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Sample Questions Posted Below
McWay_Chapter05
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.Which includes concepts that give meaning to an individual’s life and serve as the framework for decision making?
| a. | Ethics | c. | Morals |
| b. | Etiquette | d. | Values |
ANS: D PTS: 1
2.Which is the formal study of moral choices that conform to standards of conduct?
| a. | Ethics | c. | Law |
| b. | Etiquette | d. | Morals |
ANS: A PTS: 1
3.Which of the following is an example of applying the best interest standard to impaired persons?
| a. | Advanced directive signed by the patient. |
| b. | Family members who provide guidance. |
| c. | Implied consent communicated by the patient. |
| d. | Informed consent that is signed by the patient. |
ANS: B PTS: 1
4.The fair distribution of benefits and burdens refers to _____.
| a. | Beneficence | c. | Distributive justice |
| b. | Comparative justice | d. | Fidelity |
ANS: C PTS: 1
5.Privacy refers to the right to be left alone while confidentiality is the _____.
| a. | obligation of the healthcare provider to protect patient information |
| b. | principle that ethics, morals, and values supersede privacy |
| c. | provider’s right to control personal information about patients |
| d. | theory that patient records should be accessible to anyone |
ANS: A PTS: 1
6.Deontology’s most apparently beneficial application is in the area of _____.
| a. | Assignment of benefits | c. | Informed consent for research |
| b. | Deciding fee-for-service adjustments | d. | Providing insurance benefits |
ANS: C
PTS: 1
7.Morals may be defined as _____.
| a. | A framework for decision making |
| b. | Principles of right conduct |
| c. | Rules of conduct by authorities |
| d. | The basis of healthcare |
ANS: B PTS: 1
8.When comparing ethics with etiquette, laws, morals, and values, ethics are based on _____.
| a. | Legislation | c. | Religion |
| b. | Philosophy | d. | Society |
ANS: B PTS: 1
9.Morals and values are internalized concepts, whereas ____ are defined or acknowledged through expressed behaviors regarding ideals.
| a. | Ethics and etiquette | c. | Laws and ethics |
| b. | Etiquette and laws | d. | Religion and etiquette |
ANS: B PTS: 1
10.Values are based upon _____.
| a. | Legislation | c. | Philosophy |
| b. | Personal choices | d. | Society |
ANS: D
(Review Table 5-1 in your textbook to locate the “Basis” row, which supports the answer of “Society” as the most appropriate choice.)
PTS: 1
11.Beneficence refers to _____.
| a. | Devotion to obligations | c. | Kindness, mercy, and charity |
| b. | Fairness to all people | d. | Prohibition against doing harm |
ANS: C PTS: 1
12.The Hippocratic oath expresses both _____.
| a. | Autonomy and nonmaleficence | c. | Justice and beneficence |
| b. | Fidelity and autonomy | d. | Nonmaleficence and beneficence |
ANS: D PTS: 1
13.The best interest standard describes _____.
| a. | Determining what is in the best interest of another who cannot it determine it for herself |
| b. | Fairness to all people, which includes adhering to the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights |
| c. | Prohibition against doing harm, which is part of the Hippocratic oath that a physician takes |
| d. | Self determination, which means that the individual has the right to decide everything for himself |
ANS: A PTS: 1
14.Autonomy is viewed as a freedom unless it _____.
| a. | Annoys health providers | c. | Interferes with another’s rights |
| b. | Causes financial stress | d. | Disputes religious beliefs |
ANS: C PTS: 1
15.The focus of the best interest standard rests mostly on:
| a. | Beneficiaries. | c. | Liability. |
| b. | Legal authority. | d. | Nonmaleficence. |
ANS: D PTS: 1
16.Justice refers to the obligation to be fair to all people. Comparative justice refers to:
| a. | Balancing the competing interests of individuals and groups against one another. |
| b. | Determining how HMOs should be reimbursed. |
| c. | Creating a staffing formula or acuity scale to determine the nurse-patient ratio. |
| d. | Selecting how Medicaid benefits should be provided. |
ANS: A PTS: 1
17.Which are among the six criteria required to assign distributive justice?
| a. | Ability to pay, merit, equity, social standing |
| b. | Age, effort, merit, need |
| c. | Need, equity, contribution, effort |
| d. | Professional status, merit, contribution, need |
ANS: C PTS: 1
18.In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion of contribution refers to the _____.
| a. | amount the health insurance provider is expected to reimburse |
| b. | How much money the client pays for the health care service rendered |
| c. | The healthcare provider’s write-off amount for the services provided |
| d. | What a person might be expected to contribute to society at a later date |
ANS: D PTS: 1
19.Under distributive justice, the willingness to comply with instruction or medical advice is best described as _____.
| a. | Compliance | c. | Effort |
| b. | Cooperation | d. | Obedience |
ANS: C PTS: 1
20.In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion of ability refers to the _____.
| a. | Eligibility of patients to receive services/procedures |
| b. | Medical stability required for a test or procedure |
| c. | The patient’s power to pay for healthcare procedures |
| d. | Whether a provider is permitted to offer a service |
ANS: C PTS: 1
21.In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion of equity refers to the _____.
| a. | Collateral provided against for payment of procedures performed |
| b. | Fact that each healthcare service provided is of equal monetary value |
| c. | Equal distribution of healthcare procedures and services to all in need |
| d. | Resources distributed by weighing members’ needs against one another |
ANS: C PTS: 1
22.In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion, the potential for benefit after an initial investment of limited resources is referred to as _____.
| a. | Contribution | c. | Merit |
| b. | Justice | d. | Need |
ANS: C PTS: 1
23.Which is sometimes considered as an issue related to the financial controls imposed by prospective payment systems and health maintenance organizations?
| a. | best-interest standard | c. | distributive justice |
| b. | categorical imperative | d. | nonmaleficence |
ANS: C PTS: 1
24.Prospective payment systems and health maintenance organizations reward healthcare providers monetarily for maintaining lower costs and penalize those providers who do not keep costs within preestablished limits. With regard to ethics, placing such monetary rewards and penalties before health-care providers _____.
| a. | Establishes limits on the amount a payer is reimbursed for rendering care |
| b. | May impact both the quantity and quality of patients’ health care |
| c. | Penalizes providers who create gatekeeping procedures that limit access |
| d. | Usually benefits everyone after an initial investment of limited resources |
ANS: B PTS: 1
25.Which implements the concept of gatekeeping to contain healthcare costs?
| a. | Acute healthcare facilities/hospitals | c. | Patients who receive care |
| b. | Health maintenance organizations | d. | Providers who render care |
ANS: B PTS: 1
26.Gatekeeping refers to:
| a. | Controlling which providers are allowed to provide certain healthcare services. |
| b. | Increasing the provision of preventive care to subscribers and family members. |
| c. | Limiting access to specialty care in an effort to contain healthcare costs. |
| d. | Preventing those with preexisting conditions from enrolling in healthcare plans. |
ANS: C PTS: 1
27.The concept of rights _____.
| a. | Always encompass ideas of fairness, honesty, and impartiality |
| b. | Derives from the concept of justice in that both involve obligations |
| c. | Includes dependency, which encompasses self-determination |
| d. | Undermines the affirmation or violation of basic human rights |
ANS: B PTS: 1
28.The concept of habitual truthfulness and honesty is called _____.
| a. | Argument | c. | Justification |
| b. | Fidelity | d. | Veracity |
ANS: D PTS: 1
29.Immanuel Kant founded the theory of _____.
| a. | Deontology | c. | Utilitarianism |
| b. | Medical research | d. | Veracity |
ANS: A PTS: 1
30.A categorical imperative is defined as:
| a. | Applications of conditional commands without exception. |
| b. | Capitation methods implemented by managed care organizations. |
| c. | Commands derived from a principle that does not allow exceptions. |
| d. | Logical choices upon which to base healthcare treatment. |
ANS: C PTS: 1
31.Nonmaleficence is defined as _____.
| a. | including the qualities of kindness, mercy, and charity |
| b. | needing someone to decide for an individual who cannot decide for himself |
| c. | recognizing that ethical choices may result in adverse outcomes |
| d. | the prohibition against doing harm and an obligation to maximize the good |
ANS: D PTS: 1
32.The double-effect principle refers to _____.
| a. | faithfulness, loyalty, and devotion to one’s duties in an incompetent person |
| b. | obligations to be fair to all people and includes fairness, honesty, and impartiality |
| c. | mentally challenged individuals or those who were once competent |
| d. | recognizing that ethical choices may result in adverse outcomes |
ANS: D PTS: 1
33.Which ethical concept applies to a legal situation when someone else must decide for an individual because that individual cannot make the decision due to competence?
| a. | best-interest standard | c. | double-effect principle |
| b. | cost-benefit analysis | d. | nonmaleficence-beneficence |
ANS: A PTS: 1
T/F
- Autonomy refers to independence, self-determination, or freedom. True
- Rights refer to a just claim or entitlement, whether based on law, ethics, or morality. True
- Placebos are medically inert substances used as a control in testing the effectiveness of another medicated substance. True
- Ethical theories refer to systematic statements or plans of principles used to deal with ethical dilemmas. True
- Consequentialism is also known as deontology. False (correct answer: utilitarianism)
Matching
- Categorical Imperative A. principle of deontology which means a
command derived from a principle that does not
allow exceptions.
- Fidelity B. ethical concept of faithfulness, loyalty, and
devotion to one’s obligations or duties.
- Privacy C. the right to be left alone, or the right to control
personal information.
- Veracity D. Habitual truthfulness and honesty.
Essay
- Describe the difference between comparative and distributive justice.
Comparative justice- concept referring to balancing the competing interests of individuals and groups against one another with no independent standard used to make this comparison.
Distributive justice- the ethical concept of fair distribution of burdens and benefits using an independent standard.
- What are two times that an individual looks to ethics to help?
- When there is no obvious right or wrong
- When the enforcement of law does not appear to bring about justice
- When right behavior appears to bring about the wrong effect.
- When personal sacrifice is the consequence of following ideals.
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