Complete Test Bank With Answers

Sample Questions Posted Below

1. A community health nurse is engaging in assurance Which of the following would best explain these activities?
   1. Gathering and analyzing information that will affect the health of the people to be served
   2. Providing leadership in facilitating community groups toward meeting their needs, often involving changes in and additions to existing laws
   3. Being involved in activities to make certain that necessary services are being provided to the community
   4. Accessing relevant data that enable identification of strengths, weaknesses, and needs within the community

Ans:  C

Feedback:

Assurance activities are those activities that make certain that services are provided and include focusing on the availability of necessary health services throughout the community, maintaining the ability of public health agencies and private providers to manage day-to-day operations as well as the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies. Assessment involves gathering and analyzing information that will affect the health of those to be served and accessing relevant data to enable the nurse to identify strengths, weaknesses, and needs. Policy development involves providing leadership in facilitating community groups.

2. When fulfilling the function of assessment, which of the following would be most important for the community health nurse to do?
   1. Secure the trust of the clients
   2. Gather appropriate information
   3. Interact with key community leaders
   4. Use a variety of assessment tools Ans: A

Feedback:

Although securing and maintaining the trust of others is pivotal to all nursing practice, it is even more critical when working in the community. Trust can afford a nurse access to client populations that are difficult to engage, to agencies, and to health care providers. As difficult as it may be for the nurse to gain the trust and respect of the community, if it is ever lost, these attributes can be difficult if not impossible to regain. Gathering information, interacting with key community leaders, and using a variety of assessment tools are important, but they can only occur after trust is established.

3. The community health nurse is engaging in the core function of policy With which of the activities would the nurse most likely be involved?
   1. Monitoring health status to identify community health problems
   2. Empowering communities about important health issues
   3. Linking individuals to needed personal health services
   4. Ensuring a competent health care workforce is available Ans: B

Feedback:

With policy development, the community health nurse would be involved in informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues. Monitoring health status is associated with the assessment function. Linking individuals to needed personal health services and ensuring a competent public health and personal health care workforce are associated with assurance.

4. A community health nurse is collaborating with local community leaders to prepare a community disaster Which function is the nurse fulfilling?
   1. Research
   2. Assurance
   3. Policy development
   4. Assessment Ans: B Feedback:

Community health nurses perform the assurance function at the community level when they collaborate with community leaders in the preparation of a community disaster plan. Research is demonstrated by gaining new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Policy development would involve client information, education and empowerment, mobilization of community partnerships, and the development of plans and policies to support community health efforts. Assessment involves monitoring health status for community health problems and diagnosing and investigating health problems and hazards in the community.

5. A community health nurse has collected data for several months on the birth weights of newborns to mothers who smoked throughout their This nurse is acting in which role?
   1. Collaborator
   2. Manager
   3. Researcher
   4. Clinician Ans: C Feedback:

The nurse is assuming the role of a researcher, that is, engaging in systematic investigation that includes data collection. In the collaborator role, the nurse would work with numerous members of the health team, working jointly with others in a common endeavor. In the manager role, the nurse exercises administrative direction toward the accomplishment of specified goals. In the clinician role, the nurse ensures the provision of health care services to individuals, families, groups, and populations.

6. A nurse in community health nursing setting works with police officers, social workers, health educators, and other nurses to promote the health of The nurse is acting in which role?
   1. Clinician
   2. Educator
   3. Researcher
   4. Collaborator Ans: D Feedback:

The nurse is assuming the role of collaborator. In this role, the community health nurse works jointly with many individuals to benefit client care. In the clinician role, the nurse ensures the provision of health care services to individuals, families, groups, and populations. As an educator, the nurse is the health teacher and provides information to community clients. In the researcher role, the community health nurse engages in systematic investigation, collection, and analysis of data for solving problems and enhancing community health practice.

7. A community health nurse is interviewing for The interviewer describes some of the typical activities that the nurse would be involved in, such as making home visits to families, holding immunization clinics for infants and children, and setting up flu-shot clinics for elders. The interviewer is describing which role?
   1. Educator
   2. Advocate
   3. Clinician
   4. Manager Ans: C Feedback:

The interviewer is describing direct care activities associated with the clinician role. As an educator, the nurse is the health teacher and provides information to community clients. In the advocate role, the nurse pleads for the clients’ cause or acts on their behalf. In the manager role, the nurse exercises administrative direction toward the accomplishment of specified goals.

8. A community health nurse is reviewing his or her schedule for the Included in his or her activities are planning client care, leading a staff conference, and supervising a new staff member. This nurse is fulfilling which role?
   1. Advocate
   2. Manager
   3. Collaborator
   4. Researcher Ans: B Feedback:

When functioning in the manager role, the nurse exercises administrative direction toward the accomplishment of specified goals. Overseeing client care as a case manager, supervising ancillary staff, managing caseloads, running clinics, or conducting community health needs assessment projects are examples of activities associated with the manager role. In the advocate role, the nurse pleads for the clients’ cause or acts on their behalf. In the collaborator role, the nurse would work with numerous members of the health team, working jointly with others in a common endeavor. In the researcher role, the community health nurse engages in systematic investigation, collection, and analysis of data for solving problems and enhancing community health practice.

9. While providing care to a family at a local center, the community health nurse contacts the local department of social services to help the family attain assistance with health insurance The nurse also gives the family a list of pharmacies where they can get their prescriptions filled. The nurse is acting in which role?
   1. Educator
   2. Leader
   3. Clinician
   4. Advocate Ans: D Feedback:

The nurse is acting in the role of advocate, by pleading their cause and acting on their behalf. The nurse acts as an advocate by showing clients what services are available, the ones to which they are entitled, and how to obtain them. As an educator, the nurse is the health teacher and provides information to community clients. As a leader, the nurse directs, influences, or persuades others to effect change that will positively impact people’s health and move them toward a goal. In the clinician role, the nurse ensures the provision of health care services to individuals, families, groups, and populations.

10. Which of the following best exemplifies the attributes of a community health nurse in the researcher role?
    1. Gaining the trust and respect of the staff members
    2. Interpreting abstract ideas so others can understand
    3. Implementing a staff development program for a technique
    4. Evaluating the correlation between variables in specific health conditions Ans: D

Feedback:

Attributes of a researcher include a spirit of inquiry, careful observation, analytic skills, such as evaluating the possible cause and effect of a situation, and tenacity. Gaining the trust and respect of staff, interpreting abstract ideas, and implementing a staff development program are examples of the management skills used in the role of manager.

11. Which of the following statements about the role of educator within the framework of public health nursing functions is true?
    1. The educator role has the potential for finding greater receptivity and providing higher-yield
    2. People are unable to recognize the value of health and are not well motivated to achieve higher levels of
    3. It is only possible for a nurse to reach a limited number of
    4. The public’s higher level of health consciousness hinders the educator’s Ans: A

Feedback:

The educator role has the potential for finding greater receptivity and providing higher-yield results. People are recognizing the value of health and are increasingly motivated to achieve higher levels of wellness. With an emphasis on populations and aggregates, the educational efforts of community health nursing are appropriately

targeted to reach many people. One factor that enhances the educator role is the public’s higher level of health consciousness.

12. Which of the following statements about the importance of the role of collaborator is true?
    1. Community health nurses frequently practice in
    2. Successful community health practice depends on multidisciplinary collegiality and
    3. Community health nurses must assert themselves as the most powerful person on the health care team to ensure each client receives services that are
    4. It is best for community health nurses to focus on what they, as nurses, can do for their

Ans:  B

Feedback:

Community health nurses seldom practice in isolation. As collaborators, nurses work jointly with others in a common endeavor, cooperating as partners. Successful community health practice depends on multidisciplinary collegiality and leadership. The community health nurse’s collaborator role requires skills in communicating, in interpreting the nurse’s unique contribution to the team, and in acting assertively as an equal partner.

13. Which of the following statements about the community health nurse’s selection and practice of each role is true?
    1. Within a given time, a community health nurse may practice multiple
    2. The knowledge that vulnerable populations need someone to guide them through the complexities of the health care system and the nurse can serve as an advocate for them
    3. The researcher role for community health nurses involves only the use of quantitative
    4. The leadership role consists solely of managing Ans: B

Feedback:

Community health nurses wear many hats while conducting day-to-day practice. At any given time, however, one role is primary. They need someone to guide them through the complexities of the system and assure the satisfaction of their needs. This is particularly true for minorities and disadvantaged groups. Although research technically involves a complex set of activities conducted by persons with highly developed and specialized skills, research also means applying that technical study to real-practice situations. As leaders, community health nurses seek to initiate changes that positively affect people’s health.

14. A community health nurse is involved in education, screening, referral, and support for the individuals of a specific religious The nurse is practicing in which setting?
    1. Occupational health nursing
    2. Faith community nursing
    3. School nursing
    4. Residential institution nursing Ans: B

Feedback:

In faith community nursing, the practice focal point is the faith community and the religious belief system provided by the philosophical framework. It may be called church-based health promotion, parish nursing, or primary care parish nursing practice. Occupational health nursing occurs in business and industry settings. School nursing, as the name implies, involves practicing in the school system, including from preschools to colleges and universities. Residential institution nursing occurs in any facility where the clients reside such as a halfway house or continuing care center.

15. Which of the following differentiates the home setting for community health nursing from other settings?
    1. The nurse acts primarily as an
    2. The client is viewed within his or her
    3. Technologically advanced care is
    4. The home is being used less frequently Ans: B

Feedback:

In the home, unlike most other health care settings, clients are on their own “turf,” such that the client is the host, comfortable and secure in familiar surroundings, and the nurse is a guest. Although education may be a major component of care in the home, all community health nursing roles are performed to varying degrees. In addition, technologically advanced care in the home is increasing in demand, with the home being the most frequently used setting for community health nursing.

16. After teaching a group of students about the various settings for community health nursing, the instructor determines that this teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following as an example of ambulatory service setting?
    1. Local preschool
    2. Halfway house
    3. Continuing care center
    4. Family planning clinic Ans: D

Feedback:

Ambulatory service setting includes a variety of venues for community health nursing in which clients come for day or evening services that do not include overnight stays. One example is a family planning clinic. A local preschool would be an example of a school setting. A halfway house and continuing care center are examples of residential institutions.

17. After teaching a group of students about the changing roles of the community health nurse in the occupational setting, the instructor determines that the students need additional teaching when they state which of the following?
    1. Occupational health nurses are increasing their role as employee
    2. Health education is a key function of the occupational health
    3. There is a greater emphasis on the occupational health nurse’s role as a
    4. Collaboration with other health care providers fosters the offering of better

Ans:  C

Feedback:

The clinician role was primary for many years, as nurses continued to care for sick or injured employees at work. However, recognition of the need to protect employees’ safety and, later, to prevent their illness led to the inclusion of health education in the occupational health nurse role. Occupational health nurses also act as employee advocates, assuring appropriate job assignments for workers and adequate treatment for job-related illness or injury. They collaborate with other health care providers and company management to offer better services to their clients. They act as leaders and managers in developing new health services in the work setting, endorsing programs such as hypertension screening and weight control.

18. A community health nurse is working as a lobbyist for health legislation for AIDS research at the state This nurse is practicing in which setting?
    1. Faith community
    2. Ambulatory service
    3. Residential institution
    4. Community at large Ans: D

Feedback:

The community at large is not confined to a specific philosophy, location, or building. It serves as the setting for practice of a nurse who serves on health care planning committees, lobbies for health legislation at the state capital, runs for a school board position, or assists with flood relief in another state or country. Faith community nursing focuses on activities involving the faith community and religious belief system.

Ambulatory service settings include a variety of venues in which clients come for day or evening services that do not include overnight stays. Residential institutions include any facility where clients reside.

19. Which of the following is included in the most accurate description of school nursing?
    1. This is one community health setting where the role is
    2. The primary role of school nurses is
    3. The practice of school nurses is
    4. School nurses rarely act as Ans: C

Feedback:

School nurses, whose primary role initially was that of clinician, are widening their practice to include more health education, interprofessional collaboration, and client advocacy.

20. A community health nurse is assuming the role of a Which function would be most important for the nurse to address first?
    1. Planning
    2. Organizing
    3. Leading
    4. Controlling Ans: A Feedback:

The management process incorporates a series of problem-solving activities or function: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling and evaluating. Although these activities occur simultaneously, they are sequential with planning being the first activity.

21. A nursing student is interviewing a community health nurse about the various roles the nurse assumes and the skills and behaviors necessary to perform each Which of the following would the community health nurse identify as being essential to the role of an advocate? Select all that apply.
    1. Assertiveness
    2. Ability to plan
    3. Ability to negotiate
    4. Risk taking
    5. Holistic view
    6. Questioning attitude Ans: A, C, D

Feedback:

As an advocate, the community health nurse must be assertive, willing to take risks, be able to communicate and negotiate well, and be able to identify resources and obtain results. The ability to plan is associated with the manager role. A holistic view is critical to the community health nurse acting as a clinician. A questioning attitude is necessary for the role as a researcher.

22. A community health nurse works in a busy community health nursing Today, the nurse is devoting the day to the educator role. With which of the following activities would the nurse be involved? Select all that apply.
    1. Planning seven home visits today
    2. Working on a new curriculum for high-risk teens
    3. Meeting with colleagues to discuss organizational changes in the office
    4. Ordering pamphlets over the Internet to be used in a parenting class
    5. Tabulating data from surveys distributed to elders during a flu-shot clinic
    6. Going to social services to speak up for a family in his or her caseload Ans: B, D

Feedback:

In the educator role, the nurse would work on a new curriculum for high-risk teens and order pamphlets for use in a parenting class. Planning seven home visits would be part  of the clinician role. Meeting with colleagues to discuss organizational changes would  be part of the manager role. Tabulating data from surveys would be part of the  researcher role. Speaking up for a family in the nurse’s caseload would be an example of the advocate role.

23. A community health nurse is devoting the day to being a Which activities would the nurse expect to perform? Which of the following activities are part of this role? Select all that apply.
    1. Orienting three new community health nurses in the agency
    2. Attending a strategy meeting for a new service the community will be offering
    3. Working with a team to direct a smoking cessation program in public areas
    4. Investigating an outbreak of Salmonella in the community
    5. Tabulating the findings of exploring immunization practices among teens
    6. Reviewing the staff evaluations to assist with planning future in-services Ans: A, B, F

Feedback:

As a manager, a community health nurse would be involved in orienting new nurses in the agency, attending meetings for new services to be offered, and reviewing staff evaluations. Working with a team to direct a smoking cessation program in public areas exemplifies the leadership role. Investigating an outbreak of Salmonella and tabulating the findings of immunization practices depict the researcher role.

24. Of all the nursing roles assumed by community health nurses, which role must be assumed in every situation?
    1. Researcher
    2. Manager
    3. Leader
    4. Clinician Ans: B Feedback:

The type and number of roles that are practiced vary with each set of clients and each specific situation, but the nurse should be able to successfully function in each of these roles as the particular situation demands. The role of manager is one that the nurse must play in every situation, because it involves assessing clients’ needs, planning and organizing to meet those needs, directing and leading clients to achieve results, and controlling and evaluating the progress to ensure that the goals and clients’ needs are met.

25. Which of the following are core values of professional behavior that are unique to public health nursing? Select all that
    1. Community/population as client
    2. Prevention
    3. Rehabilitation
    4. Partnership
    5. Healthy environment
    6. Diversity Ans: A, B, D, E, F Feedback:

Core values of professional behavior emphasize community/population as client, prevention, partnership, healthy environment, and diversity. Rehabilitation is not population centered.

1. An instructor is discussing the worldwide distribution of Which term would the instructor use to describe this situation?
   1. Epidemic
   2. Pandemic
   3. Endemic
   4. Pathogenicity Ans: B

Feedback:

Pandemic is the term used to describe an epidemic that is distributed worldwide. An epidemic refers to a disease occurrence that clearly exceeds the normal or expected frequency in a community or region. Endemic is used to describe the continuing presence of a disease or infectious agent in a given geographic area. Pathogenicity refers to an agent’s capacity to cause disease in a host.

2. After a class describing the contributions of Florence Nightingale to epidemiology, the instructor determines that the class needs additional instruction when they state which of the following is associated with Nightingale?
   1. Establishment of the need for a clean environment
   2. A sophisticated coding system for medical conditions
   3. Proper wound cleansing and bandaging techniques
   4. Separation of infected individuals from those injured Ans: B

Feedback:

Nightingale’s colleague, William Farr, is credited for developing a more sophisticated system for coding medical conditions. Nightingale’s contributions included establishing the need for a clean environment, properly cleaning wounds and bandaging them, and separating infected soldiers from those who were injured.

3. When applying the epidemiologic triad model to a community’s plan of care, which of the following would the community health nurse address?
   1. Incidence, prevalence, and case fatality
   2. Health, illness, and injury
   3. Host, agent, and environment
   4. Immunity, causation, and risk Ans: C

Feedback:

The purpose of this model is to demonstrate the relationship among host, agent, and environment. Each component has to be present to a certain degree in order for any disease, illness, or injury to exist or happen. If one component is missing, illness or injury will not occur. Incidence, prevalence, case fatality, health, illness, injury, immunity, causation, and risk are terms used in epidemiology but do not refer to the epidemiologic triad model.

4. Which of the following would the community health nurse identify as a key component of the host?
   1. Infectivity
   2. Antigenicity
   3. Virulence
   4. Inherent resistance Ans: D

Feedback:

The host, a susceptible human or animal, can sometimes have an ability to resist pathogens. This is called inherent resistance. Infectivity, antigenicity, and virulence are characteristics of the agent.

5. Which of the following statements apply to the concept of causality? Select all that
   1. Causality is the relationship between cause and
   2. The chain of causation is the most recent theory of
   3. The web of causation theory is the most recent theory of
   4. The chain of causation clearly explains causation in noninfectious
   5. Epidemiology has changed its view of causality over Ans: A, C, E

Feedback:

Causality is the relationship between cause and effect. The web of causation theory is  the most recent theory of causality. Epidemiology has changed its view of causality over time. The chain of causation was the first theory of causality. The chain of causation could not sufficiently explain causation in noninfectious disease because the chain of causation is too linear.

6. A community health nurse is explaining the chain of causation to a family that includes a child who has developed Lyme The nurse correctly describes the opening in the child’s skin caused by the actual tick bite as the
   2. mode of
   3. portal of
   4. Ans: C Feedback:

The opening in the child’s skin caused by the actual tick bite is the portal of entry in the chain of causation. The mode of transmission would be the tick biting the child. The reservoir would refer to the tick. The host would be the child who has been bitten by the tick.

7. A community health nurse is integrating the epidemiology of wellness into Which of the following would the nurse include?
   1. Lifestyle with its self-created risks
   2. Communicable disease control
   3. The natural history of disease
   4. Vital statistics and reportable diseases Ans: A

Feedback:

Today there is an increased focus on lifestyle behaviors and how they relate to a person’s state of wellness or illness. It is a basic component of a wellness model. Communicable disease control focuses on an illness state, not a wellness state, and is not part of a wellness model. The four states of the natural history of a disease or health condition is not part of the wellness model. Vital statistics and reportable diseases are not part of the wellness model.

8. The nurse is examining the possibility that multiple factors are involved in the development of a The nurse is applying which of the following?
   1. Chain of causation
   2. Web of causation
   3. Strength of association
   4. Temporality Ans: B Feedback:

The web of causation is being used to apply the concept of multiple causes to explain the existence of health and illness states. It was a refinement of the chain of causation, such that it looked at the combination of multiple factors as implicated in the development of poor outcomes. The chain of causation focuses on one factor in the development of a condition. The strength of association is an element of causation in noninfectious disease that refers to the ratio of disease rates in those with and without the causal factor. Temporality, also involved with the causation of noninfectious disease, is an element in which the exposure to the suspected factor must precede the onset of the disease.

9. The nurse is reviewing a research article that describes the use of the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine to prevent tuberculosis that was given to individuals who were exposed to The individuals did not develop the leprosy. The nurse interprets this as most accurately demonstrating which type of immunity?
   1. Herd immunity
   2. Passive immunity
   3. Cross-immunity
   4. Active immunity Ans: C

Feedback:

Cross-immunity refers to a situation in which a person’s immunity to one agent provides immunity to a related agent as well. This immunity can be active or passive. Herd immunity describes the immunity level present in a population group. Passive immunity refers to short-term resistance acquired naturally or artificially. Active immunity is

long-term and can be acquired naturally or artificially.

10. The nurse educator knows that a nursing student understands the basics of immunity when the student nurse states
    1. herd immunity only pertains to
    2. active immunity can be attained via the use of
    3. passive immunity can be attained via the use of
    4. cross-immunity is immunity that causes a person who is immune to one disease to be also immune to a completely different infectious

Ans:  B

Feedback:

Active immunity can be attained via the use of vaccines. Passive immunity is immunity that is given to a person, either by maternally provided protection for newborn infants or from antibody products that provide temporary resistance. Herd immunity describes the immunity level that is present in a population group. Cross-immunity is immunity that causes a person who is immune to one disease to be also immune to a related infectious agent.

11. When assessing several populations, the nurse notes each population’s relative Using the relative risk ratios below, which population would require a major emphasis for risk reduction intervention?
12. A) 59
13. B) 13
14. C) 79
15. D) 45

Ans:  D

Feedback:

A relative risk >1.0 indicates that those with the risk factor have a greater likelihood of acquiring the disease than do those without it. For example, a relative risk ratio of 2.45 means that the exposed group is 2.45 times more likely to acquire the disease than the unexposed group. Therefore, interventions to reduce this population’s risk would be most important.

12. Which of the following statements about risk is true? Select all that
    1. Risk is the probability that a disease or unfavorable health condition will
    2. Risk means that the person who has the most negative influences will definitely develop the disease or unfavorable health
    3. Risk refers to positive and negative influences on a person’s likelihood of developing a specific
    4. Risk can be measured using the relative risk ratio, which is based on the ratio of incidence in an exposed group to incidence rate in unexposed
    5. Risk is unimportant when determining the most effective points for community health

Ans:  A, C, D

Feedback:

Risk is the probability that a disease or unfavorable health condition will develop. Risk also refers to positive and negative influences on a person’s likelihood of developing a specific disease. Relative risk ratio is a calculation of risk consisting of the ratio of incidence in an exposed group to incidence rate in unexposed group. Risk does not  mean that the person who has the most negative influences will definitely develop the disease or unfavorable health condition, but it refers to the probability that the person will develop the disease or unfavorable health condition. The relative risk ratio assists in determining the most effective points for community health intervention in regard to particular health problems.

13. While visiting a family’s home, the community health nurse finds out that the two children in the home were exposed to Assessment of the children reveals no signs of fever or lesions. The nurse determines that the children may be in which stage of the disease?
    1. Susceptibility
    2. Subclinical disease
    3. Clinical disease
    4. Resolution Ans: B Feedback:

The children have been exposed but have not yet developed the signs of chickenpox. Therefore, they are in the subclinical disease stage. During the susceptibility stage, the disease is not present and individuals have not been exposed. During the clinical stage, signs and symptoms are beginning to develop. During the resolution stage, the disease causes sufficient anatomic or functional changes to produce recognizable signs and symptoms.

14. During which stage of the natural history of a communicable disease would quarantine be most effective?
    1. Susceptibility stage
    2. Subclinical disease stage
    3. Clinical disease stage
    4. Resolution stage Ans: A

Feedback:

Quarantine is the isolation of persons who are susceptible to a communicable disease and have been exposed to that communicable disease until the incubation period of the subclinical disease stage has passed. Quarantining persons during the susceptibility stage itself is not indicated as individuals have not been exposed. The proper action for persons who are in the clinical disease stage and beyond is isolation until the danger of spreading the communicable disease has passed.

15. The nurse is reviewing actual census data for information for use in an epidemiologic Which of the following would the nurse be least likely to find?
    1. Occupational status
    2. Housing quality
    3. Births recorded
    4. Educational level Ans: C

Feedback:

Vital statistic data provides information about the number of births recorded. Census data includes information about age, sex, race, ethnic background, type of occupation, income gradient, marital status, educational level, and other standards such as housing quality. If the nurse is reviewing actual census data, the nurse would be least likely to find births recorded, which is vital statistics.

16. A community health nurse is looking for data on the use of nursing home services and the common diagnoses of those using these Which source of information would be most appropriate for the nurse to investigate?
    1. National Center for Health Statistics
    2. Consumer Product Safety Commission
    3. Environmental Protection Agency
    4. Cancer disease registries Ans: A

Feedback:

The National Center for Health Statistics furnishes valuable health prevalence data from surveys of Americans. Among the information available is the National Nursing Home Survey, which provides information on those who are using these services and the diagnoses and other characteristics. The Consumer Product Safety Commission and Environmental Protection Agency would provide information about environmental issues. Cancer disease registries would provide information specific to the diagnosis of cancer.

17. Which of the following is true about incidence and prevalence? Select all that
    1. Prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease or health
    2. Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease or health
    3. Prevalence refers to all of the people with a particular health condition existing in a given population at a given point in
    4. Incidence refers to all of the people with a particular health condition existing in a given population at a given point in
    5. When determining if a disease is endemic in a specific area, the statistic that is most helpful is

Ans:  B, C, E

Feedback:

Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease or health condition. Prevalence refers to all of the people with a particular health condition existing in a given population at a given point in time. When determining if a disease is endemic in a specific area, the statistic that is most helpful is prevalence.

18. A community health nurse is preparing to carry out an experimental epidemiologic Which of the following would be most important for the nurse to do?
    1. Focus the study on evaluating the cause of a disease
    2. Ensure carefully controlled conditions during the study
    3. Expose both groups to the same factor or condition
    4. Ensure that there are a substantial number of subjects Ans: B

Feedback:

Experimental studies are carried out under carefully controlled conditions. In human populations, experimental studies should focus on disease prevention or health promotion rather than testing the cause of disease. The investigator exposes an experimental group to some factor and simultaneously observes a control group similar in characteristics to the experimental group but without the exposure factor. An experimental study need not be elaborate to provide important data.

19. A community health nurse is participating in a case–control observational Whichof the following would most likely explain this type of study?
    1. Description of patterns of occurrence of illness and injury in a population
    2. Investigation of development of health–illness conditions over a long period of time
    3. Studying of a cohort with evaluation of variables associated with the disease or injury
    4. Comparison of persons with and without a health–illness condition Ans: D

Feedback:

Comparing persons with and without a certain condition is known as a case–control study. A study that describes patterns of occurrence in a population is a descriptive study. Following people over a long period of time is a longitudinal study. And cohorts are groups studied over time.

20. After teaching a group of students about the various types of epidemiologic research studies that can be done, the instructor determines that the teaching was effective when the students describe a community trial as which of the following?
    1. A type of experimental study conducted at the community level
    2. An inexpensive type of analytic research study
    3. A study that gathers volunteers for the experimental group
    4. A way to locate health problems in a variety of communities Ans: A

Feedback:

A community trial is conducted as an experimental study design with large populations. Some of the community receives a treatment, while the other part does not. This is probably the most expensive type of experimental study. It involves a great number of subjects, the support of the governmental forces as well as the population involved, a large number of staff over a long period of time, and the cost of the intervention itself. When a whole community is involved, individuals are not approached to be volunteers. What makes it a community study is that the entire community is part of the study. The health problem is identified prior to the implementation of the study. The introduction of an intervention in one community with no introduction in a similar community forms   the study population, and the health problem being studied is then monitored between  the two populations. The health problem has to be identified first in this type of study.

21. When using descriptive epidemiology, which type of study would the community health nurse expect to include?
    1. Prevalence study
    2. Case–control study
    3. Cohort study
    4. Count study Ans: D Feedback:

Descriptive epidemiology includes investigations that seek to observe and describe patterns of health-related conditions that occur naturally in a population. The simplest measure of a description is a count. Prevalence, case–control, and cohort studies are types of studies involved with analytical research.

22. Organize the following steps in the epidemiologic study from the first step to the
    1. Collect the
    2. Identify the
    3. Analyze the
    4. Disseminate the
    5. Review the
    6. Develop conclusions and
    7. Design the Ans: B, E, G, A, C, F, D Feedback:

The proper order of the steps in the epidemiologic study from the first step to the last is to identify the problem, review the literature, design the study, collect the data, analyze the findings, develop conclusions and applications, and disseminate the findings.

23. When implementing an epidemiologic research study, which of the following would the community health nurse complete as the final step?
    1. Analyze the data
    2. Design the study
    3. Disseminate findings
    4. Review the literature Ans: C

Feedback:

The last step in the research process is to disseminate the findings. After identifying the problem and reviewing the literature, the researcher designs the study, collects the data, analyzes the findings, and develops conclusions and applications.