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Chapter 5
Middle Childhood
5-1. Elementary school children in the United States grow, on average, __________ a year.
a)one to two inches
b)two to three inches
c)three to four inches
d)four to five inches
Answer: b
Page: 199
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.1
5-2. Throughout the life span, which of the following is the only time when girls are, on average, taller than boys?
a)by age 10
b)by age 11
c)by age 12
d)by age 13
Answer: b
Page: 199
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.1
5-3. When it comes to worrying about obesity, which of the following children is least likely to be concerned?
a)6-year-old girl
b)8-year-old boy
c)9- to 10-year-old girl
d)16-year-old girl
Answer: b
Page: 200
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.5
5-4. Body weight that is more than 20 percent above the average of a person of a given age and height is called __________.
a)overnutrition
b)undernutrition
c)average
d)obesity
Answer: d
Page: 200
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01APA LO: 2.1
5-5. Mrs. Alverez has concerns regarding her daughter’s body image. She believes her daughter is attempting to measure up to different kinds of body representations she sees in the media. Mrs. Alverez has scheduled a meeting with the school psychologist to discuss her concerns. What can the school psychologist suggest to Mrs. Alverez to lessen her concerns?
She can try to speak with her daughter against these influences by teaching her that the U.S. has a preoccupation with slimness, which permeates the entire society and that media representations are often exaggerated and unattainable.
This is a normal part of pre-adolescent development and, in time, it will pass.
Her daughter may need to seek counseling to understand body images and proper ways to identify with these images.
Testing may be indicated to assess the impact of any media representation.
Answer: a
Page: 200
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.5
5-6. Which of the following activities is considered a gross motor activity?
a)Coloring “inside the lines”
b)Tying a shoelace
c)Zipping up a jacket
d)Throwing a baseball
Answer: d
Page: 201
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-7. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that boys and girls should engage in sports and games, and __________,
a)boys should play with boys
b)girls should play with girls
c)boys and girls should engage in sports and games in mixed-gender groups until puberty
d)boys and girls should engage in sports and games in mixed-gender groups despite the onset of puberty
Answer: c
Page: 201
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.2
5-8. At what age can both boys and girls judge and intercept directions of small balls thrown from a distance and run 17 feet per second?
a)7 years old
b)8 years old
c)10 years old
d)12 years old
Answer: c
Page: 202
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-9. Which of the following is NOT a fine motor skill?
a)Typing on a keyboard
b)Writing in cursive with a pen
c)Jumping rope
d)Tying shoes
Answer: c
Page: 202
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-10. Which of the following is a fine motor skill?
a)Typing on a keyboard
b)Throwing a football
c)Jumping rope
d)Running and skipping
Answer: a
Page: 202
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-11. At approximately what age should a child be able to tie his/her shoes?
a)3 years old
b)5 years old
c)7 years old
d)9 years old
Answer: c
Page: 202
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-12. At approximately what age should a child be able to use each hand independently?
a)2–3 years old
b)4–5 years old
c)6–7 years old
d)8–9 years old
Answer: d
Page: 202
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-13. At approximately what age should a child be able to manipulate objects with almost as much capability as an adult?
a)5 to 6 years old
b)8 to 9 years old
c)11 to 12 years old
d)15 to 16 years old
Answer: c
Page: 202
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-14. What is one significant reason for the advances in fine motor skills in children six to eight years old?
a)Children live long enough to get more practice with fine motor skills.
b)Children’s cognitive development is increasing.
c)Children have more opportunity to model fine motor skill behavior(s) from others and practice on a consistent basis.
d)The amount of myelin in the brain increases to protect, insulate, and surround the nerve cells, raising the speed at which electrical impulses travel between neurons.
Answer: d
Page: 202
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 2.1
5-15. A task force has been formed to study the injury death rates among children between the ages of 5 and 14. Which of the following groups will the task force discover has the highest injury death rates?
a)Asian and Japanese
b)Caucasian and Latino Americans
c)Asian and Pacific Islanders
d)American Indian and Alaska Natives
Answer: d
Page: 203
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.5
5-16. Amanda is 12 years old, Suzy is 8, Bobby is 5, and Allan is 3. Which of these children is more apt to be injured than the others?
a)Bobby
b)Amanda
c)Allan
d)Suzy
Answer: a
Page: 203
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.5
5-17. Children between five and nine years of age are most likely to be killed __________.
a)in a house fire
b)in a gun-related death
c)in an automobile accident
d)by drowning
Answer: c
Page: 203
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.2
5-18. Approximately how many children and adolescents have a psychological disorder that produces some impairment?
a)1 in 2
b)1 in 3
c)1 in 5
d)1 in 10
Answer: c
Page: 204
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.2
5-19. What percentage of preteens suffer from childhood depression?
a)5 percent
b)10 percent
c)15 percent
d)20 percent
Answer: a
Page: 204
Level: 2-Moderate
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.2
5-20. What percentage of children between 9 and 17 years of age experience an anxiety disorder?
a)13 percent
b)23 percent
c)33 percent
d)43 percent
Answer: a
Page: 204
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.2
5-21. Which of the following is the most likely reason why children’s psychological disorders are neglected?
a)Parents and family members are embarrassed.
b)Children often express psychological symptoms differently than adults.
c)There are no treatments available for children with psychological problems.
d)Most children grow out of their symptoms.
Answer: b
Page: 204
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 1.2
5-22. What is the term for a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness?
a)Visual acuity
b)Amblyopia
c)Color blindness
d)Visual impairment
Answer: d
Page: 205
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-23. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the prevalent disorders that affects children with normal intelligence?
a)Sensory difficulties
b)Psychosomatic illnesses
c)Attention-deficit disorders
d)Learning disabilities
Answer: b
Page: 205
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-24. If a person has the inability to see even at 20 feet what a typical person can see at 200 feet (20/200) after correction (corrective lenses, etc.), this is known as __________.
a)blindness
b)partial sightedness
c)legally blind
d)impairment
Answer: a
Page: 205
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-25. Some symptoms that a boy/girl with vision impairment may exhibit while doing schoolwork include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a)complaining of headaches or dizziness
b)holding a book close to his/her face
c)glancing away for long periods of time, apparently “daydreaming.”
d)continual blinking or making facial contortions while reading
Answer: c
Page: 205
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-26. Auditory impairment, which is a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing, affects __________ percent of the school-age population.
a)1–2
b)2–4
c)4–6
d)6–8
Answer: a
Page: 205
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-27. Severe and early loss of hearing is associated with all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a)impairments in abstract thinking
b)problems developing the ability to produce speech
c)reduced intelligence
d)speech impairments
Answer: c
Pages: 205–206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-28. What is the term for speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker?
a)A disorder of executive functioning
b)Auditory language processing disorder
c)Auditory impairment
d)Speech impairment
Answer: d
Page: 206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-29. What percentage of school-age children demonstrates speech/language impairment?
a)1 to 3 percent
b)3 to 5 percent
c)5 to 7 percent
d)7 to 9 percent
Answer: b
Page: 206
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-30. What is the term for a substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech and is the most common speech impairment?
a)Echolalia
b)Auditory language processing delays
c)Stuttering
d)Dyspraxia
Answer: c
Page: 206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 4.3
5-31. If a child is demonstrating difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities, the child is exhibiting a(n) __________.
a)intellectual disability
b) pervasive developmental disorder
c) learning disability
d) developmental delay
Answer: c
Page: 206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 1.1
5-32. How many school-age children are labeled with a learning disability?
a)1 in 10
b)1 in 5
c)1 in 4
d)1 in 3
Answer: a
Page: 206
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 1.2
5-33. Which of the following is an accurate description of a learning disability?
a)A speech/language impairment
b)A significant discrepancy between the child’s actual academic performance and his/her apparent potential to learn
c)A vision impairment in which the child cannot see at 20 feet what most people can see at 200 feet
d)A hearing impairment
Answer: b
Page: 206
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 1.2
5-34. The causes of learning disabilities, while not well understood, are generally attributed to __________.
a)low birth weight in infancy
b)brain dysfunction due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors
c)inadequate access to learning
d)speech/language problems in early childhood
Answer: b
Pages: 206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 1.2
5-35. What is the term for a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity?
a)Bipolar disorder
b)Childhood schizophrenia
c)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
d)Generalized anxiety disorder
Answer: c
Page: 206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 2.2
5-36. Frank was tested by the school psychologist and diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The test results have been explained to his parents. His parents are curious as to brain involvement and ADHD. The school psychologist informs them that __________.
a)some research indicates that ADHD is related to a delay in neural development
b)there is little research to link ADHD with specific brain involvement
c)if there is a lag in neural functioning, it will decline with age
d)ADHD would be considered a developmental delay
Answer: a
Page: 207
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 2.1
5-37. All of the following include factors that help differentiate normal active behavior in children from those children with ADHD EXCEPT __________.
a)persistent difficulty in finishing tasks, following instructions, and organizing work
b)frequent interruptions of others or excessive talking
c)difficulty waiting or remaining seated
d)interest in very active, fast-paced games
Answer: d
Page: 206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 2.2
5-38. Most estimates put the number of children that have ADHD at __________ percent of children under 18 years of age.
a)1 to 3
b)3 to 5
c)7 to 10
d)10 to 15
Answer: b
Page: 206
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 2.2
5-39. All of the following are side effects of medication treatment for ADHD (e.g., Ritalin) EXCEPT __________.
a)irritability
b)reduced appetite
c)depression
d)mild stuttering
Answer: d
Page: 207
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 2.2
5-40. Which of the following is NOT considered an additional and/or alternative method of ADHD treatment?
a)Hormonal replacement therapy
b)Behavior therapy that includes use of rewards
c)Dietary changes to address fatty acids and/or food additives in the child’s diet
d)Increased structure in the classroom environment
Answer: a
Pages: 207–208
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 2.2
5-41. If a preschool child thinks largely in an egocentric manner, then from Piaget’s perspective we would say that the child is in the __________ stage.
a)concrete operational
b)decentering
c)abstract operational
d)preoperational
Answer: d
Page: 209
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.1
5-42. What is the term that refers to the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic?
a)Concrete operational
b)Decentering
c)Abstract operational
d)Preoperational
Answer: a
Page: 209
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.2
5-43. Concrete operational thought involves applying __________ to concrete problems.
a)dichotomous reasoning
b)intuition or hunches
c)logical operations
d)abstract concepts
Answer: c
Page: 209
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.2
5-44. What is the term for the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation?
a)Concrete operational
b)Abstract operational
c)Preoperational
d)Decentering
Answer: d
Page: 209
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.2
5-45. Seven-year-old Marvin and his four-year-old brother are sitting at the table as their mother pours milk into their glasses. Both glasses are the same size and shape. However, Marvin’s mother notices a scratch/nick on the lip of his glass and decides that it is safer if she pours that milk into another glass so Marvin doesn’t cut his lip. The new glass is shorter and much wider, and when she pours the milk into in, Marvin’s younger brother laughs and says that now he has more milk than Marvin. However, Marvin is not upset because he knows that he still gets the same amount of milk. Marvin is exhibiting __________.
a)formal operations
b)decentering
c)preoperational
d)abstract reversing
Answer: b
Page: 209
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.1
5-46. Seven-year-old Alice is working with clay in art class, and she rolls a round ball of clay between her hands until it becomes a long rope. However, she decides that she does not want the rope of clay, but would prefer that the clay be in the shape of a ball again. Alice knows that this is possible. Piaget would say that Alice is demonstrating the knowledge of __________.
a)formation
b)decentering
c)reversibility
d)conservation
Answer: c
Page: 209
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.1
5-47. In the information-processing model, what is the term for the ability to record, store, and retrieve information?
a)Encoding
b)Metacognition
c)Memory
d)Information processing
Answer: c
Page: 210
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.1
5-48. For a child to remember a piece of information, __________ processes must function properly.
a) three
b) four
c) five
d) six
Answer: a
Page: 210
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.2
5-49. When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory, this is called __________.
a)rehearsal
b)listening
c)visualization
d)encoding
Answer: d
Page: 210
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.2
5-50. Larry was daydreaming the day that his first grade teacher reviewed the math lesson that 5 + 5 = 10. Later, Larry was not able to recall this information, probably because he __________.
a) did not use adequate mnemonics
b) never encoded it
c) never rehearsed it
d) never visualized it
Answer: b
Pages: 210–211
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.2
5-51. When a middle-school student is able to demonstrate that he/she is able to hear a string of digits (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) and then repeat the string in reverse order, the child is indicating that he/she is developing __________.
a)memory skills
b)working memory
c)rehearsal strategies
d)semantic memory
Answer: b
Page: 211
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.2
5-52. What is the term for an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood?
a)Recall
b)Rehearsal
c)Metamemory
d)Working memory
Answer: c
Page: 211
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.2
5-53. Intentionally used tactics employed to improve cognitive processing are called __________.
a)reasoning constructs
b)control strategies
c)rehearsal involvements
d)working memories
Answer: b
Page: 211
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.1
5-54. What is Vygotsky’s term for the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task?
a)Metamemory
b)Transference
c)Zone of proximal development
d)Theory of mind
Answer: c
Page: 211
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.1
5-55. Which of the following is a noteworthy educational innovation, based upon Vygotsky’s work, where children work together in groups to achieve a common goal?
a)Reciprocal teaching
b)Metamemory
c)Zone of proximal development
d)Cooperative learning
Answer: d
Page: 212
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.1
5-56. Which of the following is a noteworthy educational innovation, based upon Vygotsky’s work, where reading comprehension strategies are taught, allowing the student to take on the role of the teacher?
a)Reciprocal teaching
b)Metamemory
c)Zone of proximal development
d)Cooperative learning
Answer: a
Page: 212
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.1
5-57. The vocabulary of a 6-year-old child is between 8,000 and 14,000 words, whereas the vocabulary grows by another __________ words from ages of 9 to 11.
a)1,000
b)2,000
c)5,000
d)10,000
Answer: c
Page: 212
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 4.3
5-58. Alexander is 6-years-old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing “j,” “v,” “th,” and “zh” sounds, which are examples of __________.
a)metalinguistics
b)phonemes
c)word blends
d)enunciation
Answer: b
Page: 212
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 4.3
5-59. When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this is called __________.
a)metalinguistic skills
b)metacognition
c)syntax
d)phonemes
Answer: c
Page: 212
Level: 2-Moderate
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 4.3
5-60. When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of __________.
a)pragmatics
b)syntax
c)phonemes
d)metalinguistic awareness
Answer: a
Page: 213
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 4.3
5-61. What is the term for an understanding of one’s own use of language?
a)Metamemory
b)Comprehension
c)Metalinguistic awareness
d)Expressive/receptive communication
Answer: c
Page: 213
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 4.3
5-62. Middle-school-age children utilize __________ when information is fuzzy or incomplete, such as asking for clarifications of information.
a)metacognitive skills
b)metalinguistic awareness
c)pragmatics
d)syntax
Answer: b
Pages: 213
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 4.3
5-63. What is the term for the use of more than one language?
a)Pragmatics
b)Bilingualism
c)Syntax
d)Metalinguistics
Answer: b
Page: 214
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 4.3
5-64. When non-English-speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, this is called __________.
a)bilingualism
b)bilingual education
c)pragmatics
d)metalinguistics
Answer: b
Page: 214
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 2.5
5-65. Which of the following best fits the stage of reading which lasts from birth to the start of first grade, where children learn the essential prerequisites for reading, such as identifying letters?
a)Stage 0
b)Stage 1
c)Stage 2
d)Stage 3
Answer: a
Page: 216
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-66. Children begin to use reading as a source for learning around __________.
a)kindergarten
b)first grade
c)fourth grade
d)sixth grade
Answer: c
Page: 216
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-67. At which stage does a child learn phonological recoding skills and start to read?
a)Stage 0
b)Stage 1
c)Stage 2
d)Stage 3
Answer: b
Page: 216
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-68.Which of the following stages best reflects when a child reads, using phonological recoding skills? What grade(s) is the child most likely attending?
a)Stage 0; kindergarten
b)Stage 1; first and second grades
c)Stage 2; second and third grades
d)Stage 3; third and fourth grades
Answer: b
Page: 216
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-69. At which stage does a child learn to read aloud with fluency? What grade(s) is the child likely to be attending?
a)Stage 0; kindergarten
b)Stage 1; first and second grades
c)Stage 2; second and third grades
d)Stage 3; fourth to eighth grades
Answer: c
Page: 216
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-70. At which stage does reading become a means to an end and a way for a child to learn? What grade(s) is the child most likely attending?
a)Stage 1; first and second grades
b)Stage 2; second and third grades
c)Stage 3; fourth to eighth grades
d)Stage 4; eighth grade and beyond
Answer: c
Page: 216
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-71. At which stage is a child able to read and process information that reflects multiple points of view? What grade(s) is the child likely to be attending?
a)Stage 1; first and second grades
b)Stage 2; second and third grades
c)Stage 3; fourth to eighth grades
d)Stage 4; eighth grade and beyond
Answer: d
Page: 216
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-72. The curriculum director for a school district is making arrangements to bring the works of Shakespeare into the school district. What is the earliest grade that he/she should plan to introduce these great works of literature?
a)First grade
b)Third grade
c)Sixth grade
d)Ninth grade
Answer: d
Page: 216
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-73. If a reading educator is in favor of teaching reading by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading, such as phonics, this teacher is a proponent of the __________ approach.
a)whole-language
b)sound-symbol
c)code-based
d)phonetic fluency
Answer: c
Page: 217
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-74. If a reading educator is in favor of teaching reading by presenting it as a natural process, similar to acquisition of oral language, where the child is encouraged to guess at words and learns to read through exposure to actual uses of language, this teacher is a proponent of the __________ approach.
a)whole-language
b)sound-symbol
c)code-based
d)phonetic fluency
Answer: a
Page: 217
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-75. What is the term for the model in which the goal of education was to assimilate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture?
a)Diversity
b)Culture
c)Cultural assimilation model
d)Multicultural education
Answer: c
Page: 217
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 2.5
5-76. What is the term for a form of education in which the goal is to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures?
a)Diversity
b)Equal opportunity
c)Cultural assimilation model
d)Multicultural education
Answer: d
Pages: 219
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 2.5
5-77. What is the term for the concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their unique cultural features?
a)Diversity
b)Pluralistic society model
c)Cultural assimilation model
d)Multicultural education
Answer: b
Page: 218
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 2.5
5-78. Over the past decade or so, educators began to argue that the presence of students from diverse cultures enriched and broadened the education experience for all students. This would be an example of __________.
a)diversity
b)a pluralistic society model
c)a cultural assimilation model
d)multicultural education
Answer: b
Page: 218
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 2.5
5-79. What is the term for maintaining one’s original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture?
a)Bicultural identity
b)Pluralistic society model
c)Cultural assimilation model
d)Multicultural education
Answer: a
Pages: 218
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 2.5
5-80. What is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges?
a)Education
b)Assertiveness
c)Achievement
d)Intelligence
Answer: d
Page: 220
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.2
5-81. Who is the psychologist that used a trial-and-error approach to psychological measurement that continues to serve as the predominant approach to test construction today?
a)Freud
b)Binet
c)Skinner
d)Watson
Answer: b
Page: 220
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.1
5-82. Who is the psychologist that linked intelligence and school success in constructing an intelligence test that continues to provide reasonable indicators of a student’s ability to be successful in school?
a)Freud
b)Binet
c)Skinner
d)Watson
Answer: b
Page: 220
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.1
5-83. What is the term that Binet developed for the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age?
a)Standard age
b)Chronological (or physical) age
c)Intelligence quotient
d)Mental age
Answer: d
Page: 220
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-84. What is the term for the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test?
a)Standard age
b)Chronological (or physical) age
c)Intelligence quotient
d)Mental age
Answer: b
Page: 220
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-85. What is the term for a measure of intelligence that takes into account a student’s mental and chronological age?
a)Standard age
b)Chronological/physical age
c)Intelligence quotient
d)Mental age
Answer: c
Page: 221
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-86. What is the name of a test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested?
a)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)
b)Deviation IQ scores
c)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)
d)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)
Answer: c
Page: 221
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-87. What is the name of the test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score?
a)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)
b)Deviation IQ scores
c)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)
d)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)
Answer: a
Page: 221
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-88. What is the name of an intelligence test that measures children’s ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and to use sequential thinking?
a)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)
b)Deviation IQ scores
c)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)
d)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)
Answer: d
Page: 221
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-89. Intelligence tests most frequently used in schools are based on a common idea that intelligence is a single factor or unitary mental ability called __________.
a)deviation IQ
b)full scale IQ
c)g factor
d)intelligence quotient
Answer: c
Pages: 222
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.1
5-90. Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory?
a)Triarchic theory of intelligence
b)Fluid intelligence
c)Crystallized intelligence
d)Intellectual quotient
Answer: b
Pages: 222–223
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-91. Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations?
a)Triarchic theory of intelligence
b)Fluid intelligence
c)Crystallized intelligence
d)Intellectual quotient
Answer: c
Page: 223
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-92. According to Robert Sternberg, who developed the __________, intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing.
a)triarchic theory of intelligence
b)fluid intelligence theory
c)crystallized intelligence theory
d)theory of intellectual quotient
Answer: a
Page: 224
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.1
5-93. The book The Bell Curve argues that the average 15-point difference between white Americans’ and African Americans’ IQs is primarily due to __________.
a)high rates of poverty among African Americans
b)the environment
c)heredity
d)lower employment among African Americans
Answer: c
Page: 225
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 2.5
5-94. Although no test is completely without bias, which of the following tests is designed to be equally valid regardless of the cultural background of the test-taker?
a)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)
b)System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA)
c)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)
d)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)
Answer: b
Pages: 225–226
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 1.3
5-95. Recent findings show that nationally in the U.S., twice as many African American students as white American students are classified as mildly retarded, which is a difference attributed primarily to __________.
a)less availability of quality preschool services for poverty-stricken African American children
b)cultural bias and poverty
c)truancy and inadequate access to educational opportunities
d)inadequate opportunities regarding self-expression
Answer: b
Page: 225
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L09
APA LO: 2.5
5-96. What is the term for the educational setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs?
a)Regular education
b)Mainstreaming
c)Integration
d)Least restrictive environment
Answer: d
Page: 226
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.1
5-97. Which of the following is the term for an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives?
a)Regular education
b)Mainstreaming
c)Integration
d)Least restrictive environment
Answer: b
Page: 226
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.1
5-98. If a person has significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills, this person is said to __________.
a)need mainstreaming
b)be intellectually disabled
c)need psychoeducational evaluation
d)need special education
Answer: b
Page: 227
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.3
5-99. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, this is known as __________.
a)profound intellectual disability
b)moderate intellectual disability
c)borderline intellectual development
d)mild intellectual disability
Answer: d
Page: 227
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.3
5-100. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 35 or 40 to 50 or 55, this is known as __________.
a)intellectual disability
b)moderate intellectual disability
c)borderline intellectual development
d)mild intellectual disability
Answer: b
Page: 227
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.3
5-101. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40, this is known as __________.
a)intellectual disability
b)moderate intellectual disability
c)severe intellectual disability
d)mild intellectual disability
Answer: c
Page: 228
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.3
5-102. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, this is known as __________.
a)intellectual disability
b)moderate intellectual disability
c)severe intellectual disability
d)profound intellectual disability
Answer: d
Page: 228
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.3
5-103. Children who show evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields are referred to as __________.
a)geniuses
b)special
c)gifted and talented
d)special education students
Answer: c
Page: 228
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.2
5-104. Which of the following is the term for an approach to education through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic?
a)Special education
b)Acceleration
c)Enrichment
d)Gifted and talented
Answer: c
Page: 228
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L010
APA LO: 1.1
5-105. According to Erikson, from roughly ages 6 to 12, children go through the period characterized by efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. This stage is called __________.
a)inferiority versus superiority
b)industry versus inferiority
c)social comparison
d)puberty
Answer: b
Page: 230
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L011
APA LO: 1.1
5-106. Which psychologist promoted the theory that addresses middle childhood children’s focus on meeting the challenges presented by the world?
a)Erik Erikson
b)Sigmund Freud
c)B.F. Skinner
d)John Watson
Answer: a
Page: 230
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L011
APA LO: 1.1
5-107. According to research by Vaillant & Vaillant (1981), which of the following characteristics is most highly associated with adult success?
a)High level of intelligence
b)Family background
c)Childhood industriousness
d)Genetic predisposition
Answer: c
Pages: 230–231
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L011
APA LO: 1.1
5-108. Eleven-year-old Tina characterizes herself as a smart, friendly person who is helpful to others. Tina’s views of herself are based on __________.
a)her physical skills
b)psychological characteristics, inner traits that are more abstract
c)desire to be popular with her friends
d)external activities relying on motor skills
Answer: b
Page: 231
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L011
APA LO: 1.2
5-109. Twelve-year-old Sam believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good in chorus. This is an indication of Sam’s __________.
a)self-esteem
b)self-concept
c)social reality
d)social comparison
Answer: b
Page: 231
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L011
APA LO: 1.2
5-110. __________ is an individual’s overall and specific self-evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented); whereas __________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self.
a)Self-concept; self-esteem
b)Self-esteem; self-concept
c)Self-esteem; social comparison
d)Social comparison; self-concept
Answer: b
Page: 231
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 1.1
5-111. According to __________, members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups.
a)social comparison theory
b)low self-esteem theory
c)downward social comparison theory
d)social identity theory
Answer: d
Page: 232
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 1.1
5-112. Which of the following terms relates to an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation?
a)Social comparison
b)Self-concept
c)Self-esteem
d)Downward social comparison
Answer: c
Page: 231
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 1.2
5-113. Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that since he’s going to do badly anyway, he should not bother. This is an indication of Harry’s __________.
a)self-esteem
b)self-concept
c)social reality
d)social comparison
Answer: a
Page: 232
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 1.2
5-114. Generally, overall self-esteem is high during middle childhood but begins to decline around the age of __________ due to __________.
a)15; puberty
b)16; sexual activity
c)12; change of schools
d)11; self-concept
Answer: c
Pages: 231–232
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-115. Parents can help break the cycle of low self-esteem in a child by using a(n) __________ childrearing style.
a)authoritarian
b)permissive
c)authoritative
d)passive
Answer: c
Page: 232
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-116. During middle childhood years, it appears that children in immigrant families __________.
a)often have significant learning problems
b)often do quite well in the United States
c)are less fluent in communication skills
d)suffer from depression
Answer: b
Page: 233
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-117. Recent research indicates that around age 11, African American children begin to show higher self-esteem than white American children. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this?
a)African American children begin to notice more visibility on television of African Americans.
b)African American children begin to identify with their racial group.
c)African American children begin to develop more complex views of racial identity.
d)African American children begin to view positive aspects of their group membership.
Answer: a
Page: 232
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-118. The term that refers to the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group status comes from __________.
a)social comparison
b)social identity theory
c)downward social comparison
d)low self-esteem
Answer: b
Page: 232
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-119. Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the United States. Sima is likely to demonstrate all of the following EXCEPT
a)equal or better grades in school than nonimmigrant children
b)similar level of self-esteem as nonimmigrant children
c)feeling less popular that her nonimmigrant peers
d)a high level of popularity among peers
Answer: d
Page: 233
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-120. Which of the following psychologists contends that people pass through a series of stages in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments as their sense of justice evolves?
a)Sigmund Freud
b)Erik Erikson
c)Lawrence Kohlberg
d)Albert Bandura
Answer: c
Page: 233
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-121. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects concrete interests of the individual considered in terms of rewards and punishments?
a)Conventional morality
b)Postconventional morality
c)Moral reasoning
d)Preconventional morality
Answer: d
Pages: 234–235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-122. A seventh grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and will fail the course. This student is demonstrating __________.
a)conventional morality
b)preconventional morality
c)postconventional morality
d)a lack of morality
Answer: b
Pages: 234–235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-123. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects a person’s approach to moral problems as a member of society?
a)Conventional morality
b)Postconventional morality
c)Moral reasoning
d)Preconventional morality
Answer: a
Pages: 234–235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-124. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, what stage reflects a person’s use of moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?
a)Conventional morality
b)Postconventional morality
c)Moral reasoning
d)Preconventional morality
Answer: b
Pages: 234–235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-125. According to Kohlberg’s theory, the 4th stage of development is __________.
a)authority and social-order-maintaining morality
b)universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of a particular society
c)obedience and punishment orientation
d)morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law
Answer: a
Pages: 234–235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-126. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg found that __________ is relatively rare.
a)preconventional reasoning
b)a lack of morality
c)postconventional morality
d)conventional morality
Answer: c
Page: 235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-127. Kohlberg proposes that moral development occurs in a fixed order, and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________.
a)middle childhood; deficits in cognitive development
b)adolescence; lack of experience and peer pressure
c)young adulthood; lack of experience
d)adolescence; deficits in cognitive development
Answer: d
Page: 235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-128. Which of the following psychologists developed the three stages of moral development for women?
a)Lawrence Kohlberg
b)B. F. Skinner
c)Carol Gilligan
d)Sigmund Freud
Answer: c
Page: 235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-129. According to Gilligan, girls view morality in all the terms below EXCEPT __________.
a)broad principles of justice and fairness
b)responsibility toward individuals
c)compassion for individuals, which is a greater factor in moral behavior for women than for men
d)gradual transition from selfishness to responsibility, which includes thinking about what would be best for others
Answer: a
Pages: 235–236
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-130. Which of the following best describes the first of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?
a)Goodness as self-sacrifice
b)Orientation toward individual survival
c)Morality of nonviolence
d)Moral equivalence established between self and others
Answer: b
Pages: 235–236
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-131. Which of the following best describes the second of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?
a)Goodness as self-sacrifice
b)Orientation toward individual survival
c)Morality of nonviolence
d)Moral equivalence established between self and others
Answer: a
Page: 236
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-132. Which of the following best describes the third of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?
a)Goodness as self-sacrifice
b)Orientation toward individual survival
c)Morality of nonviolence
d)Moral equivalence established between self and others.
Answer: c
Page: 236
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-133. According to psychologist William Damon, a child’s view of friendship passes through all of the stages below EXCEPT __________.
a)basing friendship on intelligence
b)basing friendship on others’ behavior
c)basing friendship on trust
d)basing friendship on psychological closeness
Answer: a
Pages: 237–238
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-134. According to Damon, the first stage of building friendship for middle-school age children is __________.
a)basing friendship on intelligence
b)basing friendship on others’ behavior
c)basing friendship on trust
d)basing friendship on psychological closeness
Answer: b
Page: 237
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-135. According to Damon, when Sammy (who is a kindergarten student) is asked, “How do you know that someone is your best friend?” it is highly likely that he will respond, __________
a)“Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it.”
b)“Because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you, and they will stick with you no matter what.”
c)“Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot.”
d)“Because a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first.”
Answer: c
Page: 237
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-136. According to Damon, when Martha (who is nine years old) is asked, “How do you know that someone is your best friend?” it is highly likely that she will respond, __________
a)“Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it.”
b)“Because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you, and
they will stick with you no matter what.”
c)“Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot.”
d)“Because a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first.”
Answer: a
Page: 238
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-137. Which of the following is considered to be the centerpiece of friendship during middle childhood?
a)Similar racial or ethnic background
b)Mutual trust
c)Similar size and weight
d)Living geographically near one another
Answer: b
Page: 238
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-138. Friends influence children’s development during the middle childhood years in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________.
a)friendship provides a child with information about the world as well as themselves
b)friendship provides emotional support the helps the child respond more effectively to stress
c)friendship teaches a child how to communicate and interact with others
d)friendships provide more security than relationships with parents and other family members
Answer: d
Page: 237
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-139. According to Damon, the second stage of building friendship for middle-school age children is __________.
a)basing friendship on intelligence
b)basing friendship on others’ behavior
c)basing friendship on trust
d)basing friendship on psychological closeness
Answer: c
Page: 238
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-140. According to Damon, the third stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children is __________.
a)basing friendship on intelligence
b)basing friendship on others’ behavior
c)basing friendship on trust
d)basing friendship on psychological closeness
Answer: d
Page: 238
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-141. According to Damon, when Steven (who is 15 years old) is asked, “How do you know that someone is your best friend?” it is highly likely that he will respond __________
a)“Because a friend is someone who shares his/her possessions with you.”
b)“Because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you, and they will stick with you no matter what.”
c)“Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot.”
d)“Because a friend is somebody who likes the same things that you do.”
Answer: b
Page: 238
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-142. Status is __________.
a)the amount of money a person or his/her family has
b)the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings
c)the geographical location of a person’s home
d)the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group
Answer: d
Page: 238
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-143. High-status children tend to do all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a)form friendships with other high-status children
b)have a greater number of friends
c)form cliques of groups that are seen as desirable and exclusive
d)form friendships with lower-class or unpopular children
Answer: d
Page: 238
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-144. What is the term for the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings?
a)Status
b)Morals
c)Social competence
d)Social problem solving
Answer: c
Pages: 238–239
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 3.2
5-145. Research indicates that popular children share the following personality characteristics EXCEPT __________.
a)having a sense of humor
b)being domineering
c)appreciating others’ sense of humor
d)being cooperative
Answer: b
Page: 238
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.5
5-146. Compared to less popular children, popular children are more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a)demonstrate a good sense of humor and appreciate others’ attempts at humor
b)read others’ nonverbal behavior and understand others’ emotional experiences
c)control their own nonverbal behavior more effectively
d)disregard others’ emotional experiences
Answer: d
Pages: 238–239
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.5
5-147. What is the term that means the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in mutually satisfactory ways?
a)Social problem solving
b)Status
c)Social competence
d)Conflict resolution
Answer: a
Page: 239
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.3
5-148. According to developmental psychologist Kenneth Dodge, successful __________ proceeds through a series of steps that correspond to the child’s information-processing strategies.
a)status management
b)conflict resolution
c)social competence
d)social problem solving
Answer: d
Page: 239
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.3
5-149. Roughly __________ U.S. schoolchildren stay home from school each day because they are afraid of being bullied.
a)16,000
b)160,000
c)1,600,000
d)16,000,000
Answer: b
Page: 240
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.1
5-150. What does the term “border work” mean?
a)Same-sex groupings that dominate in middle childhood
b)Boys and girls who occasionally make forays into the other gender’s territories with romantic overtones
c)Making friendships within one’s own race
d)Making friendships within one’s own school or chronological age
Answer: b
Page: 240
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-151. The segregation of friendships according to gender occurs __________.
a)in the United States only
b)only among separate racial groups
c)in almost all societies
d)when boys are assigned one type of chore, and girls are assigned another type of chore
Answer: c
Page: 240
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-152. The lack of cross-gender interaction in the middle childhood years means that __________.
a)girls and boys may not learn to like each other and may have difficulty making cross-gender friendships
b)boys’ and girls’ friendships are restricted to members of their own sex
c)girls and boys do not have enough time or opportunity to learn about each other’s differences and/or similarities
d)it is more difficult for boys and girls to build social competence
Answer: b
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-153. Middle-school-age boys typically have all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a)larger networks of friends than girls
b)the tendency to play in groups rather than pairing off
c)members of groups falling into particular levels of status
d)one or two “best friends” who are of relatively equal status
Answer: d
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-154. Which of the following terms means rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group?
a)Social competence
b)Status
c)Dominance hierarchy
d)Social problem solving
Answer: c
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-155. Boys’ play tends to come in bursts rather than in more extended, tranquil episodes, due in part to __________.
a)lack of social competence skills
b)their concern over dominance hierarchy, known as restrictive play
c)lack of dominance hierarchy, leading to equal status of different members
d)lack of social problem-solving skills
Answer: b
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-156. Middle-school-age girls tend to __________; middle-school-age boys tend to
__________.
a) focus on one or two “best friends”; develop a dominance hierarchy
b)have a smaller network of friends; ignore differences in status
c)avoid differences in status; have a smaller network of friends
d)focus on one or two “best friends”; smooth over disagreements
Answer: a
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-157. According to developmental psychologist Carol Beal, the motivation of middle-school-age girls to solve social conflict among friends is due to __________.
a)lack of self-confidence
b)lack of social competence
c)apprehension over the use of more direct approaches
d)the desire to make social interaction non-confrontational
Answer: d
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-158. Sally, who is a middle-school-age girl, wants her friend, Beth, to go to the movies with her. Which of the following statements is Sally likely to use to get her friend to go?
a)“I want you to go the movies with me.”
b)“You have to go to the movies with me.”
c)“I want to go to the movies.”
d)“Let’s go to the movies.”
Answer: d
Page: 241
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-159. Which of the following is true when it comes to middle-school-age children’s friendships?
a)Children tend to make an equal number of same-race and different-race friends.
b)Children can show a high degree of mutual acceptance.
c)Children tend to make same-gender but different-race group friends.
d)Children cannot make more different-race friendships as they age.
Answer: b
Page: 242
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 3.2
5-160. __________ is the process by which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior.
a)Self-care
b)Social competence
c)Coregulation
d)Adolescence
Answer: c
Page: 243
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 1.3
5-161. During the middle-school years, all of the following occur EXCEPT __________.
a)children spend less time with their parents
b)parents still remain the major influence in their children’s lives
c)siblings have an important influence, both good and bad, on children
d)peer relationships are more influential than family relationships
Answer: d
Page: 243
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-162. Which of the following children in China is likely to have the highest level of academic performance?
a)An only child
b)A child who has one sibling
c)A child who has two siblings
d)A child who has more than four siblings
Answer: a
Page: 243
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-163. What is the current term for children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their parents return from work?
a)Latchkey children
b)Socially competent children
c)Self-care children
d)Autonomous children
Answer: c
Page: 244
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-164. What percentage of children in the United States between the ages of 5 and 12 spend some time alone after school without adult supervision?
a)12–14 percent
b)15–20 percent
c)5–10 percent
d)8–10 percent
Answer: a
Page: 244
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-165. According to psychologist Sandra Hofferth, which of the following is NOT a part of self-care children’s development?
a)Given their hectic schedule, self-care children may benefit from a period of decompression after school.
b)Self-care children may have an opportunity to develop autonomy.
c)Self-care children who stay at home rather than “hanging out” unsupervised with friends may avoid activities that lead to difficulties.
d)Self-care children seem more emotionally damaged than children who come home to and are supervised by a parent.
Answer: d
Page: 244
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-166. What is the approximate percentage of children in the United States who spend their entire childhood living in the same household with both parents?
a)25 percent
b)33 percent
c)50 percent
d)67 percent
Answer: c
Page: 244
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-167. Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types of psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from __________.
a)one to two years
b)three months to three years
c)six months to two years
d)three to six years
Answer: c
Page: 244
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-168. Following a divorce, a child may exhibit all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a)sleep disturbance
b)depression
c)ADHD
d)anxiety
Answer: c
Page: 244
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-169. After a divorce, children feel pressured to choose sides between the mother and father and may experience a degree of divided loyalty by the age of __________ years.
a)2
b)5
c)8
d)10
Answer: d
Page: 244
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-170. With regard to children of divorced parents, all of the following are true EXCEPT __________.
a)twice as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling as children from intact families
b)18 months to 2 years after the divorce, most children begin to return to their predivorce state of psychological adjustment
c)people who have experienced parental divorce are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves
d)divorce is not beneficial to children living in households overwhelmed by parental strife
Answer: d
Page: 244
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-171. Approximately how many children under the age of 18 in the U.S. live in single-parent households?
a)10 percent
b)25 percent
c)33 percent
d)50 percent
Answer: b
Page: 245
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-172. Almost __________ of African American children under the age of 18 and almost __________ of Hispanic American children under the age of 18 live in a single-parent household.
a)60 percent; 35 percent
b)35 percent; 60 percent
c)45 percent; 50 percent
d)50 percent; 45 percent
Answer: a
Page: 245
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-173. By definition, a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them is called a __________ family.
a)multigenerational
b)single-parent
c)blended
d)mixed
Answer: c
Page: 245
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-174. The prevalence of three-generation families who live together is greater among ________ American families than among Caucasians.
a)African
b)Native
c)Asian
d)Hispanic
Answer: a
Page: 245
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-175. What percentage of children in the United States live in “blended families”?
a)10 percent
b)17 percent
c)35 percent
d)45 percent
Answer: b
Page: 245
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-176. When living in a blended family, roles and expectations can be unclear, and this is called __________.
a)autonomy
b)self-care
c)shared benefits
d)role ambiguity
Answer: d
Page: 245
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-177. More than __________ households in the United States contain at least one spouse who has remarried.
a)100,000
b)1,000,000
c)10,000,000
d)100,000,000
Answer: c
Page: 245
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-178. Estimates suggest that approximately __________ children have lesbian or gay parents.
a)1 million
b)4 million
c)6 million
d)10 million
Answer: c
Page: 246
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-179. The latest research regarding children raised in lesbian and gay households suggests __________.
children develop similarly to children of heterosexual families and are equally well-adjusted
most children demonstrate significant adjustment problems
children raised in gay or lesbian households have more significant learning problems
children raised in gay and lesbian households have gender identity issues
Answer: a
Page: 246
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-180. A young man who sees his father to be a powerful figure who maintains discipline, and who is taught that it is his responsibility to care for his parents throughout his lifetime, is likely to be __________.
a)Caucasian American
b)African American
c)Asian American
d)Hispanic American
Answer: c
Page: 247
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-181. Children living in poverty experience many more disruptions than children in socioeconomically secure environments. Examples of these disruptions include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a)frequent moving by the family to find work
b)fewer basic everyday resources
c)attending inferior schools in unsafe neighborhoods
d)living in single-parent households
Answer: d
Page: 247
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-182. What are the major effects of poverty, chronic stress, and susceptibility to disease in children?
a)Significant hardships, poor academic performance, cardiovasculardisease, depression, and diabetes
b)There are no major effects regarding stress and susceptibility to disease.
c)Children are prone to brain delays and adjustment problems.
d)Poor self-esteem, high resilience, and improved health
Answer: a
Page: 247
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-183. The word “orphanage” has been replaced by the words __________.
a)foster home
b)group home or residential treatment center
c)alternative lifestyle
d)latchkey child
Answer: b
Page: 247
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.2
ESSAY QUESTIONS
5-184. Briefly explain the treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the controversies surrounding them.
Answer: Many physicians routinely prescribe stimulant drugs such as Ritalin or Dexadrine because they reduce hyperactivity in children. However, the side effects, such as irritability, reduced appetite, and depression, can be considerable, and the long-term health consequences are unclear. Although the drugs are effective in the short run, the evidence for continued improvement is mixed; some studies suggest that after a few years, children treated with drugs perform no better than untreated ADHD children. In addition to drugs, behavior therapy is often used to treat ADHD, using rewards and increased structure of classroom activities to improve behavior. Research showing links between ADHD and children’s diets have prompted dietary treatments; however, dietary treatments are usually insufficient by themselves.
Pages: 207–208
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 2.2
5-185. Provide some criticisms of Piaget’s perspective of learning.
Answer: Researchers argue that Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities because of the limited nature of Piaget’s mini-experiments. Researchers believe that Piaget misjudged the age at which children’s cognitive abilities emerge. Researchers believe that Piaget’s theories were based too much on Western culture.
Page: 210
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.1
5-186. Briefly explain some of the educational trends of the twenty-first century.
Answer: The renewed focus on educational fundamentals (reading, writing, and arithmetic) is a departure from previous decades when the emphasis was on social well-being and on allowing students to choose study topics. Schools today stress individual accountability for students and teachers. Consequently, both students and teachers may be required to take state or national tests to assess their competence. Schools today also pay increased attention to issues involving student diversity and multiculturalism.
Page: 217
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 1.1
5-187. Briefly provide information regarding the success and adjustment of the children of immigrant families.
Answer: Immigrant children are faring quite well, and in some ways, doing better than their nonimmigrant peers. They tend to have equal or better grades than nonimmigrant students, and they demonstrate similar levels of self-esteem. Immigrant children are highly motivated and place a higher value on education than nonimmigrant children, and immigrant children feel an obligation and duty to succeed. Due to a strong cultural identity, they do not adopt undesirable “American” behaviors.
Page: 233
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-188. Briefly describe criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning.
Answer: Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized because it is based solely on observations of Western cultures. Members of industrialized, technically advanced societies move through morality stages faster than members of nonindustrialized countries. One explanation is that Kohlberg’s morality involves governmental and societal institutions such as the police and the court system, while less industrialized cultures’ morality may be based on the relationship between people. Kohlberg’s morality also does not explain girls’ moral judgments because his data was based on males. Another criticism notes that although Kolhberg’s theory may adequate assess moral judgment, it is less useful for predicting moral behavior.
Page: 235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-189. Briefly explain the major points regarding psychologist Carol Gilligan’s moral development for girls.
Answer: Girls see morality in terms of responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships. There are three stages that girls pass through: 1) orientation toward individual survival; 2) goodness as self-sacrifice; and 3) morality of nonviolence.
Page: 235–236
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
TRUE/FALSE
5-190. Boys begin their adolescent growth spurt before girls.
Answer: False
Page: 199
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.1
5-191. Obesity in children ages 6–12 has dropped dramatically over the past 4 decades.
Answer: False
Page: 200
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.2
5-192. Adopted children tend to have weights that are more similar to their adoptive parents than their birth parents.
Answer: False
Page: 200
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.5
5-193. The only cause of obesity is diet.
Answer: False
Page: 200–201
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.2
5-194. School-age children are very active; therefore, they do not need to exercise more.
Answer: False
Page: 200–201
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Apply What You Know
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L01
APA LO: 2.2
5-195. Recent comparisons made between boys and girls in middle childhood indicate that there are extreme differences between the motor skills of the two sexes.
Answer: False
Page: 201
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L02
APA LO: 1.2
5-196. Antidepressant drugs have received unconditional approval by government regulators for use with children.
Answer: False
Page: 204
Level: 3-Difficult
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.2
5-197. The U.S. Federal Drug Administration issued a warning linking the use of antidepressant medication(s), specifically SSRIs, with the increased risk of suicide in 2004.
Answer: True
Page: 204
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L03
APA LO: 2.2
5-198. There is a simple diagnostic test available to diagnose ADHD.
Answer: False
Page: 206
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.1: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L04
APA LO: 1.2
5-199. During middle childhood, children’s thinking becomes fully mature.
Answer: False
Page: 209
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L05
APA LO: 1.3
5-200. Children are able to demonstrate metamemory awareness as early as the preschool years.
Answer: False
Page: 211
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L06
APA LO: 1.3
5-201. Bilingual students often have greater metalinguistic awareness than do their monolingual peers.
Answer: True
Page: 214
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L07
APA LO: 2.5
5-202. In almost all developing countries, males and females receive formal educations equally.
Answer: False
Page: 216
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 2.5
5-203. A growing body of research suggests that the code-based approach to reading instruction is superior to whole-language approaches.
Answer: True
Page: 217
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 4.2
5-204. Educators now agree that minority children should be encouraged to develop a bicultural identity.
Answer: True
Page: 218
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.2: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L08
APA LO: 2.5
5-205. Children are on a quest for self-understanding in middle childhood.
Answer: True
Page: 231
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L011
APA LO: 3.2
5-206. Recent research indicates that around age 11, African American children begin to show slightly higher self-esteem than white American children.
Answer: True
Page: 232
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L012
APA LO: 2.5
5-207. Kohlberg’s theory contends that students with higher levels of moral reasoning are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior at school.
Answer: True
Page: 235
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-208. One experiment found that 15 percent of students who reasoned at the postconventional level of morality (the highest category) cheated when given the opportunity.
Answer: True
Page: 235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-209. Kohlberg’s morality theory is problematic because his data was largely based on males rather than equally on males and females.
Answer: True
Page: 235
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-210. Psychologist Carol Gilligan suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are raised in society leads to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behavior.
Answer: True
Page: 235
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Understand the Concepts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L013
APA LO: 3.1
5-211. Although generally popular children are friendly and cooperative, one subset of popular boys display negative behaviors such as aggressiveness and disruptiveness, which is viewed as cool because they are seen as breaking the rules.
Answer: True
Page: 239
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.1
5-212. Despite frequent attempts, it is impossible to teach social competence to unpopular children.
Answer: False
Page: 239
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.1
5-213. Bullying is a phenomenon that is exclusive to preschool children.
Answer: False
Page: 240
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.1
5-214. Some 90 percent of middle-school children report being bullied at some point in their time at school, beginning as early as the preschool years.
Answer: True
Page: 240
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L014
APA LO: 2.1
5-215. Middle-school-age girls typically have larger networks of friends than boys.
Answer: False
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 2.5
5-216. Research indicates that, for the most part, friendships are color-blind.
Answer: False
Page: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 2.5
5-217. A good deal of research supports the notion that contact between majority and minority groups can reduce prejudice and discrimination.
Answer: True
Page: 242
Level: 1-Easy
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L015
APA LO: 2.5
5-218. Children who have no siblings are not as well adjusted as children who grow up with siblings.
Answer: False
Page: 243
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-219. Single-parent African American families tend to rely substantially on grandparents for everyday child care.
Answer: True
Page: 245
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-220. Adolescents are able to adjust better to living in a blended family than are school-age children.
Answer: False
Page: 246
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-221. A growing body of research suggests that there is little developmental difference between children whose parents are gay and lesbian and those who have heterosexual parents.
Answer: True
Page: 246
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
5-222. Research indicates that African American children growing up in households headed by a grandmother are particularly well adjusted.
Answer: True
Page: 246
Level: 2-Medium
Type: Remember the Facts
Module 5.3: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
Learning Objective: L016
APA LO: 2.5
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