Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Posted Below
| 1. |
The muscle associated with a hair follicle that causes the hair to “stand on end” when contracted is called the: |
| A) |
spinous folliculi |
D) |
pili folliculi |
| B) |
arrector pili |
E) |
pili folliculus spinous |
| C) |
arrector ceruminae |
|
|
|
Ans: B Difficulty: easy |
| 2. |
___________ are the most abundant type of cell found in the epidermis. |
| A) |
Melanocytes |
D) |
Langerhan’s cells |
| B) |
Keratinocytes |
E) |
Lymphocytes |
| C) |
Merkel cells |
|
|
|
Ans: B Difficulty: easy |
| 3. |
Which of the following receptors is best suited for pressure reception in the skin? |
| A) |
Meissner’s corpuscles |
D) |
Langerhans cells |
| B) |
Pacinian corpuscles |
E) |
Root hair plexuses |
| C) |
Merkel discs |
|
|
|
Ans: B Difficulty: easy |
| 4. |
The __________ layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. |
|
A) Reticular B) Papillary C) Epithelial D) Superficial E) Keratinized |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 5. |
Which layer of the epidermis is the most mitotically active (rapidly dividing)? |
| A) |
Stratum granulosum |
| B) |
Stratum basale |
| C) |
Stratum corneum |
| D) |
Stratum lucidum, but only in thick skin |
| E) |
Stratum spinosum |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: easy |
| 6. |
Which of the following statements is most accurate? |
| A) |
Cells in the stratum granulosum exhibit a high rate of mitotic division |
| B) |
The epidermis is highly regenerative and richly vascular. |
| C) |
The reticular layer of the dermis is made mostly of dense irregular connective tissue. |
| D) |
The lamellated granules found in keratinocytes contain precursor forms of the protein keratin. |
| E) |
Thin skin has five distinct layers called strata. |
|
Ans: C Difficulty: medium |
| 7. |
This is another name for the subcutaneous layer. |
|
A) Dermis B) Epidermis C) Corpuscle D) Basale E) Hypodermis |
|
Ans: E Difficulty: easy |
| 8. |
This layer of the skin is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. |
| A) |
Epidermis |
D) |
Stratum lucidum |
| B) |
Papillary layer of dermis |
E) |
Cutaneous |
| C) |
Reticular layer of dermis |
|
|
|
Ans: B Difficulty: easy |
| 9. |
This layer is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
|
A) Epidermis B) Dermis C) Hypodermis D) Subcutaneous E) Corpuscle |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: easy |
| 10. |
Keratin |
| A) |
Is a protein |
| B) |
Helps protect the bone from viruses |
| C) |
Is made from melanocytes only |
| D) |
Helps protect the bone from viruses and is made from melanocytes only |
| E) |
All of the above |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 11. |
This pigment absorbs ultraviolet light. |
|
A) Keratin B) Melanin C) Melatonin D) Carotene E) Hemoglobin |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 12. |
This epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance. |
| A) |
Langerhans |
D) |
Merkel cell |
| B) |
Keratinocytes |
E) |
Corpuscle |
| C) |
Melanocyte |
|
|
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 13. |
This layer of epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. |
| A) |
Stratum basale |
D) |
Stratum lucidum |
| B) |
Stratum spinosum |
E) |
Stratum corneum |
| C) |
Stratum granulosum |
|
|
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 14. |
This layer of the epidermis contains layers of flattened keratinocytes that are going through apoptosis. |
| A) |
Stratum basale |
D) |
Stratum lucidum |
| B) |
Stratum spinosum |
E) |
Stratum corneum |
| C) |
Stratum granulosum |
|
|
|
Ans: C Difficulty: medium |
| 15. |
The stratum lucidum |
| A) |
Contains lamellar granules |
| B) |
Lies just superficially to stratum basale |
| C) |
Is the layer used in a skin graft |
| D) |
Is present only in thick skin |
| E) |
Consists of 25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes. |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 16. |
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus which is the thickening of which layer? |
| A) |
Stratum basale |
D) |
Stratum lucidum |
| B) |
Stratum spinosum |
E) |
Stratum corneum |
| C) |
Stratum granulosum |
|
|
|
Ans: E Difficulty: medium |
| 17. |
Keratinization |
| A) |
Is the process of synthesizing pigment in the skin |
| B) |
Is the process of cells accumulating keratin |
| C) |
Is only seen in thin skin |
| D) |
Is the process of synthesizing pigment and accumulating keratin in the skin |
| E) |
None of the above |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 18. |
This layer is composed mainly of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. |
| A) |
Hypodermis |
D) |
Dermis |
| B) |
Basement membrane |
E) |
All of the above |
| C) |
Epidermis |
|
|
|
Ans: D Difficulty: easy |
| 19. |
Thick skin |
| A) |
Is found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips |
| B) |
Does not contain hair follicles |
| C) |
Contains more sweat glands than thin skin |
| D) |
Contain epidermal ridges |
| E) |
All of the above |
|
Ans: E Difficulty: medium |
| 20. |
Which of the following plays an important role in thermoregulation? |
|
A) Merkel cell B) Sebaceous gland C) Sweat gland D) Nail E) Fingerprint |
|
Ans: C Difficulty: easy |
| 21. |
This structure acts to prevent water loss as well as inhibiting bacterial growth on the surface of the skin. |
|
A) Thick skin B) Nails C) Sweat glands D) Hair E) Oil glands |
|
Ans: E Difficulty: medium |
| 22. |
This type of gland is a branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle. |
| A) |
Sebaceous |
C) |
Sebaceous and sudoriferous |
| B) |
Sudoriferous |
D) |
None of the above |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 23. |
This is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts. |
|
A) Sweat B) Lanugo C) Vellus D) Sebum E) Mucous |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 24. |
This type of gland is a coiled tubular gland found almost throughout the entirety of the skin. |
|
A) Sebaceous B) Eccrine C) Apocrine D) Ceruminous E) Goblet cell |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 25. |
A bluish tinge to the skin indicates: |
| A) |
Albinism |
D) |
Embarrassment |
| B) |
Hypoxia |
E) |
Decreased melanin production |
| C) |
Chickenpox |
|
|
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 26. |
Which of the following is FALSE regarding epidermal wound healing? |
| A) |
The edges of the wound only involve slight damage to the superficial epidermal cells. |
| B) |
Stratum basale cells migrate across the wound. |
| C) |
They cease migration due to contact inhibition. |
| D) |
Granulation tissue forms after the migratory phase. |
| E) |
The stratum basale cells detach from their basement membrane. |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 27. |
Ceruminous glands: |
| A) |
are modified sweat glands in the external ear. |
| B) |
are found in the palms of your hands and soles of your feet. |
| C) |
are found mainly in the groin and axillary regions. |
| D) |
are stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement. |
| E) |
do not function until puberty. |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 28. |
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning Apocrine glands? |
| A) |
They are modified sweat glands in the external ear. |
| B) |
They have excretory ducts that open into hair follicles. |
| C) |
They are found mainly in the groin and axillary regions. |
| D) |
They are stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement. |
| E) |
They do not function until puberty. |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 29. |
In this type of scarring, the scar tissue extends beyond the boundary of the injury into normal tissue. |
|
A) Hypertrophic B) Keloid C) Proliferative D) Inhibitory E) Granulatory |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
Use the following to answer questions 30-34:
| 30. |
In the diagram, where is the sebaceous gland? |
|
A) C B) D C) E D) F E) H |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 31. |
In the diagram, where is the apocrine sweat gland? |
|
A) C B) D C) E D) F E) H |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 32. |
In the diagram, where are the dermal papillae? |
|
A) A B) B C) E D) H E) D |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 33. |
In the diagram, where is the reticular region of the dermis? |
|
A) E B) F C) G D) H E) A |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 34. |
In the diagram, where is the arrector pili muscle? |
|
A) C B) D C) E D) F E) G |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
Use the following to answer questions 35-38:
| 35. |
In the photo, which layer contains dying cells whose lipid and keratin filled granules are very visible? |
|
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E |
|
Ans: C Difficulty: medium |
| 36. |
In the photo, which layer is the stratum spinosum? |
|
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 37. |
In the photo, which layer is only seen in thick skin? |
|
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 38. |
In the photo, which layer is the stratum basale? |
|
A) A B) B C) D D) E E) F |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
Use the following to answer questions 39-41:
| 39. |
In the diagram, where is the cortex? |
|
A) B B) C C) D D) E E) F |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 40. |
In the diagram, where is the dermal root sheath? |
|
A) C B) D C) E D) F E) G |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 41. |
In the diagram, where is the cuticle of the hair? |
|
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E |
|
Ans: C Difficulty: medium |
Use the following to answer questions 42-46:
| 42. |
In the figure, where is the cuticle? |
|
A) A B) B C) E D) F E) G |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 43. |
In the figure, where is the nail matrix? |
|
A) B B) C C) E D) F E) G |
|
Ans: C Difficulty: medium |
| 44. |
In the figure, where is the nail root? |
|
A) A B) C C) E D) F E) G |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: medium |
| 45. |
In the figure, where is the lunula? |
|
A) A B) C C) E D) F E) G |
|
Ans: B Difficulty: medium |
| 46. |
In the figure, where is the nail body? |
|
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
Use the following to answer questions 47-49:
| 47. |
In the figure, what is happening at B? |
| A) |
Blood clot is forming |
| B) |
Collagen fibers are forming |
| C) |
Damaged blood vessels are regrowing |
| D) |
Epithelial cells are migrating across wound |
| E) |
Scar tissue is forming |
|
Ans: D Difficulty: medium |
| 48. |
In the figure, where are the cells that have phagocytic properties? |
|
A) B B) C C) F D) E E) Both E and F |
|
Ans: E Difficulty: medium |
| 49. |
In the figure, where is the blood clot? |
|
A) A B) C C) D D) G E) H |
|
Ans: A Difficulty: easy |
| 50. |
Describe how an arrector pili muscle works. |
| Ans: |
Arrector pili are smooth muscles that extend from the superficial dermis of the skin to the side of the hair follicle. In its normal position, hair emerges at an angle to the surface of the skin. Under physiological or emotional stress, such as cold or fright, autonomic nerve endings stimulate the arrector pili muscle to contract, which pulls the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin surface. This action causes “goose bumps” because the skin around the shaft forms slight elevations. |
|
Difficulty: medium |
| 51. |
Briefly describe the functions of the skin. |
| Ans: |
The functions of the skin include thermoregulation. The skin thermoregulates in two major ways. The skin does this by liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis. In response to low temperatures, production of sweat is decreased to conserve heat. The skin covers the body and provides protection by keratin, lipids, secretions like oil and sweat and immunological protection. The skin can detect and respond to cutaneous sensations. The skin acts in secretion and absorption. The skin also can synthesize vitamin D. The skin will also be a storage area for blood. |
|
Difficulty: medium |
| 52. |
Briefly describe the steps in epidermal wound healing. |
| Ans: |
In response to an epidermal injury, basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with the basement membrane. The cells then enlarge and migrate across the wound. When epidermal cells encounter each other they stop migrating due to contact inhibition. Migration of the epidermal cells stops completely when each is finally in contact with other epidermal cells on all sides. |
|
Difficulty: medium |
| 53. |
Briefly describe the steps in deep wound healing. |
| Ans: |
In deep wound healing, a blood clot forms during the inflammation response and loosely unites the wound edges. Then in the migratory phase the clot becomes a scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound. Fibroblasts migrate along fibrin threads and begin synthesizing scar tissue and damaged blood vessels begin to regrow. During the maturation phase, the scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness. Collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number and blood vessels are restored to normal. |
|
Difficulty: medium |
| 54. |
Describe the structural characteristics of the epidermis that relate to its protection function. |
| Ans: |
Multiple layers of cells in stratified squamous epithelium help resist friction. Keratin of intermediate filaments provides strength to tissue by binding cells tightly together and to underlying tissue, and by producing a barrier to microbes. Lamellar granules of keratinocytes produce lipid rich, water repellent sealant to protect from dehydration and entry of foreign materials. Melanin, produced by melanocytes, protects underlying tissue from UV light. Sebum secreted onto the surface helps protect from dehydration and microbial invasion. Langerhans cells participate in immune response to microbial invasion. |
|
Difficulty: medium |
| 55. |
Compare and contrast the locations and structure of thin and thick skin. |
| Ans: |
Thick skin is found on palms and palmar surfaces of digits and soles, while thin skin is found in all other areas but not these. Thick skin is 4-5x thicker than thin skin. The stratum lucidum is present in thick skin but not thin, and strata spinosum and corneum are thicker. Thick skin exhibits epidermal ridges, more sweat glands and denser sensory receptors. Thin skin has hair follicles and sebaceous glands, while thick skin does not. |
|
Difficulty: medium |
| 56. |
List and briefly discuss the functions of skin. |
| Ans: |
1. regulation of body temperature via sweat production and changes in blood flow
2. protection from mechanical injury, bacterial invasion (via keratin), dehydration (via product of lamellar granules), and UV light (via melanin)
3. sensory reception via receptors for temperature, touch, pressure, pain
4. excretion via sweat
5. immunity via Langerhans cells
6. blood reservoir for 8-10% of total blood flow
7. synthesis of vitamin D from precursors in skin activated by UV light |
|
Difficulty: medium |
| 57. |
John has just been brought into the emergency room following a fiery explosion at a chemical plant. He is diagnosed with third degree burns over the anterior surfaces of his arms and trunk. What specific structural damage has occurred to his skin? What risks to John’s life have resulted from this damage? |
| Ans: |
John has lost approximately 36% of his skin’s surface area (according to the Rule of Nines), which leads to severe systemic effects. The epidermis, dermis and associated structures have been destroyed. Sensory function is lost. Loss of epidermis (and so, lost keratin and Langerhans cells) leaves John open to microbial invasion. Loss of keratinized structures and lamellar granules allows for extreme water loss, leading to dehydration, reduced blood volume and circulation, and decreased urine output. |
|
Difficulty: hard |
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