish you’d be direct instead of hinting around,” but your friend responds by denying that she/he hints. One way to help resolve the issue is to
a.describe the hinting according to the dictionary.
b.give a behavioral description of how your mother hints so your friend gets the idea.
c.specifically describe the friend’s hinting behavior when it occurs.
d.describe all at once the many times that the troublesome behavior occurs.
e.None of these choices are correct will help resolve the issue.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 157-159 Evaluation
72. How could you increase the power of the statement “I, uh, think I’d be a little happier if you could make it on time. Okay?”?
a.Revise the sequential placement.
b.Use perception checking.
c.Use more disclaimers.
d.Add a tag question.
e.None of the above increases the power of the statement.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 165-166 Evaluation
73. Communication researchers call the process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others
a.identity.
b.convergence.
c.divergence.
d.semanticism.
e.agreement.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 164 Knowledge
74. Of the following statements, which is not characteristic of powerful speech?
a.It can help candidates in job interviews.
b.It often results in a favorable impression.
c.It is always preferred over less powerful forms of speech.
d.It gets different results in different cultures.
e.All of these choices are characteristic of powerful speech.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 165-166 Comprehension
75. Saying “You’re a fantastic person” rather than “You spent your whole weekend helping me move” is an example of
a.emotive language.
b.static evaluation.
c.higher-level abstraction.
d.relative language.
e.pragmatism.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 157-159 Application
76. Highly abstract language can lead to which of the following problems?
a.stereotyping
b.misunderstandings
c.blanket judgments
d.confusion
e.all of these choices are correct
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 157-159 Comprehension
77. What type of misunderstanding occurs when people assign different meanings to the same words?
a.syntactic
b.pragmatic
c.semantic
d.disruptive
e.linguistic relativism
Answer: c Type: M Page: 156 Knowledge
78. The grammar of a language is governed by
a.semantic rules.
b.pragmatic rules.
c.syntactic rules.
d.relative rules.
e.none of these choices.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 159-160 Knowledge
79. Of the following, what is not characteristic of pragmatic rules?
a.They are almost always stated.
b.They help us interpret messages in a given context.
c.They aren’t found in a dictionary.
d.They govern how speech operates in everyday interaction.
e.All of these choices are characteristic of pragmatic rules.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 160-161 Knowledge
80. A female employee may rely on __________ to interpret her older male boss’s statement, “You look very nice in that sweater.”
a.semantic rules
b.syntactic rules
c.pragmatic rules
d.abstract language
e.relative words
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 160-161 Application
81. Communicators who want to show affiliation with one another adapt their speech through
a.rate of talking.
b.choice of vocabulary.
c.number of pauses.
d.level of politeness.
e.all of the above.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 163-164 Knowledge
82. Statements that basically cancel the thought that precedes them are
a.“it” statements.
b.“but” statements.
c.“we” statements.
d.“I/we” statements.
e.“you” statements.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 170 Knowledge
83. Language styles vary across cultures
a.in elaborateness or succinctness.
b.in directness.
c.in formality or informality.
d.None of these choices are correct.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 177-180 Knowledge
84. The Star Wars character, Yoda, is following a different set of __________ rules when he says things like “the dark side are they.”
a.pragmatic
b.semantic
c.syntactic
d.all of the above
e.none of the above
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 159-160 Application
85. Which of the following is an accurate statement from the “Swearing at Work” reading?
a.Hearers who are surprised by a speaker’s swearing are likely to deem the person as incompetent.
b.Swearing can express emotional intensity.
c.Swearing can be a term of endearment.
d.Not swearing can violate the norms of some organizations.
e.All of the above are accurate statements.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 167 Comprehension
86. Which of the following statements is most concrete and measureable?
a.“It hurts a lot.”
b.“I’m pretty sore.”
c.“It’s very painful.”
d.“It hurts right here the most.”
e.“It’s a 9 on a scale of 1-10.”
Answer: e Type: M Page: 157 Application
87. The chapter reading titled “Finding the Words to Talk About Disability” noted that
a.parents of children with disabilities are better equipped to talk to their children about disabilities.
b.words used to describe disabilities matter. Words become reality.
c.the words we use to discuss disabilities can enable us to see beyond the disability.
d.both b and c above.
e.all of the above are true.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 163 Application
88. In the “Looking at Diversity” reading in Chapter 5, Pilar Bernal de Pheils encourages health care workers to “speak the patient’s language.” What she means by this is that
a.speaking the same language as the patient will ensure no misunderstandings occur.
b.thinking we understand the patient can be just as dangerous as not understanding.
c.as long as health care providers think they understand, there is no need to ask further questions.
d.if we understand a few basic phrases in the patient’s language, we can get by pretty well.
e.patients will feel more comfortable when providers seem overconfident.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 178 Comprehension
89. In one study, participants’ physiological responses were much stronger when hearing actual swear words than euphemisms for those words. Researchers say this is an example of
a.emotive language.
b.powerful speech.
c.semantic rules.
d.linguistic relativity.
e.high-context communication.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 181 Comprehension
90. To avoid fact-inference confusion, the authors advise you to use the skill of
a.“I” messages.
b.empathy.
c.rational emotive therapy.
d.linguistic relativity.
e.perception checking.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 167 Evaluation
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 91–99: Identify each of the following statements as fact or inference.
a.inference
b.fact
91. You are trying to hurt me.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
92. You told Jimmy that I didn’t want to go out with him.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
93. Why are you mad at me?
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
94. Jim wrote me a letter to help me get that job.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
95. Your children are disruptive.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
96. Your children interrupted me when I spoke.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
97. The school board president was arrested for drunken driving.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
98. Their new apartment is more comfortable than the old one.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
99. You forgot my birthday.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 167 Evaluation
100. “Language is power.” Discuss this statement, using (a) an explanation of the types of powerful/powerless language given in your text, and (b) examples of these types of language in your own life.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 165-166 Analysis
101. Compare and contrast your use of language with that of someone else you know, pointing out the similarities or differences in: 1) verbal communication style (direct/indirect, elaborate/succinct, formal/informal) and 2) worldview. Cite specific examples.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 177-181 Synthesis
102. Describe what abstract language is and how you use unnecessarily abstract language that causes communication problems. Give at least five examples. Tell how you could lower the level of abstraction in each of the examples you have given or provide reasons why the higher-level abstraction is justified and relationally beneficial.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 157-159 Synthesis
103. In your own words, explain the statement “meanings rest more in people than in words.” Cite examples from your own experience.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 156-162 Application
104. According to your text, each language has its own unique style that distinguishes it from others. Explain the three ways verbal styles vary across cultures. Include examples in your discussion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 177-180 Analysis
105. Three linguistic habits often cause disagreements: fact-opinion confusion, fact-inference confusion, and emotive language. Explain two of the habits and provide examples in your answer.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 166-169 Analysis
106. Your text identifies three areas where language shapes our perceptions: through naming and identity, affiliation, and power. Choose two areas and explain how they have shaped your perceptions. Include specific examples in your discussion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 162-166 Synthesis
107. Analyze a recent misunderstanding that occurred because you and another person relied on different sets of semantic or pragmatic rules. How could the situation have been avoided? What advice could you give to others about this area of communication?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 156-162 Evaluation
108. Explain how the ideas expressed in the section “Finding the Words to Talk About Disability” are related to the concept of self-fulfilling prophecies described in Chapter Two.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 163, 49-51 Synthesis
109. Explain how cultural differences in language use might affect intercultural business exchanges. Give examples.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 177-180 Evaluation
The following essay questions work best as “take-home” exams because of the time necessary to effectively complete them.
110. Record two separate 10- to 15-minute conversations you have with a man and a woman who are important in your life. Describe these conversations briefly in terms of content and style. Compare the conversations and comment on any variables involved, using terms and research from your text that address the issue of gender and language.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 173-177 Synthesis
111. The text describes some ways in which men and women use language both differently and similarly. Cite a major research finding in each of the following areas and cite examples from your life that reflect these findings or contradict them: a) content, b) reasons for communicating, c) conversational style, and d) non-gender variables.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 173-177 Synthesis
CHAPTER 6
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. “The Way You Talk Can Hurt You?” reading in Chapter Six insists that it would be beneficial for men to change their vocal patterns to sound more cooperative and friendly in everyday interactions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 204 Knowledge
2. According to the text, you cannot avoid communicating.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 189 Comprehension
3. Nonverbal communication is usually specific and clear.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 193-194 Comprehension
4. Nonverbal communication is not as effective at conveying thoughts or ideas as it is at conveying attitudes and feelings.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 189-190 Comprehension
5. According to your text’s definition of nonverbal communication, it follows that the way a person styles his/her hair is a nonverbal message.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 188 Analysis
6. In social transactions, the higher status person is generally the more rigid, tense-appearing one, whereas the one with lower status is usually more relaxed.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 200 Knowledge
7. Information about status can be communicated by not only posture, but also by use of space and management of time.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 200, 209-210 Synthesis
8. Gestures can be intentional or unintentional.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 200-201 Comprehension
9. Research reveals that the use of manipulators is always a sign of discomfort.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 200 Knowledge
10. In many instances, the use of touch increases liking and boosts compliance.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 206 Knowledge
11. Nonverbal messages convey relational information such as respect and friendliness.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 189-190 Knowledge
12. Generally, facing someone directly signals your interest in that person.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 198 Knowledge
13. Most communication scholars don’t define American Sign Language as nonverbal communication.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 188 Knowledge
14. Nonverbal communication can be very revealing, but it can have so many possible meanings that it’s foolish to think your interpretation will always be correct.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 193-194 Comprehension
15. Some people are more skillful than others at accurately decoding nonverbal behavior.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 194 Knowledge
16. Your text defines nonverbal communication exclusively as any type of communication that isn’t expressed by words.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 188 Comprehension
17. Different emotions show most clearly in different parts of the face.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 202 Knowledge
18. According to your text, some researchers claim that over 90 percent of the emotional impact of a message comes from nonverbal sources.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 188 Knowledge
19. Scientists use the term paralanguage to describe nonverbal messages conveyed by the voice.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 202-205 Comprehension
20. Many nonverbal behaviors are governed by cultural rules.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 196-198 Knowledge
21. Silence or pauses count as nonverbal communication.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 202-203 Comprehension
22. Patterns of eye contact are fairly consistent across cultures.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 196-197 Comprehension
23. Emblems are nonverbal behaviors that have the same meaning to all members of a particular culture or co-culture.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 200 Knowledge
24. It is possible to recognize paralinguistic messages, even if you don’t understand the language being spoken.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 204 Comprehension
25. According to research cited in your text, touch and health are not related.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 206 Knowledge
26. Researchers have found that the face and eyes are capable of five basic expressions.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 201-202 Knowledge
27. Pupil dilation can be a sign of deception.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 192 Knowledge
28. According to your text, people usually get more emotional meaning from what others do than from what they say.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 188 Comprehension
29. If you get within one foot of someone else in U.S. culture, you’ve invaded their intimate zone, according to researcher Edward T. Hall.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 208 Evaluation
30. Messages about status can be conveyed through clothing and use of time.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 208, 210 Knowledge
31. By making another person wait, you could be sending messages about status, whether you intend to or not.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 210 Analysis
32. Nonverbal cues are especially likely to carry a lot of weight when they contradict a speaker’s words.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 191-192 Knowledge
33. Deception studies have found that deceivers are more likely to be found out when they don’t feel very strongly about the information being hidden.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 193 Knowledge
34. If deceivers feel confident and not guilty, their deception is more likely to be found out.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 193 Knowledge
35. Your text defines nonverbal communication as “messages expressed by nonlinguistic means.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 188 Knowledge
36. Those with good nonverbal communication skills benefit in a number of areas, including career success and popularity.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 188-189 Knowledge
37. Nonverbal communication plays a less important role in identity management than verbal communication.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 189 Knowledge
38. Nonverbal behavior has a powerful effect in reflecting and shaping the kinds of relationships we have with others.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 190 Comprehension
39. Most text, instant, and e-mail messages are now able to present nonverbal cues about a speaker’s feelings that are equivalent to face-to-face encounters in terms of their clarity.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 190 Comprehension
40. Verbal and nonverbal communication are interconnected elements in every act of communication.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 190 Knowledge
41. Accenting nonverbal behaviors match the thoughts and emotions the communicator is expressing verbally.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 191 Knowledge
42. Signals of deception are called leakage.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 192 Knowledge
43. Nonverbal messages are less ambiguous than verbal messages.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 193-194 Knowledge
44. Since the face and eyes are probably the most noticed parts of the body, their nonverbal messages are easier to read than other parts of the body.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 201 Comprehension
45. Smiles and laughter are signs of positive emotions in all cultures.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 198 Comprehension
46. A smile always means a person is happy.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 193-194, 201, 202 Analysis
47. Illustrators can stand on their own and often function as replacements for words.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 200 Knowledge
48. Using too few gestures does not indicate a mixed message like using too many gestures does.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 201 Knowledge
49. Paralanguage can influence the way a speaker is perceived by others.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 202-205 Comprehension
50. Communicators who pause and speak quietly are viewed just as confident as those who speak loudly and without hesitations.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 205 Knowledge
51. The far range of social distance is usually the distance used when salespeople and customers talk.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 209 Knowledge
52. Our territory is the invisible bubble we carry with us wherever we go.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 209 Knowledge
53. Since “beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” physical attractiveness is not a general factor in how people are perceived.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 206-207 Comprehension
54. Studies show that most people have about a 75% chance of accurately identifying someone who is lying.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 193 Knowledge
55. Pupil dilation is a more reliable leakage clue than are facial expressions, which can be better monitored by the deceiver.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 192-193 Knowledge
56. The old adage “You never get a second chance to make a first impression” does not really apply to job interviews.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 201 Knowledge
57. Both emblems and illustrators can stand on their own, substituting for spoken messages.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 200 Knowledge
58. In the “Looking At Diversity” reading, Annie Donnellon explains her belief that sighted people learn traditional expressions of anger (such as clenched fists) by watching others.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 203 Comprehension
59. In office cubicles, occupants who face out (rather than in) send the message that they’re open to communication.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 210 Knowledge
60. The amount of time it takes for you to return your boss’s email sends a nonverbal message, whether it is intentional or not.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 210 Application
61. Nonverbal displays of affection are strongly connected to satisfaction and commitment in romantic relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 190 Application
62. Emoticons may serve to accent or complement a mediated verbal message, but don’t serve as an adequate substitute for the richness of nonverbal messages that occur in face-to-face exchanges.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 190 Application
63. A smile is one nonverbal behavior that never can be misinterpreted.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 194 Application
64. Adopting the nonverbal behaviors of a higher-status person can actually make you feel more powerful.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 200 Application
65. People who fidget with their hair or fingernails are almost always hiding something.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 200 Comprehension
66. According to research, when searching for a job, there are no downsides to being physically attractive.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 206 Comprehension
67. It is possible in increase your physical attractiveness through posture, gestures, and facial expressions.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 207 Comprehension
68. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the way some women’s voices rise in pitch at the end of a sentence?
a.Women who speak this way are perceived as timid and lacking in self-confidence.
b.Women who speak this way are perceived as cooperative.
c.Women who speak this way to convey a cooperative tone might be perceived as hesitant.
d.All of the above.
e.None of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 204 Analysis
69. Which of the following is one of the suggestions Annie Donnellon makes to the sighted for improving communication with the visually impaired?
aMention your name when starting a conversation with people who are blind.
b.At the end of the conversation, say you are leaving.
c.Clue in visually-impaired people when something is going on that they can’t see.
d.All of the above.
e.None of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 203 Analysis
70. Which of the following nonverbal behaviors is least important in a job interview?
a.smiling
b.handshaking
c.clothing
d.eye contact
e.Any of these behaviors may be equally important.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 201 Analysis
71. Which if the following is not true of deception detection?
a.We accurately detect deception only slightly more than half the time.
b.We underestimate our abilities to detect others’ lies.
c.We’re not as good at catching lies as we think we are.
d.Wanting to believe people wouldn’t lie to us biases our ability to detect deceit.
e.All of the above are true.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 193 Comprehension
72. “The Look of a Victim” story in this chapter points out that victims of assault may set themselves up as easy targets because of
a.their friendly facial expressions.
b.the way they walk.
c.their hairstyles.
d.eye contact with the attacker.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 199 Knowledge
73. Status can be conveyed nonverbally through
a.time.
b.touch.
c.clothing.
d.posture.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 198-210 Synthesis
74. Amber wants to make a sale. According to the nonverbal information presented in Chapter 6, to get compliance from a customer she might try
a.speaking in a rate much faster than her customer’s.
b.lightly touching her customer.
c.avoiding direct eye contact with her customer.
d.keeping her facial expression as neutral as possible.
e.None of these are advisable to gain compliance.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 206 Application
75. Studies of nonverbal communication across cultures reveal that
a.smiles and laughter are a universal signal of positive emotions.
b.sour expressions convey displeasure in some cultures and pleasure in others.
c.a direct gaze is considered appropriate in most cultures.
d.classes usually start and end on time in most cultures.
e.all of the above are true.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 196-198 Synthesis
76. The design and environment of rooms
a.communicate information about the owner’s personality.
b.shape the interaction that takes place there.
c.communicate information about the interests of the owner.
d.b and c above
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 210 Synthesis
77. Kinesics is the study of
a.personal distances.
b.verbal and nonverbal behavior.
c.body position and motion.
d.environmental stress.
e.clothing and color.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 198 Knowledge
78. Proxemics is the study of
a.the way people and animals use space.
b.the way people use words to transmit messages.
c.the way people use facial expressions.
d.the way people use silence.
e.the way people use vocal cues.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 208 Knowledge
79. The many ways the voice communicates—including tone, speed, pitch, number and length of pauses, volume, etc.—are called
a.paralanguage.
b.vocalics.
c.noncommunicators.
d.nonvocals.
e.proxemics.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 202 Knowledge
80. Nonverbally, women __________ more than men.
a.make less eye contact
b.smile less
c.are less vocally expressive
d.use more head, hand, and arm gestures
e.require more personal space
Answer: d Type: M Page: 196 Comprehension
81. Studies of nonverbal posture behaviors have found that
a.we are generally unaware of posture.
b.different facial expressions help posture interpretation.
c.we should use unambiguous postural cues.
d.tension and relaxation of muscles can indicate status differences.
e.posture is not important to body image.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 198-200 Comprehension
82. All of the following statements are true except which one?
a.The eyes can communicate positive and negative attitudes.
b.Nonverbal messages of the face and eyes are the easiest to read.
c.The use of eye contact can increase compliance.
d.The eyes can indicate dominance and submission.
e.The eyes send involvement messages.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 201-202 Synthesis
83. All of the following are characteristics of nonverbal behavior except which one?
a.Nonverbal skills are important.
b.Nonverbal behavior is clear and unambiguous.
c.Nonverbal communication is primarily relational.
d.All nonverbal behavior has communicative value.
e.Nonverbal communication serves many functions.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 188-194 Knowledge
84. All of the following are true about touch except which one?
a.Touch can have a significant influence on health and well-being.
b.Touch can signal a variety of relationships.
c.Touch can be a way to communicate both negative and positive feelings.
d.Touch can increase compliance.
e.Touch in any of its forms can have positive effects.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 205-206 Synthesis
85. When our nonverbal behavior is unintentional,
a.others disregard it.
b.others attach more significance to it.
c.others can’t make interpretations based on it.
d.others respond with their own unintentional behaviors.
e.others recognize it and make interpretations based on it.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 189 Comprehension
86. Edward T. Hall’s Distance Zones are
a.personal, impersonal, social, public.
b.intimate, personal, social, public.
c.intimate, non-intimate, social, public.
d.open, blind, hidden, unknown.
e.None of these are correct.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 208-209 Knowledge
87. Adaptors are
a.unconscious.
b.signs of deception.
c.excitement cues.
d.attempts to attract others.
e.signs of vulnerability.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 200 Knowledge
88. If you see someone smiling, you could interpret this communication to mean
a.the other is friendly.
b.the other is happy.
c.the other wants to communicate.
d.the other is faking something.
e.any of the above
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 193-194 Application
89. Facial expressions are
a.the easiest nonverbal messages to decode accurately.
b.often difficult to understand because of their rapid rate of change.
c.rarely genuine and therefore impossible to decode.
d.limited; relatively few emotions are shown in the face.
e.usually more sincere if they last more than 10 seconds.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 201-202 Knowledge
90. Nonverbal communication serves the functions of
a.repeating and substituting.
b.complementing and accenting.
c.regulating and contradicting.
d.All of these choices are correct.
e.None of these are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 190-192 Knowledge
91. When Kenji nods his head up and down rather than saying “Yes,” he is using a nonverbal behavior known as a(n)
a.facilitator.
b.interlocutor.
c.emblem.
d.nonverbalator.
e.encoder.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 200 Application
92. All of the following are true about nonverbal communication across cultures, except that
a.distance patterns vary across cultures.
b.patterns of eye contact vary around the world.
c.emblems have precise and distinct meanings within cultural groups.
d.interpretations of acceptable touch does not vary across cultures.
e.smiles, laughter, and sour expressions are universal signals of positive or negative emotion.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 196-198, 200, 206 Synthesis
93. Research reveals that use of manipulators is often a sign of
a.discomfort.
b.power.
c.shyness.
d.dogmatism.
e.inferiority.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 200 Comprehension
94. Nodding, looking away, or moving toward the door are nonverbal behaviors that illustrate the nonverbal function of
a.substituting.
b.regulating.
c.accenting.
d.repeating.
e.complementing.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 191 Knowledge
95. All of the following are true about the voice and communication except which one?
a.Communicators who speak loudly and without hesitations are viewed as more confident than those who pause and speak quietly.
b.Paralinguistic cues help us identify the strength of an emotion being expressed, unless it’s being expressed in a language we don’t speak.
c.Some vocal factors influence the way a speaker is perceived.
d.Accents that identify a speaker’s membership in a group lead to more positive evaluations of that person if the group is a prestigious one.
e.People with more attractive voices are rated more highly than those with less attractive voices.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 202-205 Comprehension
96. Nonverbal regulators can signal
a.turn-taking.
b.the desire to end a conversation.
c.an invitation to respond.
d.All of these choices are correct.
e.None of these are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 191, 193-194 Analysis
97. Nonverbal evidence of lying is most likely to occur when the deceiver
a.has no strong feelings about the deception.
b.has not rehearsed the deception.
c.does not feel anxious or guilty about the lies.
d.has lack of emotional involvement with the deception.
e.doesn’t know people are watching.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 192-193 Comprehension
98. In nonverbal communication, studies of leakage deal with
a.innate behaviors.
b.illness behaviors.
c.environmental issues.
d.deception signals.
e.perceptions of illness.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 192-193 Application
99. All of the following are true about nonverbal communication except which one?
a.Nonverbal communication is universal for all cultures.
b.Nonverbal communication may function to contradict verbal messages.
c.Nonverbal communication is more ambiguous than verbal communication.
d.Nonverbal signals are much more powerful than verbal messages when they are delivered at the same time.
e.Nonverbal messages aren’t as deliberate as verbal messages.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 188-198 Comprehension
100. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in
a.conveying emotions.
b.identity management.
c.defining the kinds of relationships we want to have with others.
d.None of these are correct.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 189-190 Knowledge
101. The function of influencing the flow of verbal communication is called
a.repeating.
b.complementing.
c.substituting.
d.accenting.
e.regulating.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 191 Knowledge
102. Althea shrugs her shoulders in response to Nicole’s question. Althea is using a function of nonverbal communication known as
a.regulating.
b.accenting.
c.substituting.
d.complementing.
e.repeating.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 191 Application
103. The lawyer pounded his fist on the table for emphasis. He is using a function of nonverbal communication known as
a.regulating.
b.accenting.
c.substituting.
d.complementing.
e.contradicting.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 191 Application
104. An indicator of deception is
a.shorter periods of speaking.
b.low rate of speech.
c.more speech errors.
d.higher vocal pitch.
e.All of these choices are correct may be indicators of deception.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 193 Knowledge
105. All of the following statements are true about nonverbal gender differences except which one?
a.Women use more facial expressions.
b.Women stand closer to others.
c.Women are more vocally expressive.
d.Women are more likely to lean forward in conversations.
e.Women use more head, hand, and arm gestures.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 196 Knowledge
106. Gina looked annoyed when she walked into the classroom and saw Megan sitting in the chair she usually sits in. The nonverbal communication Gina is demonstrating is
a.kinesics.
b.personal space.
c.territoriality.
d.chronemics.
e.regulation.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 209 Application
107. Edward T. Hall defines social distance as
a.0 to 18 inches.
b.18 inches to 4 feet.
c.4 feet to 12 feet.
d.12 feet to 25 feet.
e.25 feet and beyond.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 209 Knowledge
108. Edward T. Hall defines personal distance as
a.0 to 18 inches.
b.18 inches to 4 feet.
c.4 feet to 12 feet.
d.12 feet to 25 feet.
e.25 feet and beyond.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 208 Knowledge
109. Students who were shown interior home photos accurately identified that the homes communicated
a.the homeowners’ politeness.
b.the homeowners’ tenseness.
c.the homeowners’ artistic interests.
d.family orientations.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 210 Knowledge
110. According to research, which of the following statements is true about touch?
a.A food server’s fleeting touch on a customer’s shoulder might get her a bigger tip.
b.A patient is more likely to take his medicine if his doctor accompanies the prescription with a slight touch.
c.A student is twice as likely to participate in class if she has received a supportive touch on the back or arm from her teacher.
d.Culturally appropriate touch can enhance your success.
e.All of the above statement are true.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 205-206 Comprehension
111. Ernesto’s boss perceives him to be untrustworthy because he waits a week to reply to an important email. This behavior falls into the nonverbal category of
a.paralanguage.
b.chronemics.
c.haptics.
d.kinesics.
e.proxemics.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 210 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 112–117: Match each description below with the term it best describes.
a.chronemics
b.paralanguage
c.disfluencies
d.proxemics
e.kinesics
112. Study of use and structure of time
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 210 Knowledge
113. Waving, shaking head, or finger
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 198 Knowledge
114. Arriving early for an appointment
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 210 Knowledge
115. A strong accent or husky voice
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 202 Knowledge
116. “Uh,” “um,” “er”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 203 Knowledge
117. Standing “at arm’s length”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 208 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 118–124: Match each nonverbal function with the description below it best describes. You will use some letters more than once.
a.substituting
b.contradicting
c.regulating
d.accenting
e.repeating
118. Richard fell silent and looked expectantly at Maricel.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 191 Application
119. Sonia snapped her fingers and shouted, “Hurry up! Get a move on!”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 191 Application
120. Levi suppressed a yawn and slumped in his chair while saying, “Sure I’m interested in hearing about your trip. I’m all ears.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 191 Application
121. When asked if she wanted a refill on her coffee, Aliyah covered the cup with her hand and shook her head.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 191 Application
122. When he was asked how old he was, Rueben held up four fingers and announced proudly, “I’m four!”
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 191 Application
123. “Angry? No, I’m NOT angry!”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 191 Application
124.Isabela rolled her eyes while her mother complained about her messy room.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 191 Application
125. Imagine that you have been commissioned to design a new campus center. What sort of communication should take place there? What kinds of furnishings and decorations would you suggest to increase the likelihood of this communication occurring? What messages would your choice of designs and decorations communicate?
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 210 Evaluation
126. One characteristic of nonverbal communication is “all behavior has communicative value.” Describe two incidents from your experience which illustrate both deliberate and unintentional meaning derived from nonverbal communication in these two incidents. Identify the nonverbal behaviors that occurred. Identify the meanings you did/did not intend to convey and the meanings that were conveyed from your perspective and that of your partner in each incident.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 189 Analysis
127. Using at least two of the types of nonverbal communication described in your text, and referring to your own experience, describe an incident that illustrates how nonverbal behavior can be ambiguous. How could you or the other person involved have reduced the ambiguity of that situation?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 193-194, 198-211 Application
128. Nonverbal communication reveals attitudes about status. Using examples, describe how status might be communicated through four different types of nonverbal messages.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 199,208-210 Synthesis
129. One characteristic of nonverbal communication is that it serves many functions. Explain the functions of substituting, accenting, and regulating using specific examples for support.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 190-192 Analysis
130.One characteristic of nonverbal communication is that it is primarily relational. Discuss the three ways this occurs as explained in your text, using specific examples.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 189-190 Analysis
131. Gender has a strong influence on nonverbal communication. Explain the differences between men and women in this area. Include your personal experiences in your discussion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 195-196 Analysis
132. Give examples from your life of each type of nonverbal behavior explained in the chapter, and describe how it reflects or shapes the kinds of relationships you have with others.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 189-190, 198-211 Analysis
133. After reading Chapter Six, explain how you can improve your own nonverbal communication in ways that meet your interpersonal goals.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: all Evaluation
134. What advice would you give to others about how they can appropriately share their interpretations of others’ nonverbal behaviors?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: all Evaluation
135. Explain whether and why we should be cautious about a book titled “How to Read a Person Like a Book.”
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 192-194 Analysis
136. Give examples of ways in which nonverbal relational messages are conveyed through social media and other mediated communication channels.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 190 Application
CHAPTER 7
LISTENING
1. According to research, most listeners retain 70 percent of a message for several weeks.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 222 Knowledge
2. There is no single “best” listening style to use in all situations.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 240-242 Comprehension
3. A good listener will always state her own judgment of the situation so the other person knows where she stands on the issue.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 240 Comprehension
4. You should do more paraphrasing than any other type of listening.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 231-234, 240-242 Comprehension
5. We spend more time listening than in any other type of communication.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 218 Knowledge
6. It’s impossible to listen effectively all of the time.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 225 Knowledge
7. During careful listening, your heart rate will quicken and your body temperature will rise.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 225 Knowledge
8.Since paraphrasing may not always be accurate, speaking tentatively allows the other person to make a correction.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 234 Knowledge
9. Studies show that good listeners keep eye contact and react with appropriate facial expressions.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 222 Knowledge
10. According to the text, the most helpful way of responding to a problem is to offer good, specific advice.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 238-242 Comprehension
11. Speaking is an active process; listening is a passive activity.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 225-226 Comprehension
12. Selective listening is a reasonable thing to do when screening commercials and keeping an ear out for the weather report.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 224 Comprehension
13. Because prompting involves using silences, it is not classified as a listening response.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 229-230 Knowledge
14. Prompting is a more passive listening style than advising.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 229-230 Comprehension
15. Even if you give accurate advice to a person, that advice may not be helpful.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 238 Knowledge
16. Accurate analysis of a problem may arouse defensiveness.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 238 Knowledge
17. A paraphrase that contains both thoughts and feelings can be a useful tool to help others because it allows the problem holder to unload concerns.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 234 Knowledge
18. Questioning and paraphrasing are both forms of feedback.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 230-234 Synthesis
19. Counterfeit questions are aimed at understanding others.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 230 Comprehension
20. Analyzing can be one way to help a speaker consider alternative meanings.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 238 Knowledge
21. Advice given in a respectful, caring way is always the best listening response to use when approached with another’s problem.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 238-239 Knowledge
22. Of the many different elements in the listening process, hearing is the physiological dimension.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 221 Comprehension
23. According to your text, most people usually try their best to listen but their effectiveness is limited primarily by biological factors.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 225-227 Comprehension
24. When you are paraphrasing, you need to repeat what the speaker has said word for word.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 232 Comprehension
25. Factual information paraphrasing focuses on the ideas a speaker has expressed.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 233 Comprehension
26. Since all judging listening responses are negative, we should avoid them at all cost.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 204 Comprehension
27. You should rotate your styles of listening after one or two responses so that you don’t become bored by any one style.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 240-242 Evaluation
28. While an important factor in making relationships work, listening is still less important than speaking.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 218 Knowledge
29. Studies show that business people believe not only that listening is important but also that they do it well.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 220 Knowledge
30. Hearing occurs when the brain reconstructs electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and then gives them meaning.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 219 Knowledge
31. Mindless listening is never suggested because it shows lack of concern for the speaker.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 219 Knowledge
32. Mindless listening can be potentially valuable.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 219-220 Comprehension
33. Whereas hearing is a physiological process, attending is a psychological one.
Answer: TType: TPage: 221Knowledge
34. Research suggests that most people remember about 60 percent of what they hear immediately after hearing it.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 222 Knowledge
35. The residual message is the part of the message that we actually remember.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 222 Knowledge
36. Interruptions are one characteristic of stage-hogging.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 224 Knowledge
37. Insulated listeners respond only to the parts of your remarks that interest them.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 225 Knowledge
38. Listening is easier to do than speaking.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 225-226 Knowledge
39. Rapid thought is a factor in why we don’t listen better because we can understand speech faster than the other person speaks.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 225 Knowledge
40. Listening is a natural ability and can’t be improved through training.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 226 Knowledge
41. A counterfeit tag question is one where the asker is looking for agreement, not information.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 231 Knowledge
42. Supporting listening responses allow you to tell the other person how you think he/she feels.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 235-237 Knowledge
43. Women, rather than men, tend to respond to others’ problems by offering advice.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 241 Knowledge
44. Women are more likely than men to give supportive responses when presented with another person’s problems.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 241 Knowledge
45. When considering what listening response style to choose, the best choice will always be your personal style.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 240-242 Comprehension
46. An issue of the International Journal of Listening indicates that listening skills are crucial in contexts such as education, health care, and business, but not necessarily in religion.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 219 Knowledge
47. Good listening involves paying attention to nonverbal cues as well as the actual spoken words.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 219 Knowledge
48. Listening fidelity refers to the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message-sender was attempting to communicate.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 222 Knowledge
49. Keeping eye contact and reacting with appropriate facial expressions are important factors in children’s evaluations of “good” and “bad” listeners.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 222 Knowledge
50. The deluge of messages requiring our attention every day has made the challenge of attending tougher than at any time in human history.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 225 Knowledge
51. People are less likely to feel annoyed or hurt if their partner’s poor listening is due to hearing loss.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 227 Knowledge
52. Studies have shown that, in times of distress, women want support and men want advice.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 241-242 Knowledge
53. The most appropriate response to someone’s grief is to point out the silver lining.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 235-237 Knowledge
54. Men generally seek advice from men, and women seek emotional support from women in times of emotional need.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 241-242 Knowledge
55. If criticism is delivered constructively enough, the recipient will not become defensive.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 240 Knowledge
56. You should never admit to someone who is grieving that you don’t know what to say.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 237 Comprehension
57. Giving support to others can lessen their distress but potentially increase yours.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 237 Knowledge
58. You are likely to have more success giving advice to a highly rational person than to someone who is emotional.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 242 Comprehension
59. His supervisor asked Arturo to generate a PowerPoint presentation for the Thursday team meeting. On Thursday, Arturo showed up without the presentation. Which element of the listening process is where Arturo’s listening failed?
a.hearing
b.attending
c.understanding
d.remembering
e.any of the above
Answer: e Type: M Page: 221-222 Analysis
60. According to a study of college students and their communication activities, over 20 percent of their communication time was spent
a.writing.
b.speaking.
c.engaging in interpersonal listening.
d.reading.
e.engaging in media listening.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 218 Knowledge
61. All of the following are ineffective listening styles mentioned in the text except
a.ambushing.
b.insulated listening.
c.stage hogging.
d.pseudolistening.
e.signal listening.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 224-225 Knowledge
62. Which best describes the relationship between our rate of hearing speech and the average rate of speaking?
a.We speak at nearly the same rate we are able to listen.
b.We can listen 4-6 times faster than an average person speaks.
c.We are able to speak 2 times faster than an average person can listen.
d.We are able to listen slightly faster than an average person speaks.
e.We can listen twice as fast as an average person speaks.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 225 Comprehension
63. The process of using questioning and paraphrasing messages is a type of
a.linear communication.
b.insensitive listening.
c.selective perception.
d.defensive behavior.
e.perception checking.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 230-234 Synthesis
64. All of the following are reasons why it is difficult to listen all the time except which one?
a.We hear so many verbal messages.
b.We are often wrapped up in personal concerns.
c.We comprehend words at a slower rate than people speak them.
d.We have many physical distractions.
e.We think speaking has more advantages than listening.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 225-227 Comprehension
65. Giving only the appearance of being attentive is termed
a.pseudolistening.
b.selective listening.
c.defensive listening.
d.insensitive listening.
e.fake listening.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 224 Knowledge
66. The advantage of paraphrasing to help is that
a.you can help the problem-holder to sort out the problem.
b.you can suggest the solution that’s best for your partner.
c.you can point out your partner’s good ideas.
d.you can share your own experiences and ideas.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 234 Comprehension
67. According to your text, advice is
a.only to be used when paraphrasing fails.
b.helpful when it is correct or accurate.
c.best when preceded by your analysis of a situation.
d.actually unhelpful at least as often as it is helpful.
e.less helpful than either supporting or judging response styles.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 238 Knowledge
68. Which is the best helping paraphrase response to the following statement? “My boss keeps kidding me about how we should have an affair. I don’t know what to do. Sometimes I think he’s just joking, and sometimes I think it’s a real proposition.”
a.“Either way it’s sexual harassment, which is illegal. You shouldn’t let him get away with it!”
b.“So you can’t figure out his motives, is that it?”
c.“You sound upset by this.”
d.“You sound worried and confused because you’re not sure if he’s coming on to you or not.”
e.“That’s a common problem these days. I can see why you’re upset, and I don’t blame you.”
Answer: d Type: M Page: 234 Application
69. Imagine you’ve been listening for some time to a friend talk about whether or not to drop out of school. Which is the best helping paraphrase response?
a.“You’re confused because there are as many reasons to stay as there are to leave, right?”
b.“Which alternative sounds best to you?”
c.“When you’re this confused, it’s best to go with your heart.”
d.“You do sound mixed up. Maybe you ought to hold off making a decision for a while.”
e.“Tell me more. I think we can get to the bottom of this if we talk it out. I’m listening.”
Answer: a Type: M Page: 234 Application
70. You meet a friend at the supermarket and ask how he is doing. He replies, “I’m OK for the most part, just stressed with all these finals.” Which of the following is the best helping paraphrase response?
a.“Yeah, I know what you mean.”
b.“So, you’re stressed, huh?”
c.“You’ll be fine; you always get good grades.”
d.“Bet you’re wishing you hadn’t taken 18 units, huh?”
e.“So, you’re managing most things just fine, but will be relieved when finals are over?”
Answer: e Type: M Page: 234 Application
71. When you try to reflect the underlying theme in a statement, you are engaging in
a.judging.
b.questioning.
c.paraphrasing.
d.prompting.
e.pseudolistening.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 234 Comprehension
72. Which of the following bodily changes occurs during careful listening?
a.heart rate quickens
b.respiration increases
c.body temperature rises
d.all of these answers are correct
e.none of these answers are correct
Answer: d Type: M Page: 225-226 Comprehension
73. Which of the following is the best helping paraphrase response to the following statement? “I’m really bummed out about my apartment situation.”
a.“So, you’re bummed out, huh?”
b.“Your apartment situation is bad?”
c.“You’re depressed because you haven’t found a place to live yet?”
d.“You should really get a new place; I agree.”
e.“It will all work out by next month.”
Answer: c Type: M Page: 234 Application
74. Constructive criticism is a kind of listening response that falls into the category termed
a.advising.
b.judging.
c.analyzing.
d.supporting.
e.questioning.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 240 Comprehension
75. Your roommate gives the appearance of listening to you, but you can tell from her responses that her mind is elsewhere. You could call her listening style in this instance
a.stage hogging.
b.insulated listening.
c.pseudolistening.
d.defensive listening.
e.ambushing.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 224 Application
76. Which of the following is the best helping paraphrase response to the following statements? “I can’t stand that class! The lectures are a waste of time, and the tests are full of nitpicking questions. I’m not learning anything.”
a.“Sounds like you’re fed up with the class.”
b.“Sounds like you’re thinking about dropping the class.”
c.“Sounds like the class has nit-picking tests and is a waste of time.”
d.“Sounds like you resent spending so much time on information you don’t consider useful.”
e.“Sounds like you’re fed up with school.”
Answer: d Type: M Page: 234 Application
77. “I think that the reason you’re so confused is that you’re trying to make everyone else happy and forgetting your own happiness.” This statement is what type of listening response?
a.supporting
b.advising
c.questioning
d.paraphrasing
e.analyzing
Answer: e Type: M Page: 238 Application
78. “From what you’ve said, it sounds like you’re mad at your boss for expecting you to drop your personal plans whenever he wants you to work. Is that right?” This statement is what type of response?
a.supporting
b.judging
c.questioning
d.paraphrasing
e.analyzing
Answer: d Type: M Page: 231-234 Application
79. “Sure it’s unfair. But you shouldn’t let that stop you. Life is unfair, so you’re crazy to let it bother you.” This statement is what type of response?
a.supporting
b.judging
c.questioning
d.paraphrasing
e.parroting
Answer: b Type: M Page: 240 Application
80. When choosing the best listening style, it is important to consider
a.the situation.
b.the other person.
c.your personal style.
d.both a and b above.
e.a, b, and c above.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 240-242 Comprehension
81. Harper listens carefully to her instructor as he discusses the upcoming exam since she hopes to get an A. This illustrates what step in the listening process?
a.hearing
b.attending
c.understanding
d.responding
e.remembering
Answer: b Type: M Page: 221-222 Application
82. All of the following are reasons why it’s impossible to listen well all the time except
a.message overload.
b.rapid thought.
c.lack of training.
d.faulty assumptions.
e.message importance.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 225-227 Knowledge
83. The residual message is
a.the part of the message we respond to.
b.the part of the message we understand.
c.the part of the message we remember.
d.usually stated first.
e.usually stated last.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 222 Knowledge
84. Making sense of a message is related to which element of listening?
a.hearing
b.attending
c.understanding
d.responding
e.remembering
Answer: c Type: M Page: 222 Knowledge
85. “Are you finally off the phone” is an example of a question that
a. traps the speaker.
b.makes a statement.
c.carries a hidden agenda.
d.seeks a ‘correct’ answer.
e.is based on an unchecked assumption.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 231 Application
86. “You didn’t like that restaurant, did you?” is an example of a question that
a.traps the speaker.
b.makes a statement.
c.carries a hidden agenda.
d.seeks a ‘correct’ answer.
e.is based on an unchecked assumption.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 231 Application
87. When you give careful and thoughtful attention and responses to the messages you receive you are listening
a.selectively.
b.purposefully.
c.mindfully.
d.for factual information.
e.for personal information.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 220 Knowledge
88. “I’m here if you need me” is an example of what type of listening response?
a.prompting
b.supporting
c.understanding
d.judging
e.helping
Answer: b Type: M Page: 235 Application
89. One study of 195 critical incidents in banking and medical settings showed that a major difference between effective and ineffective listening was
a.how well the message was understood.
b.how easy it was to remember the message.
c.whether the message was of importance to the listener.
d.whether the message could be remembered.
e.the kind of feedback offered.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 222 Knowledge
90. “Your mother drives you nuts? Let me tell you about mine!” is an example of what type of ineffective listening?
a.insensitive listening
b.stage-hogging
c.selective listening
d.insulated listening
e.ambushing
Answer: b Type: M Page: 224 Application
91. The most popular piece of language is
a.advising.
b.questioning.
c.paraphrasing.
d.judging.
e.supporting.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 230 Knowledge
92. All of the following are factors to consider before you decide to paraphrase except
a.whether the issue is complex enough.
b.whether you have the necessary time and concern.
c.whether you can withhold judgment.
d.whether the other person’s feelings might be hurt.
e.whether your paraphrase is in proportion to other responses.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 234 Comprehension
93. “Don’t worry about it” is an example of what type of “cold comfort” message?
a.denying others the right to their feelings
b.minimizing the significance of the situation
c.focusing on ‘then and there’ rather than ‘here and now’
d.casting judgment
e.none of these answers are correct
Answer: a Type: M Page: 236 Knowledge
94. The theory that describes the different ways we listen (mindfully or mindlessly) is called __________.
a.selectivity theory
b.dual-process theory
c.listening fidelity
d.unconditional positive regard
e.none of the above
Answer: b Type: M Page: 219 Knowledge
95. The “Meetings Going ‘Topless’” reading describes how some Silicon Valley firms
a.train employees how to listen better by increasing eye contact.
b.have increased productivity through increased use of personal media devices.
c.have banned laptops and other personal media devices from meetings.
d.have improved the listening environment with use of a “Talking Stick.”
e.none of the above
Answer: c Type: M Page: 229 Knowledge
96. Which of the following statements accurately describes the culture and listening observations noted by Austin Lee in the “Looking at Diversity” box?
a.Koreans show respect to authority by asking a lot of questions during class.
b.Americans may be more likely than Koreans to jump in and finish a sentence for a friend who seems to be struggling for words.
c.In Korea, people in low power positions tend to analyze, advise, and judge.
d.Koreans tend to interrupt authority figures just as often as they would interrupt a friend.
e.The Korean style of using silence as a way to respect authority was misunderstood by his American teachers as passivity and disinterest.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 223 Analysis
97. Listening with unconditional positive regard means
a.reflecting the speaker’s feelings but not necessarily her thoughts.
b.accepting others for who they are, even if you don’t agree with their thoughts or decisions.
c.giving gentle advice in a supportive way.
d.helping the speaker see the positive side of her issue.
e.all of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 243 Comprehension
98. For almost every situation, the best listening response is
a.advising.
b.questioning.
c.paraphrasing.
d.supporting.
e.none of the above. There are many factors to consider when choosing the best listening response.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 240 Evaluation
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 99–122: Match each statement with the helping listening style it characterizes.
a.paraphrasing
b.judging
c.supporting
d.advising
e.analyzing
99. “That’s a terrible idea!”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 240 Analysis
100. “You ought to give it a try. You’ve got nothing to lose.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 238-239 Analysis
101. “He’s doing that because he doesn’t think you’ll care.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 238 Analysis
102. “I think you’re doing a terrific job.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 235-237 Analysis
103. “Sure it’s discouraging now, but it will be over soon, right?”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 235-237 Analysis
104. “So you’re upset because Chase didn’t pay you back?”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 231-234 Analysis
105. “The best thing for you to do is break up with him.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 238-239 Analysis
106. “Have you ever thought about just giving her what she wants?”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 238-239 Analysis
107. “I can’t believe it! He’s really a jerk for saying that.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 240 Analysis
108. “So you’re hoping she’ll call, but you’re not sure what you’ll say if she does?”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 231-234 Analysis
109. “Of course you get pushed around. I told you that’s what would happen if you don’t tell people what you want.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 240 Analysis
110. “You’re on the right track now. This is the right thing for you.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 240 Analysis
111. “Sounds like you’re mad at me for embarrassing you. Is that right?”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 231-234 Analysis
112. “You’ve always done fine in the past. Try not to worry. You can do it this time, too.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 235-237 Analysis
113. “You’d be a lot happier if you stopped blaming everyone else for your problems.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 240 Analysis
114. “It seems to me you’re only doing that to get back at him for cheating on you.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 238 Analysis
115. “Don’t try so hard and you’ll probably do better.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 238-239 Analysis
116. “Let me see if I’ve got this right. You’re mad because you like the idea of a curfew for teens, but it’s hard to enforce?”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 231-234 Analysis
117. “Maybe the reason you’re feeling insecure is that money means a lot to you.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 238 Analysis
118. “Don’t give up. I really believe you’ll get it this next time.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 235-237 Analysis
119. So you’re saying that you want to ask Jackson to the dance but you’re afraid he’ll turn you down?”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 231-234 Analysis
120. “Perhaps you should just talk to her about it?”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 238-239 Analysis
121. “I think you’re still unsure of yourself because of all the moving you did as a child.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 238 Analysis
122. “That’s a good idea.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 240 Analysis
123. We have all been selective, insulated, defensive, insensitive, and ambushing listeners. Give an example of each type of listening from your own personal experience. Illustrate any misunderstandings that developed as a result of your listening behavior.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 224-225 Analysis
124. Chapter Seven lists seven different types of listening responses. Imagine a speaker says the following remarks to you. Write seven responses to this situation—an example of prompting, questioning, paraphrasing, supporting, analyzing, advising, and judging. “This woman at work never speaks to me. I mean, I come in and say something like, ‘Hi, how are you?’ and she just stares at me. Rude, right? How can a person just ignore someone?”
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 229-242 Application
125. Describe the response style(s) you use most often when helping others. How successful are these styles? What makes them successful or unsuccessful? What might you do to increase your effectiveness as a helpful listener?
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 229-242 Evaluation
126. In your own words, describe what paraphrasing is and how it is used to help others solve their problems. Use real or hypothetical examples and concrete language to explain and illustrate your answer.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 231-234 Synthesis
127. Read the following three hypothetical situations and discuss for each which of the seven listening responses described in your text might suit the situation and other person best. Explain why your choices are more likely to be helpful than the other types of listening responses.
Your employer is giving complicated directions for a task you must do.
A friend storms into the room clearly furious over something that happened to her at school today.
Your brother comes to you about a job offer that he’s trying to decide about accepting.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 229-242 Evaluation
128. Recount an interpersonal situation in which you failed to listen effectively. Describe the factors which caused you to listen poorly. What could you have done to change those factors?
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 225-227 Evaluation
129. There are five elements in the listening process. Discuss each with a full and detailed explanation.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 221-222 Analysis
130. Your text provides a number of reasons for why we don’t listen better. Discuss each one of them and then identify/explain one or two that are main reasons for why you don’t listen better.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 225-227 Evaluation
131. A Chinese Proverb says, “To be heard, there are times you must be silent.” Thoughtfully explain what this means to you, incorporating information from your text on listening.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 227, 229-230 Synthesis
132. Describe a situation that is appropriate for each: listening mindfully and listening mindlessly. Explain.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 219-221 Application
133. Describe a situation which might call for use of a combination of different listening styles. Explain.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 240-242 Application
134. Give examples of ways in which our growing use of technology affects listening effectiveness.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 225, 229 Comprehension
CHAPTER 8
COMMUNICATION AND RELATIONAL DYNAMICS
1. Dialectical tensions arise when a relationship is new and tend to disappear after the first two years.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 262, 266 Knowledge
2. A person can be “too competent.” We are generally attracted to those who are talented yet have visible flaws like us.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 253 Knowledge
3. According to Chapter Eight, we are usually attracted to people who are similar to us.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 251 Comprehension
4. Small talk typically occurs during the initiating stage of an interpersonal relationship.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 256-257 Knowledge
5. The experimenting stage of interpersonal relationships is characterized by small talk.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 256-257 Knowledge
6. According to your text, we are more attracted to people who are good at what they do but admit their mistakes.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 253 Comprehension
7. Reciprocal liking builds attractiveness.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 253 Knowledge
8. Social circles merge and the relational partners take on a new relational identity in the intensifying stage of relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 258 Comprehension
9. Differentiation in relationships is always negative, since it is part of the “coming apart” process.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 259 Comprehension
10. The circumscribing stage of interpersonal relationships involves total avoidance of the other.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 259-260 Comprehension
11. The initiating stage of interpersonal relationships is usually brief.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 256 Comprehension
12. Attraction to others is greatest when we perceive we are similar to them in a high percentage of important areas, like goals and beliefs.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 251 Comprehension
13. Differences strengthen a relationship when they are complementary.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 252-253 Knowledge
14. Dialectical tensions exist in relationships when two incompatible forces or pressures exist at the same time.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 262 Comprehension
15. It is impossible to like someone without being immediate with them.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 269 Knowledge
16. Immediacy only occurs through nonverbal behavior such as eye contact and facial expressions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 269 Knowledge
17. The person who exercises the greatest amount of conversational control doesn’t always make the decisions in interpersonal relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 270-271 Comprehension
18. Metacommunication is communication about communication.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 271 Knowledge
19. Affinity is defined as the degree to which people like or appreciate one another.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 269 Knowledge
20. There are two types of relational control: decision control and conversation control.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 270-271 Knowledge
21. Metacommunication is a destructive substitute for real communication.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 271 Comprehension
22. Verbal metacommunication is a necessary ingredient in successful relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 271 Knowledge
23. Relational messages deal most commonly with control, immediacy, affinity, or respect.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 269-271 Knowledge
24. Affinity messages can be either positive or negative.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 269 Knowledge
25. Whereas affinity involves liking, respect involves esteem.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 269-270 Knowledge
26. Liking or loving is a better predictor of relational satisfaction than respect.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 270 Knowledge
27. All appropriate self-disclosure leads to liking.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 253-254 Knowledge
28. The two key ingredients in successful self-disclosure are reciprocity and timing.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 254 Knowledge
29. When we are trying to decide whether a relationship with another person is no longer “worth the effort,” we are using the social exchange formula.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 254-255 Knowledge
30. Asking someone, “What’s your major?” is an example of uncertainty reduction in the experimenting stage.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 256 Knowledge
31. The move from initiating to experimenting occurs at the same pace for both those communicating in cyberspace and face-to-face.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 257 Knowledge
32. The intensifying stage is the time when individuals give up some characteristics of their old selves and develop shared identities.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 258 Knowledge
33. It is possible for a business partnership to move to a bonding stage.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 259 Comprehension
34. In the stagnating stage, communication between members decreases in quantity and quality.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 259-260 Knowledge
35. All relationships begin, progress, decline, and end in the same linear fashion based on Knapp’s developmental stages.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 261 Knowledge
36. The levels of connection and autonomy that we seek can change over time.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 263 Knowledge
37. Some couples never experience distance in their relationship.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 263 Comprehension
38. The dialectical tension strategy couples use when they choose one end of the dialectical spectrum at some times and the other end at other times is called segmentation.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 265 Knowledge
39. The dialectical tension strategy whereby couples simultaneously accept opposing forces without trying to diminish them is called integration.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 266 Knowledge
40. Rules about self-disclosure vary between cultures.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 267 Knowledge
41. Almost all verbal messages have a content dimension as well as convey relational information.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 268-269 Comprehension
42. Relational messages are frequently nonverbal.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 269 Comprehension
43. Relational dimensions of messages make statements about how the parties feel toward one another.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 268-269 Knowledge
44. Partners tend to view one another as more attractive over time.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 250-251 Knowledge
45. Research suggests that attraction to partners who have complementary temperaments might be rooted in biology.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 252 Knowledge
46. It is impossible to achieve closeness through the kind of virtual proximity the Internet provides.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 254 Knowledge
47. The authors explain that understanding relational dynamics and communication patterns in relationships is more important than agreeing on a definition of the word relationship.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 250 Knowledge
48. Attraction to appearance is a significantly better predictor of mate choice than similar values about politics or religion.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 251 Knowledge
49. People with complementary financial management styles tend to be attracted to one another, but the differences can lead to significant conflict.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 253 Knowledge
50. Access to profiles on Facebook and other social media sites can actually shorten the length of time a couple spends in the experimenting stage.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 257 Knowledge
51. Couples who rely on one method for managing dialectical tensions have the most productive results.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 266 Comprehension
52. Which of the following was found to be true about lying in online dating profiles?
a.The more deceptive a dater’s profile was the less likely they were to use “I.”
b.Fabricators tend to write shorter self-descriptions.
c.Liars often flip their language, as in “not sad” instead of “happy.”
d.b and c
e.all of the above
Answer: e Type: M Page: 252 Knowledge
53. Agreeing to rules about how often couples will or won’t talk and text via cell phones can help to manage which dialectical tension?
a.connection vs. autonomy
b.openness vs. privacy
c.predictability vs. novelty
d.denial vs. disorientation
e.none of the above
Answer: a Type: M Page: 263 Knowledge
54. Which of the strategies for managing dialectical tensions are most effective, according to research?
a.balance
b.integration
c.recalibration
d.reaffirmation
e.b, c, and d are seen as the most productive
Answer: e Type: M Page: 266 Knowledge
55. A study of 78 Internet dating profiles showed that about __________ percent strayed from the truth on some level.
a.20
b.50
c.65
d.80
e.98
Answer: d Type: M Page: 252 Knowledge
56. A couple might declare themselves “Facebook official” (or FBO) in which stage of relational development?
a.initiating
b.intensifying
c.integrating
d.bonding
e.circumscribing
Answer: c Type: M Page: 258 Knowledge
57. In Chapter Eight’s “Looking At Diversity” reading, Kevin Schomaker talks about how communicating on the Internet makes it easier to meet people since he
a.is very shy.
b.is overweight.
c.stutters.
d.is physically disabled.
e.None of these choices are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 254 Knowledge
58. According to the text, we are usually attracted to people who
a.like us.
b.are high self-disclosers.
c.are perfect.
d.approve of us even in ways we know are inaccurate.
e. live far away from us
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 250-255 Comprehension
59. According to Knapp’s model of interaction stages, symbolic public gestures that show the world that a relationship exists usually occur in which stage in interpersonal relationships?
a.experimenting
b.intensifying
c.bonding
d.integrating
e.circumscribing
Answer: c Type: M Page: 258 Knowledge
60. Which of the following does not typically occur in the intensifying stage of interpersonal relationships?
a.The parties spend an increasing amount of time together.
b.The parties begin to take on an identity as a social unit.
c.The parties hint and flirt.
d.Feelings are expressed nonverbally.
e.The parties might take trips together.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 258 Knowledge
61. Social exchange theory suggests that we often seek out people who can give us
a.rewards greater than or equal to the costs we encounter in dealing with them.
b.more self-esteem.
c.relational rewards rather than physical ones.
d.something in exchange for what we give them.
e.both relational and physical things without demanding anything of us.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 254-255 Knowledge
62. “Why don’t you go ahead and visit your friends without me this weekend. I’ll stick around and catch up on my studies.” This statement typifies which relational stage?
a.integrating
b.differentiating
c.bonding
d.terminating
e.intensifying
Answer: b Type: M Page: 259 Application
63. When two opposing or incompatible forces exist simultaneously in an interpersonal relationship, the struggle to achieve these opposing goals creates what is called a
a.collectivistic tension.
b.differentiating end state.
c.counterfeit goal state.
d.dialectical tension.
e.proximity problem.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 262 Knowledge
64. Conflicting desires for both intimacy and the lack of it in an interpersonal relationship lead to the
a.connection-autonomy dialectic.
b.cohesion-revolt dialectic.
c.predictability-novelty dialectic.
d.openness-privacy dialectic.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 264 Knowledge
65. The strategy where communicators respond to one end of the dialectical spectrum and ignore the other is
a.denial.
b.disorientation.
c.alternation.
d.segmentation.
e. recalibration.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 265 Knowledge
66. Judith and Natalie work for the same employer and often have lunch together to talk about their current romances, problems with their families, and apartment headaches. Most Saturday afternoons they play tennis together. Which relationship stage do they seem to be in?
a.initiating
b.differentiating
c.bonding
d.intensifying
e.circumscribing
Answer: d Type: M Page: 258 Application
67. Molly makes an excuse not to attend a party she knows Jack is invited to. She’s most likely in which stage with Jack?
a.initiating
b.avoiding
c.circumscribing
d.experimenting
e.bonding
Answer: b Type: M Page: 260 Application
68. Almost every message has
a.content dimension.
b.relational dimension.
c.both a content and a relational dimension.
d.no dimensions unless the communicators intend them to.
e.an unintentional message.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 268-269 Knowledge
69. The relational dimension of a message
a.deals with one or more social needs.
b.makes statements about how the parties feel toward one another.
c.are usually expressed nonverbally.
d.All of these choices are correct.
e.None of these choices are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 268-269 Knowledge
70. Your roommate says, “It’s your turn to take out the trash” in a demanding tone of voice. If you want to find out the relational dimension of the message, you should
a.remind your roommate nicely that you took the trash out last night.
b.use perception checking to see if your roommate is upset with you.
c.negotiate other ways of dealing with the trash problem.
d.ask your roommate’s friends to explain the real problem.
e.point out how defensive your roommate sounds.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 269 Application
71. In any relationship, the power to determine what will happen in the relationship is a type of relational control called
a.decision control.
b.conversation control.
c.distributional control.
d.powerful control.
e.context control.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 270-271 Knowledge
72. Talking the most, interrupting the other person, and changing the topic most often are all common indicators of
a.conversation control.
b.decision control.
c.powerful control.
d.context control.
e.distributional control.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 270 Knowledge
73. Whenever we discuss a relationship with another, we are
a.arguing.
b.improving our relationship.
c.self-disclosing.
d.metacommunicating.
e.receiving double messages.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 271 Knowledge
74. The degree to which the partners in an interpersonal relationship like or appreciate one another is called
a.appreciation.
b.self-respect.
c.the communication of honesty.
d.affinity.
e.the like-love phenomenon.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 269 Knowledge
75. The stage where a couple might come up with “our song” is
a.initiating.
b.experimenting.
c.intensifying.
d.integrating.
e.bonding.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 258 Knowledge
76. The best predictor of whether a couple will be friends after reaching the terminating stage is
a.whether they have children.
b.whether they were friends before their emotional involvement.
c.whether they went to counseling.
d.whether communication was positive during the break-up.
e.b and d
Answer: e Type: M Page: 261 Knowledge
77. “I was feeling trapped” is communication that characterizes what dialectical tension?
a. connection-autonomy
b.openness-privacy
c.predictability-novelty
d.win-lose
e.None of these choices are correct.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 262-263 Knowledge
78. The term used to describe messages that people exchange, verbally or nonverbally, about their relationship is
a.microcommunication.
b.conversation.
c.discourse.
d.metacommunication.
e.miscommunication.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 271 Knowledge
79. Saying to your partner, “I wish you didn’t use that tone of voice with me” is an example of
a.metadata.
b.relational transgression.
c.the connection-autonomy dialectic.
d.metacommunication.
e.None of these choices are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 271 Application
80. All of the following are true about similarity research except which one?
a.For the most part, we like people who are similar to us.
b.Communication ability is more important to relational happiness than being similar.
c.Being similar to others can boost your ego.
d.Attraction is greatest when we’re similar to others in areas like goals and beliefs.
e.We tend to have stronger dislike for people who are similar to us but offensive.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 251 Knowledge
81. We are often attracted to people who
a.we find physically attractive.
b.are different but can satisfy our needs.
c.are similar to us.
d.we interact with frequently.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 250-255 Knowledge
82. The stage where partners act in old, familiar ways and no growth occurs is
a.differentiation.
b.circumscribing.
c.stagnating.
d.avoiding.
e.terminating.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 260 Knowledge
83. One of the key differences between marriages that end in separation and those that are restored to their former intimacy is
a.how long the couple remained in the integration stage.
b.how much metacommunication occurs.
c.the types of relational transgressions that happened.
d.the communication that occurs when the partners are unsatisfied.
e.None of these choices are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 260 Knowledge
84. According to your text, the process of getting to know others by gaining more information about them is called
a.initiating.
b.approach behavior.
c.networking.
d.uncertainty reduction.
e.All of these choices are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 256 Knowledge
85. Maya is getting tired of the Friday night routine of eating out at the same restaurant with her husband. She is struggling with what dialectical tension?
a.connection-autonomy
b.openness-privacy
c.predictability-novelty
d.alternation-segmentation
e.None of these choices are correct
Answer: c Type: M Page: 264 Application
86. A couple on their second marriage each share many feelings with each other, but they keep most details of their previous marriages private. They are managing the openness-privacy dialectic with the strategy of
a.denial.
b.alternation.
c.segmentation.
d.balance.
e.recalibration.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 265 Application
87. Relationships
a.are constantly changing.
b.can be characterized by dialectical tensions.
c.are affected by culture.
d.typically progress from one stage to another.
e.All of these choices are true about relationships.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 255-268 Synthesis
88. Speed daters are most influenced by which factor of attraction?
a.appearance
b.similarity
c.complementarity
d.reciprocal attraction
e.appropriate disclosure
Answer: a Type: M Page: 250 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 89–93: Match the statement below with the relational stage it best describes.
a.avoiding
b.circumscribing
c.experimenting
d.integrating
e.differentiating
89. Relational partners attempt to reduce uncertainty and to decide if the relationship is worth pursuing.
Answer: c Type: Matching Pages: 256-257 Knowledge
90. Relational partners begin to share identities and their social circles merge.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 258 Knowledge
91. Relational partners begin to withdraw from one another to avoid disagreement
Answer: b Type: Matching Pages: 259-260 Knowledge
92. Relational partners create physical distance between one another and make excuses to reduce contact.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 260 Knowledge
93. Relational partners shift from “we” orientation and use more “me” messages.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 259 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 94–98: Match the statement below with the relational stage it best describes.
a.initiating
b.intensifying
c.bonding
d.stagnating
e.terminating
94. Marcus shakes Francine’s hand and asks her what she thinks about the weather.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 256 Knowledge
95. Marcus and Francine get engaged.
Answer: c Type: Matching Pages: 258-259 Knowledge
96. Marcus and Francine decide to break up and date other people.
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 260-261 Knowledge
97. Marcus daydreams about Francine, and gets goosebumps when he thinks of her.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 258 Knowledge
98. Marcus and Francine behave toward one another in old, familiar ways without much feeling.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 260 Knowledge
99. Pick two people you know, one with whom you want to strengthen your relationship and one to whom you are not particularly attracted. Using the interpersonal attraction variables in the text, analyze the reasons why you want/don’t want to form a relationship with each person.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 250-255 Analysis
100. Define the four types of relational messages and illustrate each of them with examples from your life.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 269-271 Application
101. Describe each of Knapp’s relational stages, those of “coming together” and “coming apart.” Use a personal relationship and explain the stage(s) that you have gone through including the communication used to reflect each stage.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 255-261 Application
102. Identify a dialectical tension in one of your interpersonal relationships. Explain how this tension has affected the relationship and identify/explain the strategy (or strategies) you use to manage the dialectical tension.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 262-266 Application
103. Similarity is considered a significant reason for why we form relationships. Explain in detail the various findings of similarity research as they apply to our attraction to others.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 251 Comprehension
104. One characteristic of relationships is that they are constantly changing. Explain this principle and include experiences from one of your own significant relationships in your discussion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 267 Application
105. Describe specific ways relationships are and aren’t affected by cultural difference. Explain some ways in which cultural differences can make relationships challenging, and identify specific skills that could help manage these challenges.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 267-268 Evaluation
106. Explain the various ways in which online communication and social media affect the reasons we form relationships.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 250-254 Comprehension
107. Discuss how messages include both a content and relational dimension. Provide specific examples in your explanation.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 268-271 Comprehension
108. How can you use metacommunication to improve your relationships? Be specific and give examples.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 268-271 Evaluation
CHAPTER 9
COMMUNICATION IN CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS
1. It is quite possible to have a wide range of relationships with coworkers, roommates, and even family members without having much intimacy at all.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 279 Knowledge
2. Intimacy can come from intellectual sharing.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 278 Knowledge
3. Physical intimacy is obviously the best type of relational intimacy.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 278-279 Evaluation
4. By definition, an intimate relationship must exhibit all four intimacy dimensions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 279 Comprehension
5. Male-male relationships involve less disclosure than male-female relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 279 Knowledge
6. Recent research has shown that men achieve intimacy through shared activities.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 280 Knowledge
7. Because men share less personal information and feelings than women, they are not capable of achieving the type of intimate relationships that women have.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 280 Comprehension
8. Emotional expression is the only way to develop close relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 278-279 Comprehension
9. Because cultures like Japan and Taiwan are collectivist, people there communicate the same with members of “in-groups” and “out-groups” alike.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 282 Comprehension
10. Some studies show that relational intimacy may develop more quickly through computer-mediated communication than face-to-face.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 282 Knowledge
11. Focusing on having intimate communication daily will lead to extremely satisfying relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 284 Comprehension
12. One researcher concluded that close relationships “may be the single most important source of life satisfaction and emotional well-being, across different ages and cultures.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 278 Knowledge
13. Intimacy is closely linked to life satisfaction.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 278-279 Comprehension
14. IM-ing, blogging, and Facebooking do not enhance intimacy in interpersonal relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 282-283 Knowledge
15. Managing your privacy settings on social network sites could have an impact on intimacy in cyber-relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 310 Comprehension
16. While workplace romances can be messy, some research has shown that 34 percent of people who said they dated a coworker ended up marrying that person.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 283 Knowledge
17. Commitment is only important in some types of interpersonal relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 12-13, 299 Synthesis
18. Telling someone “You can count on me” will usually guarantee loyalty because it’s a measure of surefire commitment.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 299 Knowledge
19. Research shows that transgressors who have been forgiven are less likely to repeat their offenses than those who have not received forgiveness.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 303 Knowledge
20. Expressing regret can be more important in repairing a relational transgression than saying “I’m sorry.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 303 Knowledge
21. Research suggests that the most effective conversations about forgiveness contain two elements—an explicit statement of your thoughts or feelings, and a discussion of the implications of the transgression and the future of the relationship.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 305 Knowledge
22. One type of communication that helps maintain relationships is evaluation.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 299-300 Knowledge
23. Transgressions are always intentional.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 302 Knowledge
24. The only benefit of forgiving a transgression is that the relationship might be repaired.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 304 Comprehension
25. One study found that the two least forgivable offenses of dating partners were sexual infidelity and unjustified suspicion.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 305 Knowledge
26. Attachment theory argues that, while secure attachment in childhood leads to confident adult communicators, insecure attachment has little to no impact on later life.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 285 Comprehension
27. The way we communicate in our families is shaped by birth order.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 285 Knowledge
28. Labels used by family members such as “the smart one” and “the cute one” can create self-fulfilling prophecies.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 285 Knowledge
29. Communicating effectively with family members is important because we can’t choose them, and we will likely always feel their influence even if we cut them from our lives.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 286 Analysis
30. According to the text, parents and children do not really change their communication patterns during the transitional years of emerging adulthood.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 285 Knowledge
31. Children who experience insecure bonds with family in their early life often grow up anxious about new relationships, uncomfortable with intimacy, and worried about losing relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 285 Knowledge
32. The way parents communicate with their young children creates secure or insecure bonds that have powerful and lasting effects.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 285 Analysis
33. Whereas most other interpersonal communication is transactional, as described in Chapter One, families tend to have more linear interactions.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 287 Synthesis
34. Children who grow up in families with high conversation orientation have a greater number of interpersonal skills in their later relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 287 Knowledge
35. Research demonstrates that one family communication pattern isn’t necessarily more productive or satisfying than another.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 289 Comprehension
36. Young adults from laissez-faire backgrounds are more confident listeners and more intellectually flexible than those from consensual or pluralistic families.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 289 Knowledge
37. Friendships are more likely to end than any other relationship.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 290 Knowledge
38. Friendships are either task-oriented or relationship-oriented, but not both.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 291 Knowledge
39. Men are more likely to create and express closeness through shared activities than through talking about personal matters.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 292 Knowledge
40. Practical action such as helping a friend move is more characteristic of female-to-female rather than male-to-male expressions of friendship.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 292 Knowledge
41. Research supports the idea that—in “friends with benefits” relationships—women are more typically focused on “friends” and men are more likely to be interested in “benefits.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 293 Knowledge
42. The average Facebook user has 400 friends.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 294 Knowledge
43. It is possible to have close quality friendships with more than 150 people.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 294 Knowledge
44. Most Facebook “friends” could probably be more accurately labeled “acquaintances.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 295 Knowledge
45. A romantic turning point is always positive.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 294 Knowledge
46. The first big fight in a relationship is a common romantic turning point.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 295 Knowledge
47. Research suggests the validating conflict style is ideal for all couples.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 296 Knowledge
48. Research suggests that relationships are more likely to be happy and successful if the couple has at least five times more positive interactions than negative ones.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 296 Knowledge
49. One researcher suggests that if couples maintain a “magic ratio” of positive to negative interactions they will be likely to be more successful.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 296 Knowledge
50. Assuming your partner speaks the same love language as you is the key to success.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 297 Comprehension
51. The love language that expresses love more clearly than any other is “words of affirmation.”
Answer: F Type: T Page: 297 Analysis
52. The giving of gifts is a shallow and materialistic act and certainly does not express one’s love toward another.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 297 Analysis
53. It is difficult to learn a new love language. Therefore, we are probably better off finding a romantic partner with a style for expressing love that matches ours.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 297 Comprehension
54. The text states that romantic partners who fear rejection and abandonment are likely to act in ways that increase the odds of their fears coming to pass. This example best relates to which concept from Chapter Two?
a.identity management
b.self-congruence
c.self-fulfilling prophecy
d.self-serving bias
e.halo effect
Answer: c Type: M Page: 285 Synthesis
55. Siblings who are ___________ are often more extraverted and concerned with control than their brothers and sisters.
a.first-born
b.middle-born
c.last-born
d.“caboose” children
e.none of the above
Answer: a Type: M Page: 285 Knowledge
56. Envisioning our family members represented in a mobile, with photos of each member suspended by a thread and connected to bars containing images of other members, may help us better understand the idea that
a.family communication is involuntary.
b.family communication is role-driven.
c.family communication is formative.
d.family communication patterns vary significantly.
e.families are systems.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 286 Knowledge
57. Which of the following is not a characteristic of families described in the text?
a.Family systems are interdependent.
b.Family systems are manifested through communication.
c.Family systems are nested.
d.Families are more than just the sum of their parts.
e.All of the above are characteristics of families.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 286-287 Knowledge
58. According to research studies, which family communication pattern produces more productive and satisfying results?
a.No pattern is necessarily better than another.
b.consensual
c.both consensual and pluralistic
d.protective
e.both protective and laissez-faire
Answer: c Type: M Page: 289 Knowledge
59. When Marlina and Zach fight, they blow things out of proportion, interrupt each other, and yell. Their conflict style is most likely
a.volatile.
b.avoidant
c.validating.
d.protective
e.laissez-faire.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 296 Application
60. Having too many online friends can mean others perceive you as
a.not very social.
b.someone whose relationships are less than genuine.
c.not very friendly.
d.both b and c.
e.all of the above.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 294 Knowledge
61. Research shows that social-networking sites are used primarily to
a.meet new friends.
b.establish new romantic relationships.
c.maintain current friendships.
d.rekindle old friendships.
e.both c and d.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 294 Comprehension
62. Heterosexual women value their friendships with gay men because
a.they often share interests.
b.potential for romantic complications is little to none.
c.the women feel more attractive.
d.all of the above.
e.none of the above.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 293 Knowledge
63. The Greek word that describes the kind of affection long term couples or working partners might feel is
a.storge.
b.philia.
c.pragma.
d.agape.
e.eros.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 294 Knowledge
64. An example of a romantic turning point might be
a.a specific date.
b.a Facebook declaration.
c.the first big fight.
d.the first kiss.
e.All of the above are examples.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 295 Knowledge
65. Which of the following is not true of friendship and social media?
a.Social networking sites are used to maintain current friendships and revive old ones.
b.Social media isn’t a replacement for face-to-face communication.
c.If you have too few Facebook friends, people might perceive you to be less friendly.
d.The more friends you have on Facebook…the better.
e.Social networking sites are used primarily to build new relationships.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 294 Knowledge
66. Which of the following statements accurately describes the research about “friends with benefits?”
a.Partners regularly check in with each other to discuss the status of their relationship.
b.Sex and friendships almost never mix well.
c.Neither partner has any fear of developing more serious feelings.
d.Neither partner has any fear that feelings will go unreciprocated.
e.These relationships are often problematic for the same reasons they are attractive.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 292-293 Comprehension
67. Which of the following statements summarizes Scott Johnson’s thoughts about his bi-racial family in the “Looking At Diversity” reading?
a.He is certain racial differences will not impact the children in his bi-racial family.
b.He is certain racial differences will significantly impact the children in his bi-racial family.
c.He is unsure how much of an impact racial differences will have on the children in his bi-racial family.
d.He is sure that they are all learning a lot and communicating frankly about the role of race in their lives.
e.Both c and d.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 288 Comprehension
68. Social psychologist Roy Baumeister makes the case that, on average, most people want ___________ close, important relationships in their lives at any given time.
a.one to two
b.two to three
c.three to four
d.four to six
e.more than six
Answer: d Type: M Page: 283 Knowledge
69. All of the following are dimensions of intimacy except which one?
a.physical
b.emotional
c.shared activities
d.intellectual
e.All of these answer are correct dimensions.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 278-279 Knowledge
70. An intimate relationship
a.may only exhibit one or two dimensions.
b.can be achieved by sharing activities.
c.can be created through exchanging important feelings.
d.can come from exchanging ideas.
e.All of these answer are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 278-279 Comprehension
71. Research of male and female intimacy styles shows that
a.differences are not as great as some people might think.
b.women disclose more than men.
c.women disclose more personal information than men.
d.men grow close by doing things together.
e.All of these answer are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 279-280 Knowledge
72. Members of an individualistic culture like the United States
a.disclose the same no matter what group is being disclosed to.
d.rarely show emotions.
c.are not considered very romantic.
d.act more familiar with strangers and disclose more personal information.
e.shy away from public displays of affection.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 282 Knowledge
73. Some studies show that computer-mediated communication
a.always ensures intimacy.
b.enhances verbal, emotional, and social intimacy in interpersonal relationships.
c.is harmful to sustaining intimacy.
d.results in one level of self-disclosure.
e.None of these answers are correct.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 282 Knowledge
74. According to the text, all of the following are strategies that couples use to keep their relationships satisfying except
a.positivity.
b.social networks.
c.openness.
d.dividing chores equally.
e.assurances.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 299-300 Knowledge
75. Of the following, what is not a category of relational transgressions?
a.minor vs. significant
b.one-time vs. incremental
c.deliberate vs. intentional
d.social vs. relational
e.open vs. private
Answer: e Type: M Page: 302 Knowledge
76. Omid and Micayla have an agreement that he will call to tell her when he will be late from work so she won’t worry. When he forgets, Micayla is upset because of what type of transgression?
a.minor
b.significant
c.relational
d.deliberate
e.incremental
Answer: c Type: M Page: 302 Application
77. The benefit of forgiveness is
a.less emotional distress.
b.less aggression.
c.improvement of cardiovascular functioning.
d.restoration of the damaged relationship.
e.All of these choices are beneficial.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 304 Knowledge
78. One type of relational transgression is
a.unfaithfulness.
b.verbal hostility.
c.rage.
d.criticism in front of others.
e.All of these choices are types of relational transgressions.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 302 Knowledge
79. A research study found that college students use the following relational maintenance strategies most in email.
a.openness and social networks
b.social networks and sharing tasks
c.positivity and assurances
d.openness and assurances
e.sharing tasks and openness
Answer: a Type: M Page: 300 Knowledge
80. All of the following are major indicators of a committed romantic relationship except for
a.providing affection.
b.maintaining integrity.
c.create a relational future.
d.making an effort to not over-communicate.
e.creating a positive relational atmosphere.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 299 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 81–84: Match each statement with the family communication pattern it characterizes.
a.consensual
b.pluralistic
c.protective
d.laissez-faire
81. Fifteen-year old Bela wants to get her nose pierced. She feels comfortable making her case and discussing the idea with other family members, but the decision rests with her parents.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 289 Application
82. The family is trying to decide where to go for summer vacation. All family members—and maybe even other relatives—get to weigh in with their perspectives until a consensus is reached.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 289 Application
83. Most family members do their own thing and make their own decisions without much discussion.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 289 Application
84. Twelve-year old Russell asks his parents if he can attend a rock concert. They say “no” and end the discussion there. Russell does not bring it up again.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 289 Application
85. Discuss the four dimensions of intimacy in a relationship that is important to you. Explain your satisfaction with the intimacy or distance in each area. Relate any other factors (change, independence, culture, gender, etc.) that affect your intimacy in this relationship.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 278-279 Evaluation
86. Discuss the differences between masculine and female intimacy styles. Include research findings from your text to support your discussion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 279-280 Comprehension
87. Explain how gender, culture and/or mediated communication affect intimacy in one of your important relationships.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 279-283 Application
88. Describe how the roles in your family are created and perpetuated through communication.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 285-286 Application
89. Describe the characteristics of family systems, and explain how they apply to your own family.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 286-287 Application
90. Describe the communication patterns in your own or another family. In your opinion, how effective are these patterns? What can be done to make communication more effective and/or maintain the current level of effectiveness?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 287-289, 298-301 Evaluation
91. Give examples of several different types of communication in friendships. How effective is your communication with friends, and what communication strategies can improve and/or maintain your friendships?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 290-291, 298-301 Evaluation
92. Identify one or more turning points in your own or another romantic relationship. Describe the conflict styles of the partners. What communication strategies may help to improve and/or maintain the relationship?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 295-296, 298-304 Evaluation
93. Identify the love languages spoken in your own or another romantic relationship. Explain how effectively each person adapts to the other’s love language. Make suggestions for improvement, if necessary.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 297-298 Comprehension
94. Explain why relationships require maintenance and the five strategies couples use to help maintain them.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 299-300 Comprehension
95. Define a relational transgression and provide some examples of specific types of transgressions. Also, explain the four categories of transgressions.
Answer: will vary Type: E Page: 302 Comprehension
CHAPTER 10
IMPROVING COMMUNICATION CLIMATES
1. Defensiveness is often a self-perpetuating cycle.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 317 Synthesis
2. Once a progressive spiral has been established in a relationship, it is likely to continue indefinitely.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 318 Knowledge
3. When you respond nondefensively to criticism, you can agree with the truth of what the critic is saying.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 335-337 Knowledge
4. The most damaging kind of disconfirming response is disagreeing with the other person.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 314-315 Knowledge
5. The assertive message format should always be used in the order given in your text for best results.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 331 Analysis
6. It’s okay to reword the assertive message format to suit your own particular style of speaking.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 331 Analysis
7. You shouldn’t have to repeat the assertive message format if you express yourself clearly in the first place.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 331 Analysis
8. Messages shaping the communication climate of a relationship can be both verbal and nonverbal.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 317 Comprehension
9. Endorsement is the strongest type of confirming message.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 317 Knowledge
10. The Gibb categories define behaviors that can improve or hurt the communication climate.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 320-325 Comprehension
11. Stating your intentions is an important element of an assertive message.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 329-330 Knowledge
12. Tangential responses are one type of disconfirming message.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 314 Knowledge
13. Just recognizing the other person isn’t enough to be considered confirming.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 316 Comprehension
14. Acknowledgment is more confirming than recognition.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 316-317 Knowledge
15. Incongruous responses contain two messages that seem to deny or contradict each other.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 314 Knowledge
16. Since ambiguous responses leave your partner unsure of your position, they would likely be interpreted as disconfirming.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 314 Comprehension
17. Whereas acknowledging others means you are interested in their ideas, endorsement means that you agree with them.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 316-317 Knowledge
18. Perception makes little difference in determining whether a message is disconfirming.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 313-314 Analysis
19. When coping with criticism, it isn’t a good idea to ask what else is wrong because it just brings up too much material to handle at one time.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 335 Comprehension
20. A controlling message can be verbal or nonverbal.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 321-322 Comprehension
21. Behavior that fits into Gibb’s category of “strategy” attempts to manipulate the other into doing what you want.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 322 Knowledge
22. What Gibb describes as “spontaneity” means saying the first thing that comes into your mind.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 322 Comprehension
23. A supportive climate usually results from the expression of empathy.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 323 Comprehension
24. When you decide to acknowledge an accurate criticism, an apology is also necessary.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 339 Knowledge
25. Being ignored is less disconfirming than being dismissed or attacked.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 313 Knowledge
26. A communication climate has to do with the way people feel about each other as they carry out activities.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 312 Knowledge
27. The most common form of acknowledgement is listening.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 316-317 Knowledge
28. The emotional tone of a relationship is called the communication climate.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 312 Knowledge
29. A spiral is always negative.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 317-319 Knowledge
30. Once engaged in a negative spiral, it is impossible for a couple to recover.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 318-319 Comprehension
31. When others confront us with attacks on our presenting self, we are likely to become defensive.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 320 Knowledge
32. If an attack to our presenting self is justified, we will not react defensively.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 320 Comprehension
33. Another word to describe Gibb’s defensive behavior of neutrality is indifference.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 322-323 Knowledge
34. Asking for more information from your critics as a way to respond nondefensively means you need to be prepared to accept the comments.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 332 Comprehension
35. One advantage of paraphrasing a critic’s comments is that the intensity of the attack may be reduced.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 334 Knowledge
36. Research suggests that agreeing with a correct fact when criticized is highly effective in restoring a damaged reputation with the critic.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 335 Knowledge
37. It’s impossible to honestly accept the other person’s point of view while maintaining your own position.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 335-337 Knowledge
38. In order to truly respond nondefensively to criticism you must always agree with the critic’s judgment of you.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 336-337 Knowledge
39. Children whose parents use more confirming messages tend to have higher self-esteem and less stress.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 312 Knowledge
40. Employees usually do not appreciate open-door policies at work because it makes their bosses seem weak.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 316 Knowledge
41. Trust and morale on the job can be increased by something as simple as saying “hello” or “thanks” in e-mail messages.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 316 Comprehension
42. The most confirming type of message is acknowledgement.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 316-317 Knowledge
43. In marriage, stonewalling is a strong predictor of divorce.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 313 Knowledge
44. Complaining is the most destructive way to disagree with another person.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 315 Knowledge
45. Argumentativeness is actually admired in some, and is associated with a number of positive attributes.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 315 Knowledge
46. In marriage, complaining is healthy, as long as the complaint is worded as a personal criticism rather than as a behavioral description.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 315 Knowledge
47. The authors suggest that aggressiveness is the behavior we should all strive for in relationships.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 315 Comprehension
48. In order to be successful in real life, we should try to word our assertive messages as closely as we can to the authors’ examples.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 331 Comprehension
49. Aggressiveness can only occur in face-to-face situations.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 315 Comprehension
50. Fifteen percent of students report having abused someone online, and 30 percent report having been victims of cyberbullying themselves.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 315 Knowledge
51. The responsibility for reducing defensiveness in an interpersonal exchange belongs only to the person receiving criticism.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 320 Comprehension
52. You are less likely to get a defensive response if you deliver criticism in a way that protects the presenting self (or “face”) of the other person.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 319-320 Knowledge
53. Abusing your rank or status over others by demeaning, humiliating, or exploiting them is called “rankism.”
Answer: T Type: T Page: 324 Knowledge
54. Clicking “like” on someone’s Facebook post can be a way to send a confirming message.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 316-317 Application
55. Others may interpret your lack of interaction in social media sites as a disconfirming message.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 313 Analysis
56. Which of these behaviors is characterized by the use of “we” language?
a.evaluation
b.description
c.problem-orientation
d.strategy
e.provisionalism
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 321-322 Knowledge
57. “Rankism” best relates to which of these behaviors?
a.evaluation
b.superiority
c.control
d.strategy
e.certainty
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 323-324 Knowledge
58. Which of these strategies has been used successfully to protest slavery, secure rights for women, reject war, oppose racial segregation, and accomplish other great social change in principled and pragmatic ways?
a.aggressiveness
b.nonviolence
c.neutrality
d.all of the above
e.none of the above
Answer: b Type: M Page: 336 Comprehension
59. Cassie felt ignored because Jaime kept playing on his phone during their lunch together. This example best illustrates which type of disconfirming message?
a.impersonal
b.ambiguous
c.incongruous
d.irrelevant
e.impervious
Answer: e Type: M Page: 313 Application
60. Brianne angrily waited three minutes at the counter before the clerk finished his phone conversation and signaled awareness that Brianne was waiting. Brianne would’ve felt better if the clerk had at least __________ her while she was waiting.
a.recognized
b.acknowledged
c.endorsed
d.been assertive with
e.responded nondefensively
Answer: a Type: M Page: 316 Application
61. Intention statements can communicate
a.where you stand on an issue.
b.requests of others.
c.descriptions of how you plan to act in the future.
d.a, b, and c above.
e.only interpretations of behavior.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 329-330 Comprehension
62. Which of the following is an accurate feeling statement?
a.“I feel like you’re angry at me.”
b.“I feel like going home now.”
c.“I feel angry when you laugh at me.”
d.“I feel you ought to be more careful.”
e.All of these answers are correct are feeling statements.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 328 Application
63. All of the following are disconfirming messages except
a.interrupting the other person.
b.giving ambiguous responses.
c.ignoring the other person.
d.using a problem-oriented approach.
e.responding with clichés.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 314-315 Knowledge
64. All of the following are behavioral descriptions except
a.“I notice you’re frowning.”
b.“I saw you walk out of the party.”
c.“Your behavior tells me you’re angry.”
d.“You’ve shouted the last three times we’ve discussed money.”
e.“You haven’t said ‘I love you’ in over a week.”
Answer: c Type: M Page: 327 Application
65. Which of the following is an interpretation?
a.“I got an A on my history paper.”
b.“Sue only cares about herself.”
c.“I sure appreciate your help.”
d.“Would you tell me what you mean by that?”
e.All of these answers are correct are interpretations.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 327 Application
66. A consequence statement can describe
a.what happens to you, the speaker.
b.what happens to the person you’re addressing or to others.
c.why you’re bothered or pleased by another’s behavior.
d.what happens without moralizing about it.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 329 Synthesis
67. The most visible way disconfirming messages reinforce one another, as when one attack leads to another and another, is termed a(n)
a.escalatory conflict spiral.
b.de-escalatory conflict spiral.
c.cognitive dissonance reaction.
d.impervious dyad.
e.pillow-talk incident.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 318 Knowledge
68. The text suggested that you may react nondefensively to criticism by
a.asking for a “time-out.”
b.guessing about the specifics of a critic’s remarks.
c.criticizing yourself.
d.giving the reasons for your behavior.
e.telling the critic to stop.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 333 Comprehension
69. Your instructor tells you how poor your writing ability is and how wrong it is for you not to work harder on it. That instructor used the Gibb category of
a.description.
b.evaluation.
c.problem orientation.
d.equality.
e.provisionalism.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 321 Application
70. According to research findings about defensiveness, when one person in a dyad acts in a defensive manner
a.a counterattack is appropriate.
b.the partner will be supportive.
c.a defensive spiral usually results.
d.perceptions are not realistic.
e.self-disclosure usually takes place.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 317 Comprehension
71. The elements of an assertive message are
a.feeling, interpretation, assertion, and consequence.
b.behavior, interpretation, feeling, assertion, and intention.
c.behavior, assertion, aggression, and interpretation.
d.behavior, interpretation, feeling, consequence, and intention.
e.assertion, aggression, negotiation, interpretation, and intention.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 326-330 Synthesis
72. Another term which describes the Gibb defensive category of neutrality would be
a.understanding.
b.aggressive perception.
c.positive/negative balance.
d.displaced loyalty.
e.indifference.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 322-323 Knowledge
73. Evaluative language is also described as
a.“me” language.
b.“it” language.
c.“you” language.
d.“neutral” language.
e.“supportive” language.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 321 Knowledge
74. The term that describes the emotional tone of a personal relationship is
a.mood.
b.tone.
c.climate.
d.environment.
e.foundation.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 312 Knowledge
75. Defensiveness is the process of protecting your
a.interpretations.
b.sense data.
c.perceived self.
d.presenting self.
e.None of the above answers are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 319-320 Knowledge
76. Gibb’s categories provide a useful way for us to examine our
a.self-concept.
b.patterns of self-disclosure.
c.defensive and supportive behaviors.
d.manipulative behaviors.
e.perceptual differences.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 320-325 Comprehension
77. The communication climate in a relationship is determined by the
a.roles each person has in the relationship.
b.similarities of the parties.
c.degree to which each person feels valued.
d.amount of self-disclosure that occurs.
e.listening and perceptual skills that each individual brings to the relationship.
Answer: c Type: M Page: 312 Knowledge
78. A confirming response may
a.criticize the other.
b.agree with or acknowledge the other.
c.reveal deception.
d.recognize manipulation.
e.control the other.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 312-317 Comprehension
79. People who act in accordance with Gibb’s category of equality communicate that
a.everyone is equal in every way.
b.while they may have greater talent in some areas, all have just as much worth as human beings.
c.all human beings are created with the capacity to be equal in all areas.
d.All of these answers are correct.
e.None of the above answers are correct.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 323 Comprehension
80. “I know that isn’t going to work under any circumstances” is an example of the Gibb defensive category of
a.evaluation.
b.control.
c.superiority.
d.certainty.
e.strategy.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 323-325 Application
81. Jenna says, “Sophia, I’m really upset about how we divide the cooking chores.” Sophia retorts, “Speaking of cooking, my secretary brought in great cookies today.” Sophia’s response is an example of a(n)
a.impervious response.
b.interrupting response.
c.irrelevant response.
d.impersonal response.
e.tangential response.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 314 Application
82. Mercedes asks her boss if she can take Friday afternoon off to clear up some legal problems. Her boss replies, “Seems like everybody has problems these days.” The boss’s reply is an example of a(n)
a.impervious response.
b.interrupting response.
c.irrelevant response.
d.tangential response.
e.impersonal response.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 314 Application
83. Molly asks her mother if she’ll help her go through her wardrobe to see what needs to be thrown out. Her mother replies, “Throwing out things is a great idea; help me with cleaning out this refrigerator, won’t you?” This reply is an example of a(n)
a.impervious response.
b.interrupting response.
c.irrelevant response.
d.tangential response.
e.impersonal response.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 314 Application
84. Lilly calls Cameron to invite her to a party, leaving the message on Cameron’s voicemail. After two days, Cameron still hasn’t returned Lilly’s call. Lilly might interpret this as what type of response?
a.impervious.
b.interrupting.
c.irrelevant.
d.tangential.
e.impersonal.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 313 Application
85. “You are such a couch potato” is an example of what Gibb defense-arousing behavior?
a.evaluation.
b.control.
c.strategy.
d.neutrality.
e.superiority.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 321 Application
86. Which of the following statements is the best supportive alternative to the accusation, “You just don’t try hard enough.”
a.“You should try harder.”
b.“You give up too easily.”
c.“I’m worried you’ll fail with two D’s.”
d.“You should study two hours every night.”
e.“It’s time we had a talk about trying.”
Answer: c Type: M Page: 321 Analysis
87. Ambiguous responses
a.are conversational “take aways.”
b.are unrelated to what the other person has just said.
c.ignore the other person’s attempt to communicate.
d.contain messages with more than one meaning.
e.interrupt the other person.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 314 Knowledge
88. Disconfirming responses loaded with clichés and other statements that never truly respond to the speaker are called
a.impervious.
b.interrupting.
c.irrelevant.
d.tangential.
e.impersonal.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 314 Knowledge
89. Agreeing with a critic’s perception of your behavior involves
a.apologizing to the critic.
b.agreeing with the critic’s right to see things his/her way.
c.backing off from your position.
d.All of these answers are correct.
e.None of the above answers are correct.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 337-339 Comprehension
90. Which of the following is a nondefensive response to the criticism, “You’ve really messed up that account now”?
a.“Tell me what, in your mind, I did that upset you.”
b.“Not taking Mr. Kimble to dinner endangers the account?”
c.“So you’re upset that the account may be lost?”
d.“Losing that account might really hurt our department?”
e.All of these answers are correct to respond nondefensively to that criticism.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 332-339 Application
91. If others start criticizing you, one productive way to respond is to
a.tell them to stop the criticism.
b.point out that criticism is not productive.
c.criticize them to show them how it feels.
d.ask for more specifics about what the criticism involves.
e.just back off; there’s no effective way to deal with this kind of “no-win” situation.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 332 Comprehension
92. All of the following are nondefensive responses to criticism recommended by your text except
a.asking for more details about the criticism.
b.paraphrasing the speaker’s comments.
c.asking about the consequences of your behavior.
d.accepting the speaker’s comments, even if you disagree.
e.guessing about the details of the criticism.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 332-339 Knowledge
93. Communication climates are a function of
a.the way people feel about one another.
b.the tasks people perform.
c.individual personality characteristics.
d.Gibb’s functional theories.
e.time, place, and context.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 312 Comprehension
94. A reciprocating communication pattern in which each person’s message reinforces the other’s is called a(n)
a.conflict.
b.defense mechanism.
c.face-threatening act.
d.attack.
e.spiral.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 317 Knowledge
95. Saying, “That’s the way the cookie crumbles,” is an example of what Gibb defense-arousing behavior?
a.control
b.strategy
c.certainty
d.evaluation
e.neutrality
Answer: e Type: M Page: 322-323 Application
96. All of the following are defense-arousing behaviors except
a.neutrality.
b.control.
c.superiority.
d.strategy.
e.spontaneity.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 320-325 Knowledge
97. The assertive message format
a.should be worded to suit your own style of communication.
b.may require you to repeat a part to ensure the other person’s understanding.
c.may be delivered in mixed order of the elements.
d.can combine two or more elements in a single phrase.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 331 Knowledge
98. Paraphrasing is valuable in responding to critics because
a.the intensity of the attack is often reduced when a complaint is acknowledged.
b.the critic knows then that he/she is right.
c.important information can be learned.
d.All of these answers are correct.
e.a and c
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 333-334 Knowledge
99. A spiral
a.is a reciprocating communication pattern.
b.can be escalatory or de-escalatory.
c.rarely goes on indefinitely.
d.reinforces the principle that “what goes around comes around.”
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 317-319 Knowledge
100. When Estefanie tells Tracy exactly what she needs to do differently rather than withholding information so she’ll look bad to others at work, she is being __________ rather than __________.
a.spontaneous, strategic
b.provisional, certain
c.equal, superior
d.empathetic, neutral
e.descriptive, evaluative
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 322 Application
101. When Abdul suggests to Kimya that there might be another way to approach handling a problem instead of enforcing his way of handling it, he is being __________ rather than __________.
a.spontaneous, strategic
b.provisional, certain
c.equal, superior
d.empathetic, neutral
e.descriptive, evaluative
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 323-325 Application
102. When Libby tells her husband, “I’d really like to go out to dinner more often,” instead of saying, “Our best friends go out to dinner every week,” she is being __________ rather than __________.
a.spontaneous, strategic
b.provisional, certain
c.equal, superior
d.empathetic, neutral
e.problem-oriented, controlling
Answer: a Type: M Page: 322 Application
103. Kathie likes her new boss, Kay, better than her old boss because Kay is more likely to admit when she’s wrong and point out that she makes mistakes like every other human being. Kathie probably experiences a more supportive work climate because Kay’s behavior is more __________ rather than __________.
a.spontaneous, strategic
b.provisional, certain
c.equal, superior
d.empathetic, neutral
e.problem-oriented, controlling
Answer: c Type: M Page: 323 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 104–108: Match each statement below with the appropriate defense-arousing behaviors.
a.evaluation
b.control
c.neutrality
d.superiority
e.certainty
104. “How many times do you think I’ll have to explain this to you?!”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 323 Knowledge
105. “That’s the way of the world. Get used to it.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Pages: 322-323 Knowledge
106. “You’re a slob!”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 321 Knowledge
107. “It’s my way or the highway!”
Answer: b Type: Matching Pages: 321-322 Knowledge
108. “I don’t really need your input. I’ve already made my decision.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 323-324 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 109–113: Match each statement below with the appropriate face-honoring behaviors.
a.empathy
b.provisionalism
c.equality
d.problem-orientation
e.description
109. “I can completely understand why you are so upset about this.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Pages: 322-323 Application
110. “When you leave your shoes by the door, I get frustrated because I trip over them.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 321 Application
111. “I’d love to know what you think about this idea. I’ll be considering input through Friday.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Pages: 323-324 Application
112. “Sure, I’ll be glad to show you how this program works, and I know you’ll get the hang of it soon!”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 323 Application
113. “We should work together on this. I’ll bet we can figure out an idea that will benefit both of us.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Pages: 323-324 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 114–119: Match the type of disconfirming response with its behavioral description.
a.impervious
b.tangential
c.personalized complaining
d.impersonal
e.irrelevant
114. Alex says, “Let’s decide what we’re doing this weekend after I get paid tomorrow,” and you reply, “ I’m really excited about getting an A on my test.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 314 Application
115. Vince says, “I’m so tired,” and you reply, “Boy, everybody’s got problems today.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 314 Application
116. You see Denise smile at you, but you walk past without smiling back.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 313 Application
117. ”I wish you wouldn’t be such a slob.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 315 Application
118. Omar asks how your roommate is feeling; you tell him about your own health.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 314 Application
119. Josh gets upset because Cassandra did not text him back.
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 313 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 120–138: Match the following statements with the appropriate part of the assertive message format.
a.feeling
b.behavior
c.interpretation
d.consequence
e.intention
120. “Whenever we fight, both of us usually wind up regretting it.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 329 Application
121. “I’m worried about you.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 328 Application
122. “I just want you to know how much this affects me.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 329-330 Application
123. “You’re smoking again after you said you were quitting.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
124. “I’m thinking you just don’t like me.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
125. “Because we were five minutes late, we couldn’t be seated until intermission.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 329 Application
126. “You seem pretty sure of yourself.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
127. “I’m uncomfortable about that.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 328 Application
128. “I’d like to know whether you are angry.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 329-330 Application
129. “It seems to me that you’re just trying to set me against her.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
130. “I’m happy you’re coming.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 328 Application
131. “Gene didn’t call at the usual time.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
132. “You shouldn’t expect me to help you out again.”
Answer: e Type: Matching Pages: 329-330 Application
133. “I take this to mean that you’re mad at me.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
134. “I’m really burned up about that bill.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 328 Application
135. “You didn’t invite me to the party.”
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
136. “Ever since you said that I was wrong, I’ve been afraid to ask your opinion.”
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 329 Application
137. “It seems like something is bothering you.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
138. “I think you’ve been ignoring me lately.”
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 327 Application
139. Describe two of your important relationships in terms of communication climate. What factors contribute to the overall climate in each relationship? Describe confirming and disconfirming behaviors for each relationship that led you to your overall assessment.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 312-319 Analysis
140. How do defensive behaviors work in the sphere of work relationships? Given your knowledge of Gibb’s categories, what advice would you give to a manager?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 319-325 Application
141. Describe a recent incident when you were defensive. Explain which part of your self-concept you were protecting, and describe the consequences of your defensiveness.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 319-320 Synthesis
142. Describe an important relationship in which you are involved in terms of a positive or negative “spiral” of behavior. Indicate how behaviors over the past six months (or any defined segment of time) have tended to “beget” similar behaviors in your relationship. Comment on the future direction of your spiral.
Answer: Type: E Pages: 317-319 Evaluation
143. Imagine the following scene: Your instructor (we’ll call him Dr. Roberts) angrily thrusts your research paper back at you saying, “This paper is not only late, it is full of errors.” Write a response to Dr. Roberts that demonstrates three different ways to respond using Chapter Ten’s strategies for handling criticism nondefensively.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 332-339 Application
144. Use the Assertive Message Format to respond to one of two situations described below, labeling each of the five parts of the message.
A friend is in the habit of borrowing your belongings and not returning them to you without you having to ask for them back several times. Now your friend is returning a sweater of yours and there’s a stain on it.
One of your friends has been especially supportive lately, has called often, spent time getting you out socially and even prepared dinner for you to help you get through a difficult time.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 326-331 Application
145. Describe two examples each of confirming, disagreeing, and disconfirming messages in your own life, and describe their consequences. Explain how each message threatens or honors the presenting self (or “face”) of the communicators involved.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 312-320 Evaluation
146. Describe (from your own life) or create one example each of all 12 Gibb behaviors. Explain how each message threatens or honors the presenting self (or “face”) of the communicators involved.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 319-325 Analysis
147. Consider this saying, “I can be right or I can be happy.” Discuss this in terms of defensiveness/nondefensive concepts from the text, as well as any pertinent Gibb climate components.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 319-339 Synthesis
148. Describe ways in which we send confirming and disconfirming messages via text and social media.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 312-317 Application
149. Describe ways in which we contribute to supportive and defensive climates via text and social media.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 319-325 Application
CHAPTER 11
MANAGING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS
1. Research has shown that strong marriages manage conflict in constructive ways.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 348 Knowledge
2. Destructive fights often start because the initiator confronts a partner who isn’t ready for a confrontation.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 366 Knowledge
3. Interdependence must exist between two parties in order for a conflict to exist.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 347 Knowledge
4. A conflict can exist only when both parties are aware of a disagreement.
Answer: T Type: T Pages: 346-347 Knowledge
5. One key to the win-win approach to conflict resolution is to look for the single best solution at the beginning of your conversation.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 367-368 Comprehension
6. The text says that “stopping and counting to ten” applies to win-win problem solving.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 365 Analysis
7. As long as one person in the relationship is aware of the disagreement, a conflict exists.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 346-347 Knowledge
8. The win-win approach to conflict resolution requires parties to reach a solution through compromise.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 354-357 Comprehension
9. With enough skill you should be able to use win-win problem solving successfully in almost any conflict.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 368-369 Knowledge
10. When people express hostility in obscure ways, “passive aggression” occurs.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 353 Knowledge
11. A full-fledged conflict will not occur unless the individuals involved try to prevent one another from achieving their goals.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 347 Comprehension
12. Direct aggression is described as physical attacks and swearing, but does not include teasing or nonverbal gestures.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 352 Knowledge
13. Gender is the most important variable in determining conflict style.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 362-363 Knowledge
14. The situation at hand and the behavior of the other person in the conflict are more powerful determinants of a person’s conflict style than gender.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 363 Knowledge
15. Some scholars assert that conflict style is often determined simply by a person’s biological makeup.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 364 Knowledge
16. A conflict can exist even if the parties in conflict are not dependent on each other.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 347 Knowledge
17. College students who kept diaries of their relationships reported that they took part in about 10 arguments per week.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 348 Knowledge
18. Avoidance is never an effective conflict style to choose.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 350 Knowledge
19. An avoiding conflict style reflects the belief that there is no good way to resolve the conflict at hand.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 349 Knowledge
20. In high-context, collectivist countries, avoidance and accommodation are considered positive, appropriate ways to handle conflict.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 350 Comprehension
21. Even when accommodation is a genuine act of kindness, it is not considered an acceptable style because the accommodator is showing a lack of regard for him/herself.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 350 Comprehension
22. Compromise is considered a win-win conflict style because each person gets at least some of what they want.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 354 Knowledge
23. What conflict style to choose should be determined by the style you are most comfortable using.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 357 Comprehension
24. Collaboration is considered the single “best” way to resolve a conflict.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 356-357 Knowledge
25. Conflict is considered relational because it is determined by the way the parties interact with each other.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 358 Knowledge
26. In a symmetrical conflict style, the partners use different but mutually reinforcing behaviors.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 358 Knowledge
27. A complementary conflict style can be problematic for couples, but a symmetrical one will not be.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 358 Knowledge
28. Conflict rituals are not necessarily wrong until they become the only way relational partners handle their conflicts.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 361 Knowledge
29. Probably the most important cultural factor in shaping attitudes toward conflict is an orientation toward individualism or collectivism.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 363 Knowledge
30. The ethnic background of communicators is not a significant factor in their views regarding conflict.
Answer: F Type: T Pages: 363-364 Knowledge
31. A constructive conflict style is rarely used, due in part to people not being aware that it is a viable alternative to a competitive approach.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 364 Knowledge
32. A win-win, collaborative approach might be beneficial, but it isn’t very realistic to use due to its detail and complicated structure.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 369 Comprehension
33. Although avoidance of conflict is tempting, your partner is likely to experience more frustration and discomfort than he/she would if you were to face your conflicts in a constructive way.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 349 Knowledge
34. Lack of time for yourself and others is a common source of conflict in relationships.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 347 Knowledge
35. Controlling resources like money, staffing, and time in order to keep employees from being successful is a form of workplace bullying.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 351 Knowledge
36. Research shows that investing time and money in mentoring others pays off for the protégé but rarely for the mentor.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 355 Knowledge
37. Due to the “Queen Bee” complex, women are less likely to invest time in mentoring, coaching, and sponsoring other women because they are afraid new success will undermine their own.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 355 Knowledge
38. Contempt is communicated verbally rather than nonverbally.
Answer: F Type: T Page: 360 Knowledge
39. Destructive behaviors included in the “four horsemen” described by researcher John Gottman are likely to feed off each other and develop into destructive conflict rituals.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 360 Knowledge
40. Women are more likely than men to view withdrawal from conflict as more harmful to the relationship than do men.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 363 Knowledge
41. If you listen to your partner sincerely, avoid judgmental attacks, and empathize with his/her concerns, there’s a good chance you’ll get the same behavior in return.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 369 Knowledge
42. If both partners are willing, the collaborative win-win approach is very likely to be successful.
Answer: T Type: T Page: 365 Analysis
43. Which of the following strategies is not recommend as a way to manage workplace bullying?
a.Reframe your thinking.
b.Negotiate with the offender.
c.Appeal to a third party.
d.Back off.
e.All of the above are recommended strategies.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 351 Comprehension
44. Which of the following is not an example of workplace bullying?
a.assertive language
b.impossible deadlines
c.behind the back criticism
d.withholding resources employees need to be successful
e.nit picking
Answer: a Type: M Page: 351 Comprehension
45. In the “Looking At Diversity” reading, Marilyn Jorgensen recommends which of the following strategies when working with people from a different cultural background?
a.Face conflict head on, and get to the bottom of any conflicts right away.
b.Slow down and adopt an attitude of curiosity.
c.Show genuine interest in the other person.
d.both b and c
e.none of the above
Answer: d Type: M Page: 365 Comprehension
46. Stonewalling sends a(n) __________ message to the other person.
a.assertive message
b.confirming
c.disagreeing
d.disconfirming
e.competing
Answer: d Type: M Page: 360 Knowledge
47. Researcher John Gottman has been able to predict with over 90 percent accuracy whether a marriage will end in divorce by looking for evidence of
a.complementary conflict styles.
b.the four horsemen of destructive conflict styles.
c.crazymaking behaviors.
d.direct aggression.
e.pseudoaccomodation.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 360 Knowledge
48. Men are more likely than women to
a.be more competitive.
b.be more cooperative.
c.give reasons for their suggestions.
d.gossip, backbite, and exclude others.
e.begin proposals with the word “lets.”
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 362-363 Knowledge
49. Women are more likely than men to say “we have to talk about it” because
a.women are more accommodating than men.
b.women are more insecure than men.
c.women view withdrawal from a conflict as more injurious than men.
d.women are more demanding than men.
e.women are more direct than men.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 362-363 Analysis
50. In a survey of conflict views of college men and women, women were described as being
a.more concerned with maintaining the relationship during a conflict.
b.more concerned with power in the conflict.
c.more interested in the content of the conflict.
d.more ego-involved in the conflict than men.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 362 Comprehension
51. Complementary and symmetrical conflict styles have been shown to produce
a.marriages that got back together after conflict.
b.couples who find other mates while getting divorced.
c.a greater percentage of divorces that are settled amicably.
d.both “good” results as well as “bad” ones.
e.divorces that only have the facade of politeness.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 358 Comprehension
52. Individuals in low-context cultures typically resolve conflict by
a.avoidance.
b.indirect communication.
c.nonassertion.
d.All of these answers are correct.
e.None of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 350, 363-364 Synthesis
53. An uncontrolled, spontaneous “explosion,” a “Vesuvius,” is
a.encouraged by your text as a first step to solving conflict.
b.therapeutic when you feel it’s impossible to be relational and your partner understands what you’re doing.
c.a great way of eliminating defensive behaviors by “clearing the air.”
d.one way to make sure your partner will listen to you.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 369 Comprehension
54. Win-win problem solving is seldom used because
a.there is a lack of awareness of it.
b.emotional reflexes prevent constructive solutions.
c.it requires both persons’ cooperation.
d.win-win problem solving is actually the most used problem-solving style of all.
e.a, b, and c are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 364-365 Comprehension
55. A person who buys a piece of new furniture, finds it damaged, and says nothing because he doesn’t want to confront the retailer, is engaging in the personal conflict style of
a.avoiding.
b.accommodating.
c.indirect communication.
d.compromising.
e.None of these answers are correct.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 349-350 Application
56. In order for a conflict to exist, two interdependent parties must perceive
a.incompatible goals.
b.scarce resources.
c.interference from the other party in achieving their goals.
d.a, b, and c are correct.
e.both a and c are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 346-347 Knowledge
57. When people deliver subtle aggressive messages involving feelings of resentment, anger, or rage that they aren’t able or willing to express directly, they are engaging in what psychologist George Bach calls
a.defense arousal.
b.nonverbal conflict.
c.pseudo-messages.
d.crazymaking.
e.one-up conflict resolution.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 353 Knowledge
58. Conflict rituals are
a.inherently wrong.
b.the best way to solve the variety of conflicts that are part of any relationship.
c.almost always positive.
d.unacknowledged but repeating patterns of dealing with conflict.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 360-361 Comprehension
59. The “ownership” of a problem almost always belongs to
a.the person who is dissatisfied.
b.the person to whom the complaint is directed.
c.the person with the lowest amount of self-disclosure.
d.the person with the greatest amount of passive aggressive behavior.
e.the most assertive person.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 366 Comprehension
60. You and your partner’s pattern of managing disagreements that repeats itself over time is called your
a.relational conflict style.
b.cognitive dissonance pattern.
c.harmony/disharmony pattern.
d.“Vesuvius.”
e.assertive message format.
Answer: a Type: M Page: 358 Knowledge
61. In the Communication Transcript in Chapter Eleven, Chris tries to resolve a conflict with her roommate Terry over cleaning their apartment by
a.relying on authority as a source of power.
b.using the “Vesuvius” method to get Terry’s attention.
c.appealing to their mutual self-interests.
d.employing “crazymaking” strategies.
e.None of these answers are correct
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 370-371 Comprehension
62. All of the following are true about conflict, except
a.conflict is natural.
b.every relationship of any depth at all has conflict.
c.conflict can be beneficial.
d.people typically have similar conflict styles.
e.b and d.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 348-349 Synthesis
63. Studies of different cultures and conflict reveal that
a.assertiveness is valued worldwide.
b.North Americans avoid confrontation more than other cultures studied.
c.individualistic cultures are less assertive than collective ones.
d.the assertiveness appropriate in North America could be perceived as rude and insensitive in collectivist cultures.
e.All of these answers are correct are true.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 363-364 Comprehension
64. One of the best methods to use to describe your problem and needs to a partner during conflict resolution is
a.paraphrasing.
b.perception checking.
c.the assertive message format.
d.high-level abstractions.
e.emotional description.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 366-367 Knowledge
65. Rhonda complains to Collin that she’s tired of their weekend routine. Irritated, Collin snaps back that he’s tired of her complaining. Their conflict pattern reflects which of the following conflict styles?
a.complementary
b.symmetrical
c.tangential
d.conditional
e.None of these answers are correct
Answer: b Type: M Page: 358 Application
66. In order to decide which conflict style you should use, you should consider
a.the situation.
b.the other person.
c.your goals.
d.the relationship.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 357 Comprehension
67. Conflict rituals
a.are always damaging.
b.should be replaced with compromise.
c.most often involve avoidance by both of the participants in the conflict.
d.become problems when they are seen as the only way to resolve problems.
e.are defined as ways partners use guilt and intimidation to fight dirty.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 361 Knowledge
68. At which step in the win-win, collaborative process would you utilize the assertive message format?
a.Identify your problem and unmet needs.
b.Negotiate a solution.
c.Make a date.
d.Describe your problem and needs.
e.Consider your partner’s point of view.
Answer: d Type: M Pages: 366-367 Knowledge
69. At which step in the win-win, collaborative process would brainstorming be appropriate?
a.Identify your problem and unmet needs.
b.Negotiate a solution.
c.Make a date.
d.Describe your problem and needs.
e.Consider your partner’s point of view.
Answer: b Type: M Pages: 367-368 Knowledge
70. Of the following statements, which most accurately describes the part gender plays in conflict style?
a.Gender is less important in determining conflict style than the behavior of the other person in the conflict.
b.Research indicates that the stereotype of women as passive is nearly 90% accurate.
c.There are virtually no discernible differences between the conflict styles of men and women.
d.When actual behaviors are observed, women are more likely to withdraw from discussion issues than men are.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: a Type: M Pages: 362-363 Knowledge
71. When unhappy couples argue, they
a.use evaluative “you” language.
b.ignore each other’s nonverbal relational messages.
c.have minimal empathy for the other.
d.are not problem-oriented.
e.All of these answers are correct .
Answer: e Type: M Page: 348 Knowledge
72. The habitual approach you take when your needs appear incompatible with what another wants is called your
a.conflict ritual.
b.conflict style.
c.passive aggression.
d.conflict manner.
e.crazymaking.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 348 Comprehension
73. When Brody steered clear of Miranda after they had an argument, he was using what style of conflict?
a.accommodating
b.compromising
c.avoiding
d.passive aggression
e.crazymaking
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 349-350 Application
74. The conflict style where one has a low concern for him/herself and a high concern for others is called
a.avoiding.
b.collaborating.
c.compromising.
d.competing
e.accommodating.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 350 Knowledge
75. Alicia wanted to see a movie with her friends Friday night, but ended up at a bar since that’s where most of the girls wanted to go. Alicia used what conflict style in this situation?
a.avoiding
b.collaborating
c.compromising
d.competing
e.accommodating
Answer: e Type: M Page: 350 Application
76. The distinguishing characteristic in win-lose problem solving is
a.passivity.
b.power.
c.aggression.
d.discussion.
e.assertiveness.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 352 Knowledge
77. Audra and Alfonso argue and Alfonso storms out of the house. Audra calls Alfonso asking for forgiveness. He returns and they reconcile. Soon they fight again with Alfonso once again leaving. This is an example of a(n)
a.complementary style.
b.symmetrical style.
c.conflict ritual.
d.avoiding style.
e.win-lose.
Answer: c Type: M Pages: 360-361 Application
78. Of the following, what is not a step in negotiating a solution in the collaborative conflict style approach?
a.Identify and define the conflict.
b.Generate a number of possible solutions.
c.Evaluate the alternative solutions.
d.Decide on the best solution.
e.All of these answers are steps.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 365-368 Knowledge
79. A competing/win-lose conflict style
a.involves high concern for self and low concern for others.
b.can sometimes enhance a relationship.
c.has a distinguishing characteristic of power.
d.occurs when people perceive a situation as being an “either-or” one.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Pages: 351-352 Knowledge
80. Avoiding is sometimes an appropriate style to choose when
a.the issue is temporary or minor.
b.speaking up might cause physical harm.
c.the relationship isn’t worth the effort.
d.a and b are correct.
e.All of these answers are correct.
Answer: e Type: M Page: 350 Knowledge
81. All of the following are types of direct verbal aggression except
a.teasing.
b.character attacks.
c.threats.
d.shoving.
e.nonverbal emblems.
Answer: d Type: M Page: 352 Knowledge
82. What plays a significant role in the effectiveness of the accommodating conflict style?
a.goodwill
b.motivation
c.skill
d.intelligence
e.None of these answers are correct.
Answer: b Type: M Page: 350 Knowledge
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 83-87: Match each of the following crazymakers with its description.
a.mind reader
b.crisis tickler
c.guilt maker
d.pseudoaccommodator
e.avoider
83. When this person’s partner brings up a problem, she pretends to be busy with the laundry.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 353 Application
84. This person pretends to give in and then continues to act in the same way.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 353 Application
85. This person handles conflict by trying to make her partner feel responsible for causing her discomfort.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 353 Application
86. This person almost brings what’s bothering him to the surface, but never quite comes out and expresses himself.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 354 Application
87. Instead of expressing her feelings honestly, this person explains what her partner “really” means or what’s “really wrong.”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 353 Application
INSTRUCTIONS for questions 88–92: Match each of the following crazymakers with its description.
a.joker
b.withholder
c.gunnysacker
d.trivial tyrannizer
e.trapper
88. James tells Ivy he wants her advice, and when she offers it, he becomes very angry and accuses her of trying to tell him what to do.
Answer: e Type: Matching Page: 353 Application
89. Elaine deliberately cranks up the volume on her music, knowing that it irritates her mother.
Answer: d Type: Matching Page: 354 Application
90. Jacob kept all his frustrations to himself and then when his sister asked him to run an errand for him he erupted, telling her all the ways he felt she had imposed upon him in the past two weeks.
Answer: c Type: Matching Page: 354 Application
91. Renee refused to speak to Javier for two days.
Answer: b Type: Matching Page: 354 Application
92. Thomas laughed off his business partner’s comments that he was shirking some of his work responsibilities by saying, “And who got out of the wrong side of the bed today?”
Answer: a Type: Matching Page: 354 Application
93. Explain a current conflict you are having with a friend or loved one. Apply the win-win method to arrive at a solution using all six steps as though you were speaking to your partner. Explain what you believe might be the outcome of using this method to solve the problem.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 365-368 Synthesis
94. Your text states that compromise hardly deserves the positive image it seems to carry. Describe a time when you compromised to settle a conflict. Did your experience present a more negative or more positive outcome? What is your view of compromise as a conflict resolution outcome?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 354-355 Evaluation
95. In a short essay, defend or refute the following statement: “Conflict is a destructive behavior.”
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 348 Evaluation
96. Imagine a conflict which seems unable to be resolved. What have you learned about interpersonal communication that might enable you to work toward a resolution of the conflict?
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 348, 365-368 Evaluation
97. Pick the two crazymakers you use most often. For each, describe the circumstances in which the crazymaker is used, the function which the crazymaker serves, the consequences of using the crazymaker, and any alternative behavior which would be more constructive.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 353-354 Evaluation
98. “In order for there to be winners, there have to be losers.” Discuss this statement by examining an interpersonal conflict in which you have been involved.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 354-356 Synthesis
99. Define the term conflict as described in your text. Explain in detail each element of the definition.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 346-347 Analysis
100. Examine the differences between men and women in how they approach conflict. Include research findings as well as your own personal experiences in your discussion.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 362-363 Evaluation
101. Recall a past or current conflict from your life and explain it using all parts of the definition in the text. Explain how it was or is being handled by referring to conflict styles, rituals and patterns. Describe how satisfied you are with the way it was or is being handled, and explain what you would’ve done or can do differently.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: all Evaluation
102. Describe what you believe to be your primary conflict style, and discuss its effectiveness. If necessary, suggest alternatives, and explain your reasoning.
Answer: will vary Type: E Pages: 348-357 Evaluation
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