Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Posted Below
| 1. |
To maintain a clear focus on ethics, it is helpful to contrast its domain to that of law, in order to avoid the tendency to confuse the two or to simplify the moral struggle to do the right thing by seeking a legal reason for action. Identify which statement best reflects the comparison between ethics and the law. |
| A) |
Ethics considers people as inherently good; the law considers them to be basically bad. |
| B) |
Ethics proposes what a person must do; the law proposes what a person should do. |
| C) |
Ethics imposes individuals to pay penalties; the law has no sanctions. |
| D) |
Ethics is a way to enforce the current values of society; the law changes the values of society. |
| Ans: |
A |
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Feedback: |
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Ethics considers people as inherently good; law presumes them to be basically bad. Ethics proposes what a person should do, whereas law specifies what one must do. An individual may be chastised if found in violation of ethical principles, but there are no definite sanctions, whereas law imposes penalties in terms of fines and imprisonment. Law is often seen as a way to enforce the current ethical values of a society because it responds more quickly to changing circumstances. |
| 2. |
Which definition best represents applied ethics? |
| A) |
When one considers only his/her individual good or self-interest |
| B) |
A branch of ethics that views everything as universally valid or where true moral principles apply |
| C) |
A systematic, logical framework for analysis, discourse, and decision making that assists in ensuring decisions are grounded in “good” actions |
| D) |
A system that focuses on those traits valued in personal relationships, such as compassion, love, sympathy, and trust |
| Ans: |
C |
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Feedback: |
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The function of applied ethics is to provide a systematic, logical framework for analysis, discourse, and decision making that helps ensure that decisions are grounded in the philosophy of “good” actions. Ethical/moral egoism occurs when one considers only his/her own good or self-interest. Ethical/moral objectivism is a branch of ethics that views everything as universally valid or where true moral principles apply. Ethics of care focuses on traits valued in personal relationships, such as compassion, love, sympathy, and trust. |
| 3. |
Although many philosophical approaches are discussed in the literature, when looking at the two approaches in applied ethics, deontology and teleology, how is deontology defined? |
| A) |
Decisions are made on the basis of the greatest good for the greatest number. |
| B) |
Actions are morally right when they are in accord with our nature and end as human beings. |
| C) |
A system that allows social and economic positions to be to everyone’s advantage and open to all |
| D) |
A rule-based approach in which decisions are made by applying a set of rules of good conduct |
| Ans: |
D |
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Feedback: |
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Deontology is a rule-based approach in which decisions are made by applying a set of rules of good conduct. Teleology decisions are made on the basis of the greatest good for the greatest number. Natural law is where actions are morally right when they are in accord with our nature and end as human beings. Social equity and justice allows social and economic positions to be to everyone’s advantage and open to all. |
| 4. |
When contrasting philosophical approaches in applied ethics, it would be important to know that an example of teleology is what? |
| A) |
All nurses need to follow personal moral codes in their personal and professional lives. |
| B) |
Nurses should subscribe to professional codes of ethics in their daily actions as a nurse. |
| C) |
All individuals in a research study have a complete understanding and informed consent of the study. |
| D) |
Preventing communicable disease benefits many more people in the community than does caring for individual illnesses. |
| Ans: |
D |
|
Feedback: |
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Examples of deontology include all nurses need to follow personal moral codes in their personal and professional lives; nurses should subscribe to professional codes of ethics in their daily actions as a nurse; all individuals in a research study have a complete understanding and informed consent of the study. An example of teleology is preventing communicable disease benefits many more people in the community than does caring for individual illnesses. |
| 5. |
Choose the best description of the health care framework of paternalism. |
| A) |
The physician holds the role of the father, the nurse is the mother, and the client is the child. |
| B) |
The client and health care professional share in determining the options and selecting the best choice for that person. |
| C) |
The balance of authority in decision making shifts away from the provider to the user of health care services, and the client is clearly in control of choices among available options. |
| D) |
Interventions depend on the ability of the community health nurse to relinquish decision-making control to the community client and to trust its ability to make responsible decisions. |
| Ans: |
A |
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Feedback: |
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Paternalism is where the physician holds the role of the father, the nurse is the mother, and the client is the child. Contractualism occurs when the client and health care professional share in determining the options and selecting the best choice for that person. Consumerism occurs when the balance of authority in decision making shifts away from the provider to the user of health care services and the consumer is clearly in control of choices among available options. Community health interventions depend on the ability of the community health nurse to relinquish decision-making control to the community and to trust its ability to make responsible decisions. |
| 6. |
When a nurse is making a career choice, which clinical setting would best support the operative framework of consumerism? |
| A) |
Burn/trauma unit |
| B) |
Cardiac critical care unit |
| C) |
Plastic surgery unit |
| D) |
Surgical intensive care unit |
| Ans: |
C |
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Feedback: |
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Plastic surgery, an elective health care situation, represents the consumerism framework, in which the consumer is clearly in control of choices among available options, and the balance of authority in decision making shifts away from the provider to the user of health care services. Health care professionals working in areas such as trauma, intensive care, and critical care, care for people who are often in acute distress and may not be able to be active participants in making decisions regarding their care. These setting represent the paternalism framework. |
| 7. |
Which concept best describes the role of the health care professional, particularly applicable to community health nursing, as that of catalyst? |
| A) |
The concept involves understanding the world view, life circumstances, and priorities of those requesting or receiving care and exploring the possible options with them in light of their preferences. |
| B) |
The health care professional tries to imagine experiencing the situation of the person seeking care and offers an opinion of the best choice in full consideration of the other party’s individuality. |
| C) |
The community is seen to contain all the necessary qualities and resources for change, and the role of the health care professional is to provide the spark that will initiate change, as desired by the community and on its terms. |
| D) |
The concept attempts to describe action within political, economic, and social systems on behalf of health interests of communities. |
| Ans: |
C |
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Feedback: |
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In the model of catalyst, the community is seen to contain all the necessary qualities and resources for change, and the role of the health care professional is to provide the spark that will initiate change, as desired by the community and on its terms. Advocacy involves understanding the world view, life circumstances, and priorities of those requesting or receiving care and exploring the possible options with them in light of their preferences; the health care professional tries to imagine experiencing the situation of the person seeking care and offers an opinion of the best choice in full consideration of the other party’s individuality; and the concept describes action within political, economic, and social systems on behalf of health interests of communities. |
| 8. |
Which definition identifies the core value of European and American health care law and ethics? |
| A) |
The avoidance of harm |
| B) |
The desire to act in the best interest of others |
| C) |
The right of individuals to self-determination |
| D) |
The recognition that every person and community has intrinsic value |
| Ans: |
C |
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Feedback: |
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Autonomy is the right of individuals to self-determination and is the core value of European and American law and ethics. Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm. Beneficence is the desire to act in the best interest of others. Respect for people is the recognition that every person and community has intrinsic value. |
| 9. |
Which principle provides the umbrella concept of the community-as-partner model? |
| A) |
Autonomy |
| B) |
Fidelity |
| C) |
Justice |
| D) |
Veracity |
| Ans: |
A |
|
Feedback: |
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Autonomy is the umbrella concept of the community-as-partner model. Many health care professionals will come and go, and any outside program, no matter how worthy, will endure only as long as those professionals remain active in the community, unless the community makes an autonomous investment to endorse and adopt the idea behind the program. |
| 10. |
The principle of justice has two aspects, although most often discussions of health-related justice center on distributive justice. It would be important to remember that distributive justice is defined as: |
| A) |
The commitment to tell the truth |
| B) |
The arena of reward and punishment |
| C) |
The fair distribution of rights and resources |
| D) |
Faithful in making promises and steadfast in keeping them |
| Ans: |
C |
|
Feedback: |
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Distributive justice is based on the fair distribution of rights and resources. Retributive justice is the arena of reward and punishment. Veracity is the commitment to tell the truth. Fidelity is being faithful in making promises and steadfast in keeping them. |
| 11. |
The nurse is wondering if the cancer treatments might be more harmful than the progression of the disease because of the dangerous side effects of chemotherapy. What ethical principle is the nurse struggling with in this situation? |
| A) |
Autonomy |
| B) |
Beneficence |
| C) |
Justice |
| D) |
Nonmaleficence |
| Ans: |
D |
|
Feedback: |
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Autonomy is the right of individuals to self-determination. Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm. Beneficence is the desire to act in the best interest of others. Justice is the fair distribution of rights and resources. |
| 12. |
A community health nurse has to start an IV on a client. The client has never had an IV. The client asks the community health nurse if this will be a painful procedure. The nurse tells the client the truth: that it will be uncomfortable while the needle is being inserted. What ethical principle is the nurse practicing? |
| A) |
Autonomy |
| B) |
Fidelity |
| C) |
Justice |
| D) |
Veracity |
| Ans: |
D |
|
Feedback: |
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Veracity is the commitment to tell the truth. Autonomy is the right of individuals to self-determination. Fidelity is being faithful in making promises and steadfast in keeping them. Justice is the fair distribution of rights and resources. |
| 13. |
Which two ethical principles come into question when community health research projects involve health screening? |
| A) |
Autonomy and nonmaleficence |
| B) |
Fidelity and veracity |
| C) |
Respect for persons and beneficence |
| D) |
Beneficence and justice |
| Ans: |
B |
|
Feedback: |
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Community health research raises serious questions of fidelity and veracity in projects that involve health screening. Many communities, particularly those with underrepresented population groups, are frequently visited by teams of researchers who screen residents for any number of health conditions or risk factors, including chronic illness and toxic exposure. Community health nurses, as community advocates, should help ensure that they and other researchers are honest with the community about exactly what is to be provided. All too often, residents do not understand that the only benefit from participation in a research study is the screening itself. Access to the results of health screening raises a separate issue of veracity, as well as issues of beneficence and nonmaleficence. It is of little benefit to know of a serious health condition if there is no access to treatment for it. |
| 14. |
The diversity and complexity of communities lead inevitably to a plethora of conflicts between and among ethical principles. What potential conflicts are prominent features of many of the Healthy People 2020 National Health Goals? |
| A) |
Respect for people and beneficence |
| B) |
Autonomy and justice |
| C) |
Beneficence and justice |
| D) |
Respect for people and autonomy |
| Ans: |
A |
|
Feedback: |
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The potential conflict between autonomy and the public good (beneficence) is a prominent feature of many of the Healthy People 2020 National Health Goals. As delineated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000), the health indicators used to measure progress toward reaching these goals include physical activity, overweight and obesity, tobacco use, substance abuse, responsible sexual activity, and immunization. Clearly, with the exception of immunization and substance abuse, these indicators are health behaviors that carry no mandates. |
| 15. |
As the cost of health care increases, so does the population of uninsured and underinsured. Combined with the cost of litigation and extravagant settlements, open access to care is coming into question. What specific ethical quandaries apply to this situation? |
| A) |
Autonomy, beneficence, fidelity |
| B) |
Respect for people, nonmaleficence, veracity |
| C) |
Veracity, justice, nonmaleficence |
| D) |
Autonomy, beneficence, justice |
| Ans: |
D |
|
Feedback: |
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This scenario raises the ethical issues of autonomy, beneficence, and justice with regard to access to care. |
| 16. |
Working in partnership with communities requires careful consideration of all seven primary ethical principles and the interplay among them. Which three primary ethical principles are most often threatened by the community health nurse’s commitment to beneficence? |
| A) |
Autonomy, respect for people, and nonmaleficence |
| B) |
Fidelity, justice, veracity |
| C) |
Autonomy, justice, veracity |
| D) |
Nonmaleficence, fidelity, respect for people |
| Ans: |
A |
|
Feedback: |
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Beneficence is acting in the best interest of others. Autonomy, respect for people, and nonmaleficence are the principles most often threatened by the community health nurse’s commitment to beneficence. Autonomy, the right to allow the other person to choose, is in direct conflict with beneficence. At times beneficence helps some but may cause potential harm to others (respect for people) if, for example, new industry brings jobs, but the effects of the new industry could cause harm to others, which is also contradictory to nonmalficence. Justice, the fair distribution of rights and resources, and which also involves reward and punishment, is not in direct conflict with beneficence. Fidelity, which is faithfulness, and veracity, which is the commitment to tell the truth, are also not in direct conflict with beneficence. |
| 17. |
When an ethical issue arises for the community health nurse, which is the most important nursing responsibility in managing the client care situation? |
| A) |
Analyzing the ethical principles at stake at any given decision-making point |
| B) |
Following the request of the client and family members exactly as they have verbalized |
| C) |
Ensuring the community health care team takes ultimate responsibility for deciding the solution to the situation |
| D) |
Remaining neutral and detaching all present beliefs when making ethical decisions |
| Ans: |
A |
|
Feedback: |
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Conscious awareness of this risk and application of the principles of justice, both retributive and distributive; veracity; and fidelity will assist community health nurses to analyze the ethical principles at stake at any given decision-making point in their work with communities. Their actions, then, will reflect the best possible application of the principle of community as partner and will promote the optimal overall health of a community within its own culture. |
| 18. |
Following a motor vehicle accident, the wife of the victim requests that life support be continued in the absence of any brain function and that the client be allowed to go home on life support. The health care team believes that life support should be discontinued immediately and the client’s organs be donated. Which ethical principle applies to this situation? |
| A) |
Autonomy |
| B) |
Fidelity |
| C) |
Justice |
| D) |
Veracity |
| Ans: |
A |
|
Feedback: |
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Autonomy is the right of individuals to self-determination. Fidelity is being faithful in making promises and steadfast in keeping them. Justice is the fair distribution of rights and resources. Veracity is the commitment to tell the truth. |
| 19. |
It is important the community health nurse agree to do no harm to clients in working to heal clients in the least painful and harmful way possible. Which ethical principle applies to the community health nurse? |
| A) |
Respect for person |
| B) |
Veracity |
| C) |
Beneficence |
| D) |
Nonmaleficence |
| Ans: |
D |
|
Feedback: |
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Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm. Veracity is the commitment to tell the truth. Beneficence is the desire to act in the best interest of others. Respect for people is the recognition that every person and community has intrinsic value. |
| 20. |
The community health nurse has to provide an elderly client with a seasonal influenza immunization. The immunization will cause temporary discomfort at the injection site, but the benefits or protection from getting the flu outweigh any minor discomfort for the client. Which ethical principle applies to the situation? |
| A) |
Autonomy |
| B) |
Fidelity |
| C) |
Beneficence |
| D) |
Nonmaleficence |
| Ans: |
C |
|
Feedback: |
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Beneficence is the desire to act in the best interest of others. Autonomy is the right of individuals to self-determination. Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm. Fidelity is being faithful in making promises and steadfast in keeping them. |
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