Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 7th Edition By Bryan Kolb - Test Bank

Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 7th Edition By Bryan Kolb – Test Bank

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Sample Questions Posted Below

 

1. The substance that Otto Loewi found slowed the heart is now called _____.
A) epinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) glutamate
D) norepinephrine
2. The first two chemicals to be identified as neurotransmitters were:
A) acetylcholine and epinephrine.
B) dopamine and serotonin.
C) glutamate and glycine.
D) GABA and NMDA.
3. The excitatory effect of a neurotransmitter is caused by:
A) the chemical structure of the neurotransmitter.
B) the nature of the receptor with which it interacts.
C) the part of the brain where it is released.
D) the amount of neurotransmitter that is released.
4. Reuptake of a neurotransmitter is accomplished by _____.
A) the postsynaptic neuron
B) surrounding glial cells
C) nearby capillaries
D) the presynaptic neuron
5. The ion that triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the cleft is _____.
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca2+
D) Cl–
6. Neurotransmitter release depends on an influx of _____ ions into the presynaptic terminal.
A) Na+
B) Mg2+
C) Ca2+
D) Cl–
7. Blockage of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels would be expected to:
A) stimulate neurotransmitter release.
B) inhibit neurotransmitter release.
C) inhibit the generation of nerve impulses.
D) stimulate the generation of nerve impulses.
8. The amount of neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic terminal in response to a single action potential depends, in part, on _____.
A) the amount of Ca2+ that enters the presynaptic terminal
B) the amount of Na+ that enters the presynaptic terminal
C) the size of the synaptic vesicles
D) the length of the axon
9. A neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal must _____ in order to affect the postsynaptic cell.
A) diffuse across the synaptic cleft
B) be transported across the synaptic cleft
C) be taken up by the postsynaptic cell
D) be metabolized by the postsynaptic cell
10. An increase in the activity at a particular synapse is likely to be associated with:
A) increased synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
B) decreased synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
C) decreased energy consumption.
D) increased action potential speed.
11. Whether a particular neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory is associated with:
A) the chemical structure of the neurotransmitter.
B) whether or not the neurotransmitter molecules had been in flat or round vesicles.
C) the type of postsynaptic neuron.
D) the brain region in which it is released.
12. Synapses characterized by wide clefts, large active zones, and round secretory vesicles are thought to be:
A) neuroendocrine.
B) modulatory.
C) excitatory.
D) inhibitory.
13. Type II synapses are most often found on:
A) muscle fibers.
B) dendritic spines.
C) astrocytes.
D) neuronal cell bodies.
14. At glutamate (excitatory) synapses, the postsynaptic thickening is _____ as compared with a GABA (inhibitory) synapse.
A) thinner
B) absent
C) greater
D) narrower
15. In order to be identified as a neurotransmitter, a substance must meet several tests. Which of the following is NOT a test?
A) It must be present in the terminals.
B) Its structure must be known.
C) It must be released when a neuron fires an action potential.
D) There must be an inactivating mechanism in the cleft.
16. Which of the following is NOT a class of neurotransmitter?
A) gases
B) peptides
C) small molecules
D) lipids
17. Which class of neurotransmitter is synthesized and packaged in the axon terminal itself?
A) peptides
B) small molecules
C) gases
D) neurosteroids
18. Which of the following neurotransmitters does NOT share a common precursor with the others named?
A) dopamine
B) epinephrine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine
19. Some peptide neurotransmitters are made in the:
A) axon terminals.
B) mitochondria.
C) endoplasmic reticulum.
D) nucleus.
20. Oxytocin, vasopressin, and beta-endorphin are all examples of:
A) neuroactive hormones.
B) small-molecule neurotransmitters.
C) peptide neurotransmitters.
D) gases.
21. Activation of ionotropic receptors is MOST closely associated with:
A) rapid changes in membrane voltage.
B) G-protein activation.
C) synaptic remodeling.
D) changes in gene expression.
22. Which of the following statements MOST accurately represents current theory regarding the localization of neurotransmitters within a neuron?
A) A given neuron contains only one particular neurotransmitter.
B) A given neuron contains only one class of neurotransmitter.
C) A given neuron can contain more than one type of neurotransmitter.
D) A given neuron can produce only one type of postsynaptic effect.
23. The cell bodies of the neurons of the major activating systems are located in the:
A) basal ganglia.
B) diencephalon.
C) frontal cortex.
D) brainstem.
24. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been associated with abnormalities in brainstem neurons that release:
A) dopamine.
B) glutamate.
C) serotonin.
D) vasopressin.

Answer Key

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. A
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. B
16. D
17. B
18. D
19. A
20. C
21. A
22. C
23. D
24. C

 

Use the following to answer questions 1-4:

For each structure listed, choose the MOST appropriate alternative from the list below.

a. vesicle clusters
b. postsynaptic potentials
c. neurotransmitter release
d. neurotransmitter molecule containers
1. storage granules ___
2. synaptic vesicles ___
3. presynaptic membrane ___
4. receptors ___

Use the following to answer questions 5-8:

For each transmitter listed, choose the correct precursor substance from which it is made from the list below.

a. tyrosine
b. dietary choline
c. glutamate
d. tryptophan
5. acetylcholine ___
6. dopamine ___
7. serotonin ___
8. GABA ___

Use the following to answer questions 9-12:

For each of the following, answer (a) if the substance is a classical neurotransmitter or (b) if it is a neuroactive peptide.

9. histamine ___
10. glycine ___
11. insulin ___
12. somatostatin ___

Use the following to answer questions 13-16:

Match the substance in each question with the MOST appropriate alternative from the list below.

a. Viagra
b. Alzheimer’s disease
c. Parkinson’s disease
d. opium
13. met-enkephalin ___
14. NO ___
15. acetylcholine ___
16. dopamine ___

Use the following to answer questions 17-19:

Match the brain nucleus in each question with the major neurotransmitter found there from the list below.

a. norepinephrine
b. serotonin
c. dopamine
17. substantia nigra ___
18. locus coeruleus ___
19. raphe nucleus ___
20. How did Loewi’s 1921 experiment demonstrate the existence of a diffusible chemical messenger?
21. Identify, in correct order, the four steps in synaptic transmission.
22. What are the three known ways that neurotransmitters are stored by presynaptic neurons?
23. What are four ways that neurotransmitters can be removed from the synaptic cleft?
24. What are some important differences in appearance between inhibitory and excitatory synapses?
25. Draw a representative neuron in the central nervous system, and identify the possible types of synapses that could occur on it.
26. What is the functional result of the relative positioning of inhibitory and excitatory inputs to a neuron?
27. What are the four criteria for identifying a substance as a neurotransmitter?
28. Describe the organization and function of the Renshaw loop.
29. Discuss the differences between classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Give two examples of each.
30. List the key differences between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
31. Diagram the process by which the activation of a metabotropic receptor by a neurotransmitter molecule results in the modification of postsynaptic function.
32. Identify the four dominant neurotransmitters in the four major activating systems.
33. Characterize the anatomy and hypothesized functions of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine pathways.
34. What is the role of the serotonin neurotransmitter system in the regulation of bodily function?

Answer Key

1. a
2. d
3. c
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. d
8. c
9. a
10. a
11. b
12. b
13. d
14. a
15. b
16. c
17. c
18. a
19. b
20. The experiment showed that shared fluid from a stimulated heart resulted in the second heart assuming the same heart rate.
21. Calcium enters the synaptic terminals when an action potential arrives from the axon. Incoming calcium then binds with calmodulin to form a complex; the calcium–calmodulin complex binds to vesicles and induces their binding to the presynaptic membrane and subsequent exocytosis.
22. Neurotransmitters can be stored in synaptic vesicles and storage granules that are attached to microfilaments or to the presynaptic membrane.
23. Neurotransmitters can be removed by diffusion, enzymatic degradation, reuptake by presynaptic neurons, and uptake by glial cells.
24. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses differ in appearance in terms of vesicle shapes, density of material on the presynaptic membrane, cleft size, and size of postsynaptic active zone.
25. See Figure 5.7 in the text, and identify dendrodendritic, axodendritic, axoextracellular, axosomatic, axosynaptic, axoaxonic, and axosecretory synapses.
26. Type II activity can more efficiently inhibit Type I activity close to the axon hillock to prevent generation of an action potential at this location where temporal–spatial integration of EPSPs would usually initiate the event.
27. The chemical must be synthesized or present in a neuron, produce a response in a target cell when released, produce the same receptor action when the chemical is experimentally placed on target, and have a mechanism to remove the chemical from a synapse after the signal has been delivered.
28. A Renshaw loop exists between a Renshaw interneuron and a motor neuron where the motor neuron sends excitatory signals (ACh) simultaneously to muscle fibers and the Renshaw cell. In turn, the Renshaw cell sends inhibitory signals to that same motor neuron to modulate (e.g., limit the duration) its excitatory signals.
29. Neuropeptides are relatively slower to be synthesized and transported than are classical neurotransmitters, and they are not resynthesized quickly. Examples of neuropeptides are insulins and gastrins. Two examples of classical neurotransmitters are 5-HT and ACh.
30. An ionotropic receptor has a pore, brings about rapid changes in membrane voltage, changes shape when the appropriate neurotransmitter binds to it, and is usually excitatory but can be inhibitory. A metabotropic receptor has no pore, takes longer because an intracellular event must occur before a channel molecule is affected, releases G protein inside a neuron when the appropriate neurotransmitter binds to it, and is mainly inhibitory.
31. A neurotransmitter must bind to an appropriate site on the metabotropic receptor. The neurotransmitter binding triggers the release of a G protein intracellularly, and that protein can travel to the intracellular end of a channel protein molecule to alter its shape such that the channel is opened to allow ions into the cell. Such changes can induce EPSPs when an extracellular neurotransmitter has bound with the channel molecule.
32. The four neurotransmitters are ACh (cholinergic), DA (dopaminergic), NE (noradrenergic), and 5-HT (serotonergic).
33. The nigrostriatal pathway is a dopamine projection from the substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus that is involved in maintaining normal motor behavior, while the mesolimbic pathway is a dopamine projection from the ventral tegmentum to the nucleus accumbens that is involved in feelings of reward and pleasure.
34. Serotonin’s role in regulating bodily function is indirect through its influences on sleep, waking, and mood that effect energy, appetite, exercise, and many factors related to bodily health.

 

 

1. The substance that Otto Loewi found to accelerate the heart was later identified as _____.
A) glutamate
B) acetylcholine
C) epinephrine
D) Vagusstoff
2. During which step of neurotransmission is a neurotransmitter transported to the presynaptic membrane?
A) inactivation
B) release
C) receptor action
D) synthesis
3. Which ion is mainly responsible for transmitter release?
A) Ca2+
B) Na+
C) K+
D) Cl–
4. Transmitter-activated receptors are located _____.
A) on the presynaptic membrane
B) on the postsynaptic membrane
C) on both the pre- and postsynaptic membranes
D) in the nuclear membrane only
5. Synapses where an axon releases a neurotransmitter directly into the blood are called _____ synapses.
A) axomuscular
B) axosomatic
C) axoextracellular
D) axosecretory
6. Which experimental criterion is NOT used to identify a chemical as a neurotransmitter?
A) A substance must contain an amine group.
B) The chemical can be introduced into the synapse artificially to produce a response.
C) The chemical must be synthesized in or present in the neuron.
D) The chemical must be released when the neuron is active.
7. Dopamine is synthesized from _____.
A) tryptophan
B) tyrosine
C) glutamate
D) choline
8. The number of substances now known to be peptide neurotransmitters is about _____.
A) 15
B) 24
C) 50
D) 375
9. Which neurotransmitter is used to treat Parkinson’s disease?
A) histamine
B) acetylcholine
C) dopamine
D) NO
10. Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by the drug Viagra?
A) met-enkephalin
B) acetylcholine
C) dopamine
D) nitric oxide
11. The effects of the opiate drugs are MOST closely matched by _____.
A) acetylcholine
B) met-enkephalin
C) dopamine
D) histamine
12. Which type of postsynaptic receptor does NOT contain a pore and acts indirectly?
A) holotropic
B) ionotropic
C) second messenger
D) metabotropic
13. The main transmitter found in the locus coeruleus is _____.
A) norepinephrine (NE)
B) dopamine (DA)
C) serotonin (5-HT)
D) acetylcholine (ACh)
14. The loss of neurons whose main neurotransmitter is _____ is thought to be involved in the memory deficits seen in Alzheimer’s disease.
A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin
15. The _____ activating system is believed to be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A) serotonergic
B) dopaminergic
C) cholinergic
D) noradrenergic

Answer Key

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. B
12. D
13. A
14. C
15. A

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