Human Anatomy 9Th Edition By Martini – Test Bank

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Sample Questions Posted Below

 

Human Anatomy, 9e (Martini)

Chapter 5   The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

5.1   Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which is a major function of the skeletal system?

A) support of the body

B) storage of glucose

C) production of ATP

D) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

2) The skeletal system participates in ________. 

A) maintaining bodily fluids calcium levels

B) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements

C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses

D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys

E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

3) In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________.

A) other connective tissues

B) smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls)

C) neural tissues

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

4) Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow?

A) blood cells

B) adipose tissue

C) calcium

D) protein

E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5) Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?

A) neural tissue

B) muscle tissue

C) connective tissue

D) epithelial tissue

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

6) The matrix of bone include ________.

A) calcium phosphate

B) calcium hydroxide

C) calcium carbonate

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

7) Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________.

A) osteocytes

B) osteoprogenitor cells

C) osteoblasts

D) osteoclasts

E) osteoplasts

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

8) Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken?

A) osteocyte

B) osteoprogenitor cell

C) red marrow cell

D) osteoclast

E) osteoblast

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

9) The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________.

A) to produce new bone matrix

B) to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate

C) to secrete the organic components of the matrix

D) to produce new osteoblasts

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

10) A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________.

A) stimulated by activity of the thyroid gland

B) an osteoclast

C) an osteoblast

D) an osteocyte

E) located in a lacuna

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

11) Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone?

A) lacunae

B) medullary cavity

C) trabeculae

D) central canal

E) canaliculi

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

12) In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals?

A) nerves

B) capillaries

C) osteons

D) osteocytes

E) osteoclasts

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

13) The diaphysis is connected to the epiphysis by a narrow zone called the ________. 

A) medulla

B) lacuna

C) metaphysis

D) periosteum

E) endosteum

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

14) Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________.

A) concentric lamellae

B) interstitial lamellae

C) circumferential lamellae

D) radial lamellae

E) longitudinal lamellae

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

15) The two types of osseous tissue are ________.

A) Haversian and lamellar bones

B) spongy and compact bones

C) trabecular and osteoclastic bones

D) spicular and trabecular bones

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

16) The functional unit of mature compact bones is called the cylindrical ________.

A) trabeculae

B) osteons

C) lamellae

D) canaliculi

E) perforating canals

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

17) Perforating canals ________.

A) are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone

B) are always associated with osteons in spongy bone

C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone

D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone

E) All of the answers are correct. 

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

18) Which of the following describes a central canal? 

A) contains an artery

B) contains a vein

C) runs parallel to bone surface

D) also called Haversian canal

E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

19) The endosteum is best described as ________.

A) a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone

B) the inside lining of the central canals and perforating canals

C) a layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone

D) an incomplete layer 

E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

20) The periosteum ________.

A) covers the outside of bones

B) covers articular cartilage

C) consists of an inner fibrous layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

D) lines the medullary cavity

E) is vital in blood cell formation

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

21) Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite.

A) collagen

B) blood vessels

C) calcium hydroxide

D) oxygen

E) potassium carbonate

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

22) The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________.

A) adipocytes

B) immature red blood cells

C) stem cells

D) mature red blood cells

E) osteocytes

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

23) Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression.

A) collagen fibers

B) calcium phosphate crystals

C) reticular fibers

D) osteocytes

E) osteoclasts

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

24) Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone.

A) calcium phosphate

B) hydroxyapatite

C) sodium phosphate

D) collagen

E) calcium hydroxide

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

25) The surface of all bones are covered by a layer of ________.

A) spongy bone

B) spicules

C) trabecular bone

D) cancellous bone

E) compact bone

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

26) ________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction.

A) Lamellae

B) Lacunae

C) Perforating canals

D) Central canals

E) Trabeculae

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

27) The physical process of bone formation is called ________. 

A) disintegration

B) osteogenesis

C) embryogenesis

D) fertilization

E) articulation

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

28) Roofing bones of the skull form via ________ ossification.

A) synovial

B) intramembranous

C) intrachondral

D) symphyseal

E) endochondral

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

29) Which of the following statements is/are true of the growth of the skeleton?

A) It begins to ossify at eight weeks of gestational age.

B) All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence.

C) Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk.

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

30) Endochondral ossification begins with ________.

A) hyaline cartilage

B) elastic cartilage

C) fibrocartilage

D) articular cartilage

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

31) Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft.

A) trabecula

B) spicule

C) Haversian system

D) primary ossification center

E) secondary ossification center

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

32) The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________.

A) calcification

B) ossification

C) osteogenesis

D) hardening

E) osteolysis

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

33) Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?

A) Osteocytes differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue.

B) Osteoclasts secrete the organic component of the matrix.

C) Osteoblasts lay down bone on a membranous template.

D) The bone grows in length and in diameter.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

34) During endochondral bone formation, ________.

A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified

B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts

C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage

D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity

E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

35) A long bone increases in length until ________.

A) appositional growth starts

B) the body runs out of calcium

C) epiphyseal closure occurs

D) expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends

E) death; bones grow as long as we are alive

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

36) What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?

A) They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed.

B) They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage.

C) They remain within the bone matrix.

D) They line the central canals of the growing bone.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

37) Bones have a vascular supply that is ________. 

A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone

B) very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed

C) supplied simply by one artery

D) poor, therefore healing is very limited

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

38) Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?

A) Bones are not innervated.

B) Only the periosteum is innervated.

C) The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by motor nerves.

D) Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated.

E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

39) What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?

A) There is no mechanism; once formed, the marrow cavity does not change in size.

B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.

C) Blood vessels entering the marrow cavity enlarge it by eroding away the inner surface of the bone.

D) The bone marrow cavity only increases in length, as the epiphyseal plates move apart.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

40) If a long bone that was found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate? 

A) The person was a male.

B) The person was not mature.

C) The person had many injuries.

D) The person was elderly.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3-4: Applying/Analyzing

41) Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of ________, which would increase calcium loss in the urine.

A) calcitonin

B) calcitriol

C) parathyroid hormone

D) thyroid hormone

E) growth hormone

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

42) How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?

A) They don’t; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes.

B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

C) They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line.

D) They ensure that intramembranous ossification occurs throughout life.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

43) Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys?

A) growth hormone

B) parathyroid hormone

C) calcitonin

D) calcitriol

E) thyroid hormone

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

44) Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol?

A) calcium

B) vitamin A

C) vitamin C

D) vitamin D

E) sodium

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

45) As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds.

A) primary ossification center

B) metaphysis

C) periosteum

D) secondary ossification center

E) epiphyseal line

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

46) An abnormal gene on chromosome 15 that affects the protein fibrillin results in this disorder.

A) Marfan syndrome

B) rickets

C) gigantism

D) acromegaly

E) osteomalacia

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

47) The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal cartilage, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels.

A) periosteal

B) epiphyseal

C) metaphyseal

D) endochondral

E) endosteal

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

48) Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels.

A) endochondral

B) metaphyseal

C) periosteal

D) epiphyseal

E) endosteal

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

49) An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly.

A) gigantism

B) achondroplasia

C) Marfan’s syndrome

D) osteomalacia

E) rickets

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

50) Children whose bones bend laterally producing a bowlegged appearance is a result of ________.

A) gigantism

B) acromeagaly

C) Marfan’s syndrome

D) osteomalacia

E) rickets

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

51) Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced.

A) 1/2 (50%)

B) 1/4 (25%)

C) 1/3 (33.33%)

D) 100%

E) 1/5 (20%)

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

52) Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________.

A) 10-20

B) 20-30

C) 50-60

D) 30-40

E) 40-50

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

53) Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men?

A) regular exercise

B) hormone supplements

C) cosmetic surgery

D) mega doses of vitamins

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

54) Which of the following are recommended to slow the progression of osteoporosis?

A) supplemental estrogen

B) dietary increase of calcium

C) exercise

D) calcitonin

E) All of these choices are correct

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

55) A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n) ________.

A) Pott fracture

B) comminuted fracture

C) greenstick fracture

D) spiral fracture

E) compression fracture

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

56) Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements?

A) transverse fracture

B) compression fracture

C) spiral fracture

D) comminuted fracture

E) displaced fracture

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

57) Which of the following type of fracture occurs across the long axis of a bone shaft?

A) transverse fracture

B) compression fracture

C) Pott’s fracture

D) comminuted fracture

E) displaced fracture

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

58) Treating an open fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________.

A) risk of infection

B) nerve damage

C) the severity of open fractures

D) potential nerve damage

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

59) During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, he is able to break his fall with his hands. However, he stands up holding his wrist in pain. What type of fracture might he have sustained?

A) compound fracture

B) Colles fracture

C) greenstick fracture

D) displaced fracture

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3-4: Applying/Analyzing

60) The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________.

A) internal callus formation

B) endochondral ossification

C) osteomalacia

D) bone remodeling

E) intramembranous ossification

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

61) After a fracture occurs, a(n) ________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges.

A) external callus

B) blood clot

C) spicule

D) internal callus

E) fracture hematoma

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

62) A(n) ________ fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both leg bones.

A) greenstick

B) Colles

C) comminuted

D) epiphyseal

E) Pott’s

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

63) An example of a pneumatized bone is the ________. 

A) parietal bone

B) mandible

C) femur

D) vertebra

E) ethmoid bone

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

64) Which of the following is a classification of bone shape?

A) sesamoid

B) round

C) square

D) triangular

E) indefinite

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

65) Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?

A) humerus

B) carpal bone

C) patella

D) vertebra

E) ulna

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

66) Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that develop between the flat bones of the skull are called ________.

A) sesamoid bones

B) sutural bones

C) flat bones

D) endochondral bones

E) pneumatized bones

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

67) The scapula is an example of what type of bone?

A) long

B) flat

C) irregular

D) short

E) sutural

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

68) A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________.

A) tuberosity

B) trochanter

C) fossa

D) foramen

E) tubercle

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

69) Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________.

A) condyles and trochleae

B) fossae, sulci, and foramina

C) rami

D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles

E) canals and fissures

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

70) Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it?

A) fossa

B) process

C) foramen

D) condyle

E) ramus

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

71) Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid?

A) DEXA

B) arthrocentesis

C) MRI

D) arthroscopy

E) X-ray

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  3-4: Applying/Analyzing

72) Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones.

A) short

B) flat

C) pneumatized

D) sesamoid

E) irregular

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

73) A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________.

A) condyle

B) facet

C) meatus

D) crest

E) trochlea

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

74) A small, flat articular surface is a ________.

A) trochlea

B) spine

C) line

D) sulcus

E) facet

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

75) An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________.

A) sulcus

B) fossa

C) ramus

D) condyle

E) meatus

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

76) A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a ________.

A) trochlea

B) spine

C) line

D) crest

E) trochanter

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

77) A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a ________.

A) condyle

B) ramus

C) sulcus

D) fissure

E) sinus

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

78) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a ________.

A) neck

B) head

C) tubercle

D) fossa

E) fissure

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

79) An elongated cleft is a(n) ________.

A) foramen

B) fissure

C) meatus

D) canal

E) antrum

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

80) Which diagnostic procedure measures bone loss?

A) DEXA

B) arthrocentesis

C) MRI

D) arthroscopy

E) X-ray

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5.2   True/False Questions

1) The perforating canals of osteons extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of a bone.

Answer:  TRUE

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

2) The central canal of an osteon usually runs parallel to the surface of a bone.

Answer:  TRUE

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

3) The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

4) The central canals connect the lacunae to one another.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5) The endosteum is usually many layers thick.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

6) The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

7) Periosteum lines the medullary cavity.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

8) Pre-puberty hypersecretion of growth hormone results in gigantism.

Answer:  TRUE

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

9) Endochondral ossification forms the mandible.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

10) A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

11) A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the sacrum after a fall.

Answer:  TRUE

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

12) Osteoporosis is common in elderly males.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

13) A comminuted fracture shatters the area into a multitude of bony fragments.

Answer:  TRUE

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

14) Flat bones have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity.

Answer:  FALSE

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5.3   Essay Questions

1) What kind of tissue(s) would most likely be found in a tissue sample taken from the interior of the epiphysis of the femur?

Answer:  Spongy bone makes up the internal framework of the epiphyses of the femur. Also found here are extensive areas of red bone marrow (important sites of blood cell formation) filling in the spaces of the spongy bone.

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

2) What is the significance of the orientation of the trabeculae in spongy bone? Provide a specific example, discussing how trabecular structure lends to its function(s).

Answer:  Trabeculae grow in response to stresses on the bone, to act as buttresses in the bone; therefore, they align at right angles to the direction of the stress. For example, the trabeculae in the proximal epiphysis of the femur are oriented long the stress lines, but with extensive cross-bracing. This trabecular alignment function in transferring forces from the hip across the metaphysis to the femoral shaft; at the distal epiphysis, the trabeculae direct the forces across the knee joint to the leg. In addition to reducing weight and handling stress from many directions, the open trabecular framework provides support and protection for the cells of the bone marrow.

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

3) How does an extensive exercise program affect the appearance of the skeleton? Why do these changes occur?

Answer:  Because bones are adaptable, their shapes and surface features reflect the forces applied to them. For example, bumps and ridges on the surface of a bone mark the sites where tendons attach to the bone. If muscles become more powerful, as what happens as a result of an extensive exercise program, the corresponding bumps and ridges enlarge to withstand the increased forces. Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, whereas, bones not subjected to ordinary stresses will become thin and brittle. Regular exercise is therefore important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men.

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  5-6: Evaluating/Creating

4) A boy returns to school to begin 7th grade after summer vacation only to find that he is at least four inches taller than several classmates that were the same height as him before the summer. Propose a reason for such a difference.

Answer:  The boy has most likely entered puberty and his classmates have not. He has experienced rapid growth as a result of increasing sex hormone levels in his body. These hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate of epiphyseal cartilage expansion. Over time, the epiphyseal cartilages will narrow and eventually ossify, or “close.”

Learning Outcome:  5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  5-6: Evaluating/Creating

5.4   Labeling Questions

Figure 5.1

Using the above-referenced diagrams depicting the internal organization in representative bones, identify the specified labeled part in each of the following questions.

1) Identify the structure indicated by Label A.

A) Compact bone

B) Osteon

C) Spongy bone

D) Periosteum

E) Perforating canal

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

2) Identify the structure indicated by Label B.

A) Medullary cavity

B) Epiphysis

C) Periosteum

D) Blood vessels

E) Sharpey’s fiber

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

3) Identify the structure indicated by Label C.

A) Compact bone

B) Trabecular bone

C) Endosteum

D) Cancellous bone

E) Spongy bone

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

4) Identify the structure indicated by Label D.

A) Epiphysis

B) Periosteum

C) Metaphysis

D) Sharpey’s fibers

E) Marrow cavity

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

5) Identify the structure indicated by Label E.

A) Epiphysis

B) Endosteum

C) Metaphysis

D) Periosteum

E) Sharpey’s fiber

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

6) Identify the structure indicated by Label F.

A) Epiphysis

B) Periosteum

C) Metaphysis

D) Compact bone

E) Endosteum

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

7) Identify the structure indicated by Label L.

A) Circumferential lamellae

B) Interstitial lamellae

C) Osteons

D) Perforating canals

E) Sharpey’s fibers

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

8) Identify the structure indicated by Label M.

A) Spongy bone

B) Trabeculae

C) Cancellous bone

D) Osteons

E) Sharpey’s fibers

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

9) Identify the structure indicated by Label R.

A) Canaliculus

B) Central canal

C) Interstitial lamellae

D) Circumferential lamellae

E) Perforating canal

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

10) Identify the structure indicated by Label S.

A) Periosteum

B) Lacunae

C) Trabeculae of spongy bone

D) Interstitial lamellae of compact bone

E) Endosteum

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

11) Identify the structure indicated by Label T.

A) Circumferential lamellae

B) Perforating canals

C) Central canals

D) Interstitial lamellae

E) Canaliculi

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

12) Identify the structure indicated by Label W.

A) Perforating canals

B) Concentric lamellae

C) Canaliculi

D) Central canals

E) Circumferential lamellae

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

13) Identify the structure indicated by Label X.

A) Central canal

B) Interstitial lamellae

C) Perforating canal

D) Canaliculi

E) Circumferential lamellae

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

14) Identify the structure indicated by Label Z.

A) Endosteum

B) Periosteum

C) Sharpey’s fiber

D) Central canal

E) Osteon

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

15) Identify the structure indicated by Label AA.

A) Perforating canals

B) Central canals

C) Lamellae

D) Canaliculi

E) Periosteum

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

Figure 5.2

Using the above-referenced figures depicting steps in endochondral ossification, identify the specified labeled part in each of the following questions.

16) Identify the area indicated by Label A.

A) Shrinking osteoblasts within calcifying matrix

B) Enlarging osteoclasts within calcifying matrix

C) Shrinking chondrocytes within calcifying matrix

D) Enlarging chondrocytes within calcifying matrix

E) Enlarging osteoblasts within calcifying matrix

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

17) Identify the structure indicated by Label B.

A) Fibrocartilage

B) Dense connective tissue

C) Elastic cartilage

D) Loose connective tissue

E) Hyaline cartilage

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

18) Identify the structure indicated by Label C.

A) Elastic cartilage

B) Hyaline cartilage

C) Periosteum

D) Fibrocartilage

E) Endosteum

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

19) Identify the structure indicated by Label D.

A) Epiphysis

B) Endosteum

C) Periosteum

D) Diaphysis

E) Metaphysis

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

20) Identify the structure indicated by Label E.

A) Endosteum

B) Metaphysis

C) Epiphysis

D) Diaphysis

E) Hyaline cartilage

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

21) Identify the structure indicated by Label G.

A) Periosteum

B) Sharpey’s fiber

C) Medullary cavity

D) Compact bone

E) Fibrocartilage

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

22) Identify the structure indicated by Label H.

A) Secondary ossification center

B) Superficial bone

C) Articular cartilage

D) Epiphyseal cartilage

E) Primary ossification center

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

23) Identify the structure indicated by Label J.

A) Compact bone

B) Medullary cavity

C) Primary ossification center

D) Secondary ossification center

E) Spongy bone

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

24) Identify the structure indicated by Label L.

A) Diaphysis

B) Medullary cavity

C) Secondary ossification center

D) Metaphysis

E) Epiphysis

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

25) Identify the structure indicated by Label O.

A) Bone collar

B) Diaphysis

C) Metaphysis

D) Superficial bone

E) Epiphysis

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

26) Identify the structure indicated by Label R.

A) Primary ossification center

B) Medullary cavity

C) Superficial bone

D) Bone collar

E) Secondary ossification center

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

27) Identify the structure indicated by Label S.

A) Diaphysis

B) Metaphysis

C) Spongy bone

D) Compact bone

E) Superficial bone

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

28) Identify the structure indicated by Label U.

A) Superficial bone

B) Bone collar

C) Perichondrium

D) Epiphyseal cartilage

E) Compact bone

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

Figure 5.3

Using the above-referenced diagrams depicting events that occur during appositional bone growth, identify the specified labeled part in each of the following questions.

29) Identify the structure indicated by Label A.

A) Circumferential lamellae

B) Artery

C) Central canal

D) Perforating canal

E) Ridge

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

30) Identify the structure indicated by Label B.

A) Endosteum

B) Central canal

C) Perforating canal

D) Ridge

E) Circumferential lamella

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

31) Identify the structure indicated by Label C.

A) Periosteum

B) Central canal

C) Perforating canal

D) Endosteum

E) Osteon

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

32) Identify the structure indicated by Label D.

A) Periosteum

B) Ridge

C) Central canal

D) Circumferential lamella

E) Perforating canal

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

33) Identify the structure indicated by Label E.

A) Interstitial lamellae

B) Circumferential lamellae

C) Concentric lamellae

D) Periosteum

E) Central canal

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

34) Identify the structure indicated by Label F.

A) Central canal

B) Circumferential lamella

C) Ridge

D) Perforating canal

E) Periosteum

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

35) Identify the event indicated by Label H.

A) Bone resorbed by osteoblasts

B) Bone deposited by osteocytes

C) Bone resorbed by osteocytes

D) Bone deposited by osteoblasts

E) Bone resorbed by osteoclasts

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

36) Identify the event indicated by Label I.

A) Bone resorbed by osteoclasts

B) Bone deposited by osteoblasts

C) Bone resorbed by osteocytes

D) Bone resorbed by osteoblasts

E) Bone deposited by osteoclasts

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

Figure 5.4

Using the above-referenced diagrams of bones classified by shape, identify the specified labeled item in each of the following questions.

37) Identify the structure indicated by Label C.

A) External table

B) Diploë

C) Ethmoid

D) Internal table

E) Carpal bone

Answer:  B

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

38) Identify the bone type specified by Label D.

A) Sutural bones

B) Irregular bones

C) Carpal bones

D) Flat bones

E) Short bones

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

39) Identify the bone type specified by Label F.

A) Short bones

B) Sesamoid bones

C) Pneumatized bones

D) Irregular bones

E) Wormian bones

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

40) Identify the bone type specified by Label I.

A) Sutural bones

B) Irregular bones

C) Sesamoid bones

D) Long bones

E) Flat bones

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

41) Identify the bone type specified by Label L.

A) Long bones

B) Pneumatized bones

C) Short bones

D) Sesamoid bones

E) Irregular bones

Answer:  E

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

42) Identify the bone type specified by Label N.

A) Flat bones

B) Sutural bones

C) Wormian bones

D) Short bones

E) Ethmoid bones

Answer:  D

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

43) Identify the bone type specified by Label Q.

A) Sesamoid bones

B) Carpal bones

C) Pneumatized bones

D) Irregular bones

E) Long bones

Answer:  A

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

44) Identify the bone type specified by Label S.

A) Parietal bones

B) Irregular bones

C) Long bones

D) Wormian bones

E) Carpal bones

Answer:  C

Learning Outcome:  5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy:  1-2: Remembering/Understanding

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