Contemporary Linguistic Analysis 8th Edition By William O’Grady – Test Bank

Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Posted Below

 

CHAPTER 5. SYNTAX:

THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE

WORDS

Practice!

1. beat (V); really (Deg); listened (V); the (Det); intermittent (A); knocking (N); door (N); near

(P); tracks (N); beside (P); thought (V); bum (A); heard (V)

2. 3. agent (N); Navajo (N); coming (N); may (Aux – modal); bring (V); prosperity (N)

leg (N); fractured (A); said (V); in (P)

4. long (A); and (Con); great (A); says (V); could (Aux – modal); be (Aux – non-modal);

circumnavigated (V)

5. turned (V); key (N); my (N); would (Aux – modal); very (Deg); dull (A); had (Aux – non-

modal); flopped (V); his (N); was (Aux – non-modal); little (A); frantically (Adv); realized

(V); bugged (V)

6. a (Det); rather (Deg); but (Con); green (A); diluted (V); were (Aux – non-modal); making (V);

cutting (A); that (Det); of (P)

7. hate (V); pineapples (N); dolefully (Adv)

8. fortune (N); buy (V); pigs (N); will (Aux – modal)

PHRASES

Now . . .

Answers will vary.

Practice . . .

the rat (NP) George (NP) in the barn (PP) really mean (AP) worked (VP) worked at the station (VP) extremely boring (AP) that house on the corner (NP) never walks to the park (VP) very small (AP) in the room (PP) awfully cute (AP) seldom smiles (VP) swept the floor (VP) the poem about love (NP) pancakes (NP) specifier: the; head: rat; complement: none

specifier: none; head: George; complement: none

specifier: none; head: in; complement: the barn

specifier: really; head: mean; complement: none

specifier: none; head: worked; complement: none

specifier: none; head: worked; complement: at the station

specifier: extremely; head: boring; complement: none

specifier: that; head: house; complement: on the corner

specifier: never; head: walks; complement: to the park

specifier: very; head: small; complement: none

specifier: none; head: in; complement: the room

specifier: awfully; head: cute; complement: none

specifier: seldom; head: smiles; complement: none

specifier: none; head: swept; complement: the floor

specifier: the; head: poem; complement: about love

specifier: none; head: pancakes; complement: nonee. not a phrase

PHRASE STRUCTURE TESTS

Try This . . .

1. a. all are phrases (NP, PP, PP) c. phrase (NP) b. not a phrase d phrase (NP)

2. a. not a phrase b. phrase (NP) c. phrase (PP)

d. not a phrase

3. Possible answers:

a. NP: the new desk and chair f. VP: worked on a movie or did nothing

b. VP: assembled the new desk and ate lunch g. PP: beside the fence and under the rocks

c. AP: new but broken h. AP: really lovely and very fragile

d. PP: in a hole or in a pot i. VP: talked to the girls and left the room

e. AP: rather huge, but lovely j. NP: a dentist or a veterinarian

PHRASE STRUCTURE TREES

Exercise!

Tree diagrams are shown with X-Bar (intermediate) structure. All of the X-Bar structure may be

omitted except for the following (Xʹ categories such as Nʹ, Vʹ are omitted if they don’t branch

into two parts.):

– the highest NP in the phrase ‘the house on the corner’

– the highest AP in the phrase ‘really happy with him’

– the highest VP in the phrase ‘usually eats lunch’NP

Det N′

N PP PP

P′ P′

P NP AP P NP VP

Det N′ Deg A′ Det N′ Adv V′

N A N V

the house on the corner very small under the stove seldom smiles

NP

Det N′

VP N PP

V′ NP V NP NP N′ P′

P NP AP

N′ A′

N N N A

swept the floor George′s hand the poem about love silly

Det N′ N′ N AP

VP Deg A′

A PP VP VP

V′ V NP P′ Adv V′ V′

P NP V NP V AP

N′ N′ A′

NP N′ N′ N N N N A

read your poem really happy with him usually eats lunch looks goodSENTENCES

Tree diagrams are shown with X-Bar (intermediate) structure. All of the X-Bar structure may be

omitted except for the following:

– The TP in every sentence (every TP will have a specifier (NP), a head (T), and a

complement (VP)).

– The VP in the sentences ‘They usually watch the sunset’, ‘Grandparents often live in

condominiums’, and ‘Those monsters never hide under beds’.

– The subject NP in the sentence ‘That house across the street sold’.

Practice!

TP TP

NP T′ NP T′

N′ T VP N′ T VP

-pst

N V′ N Adv V′

V NP V NP

Det N′ Det N′

N N

Abner should conceal the document They usually watch the sunset

TP TP

NP T′ NP T′

T VP N′ T VP

+pst

Det N′ V′ N V′

N V PP V NP

P′ NP N′

P NP N′ N

Det N′ N

N

A penguin walked into the room Carla might sell her carTP

NP T′

T VP

-pst

Det N′ V′

N V AP

Deg A′

A

The air smells really fresh

TP

NP T′

T VP

Det N′ +pst

V′

N PP

V

P′

P NP

Det N′

N

The house across the street soldTP TP

NP T′ NP T′

T VP N′ T VP

N′ V′ N Adv V′

N V AP V PP

A′ P′

A PP P NP

P′ Det N′

P NP N

N′

N

Gerard may seem tired of studying Dogs will sometimes run in the park

COMPLEMENT CLAUSES

Practice! Practice!

Tree diagrams are shown with X-Bar (intermediate) structure. All of the X-Bar structures may be

omitted except for the TP in every sentence (every TP will have a specifier (NP), a head (T), and

a complement (VP)).TP

NP T′

T VP

-pst

N′ V′

V CP

N

C′

C TP

NP T′

N′

N

T VP

V′

V NP

Det N′

N

Nancy hopes that Sean will become a pilot

TP

NP T′

T VP

+pst

N′ V′

N

V CP

C′

C TP

NP T′

N′ -pst

N

T VP

V′

V

Kasey wondered whether aliens existTP

NP T′

T VP

-pst

N′ V′

V CP

C′

C TP

NP T′

T VP

N′

V′

N V PP

P′

P NP

N′

N

Sailors know that ships can sink at seaMORE PRACTICE WITH SENTENCES

Detailed representations of the triangular NP, AP, and PP phrases are presented after the answers

to this chapter. The subscripts ‘1’ and ‘2’ indicate phrases with different types of structure.

Tree diagrams are shown with X-Bar (intermediate) structure. All of the X-Bar structure may be

omitted except for the following:

– the TP in every sentence (every TP will have a specifier (NP), a head (T), and a

complement (VP))

– the VP in the sentences ‘The train often leaves on time’, ‘The rabbit might eat those

lilies’, and ‘The rabbit may sometimes hide under the bridge’

– the subject NP in the sentences ‘Those men on the shore saw a signal’, and ‘The driver of

that car sped through many streets’

– the subject NP of the embedded CP in the sentence ‘Kayleigh usually thinks that playing

at home is fun’

– the PP in the sentence ‘Sandra is almost at the restaurant’

– the AP in the sentence ‘The doctor’s team was quite correct in their diagnosis’

TP

TP NP T′

NP1 T′ N′ T VP

T VP N +pst

V′ V NP1 V′

V AP

A′

A

The repairman fixed the watch Neighbours can be unfriendly

TP

TP NP1 T′

NP T′ T VP

-pst

N′ T VP Adv V′

-pst

N Adv V′ V

V PP2

She never complains The train often leaves on timeTP TP

NP1 T′ NP1 T′

T VP -pst VP

+pst

V′ Adv V′

V PP1 V NP1

The castle fell into the sea The rabbit might eat those lilies

TP

NP T′

N′ T VP

-pst

N V′

V AP1

Children are very curious

TP

NP1 T′

T VP

V′

V NP1

The secretary should mail the proposalTP

NP T′

TP N′ T VP

-pst

NP1 T′ V′

T VP N V PP

Adv V′ Deg P′

V PP1 P NP1

The rabbit may sometimes hide under the bridge Sandra is almost at the restaurant

TP

NP T′

Det N′ T VP

+pst

N PP1 V′

V NP1

Those men on the shore saw a signal

TP

NP T′

Det N′ T VP

+pst

N PP1 V′

V PP1

The driver of that car sped through many streetsTP

NP T′

T VP

+pst

N′ V′

N

V CP

C′

C TP

NP T′

N′

N

T VP

V′

V NP1

George hoped that Fred would win a car

TP

NP1 T′

T VP

+pst

V′

V CP

C′

C TP

NP1 T′

T VP

V′

V NP1

The salesman wondered if those customers might buy that sofaTP

NP T′

T VP

-pst

N′ Adv V′

N V CP

C′

C TP

NP T′

N′ T VP

-pst

N PP2 V′

V AP

A′

A

Kayleigh usually thinks that playing at home is fun

TP

NP1 T′

T VP

+pst

V′

V CP

C′

C TP

NP1 T′

T VP

+pst

V′

V NP1

The media reported that no candidate won the electionTP

NP1 T′

+pst

T VP

V′

V CP

C′

C TP

NP1 T′

T VP

Adv V′

V NP1

The captain hoped that the tourists would perhaps see a whale

MERGE

Try This!

(some possibilities only; answers may vary)

panic: Ø, PPabout, PPwith

watch: NP, NP PPin, NP PPat

imagine: CP

write: NP, PPin, PPabout

wonder: PPabout

play: PPin, PPwith, PPat, PPon

pleasure: N, PPof

with: P, NP

contribution: N, PPto

intelligent: A, Ø

out: P, PPof

upset: A, PPabout, PPwith

QUESTIONS

Try This!

Detailed representations of the triangular NP phrases are presented after the answers to this

chapter.Tree diagrams are shown with X-Bar (intermediate) structure. All of the X-Bar structure may be

omitted except for the TP in every sentence (every TP will have a specifier (NP), a head (T), and

a complement (VP)) along with the CP shell in those sentences requiring Wh Movement.VERB RAISING

Try This!

Tree diagrams are shown with X-Bar (intermediate) structure. All of the X-Bar structure may be

omitted except for the TP in every sentence (every TP will have a specifier (NP), a head (T), and

a complement (VP)) as well as the CP shell for those sentences involving Wh Movement.

Detailed representations of the triangular NP and PP phrases are presented after the answers to

this chapter.PRACTICE! PRACTICE! PRACTICE!

Now . . .

1. D-structure: the clown can amuse that boy

S-structure: can the clown t amuse that boy

Inversion

2. D-structure: Hilary should wear which coat

S-structure: which coat should Hilary t wear t

Inversion

Wh Movement

3. D-structure: who broke my lamp

S-structure: who t broke my lamp

Wh Movement4. D-structure: Margo dreamt that Frances flew to England

S-structure: same as the D-structure; no moves occurred

5. D-structure: the player has left the team

S-structure: has the player t t left the team

Verb Raising

Inversion

6. D-structure: Joanne was eating what

S-structure: what was Joanne t t eating t

Inversion Verb Raising

Wh Movement

7. D-structure: the vandals could destroy the billboard

S-structure: could the vandals t destroy the billboard

Inversion

8. D-structure: S-structure: Christopher hopes that he has discovered the treasure.

same as the D-structure; no moves occurred

9. D-structure: these clothes might fit who

S-structure: who might these clothes t fit t

Inversion

Wh Movement

10. D-structure: the maids were cleaning the house

S-structure: were the maids t t cleaning the house

Verb Raising

Inversion

11. D-structure: the winner will be claiming the prize

S-structure: will the winner t be claiming the prize

Inversion12. D-structure: S-structure: Mary’s sister might want what

what might Mary’s sister t want t

Inversion

Wh Movement

13. D-structure: S-structure: the jury believed that the prisoner was guilty

same as the D-structure; no moves occurred

14. D-structure: who prepared the meal

S-structure: who t prepared the meal

Wh Movement

15. D-structure: Colin was wondering whether George would order pizza

S-structure: was Colin t t wondering whether George would order pizza

Verb Raising

Inversion

OTHER SYNTACTIC PHENOMENA

Exercise!

1. a. loudly (verb: play)

b. really awful (noun: movie)

c. undercover (noun: police car); speedily (verb: drove away)

2. a. DS: the roads [CP [TP the snowplows have finished clearing which]]

SS: the roads [CP which [TP the snowplows have finished clearing t]]

b. DS: the roads [CP [TP which were plowed yesterday]]

SS: the roads [CP which [TP t were plowed yesterday]]

c. DS: the trucks [CP [TP the city uses which]]

SS: the trucks [CP which [TP the city uses t]]

3. a. passive; D-structure: [VP were trained those tigers]

b. active

c. passive: D-structure: [VP could be fixed that lamp]Now . . .Noun Phrases:

TREE STRUCTURE LEGENDPrepositional Phrases:

Adjective Phrases: