| 1. |
Answer would ideally include:
• The Greeks referred to their land as “Hellas,” and it included land on a peninsula surrounded by the Aegean, Adriatic, and Mediterranean Seas, as well as numerous islands. Over time, cities in Ionia (Anatolia) were added to this civilization. Most of this land is mountainous and lacks navigable rivers. Harbors did provide access to the seas and encouraged trade. The disconnectedness of the geography contributed to the disconnectedness of the Greek city-states, which generally lacked unity and favored independence. |
| 2. |
Answer would ideally include:
• Knossos is a large structure with more than one thousand interconnected rooms, as well as pipes to bring in drinking water and sewers to remove waste. Archeological evidence indicates a wealthy culture, led by a king and a group of nobles. Minoan art shows women in prominent roles, including religious and athletic ones. Long thought to be a peaceful society, new excavations are revealing more walls around the cities, indicating a need for defense. |
| 3. |
Answer would ideally include:
• Archeological evidence reveals that Mycenaean cities had thick stone walls, and gravesites contain weapons such as spears, javelins, and swords. Also, they had the first metal armor that we know of. The civilization was led by a king and his warrior aristocracy. Finally, palace records written in the script known as Linear B have been deciphered and indicate frequent warfare. |
| 4. |
Answer would ideally include:
• Although democracy should mean a style of government in which all members of the state have a say in the government, and oligarchy means rule by just a few (usually wealthy) members, as the Greeks practiced these systems, they had much in common. Greek democracy only allowed a select number of citizens (male only) to vote. The main difference is that more members had power in the democracy than the oligarchy, and the oligarchy included a greater number of prosperous citizens. Both systems allowed for advancement. Tyrants often came to power during a period of violent political or social upheaval, and they were not always oppressive, sometimes using their power to benefit the citizens. |
| 5. |
Answer would ideally include:
• The aristocracy of Athens had been ruling oppressively. Wealthy aristocrats seized the land of small landholders, or small landholders became so indebted to the wealthy that they were forced to sell family members into slavery or be exiled. Spurred by these injustices, the poorer classes demanded access to political power. Solon supported the common people. When they elected him archon, he enacted reforms that freed people enslaved for debt, cancelled all debts on land, and allowed commoners into the assembly, where they could vote in the election of magistrates. |
| 6. |
Answer would ideally include:
• Although the Greek poleis did come together to fight the Persians in the fifth century B.C.E., the creation of the Delian League (a naval alliance intended to liberate Ionia from Persian rule) was increasingly dominated by Athens as the Athenians used its power to create an empire. Under Pericles, Athens grew so powerful and aggressive that it alarmed Sparta and its allies. Athenian imperialism and Sparta’s fear of an Athens-dominated Greece led to the generation-long conflict known as the Peloponnesian War. |
| 7. |
Answer would ideally include:
• The plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes often explored the conflicts between individual needs and the needs of the polis. In the process of asking what a model citizen should be, these playwrights might not always have had the same answers, but all concurred in their belief in the possibility of a just society. |
| 8. |
Answer would ideally include:
• By incorporating Greek and non-Greek territories into his empire, Alexander built a multilinguistic, multireligious, multicultural world. It included Greek, Egyptian, Persian, Babylonian, Indian, and Arab cultures, among others, and created new hybrid cultures such as Bactrian. To bridge the diversity, a new dialect called koine facilitated communication. After his death, Alexander’s empire was broken up into three main states (Egypt, Persia, and Greece and Macedonia), and a couple of smaller states (Bactria and Parthia). These political divisions were less important than the shared Hellenistic culture. |
| 9. |
Answer would ideally include:
• Trade in the Hellenistic world included the material goods of metal weapons, wine, olive oil, cloth (wool and silk), precious stones and ivory, spices, grain, and slaves. Nonmaterial trade goods included Greek philosophical ideas and religious beliefs, such as Buddhism. The trade in goods and ideas unified the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian worlds. |
| 10. |
Answer would ideally include:
• Mystery cults were a common feature of the Hellenic culture before Alexander, but were tied to specific deities in specific regions. The mystery religions of the Hellenistic world, however, were not tied to one particular region and thus represented a less geographically centered world than one in which culture provided links. New or non-Greek deities such as Tyche or Isis could now be incorporated into the Greek tradition of the mystery cult.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
| 1. |
How did the geography of Greece affect its development? |
| A) |
It had little impact on the development of Greek society. |
| B) |
It enabled a strong central government to dominate the political order. |
| C) |
It helped to unite the Greek city-states. |
| D) |
It was a divisive force in Greek life. |
| 2. |
Why was the growth of great empires (like those in Mesopotamia and Egypt) less likely to develop in ancient Greece? |
| A) |
The dominance of a middle class, not peasants, worked against empire building. |
| B) |
Its people were too ethnically and culturally diverse. |
| C) |
The rugged terrain discouraged expansion of any one center. |
| D) |
Greek military technology was slow to develop. |
| 3. |
Which of the following is true of the Minoans? |
| A) |
They formed a society that lived on the island of Crete. |
| B) |
They settled in Greece after they were driven from their homes in Persia. |
| C) |
They were a matriarchal society that lived on the island of Sicily. |
| D) |
They were the first peoples who formed a society on the Greek peninsula. |
| 4. |
How are the gods portrayed in the Homeric poems? |
| A) |
With many human characteristics |
| B) |
As seemingly obsessed with their desire to be human |
| C) |
As largely unconcerned with humanity |
| D) |
As bitter toward humans for their sacrifices |
| 5. |
How was the Greek polis different from older models of city-states? |
| A) |
The polis was strictly a political institution. |
| B) |
The polis was a community of citizens. |
| C) |
The polis was unified by one shared religion. |
| D) |
The polis was seen as a kingdom under a divine ruler. |
| 6. |
What was an agora? |
| A) |
A temple complex |
| B) |
A fortified stronghold |
| C) |
A marketplace |
| D) |
A plot of arable land for farming |
| 7. |
Which of the following refers to heavily armed Greek foot soldiers? |
| A) |
Hoplites |
| B) |
Acropolis |
| C) |
Chora |
| D) |
Legionaries |
| 8. |
What does the term oligarchy mean? |
| A) |
“The rule of the few” |
| B) |
“The rule of the people” |
| C) |
“The rule of the excellent” |
| D) |
“The rule of the king” |
| 9. |
Which of the following was one of the causes of Greek colonization, and a particularly persistent problem for Sparta? |
| A) |
A lack of financial prosperity in the polis |
| B) |
Overpopulation and a limited food supply |
| C) |
The need to find new gods to worship |
| D) |
An overabundance of natural resources |
| 10. |
How did the Lycurgan system in Sparta shape its political organization? |
| A) |
It led to the creation of a society ruled by an aristocratic, warrior elite. |
| B) |
It led to the start of a dictatorship controlled by the most powerful Spartan general. |
| C) |
It led to the development of a democratic state in which helot and Spartan ruled together. |
| D) |
It led to the erosion of Spartan military power in favor of the helots. |
| 11. |
Which of the following is true of Spartan women? |
| A) |
They were expected to assist their husbands and travel with them on military campaigns. |
| B) |
They enjoyed a more active, public life than most other Greek women. |
| C) |
Their single responsibility was to have many children. |
| D) |
They were more restricted than most other Greek women. |
| 12. |
How did the Spartan military view same-sex relationships between Spartan soldiers? |
| A) |
They were seen as detrimental because they promoted fighting between comrades. |
| B) |
They were ignored by leaders because personal choices were of no concern to the military. |
| C) |
They were viewed as advantageous because lovers would fight harder to defend one another. |
| D) |
They were prohibited because homosexual behavior was looked down upon by other Greeks. |
| 13. |
What important position did Solon hold as he reformed Athens? |
| A) |
King |
| B) |
Archon |
| C) |
Emperor |
| D) |
Tyrant |
| 14. |
What did Solon accomplish through his reforms in Athens? |
| A) |
He established democracy. |
| B) |
He established social equality. |
| C) |
He gave common citizens a place in the assembly. |
| D) |
He eliminated the position of chief magistrate. |
| 15. |
What two law-making bodies guided Athenian political life? |
| A) |
The boule and the ecclesia |
| B) |
The agora and the chora |
| C) |
The archon and the boule |
| D) |
The agora and the archon |
| 16. |
Athens and Persia began a series of wars over Greek cities in what region? |
| A) |
Peloponnesus |
| B) |
Macedonia |
| C) |
Ionia |
| D) |
Crete |
| 17. |
What Mediterranean island did Athens invade during the Peloponnesian War? |
| A) |
Crete |
| B) |
Cyprus |
| C) |
Lesbos |
| D) |
Sicily |
| 18. |
Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War? |
| A) |
Spartan domination of the Aegean |
| B) |
Athenian imperialism |
| C) |
A Persian invasion of Asia Minor |
| D) |
A Spartan attempt to gain control of Ionia |
| 19. |
What did Thucydides believe caused the Peloponnesian War? |
| A) |
Divine intervention in Athenian politics |
| B) |
Athens’s desire to spread democracy |
| C) |
Sparta’s need to find new food sources |
| D) |
Human greed and desire for power |
| 20. |
The crowning achievement of Pericles’s rebuilding of the Acropolis was the Parthenon, a temple dedicated to which of the following? |
| A) |
Athena and the greatness of Athens |
| B) |
Zeus and the idea of a unified Greece |
| C) |
Poseidon and Athens’s control of the seas |
| D) |
Aphrodite and the importance of love |
| 21. |
The plays of Sophocles emphasized the precedence of which of the following over human law and customs? |
| A) |
Family needs |
| B) |
Personal happiness |
| C) |
Military success |
| D) |
Divine law |
| 22. |
How was the daily life of Greek elites similar to the lives of more ordinary people? |
| A) |
All people in Athens were relatively affluent and could afford a “good life.” |
| B) |
Everyone paid heavy annual taxes regardless of social class. |
| C) |
They had a relatively modest material standard of living. |
| D) |
All families depended almost entirely on slave labor. |
| 23. |
What was unusual about slaves in Athens? |
| A) |
All slaves were captured and imported from the wars in North Africa. |
| B) |
Slaves were legally forbidden to read. |
| C) |
Slaves could vote as a result of democratic reforms. |
| D) |
Slaves were paid for their work. |
| 24. |
What was the main function of women from citizen families in Athens? |
| A) |
To accompany their husbands in public settings |
| B) |
To run family estates and manage businesses while their husbands were at war |
| C) |
To perform manual labor in the fields or sell goods in the agora |
| D) |
To bear and raise children |
| 25. |
By the classical era, Greek religion focused on which of the following? |
| A) |
Worship of a group of gods understood to live on Mount Olympus |
| B) |
Monotheistic worship of Zeus as the one true god |
| C) |
Worship of only male deities, as female deities came to be seen as too powerless |
| D) |
Individual worship of a polis’s chosen deity and abandonment of all Pan-Hellenic rituals |
| 26. |
What was the most important result of the athletic contests held at Olympia? |
| A) |
The contests allowed Greek leaders to identify the greatest soldiers. |
| B) |
The contests led to the creation of a Pan-Hellenic trading network. |
| C) |
The contests were unifying factors in Greek life. |
| D) |
The contests put an end to political competition between Greek city-states. |
| 27. |
What did the Pre-Socratics conclude from their observations? |
| A) |
That the universe consisted of four substances––air, fire, earth, and water |
| B) |
That one god had created the entire world |
| C) |
That the universe was too complex to be understood |
| D) |
That humans had achieved physical perfection |
| 28. |
What did Hippocrates think was the best way to treat illnesses? |
| A) |
Pray that the evil spirits would leave |
| B) |
Use bloodletting and other invasive techniques to remove evil spirits from the body |
| C) |
Use natural means to address imbalances in the four basic humors |
| D) |
Offer more sacrifices to the gods |
| 29. |
What crime was Socrates tried and executed for in 399 B.C.E.? |
| A) |
Giving information to a Persian intelligence agent |
| B) |
Undermining the authority of the government |
| C) |
Denying the divinity of Zeus |
| D) |
Corrupting the youth of Athens |
| 30. |
Which student of Socrates developed the theory of “forms”? |
| A) |
Plato |
| B) |
Aristotle |
| C) |
Ptolemy |
| D) |
Zeno |
| 31. |
According to Aristotle, true knowledge could be discerned from which of the following? |
| A) |
Contemplation of perfect possibilities |
| B) |
Observations of the real world |
| C) |
Prayer or divine intervention |
| D) |
Specialized religious ritual |
| 32. |
After defeating Athens in the Peloponnesian War, Sparta was defeated in 371 B.C.E. by what city-state? |
| A) |
Alexandria |
| B) |
Corinth |
| C) |
Delos |
| D) |
Thebes |
| 33. |
Philip II of Macedonia was able to conquer Greece because the Greek city-states were |
| A) |
still occupied fighting the Persians. |
| B) |
severely weakened by earthquakes. |
| C) |
unable to put aside their quarrels and unite to defend themselves. |
| D) |
unprepared for his surprise attack. |
| 34. |
After Philip II of Macedonia unified Greece, he called upon Greeks and Macedonians to do which of the following? |
| A) |
Promise five years of peace to allow for recovery from the war |
| B) |
Work together to liberate the Ionian colonies from Persian control |
| C) |
Move the royal court to Athens and build him a new palace |
| D) |
Form a naval alliance with Persia and invade India |
| 35. |
What did Alexander the Great do in Egypt once he had conquered it? |
| A) |
Ordered the construction of the city of Alexandria |
| B) |
Overturned Egyptian traditions in favor of Greek customs |
| C) |
Decimated the land and pillaged the trade centers |
| D) |
Forced the Egyptians to open new trade routes to Greece |
| 36. |
How did the Hellenistic city differ from the polis? |
| A) |
It perceived itself as a community of citizens. |
| B) |
It was united by religious rituals. |
| C) |
It tolerated same-sex relations. |
| D) |
It was not autonomous and had to follow royal orders. |
| 37. |
Why did Alexander’s eastward expansion of his empire stop at the Hyphasis River? |
| A) |
His Macedonian army refused to continue fighting. |
| B) |
The powerful Indian army defeated the Macedonians. |
| C) |
The Persian army attacked him from the west. |
| D) |
His spiritual advisors warned of unfavorable omens. |
| 38. |
What happened to Alexander’s empire following his death? |
| A) |
His empire was torn apart by more than forty years of civil war. |
| B) |
His son ruled briefly as emperor until he was assassinated. |
| C) |
Athens declared its independence from Macedonia. |
| D) |
His empire was peacefully partitioned by a trio of powerful generals. |
| 39. |
Which of the following is true of the Hellenistic city? |
| A) |
It had homogenous populations. |
| B) |
It was hampered by an inefficient bureaucracy that proved difficult to maintain. |
| C) |
It was overseen by kings with limited authority. |
| D) |
It resembled modern cities and served as both a cultural and economic center. |
| 40. |
The spread of Hellenistic culture was bolstered by Alexander’s tradition of doing what in his newly conquered territories? |
| A) |
Forcibly resettling conquered peoples in Greece |
| B) |
Founding new cities with mixed populations |
| C) |
Placing Macedonian kings in charge |
| D) |
Censoring art and culture that criticized him |
| 41. |
What was koine? |
| A) |
The term used for Greco-Macedonian immigrants in one of the new cities |
| B) |
The political organization that governed Jewish affairs |
| C) |
The philosophical belief that fate, Tyche, ruled the world |
| D) |
A common Greek dialect that developed throughout the Hellenistic period |
| 42. |
How was Hellenistic trading made easier? |
| A) |
Most traders spoke a variety of languages. |
| B) |
Slaves working as pirates moved goods all over the Hellenistic world. |
| C) |
Coinage was developed to facilitate convenient, standard payments. |
| D) |
Traders began using camels to move goods in Europe. |
| 43. |
Which of the following were major exports from Greek cities during the classical and Hellenistic periods? |
| A) |
Gold and precious stones |
| B) |
Olive oil and wine |
| C) |
Feta cheese and lamb |
| D) |
Silks and pearls |
| 44. |
Why were slaves in high demand throughout the Hellenistic world? |
| A) |
Slaves were traded for goods from China and India. |
| B) |
Large-scale agriculture was dependent on slaves. |
| C) |
Monarchs equated their power with how many slaves they owned. |
| D) |
Manual labor continued to produce most goods. |
| 45. |
Mystery religions featured which of the following? |
| A) |
The promise of reincarnation |
| B) |
The worship of a wide range of spirits and deities, both known and unknown |
| C) |
A belief in the mysterious and sometimes malevolent force of Tyche |
| D) |
A body of rituals and beliefs not divulged to anyone not initiated into them |
| 46. |
What did Epicurus believe was the principal good of human life? |
| A) |
Individual contribution to the civic life of the polis |
| B) |
Pleasure, which he defined as the absence of pain |
| C) |
The accumulation of power and wealth |
| D) |
Helping others |
| 47. |
What did the philosophy of Stoicism strongly emphasize? |
| A) |
Personal achievement |
| B) |
The acceptance of Tyche or chance |
| C) |
The ability to endure suffering |
| D) |
Living a virtuous life |
| 48. |
What was Aristarchus’s most important contribution to astronomy? |
| A) |
He argued that Earth is far larger than the sun. |
| B) |
He theorized that the stars are close to Earth and to one another. |
| C) |
He believed that Earth and the planets revolve around the sun. |
| D) |
He asserted that telescopes are necessary for all astronomical work. |
| 49. |
Archimedes’s many contributions to Hellenistic science include his theories about which of the following? |
| A) |
Hydrostatics |
| B) |
Heliocentrism |
| C) |
Physics |
| D) |
Astronomy |
| 50. |
Which early scientist dissected corpses to learn more about anatomy and physiology? |
| A) |
Euclid |
| B) |
Archimedes |
| C) |
Hippocrates |
| D) |
Herophilus |
Answer Key
| 1. |
D |
| 2. |
C |
| 3. |
A |
| 4. |
A |
| 5. |
B |
| 6. |
C |
| 7. |
A |
| 8. |
A |
| 9. |
B |
| 10. |
A |
| 11. |
B |
| 12. |
C |
| 13. |
B |
| 14. |
C |
| 15. |
A |
| 16. |
C |
| 17. |
D |
| 18. |
B |
| 19. |
D |
| 20. |
A |
| 21. |
D |
| 22. |
C |
| 23. |
D |
| 24. |
D |
| 25. |
A |
| 26. |
C |
| 27. |
A |
| 28. |
C |
| 29. |
D |
| 30. |
A |
| 31. |
B |
| 32. |
D |
| 33. |
C |
| 34. |
B |
| 35. |
A |
| 36. |
D |
| 37. |
A |
| 38. |
A |
| 39. |
D |
| 40. |
B |
| 41. |
D |
| 42. |
C |
| 43. |
B |
| 44. |
D |
| 45. |
D |
| 46. |
B |
| 47. |
D |
| 48. |
C |
| 49. |
A |
| 50. |
D
|
|
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